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Galileo Spots Tallest-Ever Volcanic Plume Odyssey Approaches Mars

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Galileo Spots Tallest-Ever Volcanic Plume Odyssey Approaches Mars October 12, 2001 I n s i d e Volume 31 Number 20 News Briefs . 2 Processes, Rules & ISO . 3 Special Events Calendar . 2 So f t w a r e team honored . 4 Earth Proposals Proceed . 2 Passings,Letters . 4 Service Awards . 2 Retirees, Classifieds . 4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory m A R S A LL SYSTEMS ARE GO FOR THE OCT. 23 Two days after orbit insertion, aerobraking will begin, a technique that brings the spacecraft into its Lockheed will A R R I VAL OF JPL’S 2001 MARS ODYSSEY circular science orbit. Aerobraking slows the craft S PACECRAFT AT THE RED PLANET. down by using frictional drag as it flies through the build Mars ’05 Odyssey Odyssey is nearing the completion of its journey of upper part of the planet’s atmosphere. It is expected 460 million kilometers (286 million miles). As this that aerobraking will take about 80 days, and 380 article was written, a final trajectory correction orbits, to complete. recon orbiter approaches maneuver—the fourth one during cruise phase—was Odyssey carries three scientific instruments de- planned for the evening of Oct. 11. Orbit insertion signed to tell us what the Martian surface is made of NASA has selected Lockheed begins at 7:30 p.m. Pacific time on the 23rd. and provide vital information about potential radia- Martin Astronautics, Denver, to build the JPL-managed Mars Re- Mars “The flight team has completed its preparations for tion hazards for future human explorers. connaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft Mars orbit insertion,” said Odyssey Mission Manager The thermal emission imaging system will deter- David A. Spencer. “The commands for orbit insertion scheduled for launch in August mine Mars’ surface mineralogy, including providing 2005 to return the highest-resolu- will be uplinked to the spacecraft on Oct. 15. After data on localized deposits associated with hydro- tion images yet of the Red Planet. that, we will closely monitor the spacecraft’s progress thermal and subsurface water. The gamma ray spec- Lockheed Martin will build the as it approaches Mars and executes the orbit inser- trometer will play a lead role in determining the orbiter bus and be responsible for tion burn.” elemental makeup of the Martian surface; an experi- integrating and testing six science Spencer said another contingency maneuver will ment using this instrument and two neutron detec- instruments and two engineering only be exercised if Odyssey’s trajectory is signifi- tors will possibly be able to calculate Mars’ hydro- payloads. Lockheed Martin will cantly off-course within a day of arrival. “While TCM- gen abundance, thus inferring the presence of water. also provide spacecraft operations 5 has been fully tested and we are ready to do it if The Martian radiation environment experiment will support for the five-and-a-half year necessary, there is a very low probability that it will characterize aspects of the radiation environment mission. be needed,” he said. both on the way to Mars and in the Martian orbit. The contract awarded to Lock- heed is for $145 million, including Mars orbit insertion is expected to result in an This experiment will attempt to predict anticipated the development and operations orbit period of just under 20 hours. However, if radiation doses that would be experienced by future phases. Odyssey’s post-insertion orbit period is 22 hours or astronauts and help determine possible effects of greater, a procedure called a period reduction ma- The 1,800-kilogram (3,970-pound) Martian radiation on human beings. orbiter is twice the mass and will neuver will be performed to fire the spacecraft’s Launched on April 7, 2001, Odyssey’s primary return more than 12 times the data thrusters to lower the orbit period to the needed 20 science mapping period runs from January 2002 to of Mars Global Surveyor, which has hours. If needed, this maneuver will be executed early August 2004. been in orbit around Mars for more three orbits after orbit insertion. than four years and has returned more than 101,000 images of the surface. The Global Surveyor spacecraft was also build by Lock- OLAR SYSTEM heed Martin under contract to JPL. s The Mars Reconnaissance Or- Jupiter’s moon Io has pulled a plume when last seen seven she said. biter science payload currently includes the following instruments: surprise on JPL’s Galileo space- months earlier by both Galileo and “Galileo flew between two grea t a high-resolution camera, a visible- craft, hurling up the tallest volcanic the passing Cassini spacecraft. volcanoes,” Lopes said. “The plume near infrared imaging spectrome- plume ever seen, which