viii Chinese Names

In China, Japan, and Korea, surnames common- for Chinese names. Sun Yat-sen became provi- ly come first in both speaking and writing. For sional president of the Republic of China. His example, in the name Sun Yat-sen, Sun is the title then was President Sun. Mao Zedong as surname, or family name, and Yat-sen is the leader of the Communist Party was referred to given name. This book uses the Chinese method as Chairman Mao.

Romanization and Pronunciation of Chinese Words

The People’s Republic of China adopted the Another important rule applies to the letter a, pinyin romanization system in the 1950s. It has always pronounced as ah. become the system commonly used in scholar- ship and journalism, largely replacing the older Tang tahng Wade–Giles system. For the most part, Western letters in the pinyin system indicate English For some names this book uses the Wade– sounds that are similar to Chinese sounds—with Giles system because the older spelling is widely a few notable exceptions represented by the recognized in the West. For example, we use letters q and x. Chiang Kai-shek instead of Jiang Jieshi. Although the book generally uses the pinyin Pinyin Pronunciation system, students should also familiarize them- q ch selves with the Wade–Giles spellings of the x sh names of important historical figures, places, and dynasties. Many important works on China use Wade–Giles, as does the government of Taiwan. The following table shows pinyin spellings and pronunciations for Chinese words in this Pinyin spelling Pronunciation book. Words in excerpted materials are shown as Qin chin they appear in their original source, spelled pho- Xin shin netically or in the Wade–Giles system.

Pinyin Pronunciation Wade–Giles or other Anhui ahn hway Anhwei Aomen ow mun Macao Beijing beh jing Peking Beiping beh ping Peiping Changan chahng ahn Ch’angan Changsha chahng sha Changsha Chengdu chehng doo Ch’engtu Chongqing chohng ching Ch’ungking Cixi tz she Tz’u-hsi ix

Pinyin Pronunciation Wade–Giles or other dao dao tao Daoguang dao gwahng Tao Kuang Deng Xiaoping duhng shou ping Teng Hsiao-p’ing Duan Qirui doo-ahn cheeruey Tuan Ch’i-jui Feng Yang fuhng yahng Feng Yang Feng Yuxiang fuhng yu she-ahng Feng Yu-hsiang Fuzhou foo jo Fuchou (Fuchow) Fuzi foo zuh Fu-tzu Guang Xu gwahng shoo Kuang Hsu Guangdong gwahng dohng Kwangtung Guangzhou gwahng jo Canton Guomindang (GMD) guo min dahng Kuomintang (KMT) Han hahn Han Hangzhou hahng jo Hangchou Harebin hahr bin Harbin Hong Xiuquan hohng shiu chwan Hung Hsiu-ch’uan Hua Guofeng hwa guo fuhng Hua Kuo-feng Huang he hwahng huh Huang Ho Huang Xiang hwahng she-ahng Huangpu hwahng poo Whampoa Hubei hoo bay Hupeh kang kahng k’ang Jiang Jieshi jee-ahng jehshur Chiang Kai-shek Jiang Qing jee-ahng ching Chiang Ch’ing Jiangxi jee-ahng she Kiangsi Kang Youwei kahng yoo way K’ang Yu-wei Kong kohng K’ung Kongfuzi (Confucius) kohng foo zuh K’ung Fu-tzu Kongzi kohng zuh K’ungtzu koutou koh toh k’ou t’ou Lang Shining lohng shur ning Lang shih-ning Laozi lao zuh Lao-tse Li Matou lee mah toh Li Ma-t’ou Li Mi lee mee Lian Heng lee-ehn huhng Lian Heng Liang Qichao lee-ahng chee chow Liang Ch’i-ch’ao Lin Zexu lin zeh shoo Lin Tse-hsu Liu Shaoqi liu shao chee Liu Shao-ch’i Lun Yu loon yoo Lun Yu manyi mahn yee man-i Manchuguo mahn joo guo Manch’ukuo Mao Zedong mao zeh dohng Mao Tse-tung Miao mee ow Miao Ming ming Ming mou moo mou Nanjing nahn jing Nanking Nien nee ehn Nien Ningbo ning bo Ningpo Peng Dehuai puhng duh why P’eng Te-huai Pu Songling poo sohng ling P’u Sung-ling x

Pinyin Pronunciation Wade–Giles or other putonghua poo toong hwa Puyi poo yee P’u-i Qianlong chien lohng Ch’ien-lung Qin chin Ch’in Qing ching Ch’ing Qishan chee shahn Ch’i Shan Qufu choo foo Ch’ufu Sha’anxi shahn shee Shensi Shandong shahn dohng Shantung Shang shahng Shang Shanghai shahng high Shanghai Shenzhen shen jehn Shencheng Shi Huangdi suh hwahng dee Shih huang-ti Sichuan sz-chuan Szechwan Song soong Sung Sui sway Sui Sun Yixian shoon yee she-ahn Sun Yat-sen Taibei tie bay Taipei Tang tahng T’ang Tianjin tien jin Tientsin Tongmenhui tohng mun hway T’ung-men-hui Wangxia wahng she-ah Wanghsia Wenhuibao wun hway bao Wen Wei P’o Xi’an she ahn Sian Xiamen she-ah mun Amoy Xiao Jing shiao jing Xin shin Hsin Xinjiang shin jahng Sinkiang Xiongnu she-ong noo Hsiung-nu yamen yah mun yamen Yan’an yehn ahn Yenan Yang Menzhong yahng mun johng Yang Meng-chung Yang Xiang yahng she-ahng Yangzi yahng zeh Yangtse Yannan yahn ahn Yannan Yanti yahn tee Ch’efu (Chefoo) Yuan yu-ahn Yuan Yao yah-oh Yao Yuan Shikai yu-ahn shur kie Yuan Shih-k’ai Yunnan yoon nahn Yunnan Zhao Ziyang jao zuh yahng Chao Tzu-yang Zhang Zhoulin chahng jo lin Chang Tso-lin Zheng He chuhng huh Cheng-ho Zhengjiang chuhng jee-ahng Chinkiang Zhongguo zhong guo Chungkuo Zhou jo Cho Zhou Enlai jo ehn lie Chou En-lai Zhou Xun jo shoon Cho Hsun