DOCSLIB.ORG

Interplanetary Travel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interplanetary Travel 3/27/19 Seminar 6 Apollo and the Space Race Orbit Transfer, Interplanetary Travel FRS 148, Princeton University Robert Stengel • A Space Strategy for the United States • Sparrow in the Falcon’s Nest • The Shape of Things to Come Impulsive Orbit Transfer Interplanetary Travel: … the Heavens and the Earth, Ch 8 to 10 Understanding Space, Ch 6, Sec 7.1, 7.2 Copyright 2019 by Robert Stengel. All rights reserved. For educational use only. 1 http://www.princeton.edu/~stengel/FRS.html A Space Strategy for the United States 2 1 3/27/19 National vs. International Interests § Arms race § Treaties § Prestige and perceptions § Eisenhower, 1958 § Outer space only for peaceful purposes § Willingness to let UN play a central role § Division over procedures § National Security Council, missile technology § Reconnaissance and bombs in orbit (FOBS) § NSC, manned and unmanned spaceflight 3 Earliest Possible Time Periods of Various Soviet and U.S. Accomplishments in Outer Space, NSC-5814/1, Aug 18, 1958 4 2 3/27/19 Space for Peace, for All Mankind § UN: Law of outer space, IGY § Karman line, 100-km altitude [why?] § Boundaries of national sovereignty § Principal concern of American space policy § Two schools of thought on space policy § Natural law school § Positivist school § Spacecraft registration and liability § sharing the radio spectrum and scientific data § no restrictions on competing states http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Kármán_line 5 Space for Peace, for All Mankind § Space “pacifists” shut out § Irony § Competition was the engine of space flight § Incentive to make needed large investments § Space programs stunted with malnutrition § Project Rover, 1960s § Nuclear rockets § High specific impulse § Safety concerns § Atmospheric contamination § Reactor re-entry in launch failure 6 3 3/27/19 Pioneer 1, NASA’s First Moon Shot, October 11, 1958 Pioneer 1 Thor-Able § Lunar mission § 3-stage launch vehicle § Vanguard 2nd stage § 3rd stage same as Scout 4th stage § Failed to reach the moon § 71,000-mi apogee § Returned valuable data on the Van Allen Belt 7 Fractional Orbit Bombardment System GR-1 SS-X-10 FOBS, 1960s 8 4 3/27/19 Sparrow in the Falcon’s Nest 9 NACA/NASA Research Laboratories 1940 1939 1959 1946 1915 1962 1936/58 1920 1963 1961 1960 10 5 3/27/19 Civilian or Military Space Program? § Why have a civilian space agency? § Finding a suitable administrator: T. Ke it h Glennan § Infighting within DoD: Army, USAF, OSD, ARPA § ABMA: leading agency for large rocket development § USAF sought expanded role § NASA raid on military capabilities and facilities § Critical role of ARPA § Military benefits as side effects of civilian space program § “Born as a civilian sparrow in a nest of warbirds, NASA grew up and flew.” 11 Civilian AND Military Space Program? § Two space programs with distinct objectives § NASA and USAF the winners § Army and Navy the losers § Who owns manned space flight? § Reasons for Eisenhower’s posture § Marxism vs. capitalism § Prestige in third world § Traditional and modern conservatives § NASA’s budget: large or small? § Justification: science or space race? § Embracing technocracy 12 6 3/27/19 Critical Points § Development of the F-1 engine § Influence of “committee of outsiders” § Vice President Nixon’s input § Newsweek: “How to Lose the Space Race!” 1) Start Late 2) Downgrade Russian Feats 3) Fragment Authority 4) Pinch Pennies 5) Think Small 6) Shirk Decisions § Inaccuracy of NY Times reportage § NSC-5918, 1/12/1960, “U.S. Policy on Outer Space” § Laymen:“true conquest of space” as manned spaceflight 13 International Cooperation § Help or hindrance? § Technology, knowledge, and funding § Global tracking networks, international relations § Goodwill and positive image § British and French interests § UN role § Views of Eisenhower: § Tight-fisted § However, he secured NASA’s role in growing technocratic enterprise § Root principles, and dualities of space policies § Ironies behind decisions § “Honest” space policy: good or bad? 14 7 3/27/19 Authorization vs. Appropriation § Appropriation vs. Authorization in legislation § Military and civilian activities in "scientific warfare and total cold war” § Civilian scientific programs were tools of competition. § "All aspects of national activity were becoming