FULTON, M. S.: ARTILLERY IN THE ERA OF THE . SIEGE WARFARE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TREBUCHET TECHNOLOGY

Foreword Weights and Measures Regional Maps

Introduction 1 Background Classical Artillery Terminological Issues Early Traction Trebuchets in the Near and Middle East Early Traction Trebuchets in Europe Appearance of the Counterweight Trebuchet 2 Mechanics Traction Counterweight The Mathematics 3 Nicaea: 1097 Antioch: 1097-98 Ma’arrat al-Nu’man and ‘: 1098 : 1099 4 Twelfth Century The Opening Decades Tyre: 1124 Offensives of Zanki and John Comnenus The and the Ebb of Frankish Dominance : A New Frontier The Rise of Transjordan 5 The Hattin Campaign Indications of Range in Western Syria and Transjordan Saladin’s Conquest of Northern Palestine The First Great Later Sieges of the Crusade 6 Ayyubid Period The and New Latin Terminology The and War on Continued Infighting and New Arabic Terminology Louis IX and the The Mongols and the War of St Sabas 7 Period Baybars’ Early Artillery Indications of Significant Power: 1271 The Sultanate of Qalawun The Second Great Siege of Acre: 1291 Plates 8 Influence of Offensive Artillery Theories Regarding the Influence of Artillery Siege Length Development, Manpower and Resources Concentricity Wall Thickness Entrances Dressing Tower Shape 9 Influence of Defensive Artillery Ground-mounted Artillery Tower-mounted Artillery Possible Ayyubid Artillery Towers Possible Frankish Artillery Towers Possible Mamluk Artillery Towers Other Interpretations Conclusion Development Employment

Appendix 1: Mentions of Artillery Appendix 2: Images and Technical Treatises Appendix 3: Mathematical Scenarios Appendix 4: Reconstructed Engines

Bibliography