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Hans Dieter Knapp und Ralf Grunewald Die Insel Vilm Naturschutzgebiet im Biosphärenreservat Südost-Rügen Kulturgeschichte und Naturerbe BfN-Skripten 488 2018 Die Insel Vilm Naturschutzgebiet im Biosphärenreservat Südost-Rügen Kulturgeschichte und Naturerbe Hans Dieter Knapp Ralf Grunewald Mit Beiträgen von Uwe de Bruyn, Thoralf Grospitz, Eva Hacker, Florian Herzig, Lebrecht Jeschke, Heike Markus, Christine Paulus und Oliver Thassler Titelbild: Luftbild der Insel Vilm (Aufn. Interflug, Mai 1990); Gestaltung: K. Pintz Adressen der Autoren: Prof. Dr. Hans D. Knapp Dorfstr. 37, 18581 Kasnevitz E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Ralf Grunewald Bundesamt für Naturschutz INA Insel Vilm 18581 Putbus E-Mail: [email protected] Diese Veröffentlichung wird aufgenommen in die Literaturdatenbank „DNL-online“ (www.dnl-online.de). BfN-Skripten sind nicht im Buchhandel erhältlich. Eine pdf-Version dieser Ausgabe kann unter http://www.bfn.de/0502_skripten.html heruntergeladen werden. Institutioneller Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn URL: www.bfn.de Der institutionelle Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollstän- digkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in den Beiträgen geäußerten An- sichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des institutionellen Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des institutionellen Herausgebers unzu- lässig und strafbar. Nachdruck, auch in Auszügen, nur mit Genehmigung des BfN. Druck: Druckerei des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) Gedruckt auf 100% Altpapier ISBN 978-3-89624-225-9 DOI 10.19217/skr488 Bonn - Bad Godesberg 2018 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 3 Vorwort: Die „Urwaldinsel Vilm“ – Mythos und Wirklichkeit ....................................... 7 1 „Urwaldinsel“ mit Kulturgeschichte ............................................................ 11 2 Kulturgeschichte ........................................................................................... 21 2.1 Frühe Geschichte............................................................................................ 22 2.2 Mittelalterlicher Kapellenort ............................................................................. 24 2.3 Waldnutzung und Landwirtschaft .................................................................... 27 2.4 Malerinsel und Ausflugsziel ............................................................................. 30 2.5 Segelsport-Trainingsstätte und Streitobjekt ..................................................... 35 2.6 Gästeheim der DDR-Regierung ...................................................................... 37 2.7 Internationale Naturschutzakademie und Außenstelle Insel Vilm des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz ......................................................................... 38 2.8 Naturschutzgebiet und Biosphärenreservat..................................................... 39 2.9 Historische Karten und Flurnamen .................................................................. 42 2.9.1 Historische Karten ........................................................................................... 42 2.9.2 Flurnamensforschung ..................................................................................... 45 2.9.3 Flurnamen der Insel Vilm ................................................................................ 46 3 Landschaft im Rügischen Bodden .............................................................. 63 3.1 Vorgeschichtliche Entwicklung der Landschaft ................................................ 64 3.2 Die historische Landschaftsentwicklung .......................................................... 66 4 Pflanzenwelt (Flora) ...................................................................................... 71 4.2 Einleitung ........................................................................................................ 73 4.3 Gefäßpflanzen (Pteridophyta und Spermatophyta) ......................................... 75 4.4 Moose (Bryophyta) (vgl. Artenliste 2 im Anhang 1) ......................................... 76 4.4.1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................ 76 4.4.2 Das Auftreten der Moosarten in den unterschiedlichen Vegetations- komplexen ...................................................................................................... 77 4.4.3 Auswertung aus den Erhebungen der Substrattypenzugehörigkeit ................. 80 4.4.4 Nachtrag durch die Herausgeber .................................................................... 83 4.5 Flechten (Lichenophyta) (siehe Artenliste 3 im Anhang 1) .............................. 83 4. 5.1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................ 83 4.5.2 Methodik ......................................................................................................... 84 4.5.3 Ergebnisse ...................................................................................................... 85 4.5.4 Literaturvergleich ............................................................................................ 87 4.5.5 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................... 88 3 5 Pflanzendecke (Vegetation) .......................................................................... 89 5.1 Einführung ....................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Vegetation auf pleistozänem Substrat (Inselkerne) ......................................... 90 5.3 Vegetation auf holozänen Sanden .................................................................. 93 5.4 Vegetation feuchter bis nasser Standorte ........................................................ 96 5.5 Salzvegetation................................................................................................. 96 5.6 Vegetationskarten ........................................................................................... 98 5.7 Vegetationsdynamik auf der holozänen Nehrung des Mittel-Vilm .................. 105 6 Tierwelt (Fauna) ........................................................................................... 109 6.1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................... 110 6.2 Wirbellose ..................................................................................................... 112 6.2.1 Schnecken und Muscheln (Gastropoda und Bivalvia) (siehe Artenliste 6 im Anhang 2) ................................................................................................. 113 6.2.2 Spinnen- und Krebstiere (Arachnida und Crustacea) (siehe Artenliste 7 im Anhang 2) ..................................................................................................... 117 6.2.3 Insekten (Insecta) .......................................................................................... 120 6.3 Wirbeltiere (Chordata) ................................................................................... 131 6.3.1 Fische (Pisces) (siehe Artenliste 12 im Anhang 2) ........................................ 131 6.3.2 Lurche und Kriechtiere (Amphibia und Reptilia) (siehe Artenliste 13 im Anhang 2) ..................................................................................................... 132 6.3.3 Vögel (Aves) ................................................................................................. 138 6.3.4 Säugetiere (Mammalia) ................................................................................. 152 7 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................... 161 Anhänge ...................................................................................................................... 167 I Artenlisten der Flora von Vilm ................................................................... 169 Tabelle 1: Liste der Gefäßpflanzen der Insel Vilm .......................................................... 169 Tabelle 2: Liste der Moose (Bryophyta) der Insel Vilm ................................................... 184 Tabelle 3: Flechten (Lichenes) der Insel Vilm ................................................................ 189 Tabelle 4: Liste der Pilze (Mycobionta) der Insel Vilm .................................................... 194 Tabelle 5: Liste der Großalgen in den Boddengewässern um die Insel Vilm .................. 204 Tabelle 6: Vegetationsaufnahmen (Erstaufnahme O. Abner 1994, bearbeitet und neu gegliedert von O. Thassler 2015) .......................................................... 206 II Artenlisten der Fauna von Vilm .................................................................. 217 Tabelle 7: Liste der terrestrischen Weichtiere (Mollusca) der Insel Vilm (einschließlich Süßwassermuscheln, nach Menzel-Harloff 2001, ergänzt nach weitere Quellen) ................................................................................... 217 Tabelle 8: Liste der Spinnentiere (Archanida) der Insel Vilm .......................................... 220 4 Tabelle
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