increasingly politicized, if not militarized" § NASA upgraded to an administration § Patent policy, contract system of R&D § Eisenhower took uncomfortable initiatives § Accelerated military R&D § Increased funding of civilian R&D § Moved federal government into education funding § Created a new agency devoted to state-sponsored R&D § 3 major components: § Management § Policy § Budget 15 NACA, ABMA, and NASA § Difference between German and NACA engineers? § “Testing … makes the difference between ‘a successful failure and a complete failure. In one case you know what happened; in the other case you don’t’.” § “We made a lot of tests and, whenever something broke, we redesigned it.” § Switch to contractors for much of the work (outsourcing) § Test and verify everything § In-house technical capability § “a doer as opposed to a thinker, there was nobody in the United States who could snow me.” § Need for corporate memory to keep long-term projects (e.g., Hubble telescope) operating 16 8 3/27/19 March 22, 1952 17 Trouble in the Spacecraft: Ejection Capsule 18 9 3/27/19 USAF Man-in-Space-Soonest Program, 1956-1958 http://www.astronautix.com/fam/manonest.htm 19 Military Space Applications § Military applications satellites § Anti-satellite missiles § X-20 Dyna-Soar USN Space § USN Space Cruiser, and others Cruiser, 1973 USAF X-20 Dyna-Soar Bell BoMi, 1952 20 10 3/27/19 Project Rover Nuclear Rocket , 1960s NERVA Rocket Isp ~ 900 sec Kiwi-B4-A Reactor/Rocket 2018: Resurgent American and Russian interest in nuclear propulsion NERVA-Powered Mars Mission 21 The Shape of Things to Come 22 11 3/27/19 Advancing Toward “MAD” § Jefferson: State and society are natural adversaries § Eisenhower Republicans: Government intervention as a necessary evil § Democrats: Stevenson doves and Symington hawks § Warfare had become politicized and democratized § Nuclear weapons changed the nature of warfare forever – did they? § “Mutual assured destruction” or survivable nuclear war § Proliferation of “Think Tanks” § Space, a “new frontier” for strategy 23 Increased Government Spending § Consensus on need for vastly increased federal spending and power § Ike didn’t buy it § Impacts of the 1960 Presidential election § U-2 flights found no deployed Soviet ICBMs § SAC and CIA still provided defensive wall § Reconnaissance satellites launched in profusion § Project Mercury as a “stop-gap measure” before Apollo? 24 12 3/27/19 TIROS, Transit, and Echo 25 Corona, Discoverer, KH-1 to KH-4 C-119 Recovery Vehicle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jOGicfF_vQ 26 13 3/27/19 27 Implications of the “Missile Gap” § Follow-on to Mercury required F-1 engine (?) § Hardly! Project Gemini didn’t need it § But F-1 engine was critical for Saturn V § Missile gap myth used to advantage during “critical years” § After Republicans lost 1960 election, Eisenhower § killed the NASA Apollo Program § increased funding for USAF spy satellites § Importance of a non-secret civilian space program 28 14 3/27/19 USAF Reconnaissance Satellites KH-7 Gambit 1 KH-8 Gambit 3 KH-9 Hexagon 29 JFK to LBJ, April 20, 1961 30 15 3/27/19 LBJ to JFK, April 28, 1961 31 John F. Kennedy’s Challenge to Congress May 25, 1961 32 16 3/27/19 Request for Congressional Support § May 25, 1961: Kennedy's Commitment to go to the moon, § Shepard's sub-orbital flight, May 5th § "If we are to win the battle...." § “This is a judgment that members of Congress must finally make...” § Kennedy years: space policy falling captive to image makers § Apollo: Greatest peace-time commitment by Congress in history § McNamara: Strict management reforms at Pentagon 33 Destination Moon § Kennedy men: "The generation that fought the war...” § Eisenhower: Little faith in centralized management § 1958: LBJ’s National Aeronautics and Space Council § Project Mercury: Weisner committee: crash program to put man in space unjustifiable § NASA’s focus § USAF Space Study Committee 34 17 3/27/19 Politics and Advice Robert James Webb McNamara § USAF expectations § Webb finds BoB in dark about space programs § JFK reaction to Gagarin orbit, Bay of Pigs (4/61) § Johnson report, only one possible conclusion § LBJ worked on Webb for backup § Webb-McNamara report § Health of aerospace industry § Congress: $20B on command technology for political goal 35 All Constituencies Onboard § "Of all those who contributed to the moon decision, the ones farthest