arose from However, the Tvashtar plume has we knew about might have settled Surprise! ter, an atmospheric sounder, a a previously unknown volcano. not been found in images from the down before we got there, but this wide-angle color imager, a shallow A different volcano had been August flyby. Researchers were new one sprang up suddenly.” sub-surface sounding radar and a Galileo spots lofting a plume seven months startled to find, instead, that a The particles detected in context imager. The engineering earlier, but Galileo saw no sign previously unknown volcano just Galileo’s plasma science instru- payload consists of a telecommuni - tallest-ever of that plume during its latest Io 600 kilometers (370 miles) from ment as the aging spacecraft sped cations package, which will provide flyby in early August. Tvashtar was spewing a grand within 194 kilometers (120 miles) surface communications relay and Adding to the surprise, for the plume as Galileo passed. of Io’s surface likely came from the approach navigation support, and volcanic first time a Galileo instrument has “After not seeing any active new hot spot rather than Tvashtar, an optical navigation camera that caught particles freshly rel e a s e d plumes at all in Io’s high-latitude Frank said. The volcanic material will demonstrate precision entry fr om an eruption, giving scientists regions during the first five years reached the spacecraft no more navigation capability for future plume landers and orbiters. a direct sample of Io material to of Galileo’s tour, we’ve now seen than a few minutes after rushing “W ith its specially designed analyze. “This was totally unexpect- two this year,” said Galileo imaging out of the source vent on the instrument complement, this mis- ed,” said the leader of that experi- team member Dr. Alfred McEwen ground. The particles are apparent- By Guy Webster sion will investigate the surface of ment, Dr. Louis Frank of the of the University of Arizona. The ly snowflakes made of sulfur- Mars at a resolution never before University of Iowa. “We’ve had latest appears as a back-lit bulge dioxide molecules with as many as achieved from orbit,” said Jim Graf, wonderful images and other rem o t e above Io’s surface in two newly 15 to 20 molecules clumped to- the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter sensing of the volcanoes on Io released images. A third new im- gether in each flake. pr oject manager at JPL. “We will be f o r e, but we’ve never caught the age shows a white ring of material Galileo is on course to fly about be able to resolve features the size hot breath from one of them until from the plume that has fallen as close to Io again on Oct. 15 at of beach balls. The images will help no w . Galileo smelled the volcano’s back to the moon’s surface, paint- 6:23 p.m. Pacific time. Its trajectory determine future landing sites that Color images of the st r ong breath and survi v e d . ” ing a circle around the source of will take it close to Io’s south pole, ar e both scientifically interes t i n g The Jupiter-orbiting spacecraft the eruption. A fourth shows an- which may provide a look at details and free from landing hazards . ” “The goal of this orbiter is to volcanic plumes on Io has been gradually transmitting to other new large plume deposit of another new hot spot near there Earth the new pictures and data near Io’s north pole. identified from infrared mapping understand the history of water on Mars by observing its atmosphere, from its flight over Io’s north pole The new plume rises at least 500 data this year. The polar passes in surface and subsurface in unprece- a re available online at in early August, said Dr. Eilene kilometers (more than 300 miles) August and this month were also dented detail,” said Dr. Richard Theilig, Galileo project manager above ground, McEwen estimated, designed to provide data indicating Zurek, the Mars Reconnaissance h t t p : / / w w w. j p l . n a s a . at JPL. “Io just keeps amazing nearly 10 percent higher than the whether Io generates its own mag- Orbiter project scientist at JPL. everyone,” she said. “Now we’re tallest ever seen before on Io. netic field, as its sibling moon “This mission will identify the best eager to see what will be happen- Scientists using Galileo’s in- Ganymede does and Earth does. sites for a new generation of land- g o v / i m a g e s / i o . ing there when Galileo flies near frared mapping instrument have Io is the innermost of Jupiter’s ed vehicles to explore, by virtue of Io’s south pole in two weeks.” pinpointed the site of the eruption four largest moons and the most its ability to find local evidence of Galileo engineers and scientists as a new hot spot at a location volcanically active world in the the chemical and geological ‘finger- had anticipated that the Aug.
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