The Quest to Understand the Pioneer Anomaly
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
Pioneer Anomaly: What Can We Learn from Future Planetary Exploration Missions?
56th International Astronautical Congress, Paper IAC-05-A3.4.02 PIONEER ANOMALY: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM FUTURE PLANETARY EXPLORATION MISSIONS? Andreas Rathke EADS Astrium GmbH, Dept. AED41, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany. Email: [email protected] Dario Izzo ESA Advanced Concepts Team, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] The Doppler-tracking data of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft show an unmodelled constant acceleration in the direction of the inner Solar System. Serious efforts have been undertaken to find a conventional explanation for this effect, all without success at the time of writing. Hence the effect, commonly dubbed the Pioneer anomaly, is attracting considerable attention. Unfortunately, no other space mission has reached the long-term navigation accuracy to yield an independent test of the effect. To fill this gap we discuss strategies for an experimental verification of the anomaly via an upcoming space mission. Emphasis is put on two plausible scenarios: non-dedicated concepts employing either a planetary exploration mission to the outer Solar System or a piggybacked micro- spacecraft to be launched from an exploration spacecraft travelling to Saturn or Jupiter. The study analyses the impact of a Pioneer anomaly test on the system and trajectory design for these two paradigms. Both paradigms are capable of verifying the Pioneer anomaly and determine its magnitude at 10% level. Moreover they can discriminate between the most plausible classes of models of the anomaly. The necessary adaptions of the system and mission design do not impair the planetary exploration goals of the missions. I. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
Max-Planck-Institut Für Sonnensystemforschung Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Tätigkeitsbericht 2011 Activit
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Tätigkeitsbericht 2011 Activity Report 2011 Inhalt Contents 1 Inhalt Contents 1 Wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit 2 Scientific collaborations 1.1 Wissenschaftliche Gäste 2 Scientific guests 1.2 Aufenthalt von MPS-Wissenschaftlern an anderen Instituten 4 Stay of MPS scientists at other institutes 1.3 Projekte in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Institutionen 5 Projects in collaboration with other institutions 2 Vorschläge und Anträge 22 Proposals 2.1 Projektvorschläge 22 Project proposals 2.2 Anträge auf Beobachtungszeit 23 Observing time proposals 3 Publikationen 25 Publications 3.1 Referierte Publikationen 25 Refereed publications 3.2 Doktorarbeiten 45 PhD theses 4 Vorträge und Poster 46 Talks and posters 5 Seminare 69 Seminars 6 Lehrtätigkeit 73 Lectures 7 Tagungen und Workshops 74 Conferences and workshops 7.1 Organisation von Tagungen und Workshops 74 Organization of conferences and workshops 7.2 Convener bei wissenschaftlichen Tagungen 74 Convener during scientific meetings 8 Gutachtertätigkeit für wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften 75 Reviews for scientific journals 9 Herausgebertätigkeit 76 Editorship 10 Mitgliedschaft in wissenschaftlichen Gremien 76 Membership in scientific councils 11 Auszeichnungen 77 Awards Wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit / Scientific collaborations 2 1. Wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit / Scientific collaborations 1.1 Wissenschaftlich Gäste (mit Aufenthalt ≥1 Woche) Scientific guests (with stay ≥1 week) Jaime Araneda (University of Concepcion, Chile), 1 Jul - 15 Aug (host: E. Marsch) Ankit Barik (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpour, India), 19 May - 15 Jul (host: U. Christensen) Alexander Bazilevsky (Vernadsky Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia), 1 Aug - 26 Aug (host: W. Markiewicz) Jishnu Bhattacharya (Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India), 10 May – 18 Jul (host: L. -
Mission Overview the Pioneer Mission Set the Stage for U.S. Space
Mission Overview The Pioneer mission set the stage for U.S. space exploration. Pioneer 1 was the first manmade object to escape the Earth's gravitational field. Later Pioneer 4 was the first spacecraft to fly to the moon, Pioneer 10 was the first to Jupiter, Pioneer 11 was the first to Saturn and Pioneer 12 was the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit another planet, Venus. The following table summarizes the Pioneer spacecraft and scientific objectives of the Pioneer mission. Name Launch Mission Status (as of 1998) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer 1 1958-10-11 Moon Reached altitude of 72765 miles Pioneer 2 1958-11-08 Moon Reached altitude of 963 miles Pioneer 3 1958-12-02 Moon Reached altitude of 63580 miles Pioneer 4 1959-03-03 Moon Passed by moon into solar orbit Pioneer 5 1960-03-11 Solar Orbit Entered solar orbit Pioneer 6 1965-12-16 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 7 1966-08-17 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 8 1967-12-13 Solar Orbit Still operating Pioneer 9 1967-11-08 Solar Orbit Signal lost in 1983 Pioneer E 1969-08-07 Solar Orbit Launch failure Pioneer10 1972-03-02 Jupiter Communication terminated 1998 Pioneer11 1972-03-02 Jupiter/Saturn Communication terminated 1997 Pioneer12 1978-05-20 Venus Entered Venus atmos. 1992-10-08 The focus of this document is on Pioneer Venus (12), the last spacecraft in a mission of firsts in space exploration. Probe Separation: Pioneer Venus separated into two spacecraft on Aug 8, 1978: an Orbiter (PVO) and a Multiprobe. The latter was separated into five separate vehicles near Venus. -
Estimating the Thermally Induced Acceleration of the New Horizons Spacecraft