in the background were the engineers of Langley and Goddard and Marshall” § Kennedy years: Space policy, image makers § Apollo: Greatest peace-time commitment by Congress in history § McNamara at the Pentagon § Playing off NASA against aerospace industry § Keeping NASA alive w/o paying from DoD budget 36 18 3/27/19 “We Choose to Go to the Moon …” Rice University, Texas, September 12, 1962 37 Cold War vs. Open Space Policy § Sputnik made Cold War “total” § Impact confusing at first § Preventing military from going “hog wild” § Space policy as shield for spy satellites § Open space policy real but disingenuous § Flight to the Moon, a self-justifying feat § Big technology not inherently un-American, inevitable replacement for individual innovation § Ike: “Military hero who revolted against war” § Edwin Land: “More and more we tend to resemble the Soviets” 38 19 3/27/19 Impulsive Orbit Transfer and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mission to Jupiter
    This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines.
    [Show full text]
  • Vostok by Andrew J
    Mercury's Competition: Vostok by Andrew J. LePage May 15, 2000 All through 1959 and into 1960, America's very single space suit-clad cosmonaut in a semi reclined public Mercury manned space program was making ejection seat which served a dual purpose: During the slow but steady progress (see Giving Mercury early phases of ascent, this seat could safely eject the Wings in the September 1, 1999 issue of cosmonaut away from the craft in case of a problem. SpaceViews). While it was quite clear that the Soviet Because of weight restrictions, the capsule could not Union also planned to send men into space, it was carry a large enough parachute to guarantee a soft difficult to sort the facts from the stream of enough landing for the pilot at the end of a normal propaganda. That began to change on May 15, 1960 mission. Instead a forced landing procedure was with the launch of Korabl Sputnik 1 (Spaceship developed where, after reentry was done, the Satellite 1) also referred to as "Sputnik 4" in the cosmonaut ejected from the descent module at an West. altitude of 7 kilometers (23,000 feet). He then used his own parachute to make a soft landing separate Carrying a dummy cosmonaut in a 312 by 369 from the more quickly falling descent module. kilometer (194 by 229 mile) orbit inclined 65 degrees to the equator, Korabl Sputnik 1 was the long awaited During the flight, the cabin interior maintained an inaugural flight of Mercury's competition. Although oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere at a pressure of one bar the actual configuration of the spacecraft would (15 psi) like on the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest to Understand the Pioneer Anomaly
    The quest to understand the Pioneer anomaly I Michael Martin Nieto, Theoretical Division (MS-8285) Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alarnos, New Mexico 87545 USA E-mail: [email protected] +a l1 l I l uring the 1960's, when the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Pioneer 10 was launched on 2 March 1972 local time, aboard D first started thinking about what eventually became the an Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4launch vehicle (see Fig. l).It was the "Grand Tours" of the outer planets (the Voyager missions of the first craft launched into deep space and was the first to reach an 1970's and 1980's),the use of planetary flybys for gravity assists of outer giant planet, Jupiter,on 4 Dec. 1973 [l, 21. Later it was the first spacecraft became of great interest. The concept was to use flybys to leave the "solar system" (past the orbit of Pluto or, should we now of the major planets to both mowthe direction of the spacecraft say, Neptune). The Pioneer project, eventually extending over and also to add to its heliocentric velocity in a manner that was decades, was managed at NASAIAMES Research Center under the unfeasible using only chemical fuels. The first time these ideas were hands of four successive project managers, the legendary Charlie put into practice in deep space was with the Pioneers. Hall, Richard Fimrnel, Fred Wirth, and the current Larry Lasher. While in its Earth-Jupiter cruise, Pioneer 10 was still bound to the solar system. By 9 January 1973 Pjoneer l0 was at a distance of 3.40 AU (Astronomical Units'), beyond the asteroid belt.
    [Show full text]
  • European Astronaut Selection ESA Prepares for the Missions of the 21 St Century
    European Astronaut Selection ESA prepares for the missions of the 21 st century With the selection of its first astronauts ESA’s human spaceflight activities in 1978 and the first Spacelab mission are now entering a new era, with ESA in 1983, the European Space Agency astronauts working aboard the (ESA) took its first steps into human International Space Station (ISS), spaceflight. The advent of the Columbus Columbus starting operations, and orbital laboratory project required a the new ‘ATV’ cargo ship delivering second selection of astronauts in 1992. fresh supplies to the Station. The exploration of the Solar System will be one of humanity’s most exciting adventures in the near future. All of the world’s spacefaring nations are preparing for this huge enterprise, and an astronaut corps is essential for Europe, thanks to ESA, to take part in this endeavour. Now is the time for ESA to seek new talents to reinforce its astronaut team, to prepare for missions to the ISS, the Moon and beyond. T The Selection | How? When? Where? h e S e l e c t i o n How can I apply? You can apply online via the ESA web portal (www.esa.int/ astronautselection). Registration is in two steps: • pre-registration: provide identity information and a JAR-FCL 3, Class 2 medi- cal examination certificate, from an Aviation Medical Examiner who has been certified by his/her national Aviation Medical Authority; • a password then allows you to access the application form. T The Selection | How? When? Where? h e S e l e • initial selection according to basic criteria; c t i What are the o • psychological tests for selected candidates; n • second round of psychological tests and interviews; steps in the • medical tests; selection • job interview.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeronautics and Space Report of the President
    Aeronautics and Space Report of the President 1971 Activities NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED Aeronautics and Space Report of the President 197 I Activities i W Executive Office of the President National Aeronautics and Space Council Washington, D.C. 20502 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE OF TRANSMITTAL To the Congress of the United States: I am pleased to transmit herewith a report of our national progress in aero- nautics and space activities during 1971. This report shows that we have made forward strides toward each of the six objectives which I set forth for a balanced space program in my statement of March 7, 1970. Aided by the improvements we have made in mobility, our explorers on the moon last summer produced new, exciting and useful evidence on the structure and origin of the moon. Several phenomena which they uncovered are now under study. Our unmanned nearby observation of Mars is similarly valuable and significant for the advancement of science. During 1971, we gave added emphasis to aeronautics activities which contribute substantially to improved travel conditions, safety and security, and we gained in- creasing recognition that space and aeronautical research serves in many ways to keep us in the forefront of man’s technological achievements. There can be little doubt that the investments we are now making in explora- tions of the unknown are but a prelude to the accomplishments of mankind in future generations. THEWHITE HOUSE, March 1972 iii Table of Contents Page Page I . Progress Toward U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Tiziou Space Collection
    Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Isaac Middleton and Melissa A. N. Keiser 2019 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Files, (bulk 1960-2011)............................................................................... 4 Series : Photography, (bulk 1960-2011)................................................................. 25 Jacques Tiziou Space Collection NASM.2018.0078 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Identifier: NASM.2018.0078 Date: (bulk 1960s through
    [Show full text]
  • Development of an Inflatable Airlock for Deep Space Exploration
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFLATABLE AIRLOCK FOR DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION Douglas A. Litteken NASA Johnson Space Center Thomas C. Jones NASA Langley Research Center AIAA SPACE Forum Orlando, Florida September 18, 2018 OUTLINE • Introduction • History of Inflatable Airlock Development • Design Considerations for Inflatable Airlocks • Generic Airlock Considerations for Space Applications • Inflatable Airlock Specific Considerations • Conclusions and Future Work 9/18/2018 D. Litteken, NASA/JSC/ES2 | AIAA SPACE 2018 2 OUTLINE • Introduction • History of Inflatable Airlock Development • Design Considerations for Inflatable Airlocks • Generic Airlock Considerations for Space Applications • Inflatable Airlock Specific Considerations • Conclusions and Future Work 9/18/2018 D. Litteken, NASA/JSC/ES2 | AIAA SPACE 2018 3 INTRODUCTION • Airlocks have been used for EVAs (extravehicular activities) since 1965 • Airlock designs including integrated, single, and dual-chamber, along with various volumes and hatch shapes have been used Type In Service Name Dimensions Volume Mass EVA Hatch From To /Chamber L x D (ft) (ft3) (lbm) Shape Opening (in) 1965 1965 Voskhod 2 Volga Inflatable 8.2 x 3.9 88.3 551 Circular 26 1965 1966 Gemini Capsule Integral 19.0 x 9.8 90 8490 Trapezoid 15 x 51 x 37 1969 1972 Apollo Ascent Module Integral 3.5 x 7.7 159 4740 Square 32 x 32 1973 1974 Skylab Airlock Single 12.8 x 5.4 322 16936 Trapezoid 15 x 51 x 37 1983 2011 Shuttle Airlock Single 6.9 x 5.3 150 827 D-Shape 40 1989 2001 Mir Kvant Airlock Single 19.0 x 13.1 1413 21164 Circular 39 2001 Present ISS Pirs Airlock Single 16.1 x 8.4 460 7892 Circular 39 2001 Present ISS Quest Airlock Dual 18.0 x 13.1 1200 21896 D-Shape 40 9/18/2018 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Type Your Paper Title Here In
    Estimating the Reliability of a Soyuz Spacecraft Mission Michael G. Lutomskia*, Steven J. Farnham IIb, and Warren C. Grantb aNASA-JSC, Houston, TX – [email protected] bARES Corporation, Houston, TX Abstract: Once the US Space Shuttle retires in 2010, the Russian Soyuz Launcher and Soyuz Spacecraft will comprise the only means for crew transportation to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The U.S. Government and NASA have contracted for crew transportation services to the ISS with Russia. The resulting implications for the US space program including issues such as astronaut safety must be carefully considered. Are the astronauts and cosmonauts safer on the Soyuz than the Space Shuttle system? Is the Soyuz launch system more robust than the Space Shuttle? Is it safer to continue to fly the 30 year old Shuttle fleet for crew transportation and cargo resupply than the Soyuz? Should we extend the life of the Shuttle Program? How does the development of the Orion/Ares crew transportation system affect these decisions? The Soyuz launcher has been in operation for over 40 years. There have been only two loss of life incidents and two loss of mission incidents. Given that the most recent incident took place in 1983, how do we determine current reliability of the system? Do failures of unmanned Soyuz rockets impact the reliability of the currently operational man-rated launcher? Does the Soyuz exhibit characteristics that demonstrate reliability growth and how would that be reflected in future estimates of success? NASA’s next manned rocket and spacecraft development project is currently underway.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Overview the Pioneer Mission Set the Stage for U.S. Space
    Mission Overview The Pioneer mission set the stage for U.S. space exploration. Pioneer 1 was the first manmade object to escape the Earth's gravitational field. Later Pioneer 4 was the first spacecraft to fly to the moon, Pioneer 10 was the first to Jupiter, Pioneer 11 was the first to Saturn and Pioneer 12 was the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit another planet, Venus. The following table summarizes the Pioneer spacecraft and scientific objectives of the Pioneer mission. Name Launch Mission Status (as of 1998) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer 1 1958-10-11 Moon Reached altitude of 72765 miles Pioneer 2 1958-11-08 Moon Reached altitude of 963 miles Pioneer 3 1958-12-02 Moon Reached altitude of 63580 miles Pioneer 4 1959-03-03 Moon Passed by moon into solar orbit Pioneer 5 1960-03-11 Solar Orbit Entered solar orbit Pioneer 6 1965-12-16 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 7 1966-08-17 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 8 1967-12-13 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 9 1967-11-08 Solar Orbit Signal lost in 1983 Pioneer E 1969-08-07 Solar Orbit Launch failure Pioneer10 1972-03-02 Jupiter Communication terminated 1998 Pioneer11 1972-03-02 Jupiter/Saturn Communication terminated 1997 Pioneer12 1978-05-20 Venus Entered Venus atmos. 1992-10-08 The focus of this document is on Pioneer Venus (12), the last spacecraft in a mission of firsts in space exploration. Probe Separation: Pioneer Venus separated into two spacecraft on Aug 8, 1978: an Orbiter (PVO) and a Multiprobe. The latter was separated into five separate vehicles near Venus.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Shiyan Weixing Satellite Programme, 2014-2017
    SPACE CHRONICLE A BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY PUBLICATION Vol. 71 No.1 2018 MONUMENTAL STATUES TO LOCAL LIVING COSMONAUTS CHINA’S SHIYAN WEIXING SPEKTR AND RUSSIAN SPACE SCIENCE SATELLITE PROGRAMME FIRST PICTURES OF EARTH FROM A SOVIET SPACECRAFT REPORTING THE RIGHT STUFF? Press in Moscow During the Space Race SINO-RUSSIAN ISSUE ISBN 978-0-9567382-2-6 JANUARY 20181 Submitting papers to From the editor SPACE CHRONICLE DURING THE WEEKEND of June 3rd and 4th 2017, the 37th annual Sino- Chinese Technical Forum was held at the Society’s Headquarters in London. Space Chronicle welcomes the submission Since 1980 this gathering has grown to be one of the most popular events in the for publication of technical articles of general BIS calendar and this year was no exception. The 2017 programme included no interest, historical contributions and reviews less than 17 papers covering a wide variety of topics, including the first Rex Hall in space science and technology, astronautics Memorial Lecture given by SpaceFlight Editor David Baker and the inaugural Oleg and related fields. Sokolov Memorial Paper presented by cosmonaut Anatoli Artsebarsky. GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS Following each year’s Forum, a number of papers are selected for inclusion in a special edition of Space Chronicle. In this issue, four such papers are presented ■ As concise as the content allows – together with an associated paper that was not part the original agenda. typically 5,000 to 6,000 words. Shorter papers will also be considered. Longer The first paper, Spektr and Russian Space Science by Brian Harvey, describes the papers will only be considered in Spektr R Radio Astron radio observatory – Russia’s flagship space science project.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptions of Planetary and He1 Iocent R Ic Spacecraft and Investigations
    NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER WORLD DATA CENTER A for ROCKETS6 AND SATELLITES 88-07 DATA CATALOG SERIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIOINS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A Descriptions of Planetary and He1iocent r ic Spacecraft and Investigations Second Edition March 1988 ~ CATEGORIES PACECRAFT USED FN THIS PLANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC This category includes probes to the various planets of the solar system and probes designed to make measurements of the characteristics of interplanetary space. Also included are the probes that will pass out of the solar system into interstellar space. NSSDC/WDC-A-R&S 88-07 DATA CATALOG SE:RIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A DESCRIPTIONS OF P:LANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC SPACECRAFT AND INVESTIGATIONS Edited By Winifred Sawtell Cameron Robert W. Vostreys Second Edition March 1988 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) / World Data Center A for Rc'ckets and Satellites (WDC-A-R&S National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The decision to reprint Volume 1A of the Data Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions was made primarily because it was no longer available when its companion, Volume lB, was completed in April 1987. Although Volume 1A was printed in September 1982, in this second edition no changes were made to the original text, since it described spacecraft and experiments as they actually were durin~qthe acquisition of the data in Volume 1B‘. The only significantarevisionmade in the second edition was the addition of Appendix E, which is an index showing the pages in Volume 1A where one can find descriptions of the spacecraft and experiments corresponding to the data sets described in Volume 1B.
    [Show full text]