Estimating the thermally induced acceleration of the New Horizons spacecraft André G. C. Guerra,1, ∗ Frederico Francisco,1, y Paulo J. S. Gil,2, z and Orfeu Bertolami1, x 1Departamento de Física e Astronomia and Centro de Física do Porto, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal 2CCTAE, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal (Dated: November 3, 2017) Residual accelerations due to thermal effects are estimated through a model of the New Horizons spacecraft and a Monte Carlo simulation. We also discuss and estimate the thermal effects on the attitude of the spacecraft. The work is based on a method previously used for the Pioneer and Cassini probes, which solve the Pioneer anomaly problem. The results indicate that after the encounter with Pluto there is a residual acceleration of the order of 10−9 m=s2, and that rotational effects should be difficult, although not impossible, to detect. I. INTRODUCTION mination of the γ parameter of the parametrised post- Newtonian (PPN) formalism so far [9], but also led to The first probes aimed at the planets beyond the aster- the detection of a similar anomalous acceleration of ther- oid belt were launched in the 1970s, starting with the ap- mal origin, just like the Pioneer spacecraft [10]. propriately named Pioneer 10 and 11. These two space- The New Horizons mission has undergone some “hiber- craft visited Jupiter and Saturn and paved the way for nation” periods, where no thruster was fired. Therefore, the two much heavier and more sophisticated Voyager 1 it is very likely that a similar thermal origin accelera- and 2, which completed the round through all four gas gi- tion might show up in the radiometric data. -
A Route to Understanding of the Pioneer Anomaly
The XXII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, Stanford University, December 13-17, 2004 1 A Route to Understanding of the Pioneer Anomaly aSlava G. Turyshev, bMichael Martin Nieto, and cJohn D. Anderson∗ a,cJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA bTheoretical Division (MS-B285), Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, NM 87545 The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft yielded the most precise navigation in deep space to date. However, while at heliocentric distance of ∼ 20–70 AU, the accuracies of their orbit reconstructions were limited by a small, anomalous, Doppler frequency drift. This drift can be interpreted as a −8 2 sunward constant acceleration of aP =(8.74 ± 1.33) × 10 cm/s which is now commonly known as the Pioneer anomaly. Here we discuss the Pioneer anomaly and present the next steps towards understanding of its origin. They are: 1) Analysis of the entire set of existing Pioneer 10 and 11 data, obtained from launch to the last telemetry received from Pioneer 10, on 27 April 2002, when it was at a heliocentric distance of 80 AU. This data could yield critical new information about the anomaly. If the anomaly is confirmed, 2) Development of an instrumental package to be operated on a deep space mission to provide an independent confirmation on the anomaly. If further confirmed, 3) Development of a deep-space experiment to explore the Pioneer anomaly in a dedicated mission with an accuracy for acceleration resolution at the level of 10−10 cm/s2 in the extremely low frequency range. -
Descriptions of Planetary and He1 Iocent R Ic Spacecraft and Investigations
NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER WORLD DATA CENTER A for ROCKETS6 AND SATELLITES 88-07 DATA CATALOG SERIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIOINS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A Descriptions of Planetary and He1iocent r ic Spacecraft and Investigations Second Edition March 1988 ~ CATEGORIES PACECRAFT USED FN THIS PLANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC This category includes probes to the various planets of the solar system and probes designed to make measurements of the characteristics of interplanetary space. Also included are the probes that will pass out of the solar system into interstellar space. NSSDC/WDC-A-R&S 88-07 DATA CATALOG SE:RIES FOR SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS FLIGHT MISSIONS Volume 1A DESCRIPTIONS OF P:LANETARY AND HELIOCENTRIC SPACECRAFT AND INVESTIGATIONS Edited By Winifred Sawtell Cameron Robert W. Vostreys Second Edition March 1988 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) / World Data Center A for Rc'ckets and Satellites (WDC-A-R&S National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The decision to reprint Volume 1A of the Data Catalog Series for Space Science and Applications Flight Missions was made primarily because it was no longer available when its companion, Volume lB, was completed in April 1987. Although Volume 1A was printed in September 1982, in this second edition no changes were made to the original text, since it described spacecraft and experiments as they actually were durin~qthe acquisition of the data in Volume 1B‘. The only significantarevisionmade in the second edition was the addition of Appendix E, which is an index showing the pages in Volume 1A where one can find descriptions of the spacecraft and experiments corresponding to the data sets described in Volume 1B. -
213051Orig1s000 OTHER REVIEW(S)
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 213051Orig1s000 OTHER REVIEW(S) MEMORANDUM REVIEW OF REVISED LABEL AND LABELING Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis (DMEPA) Office of Medication Error Prevention and Risk Management (OMEPRM) Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Date of This Memorandum: September 3, 2019 Requesting Office or Division: Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology Products (DMEP) Application Type and Number: NDA 213051 Product Name and Strength: Rybelsus (semaglutide) tablet, 3 mg, 7 mg, and 14 mg Applicant/Sponsor Name: Novo Nordisk Inc. (Novo) FDA Received Date: August 30, 2019 OSE RCM #: 2019-643-1 DMEPA Safety Evaluator: Ariane O. Conrad, PharmD, BCACP, CDE DMEPA Team Leader: Hina Mehta, PharmD 1 PURPOSE OF MEMORANDUM Novo Nordisk submitted revised labels and labeling for Rybelsus on August 30, 2019. We reviewed the revised labels and labeling for Rybelsus (Appendix A) to determine if they are acceptable from a medication error perspective. The revisions are in response to recommendations that we made during a previous label and labeling review.a 2 CONCLUSION The Applicant implemented all of our recommendations and we have no additional recommendations at this time. a Conrad A. Label and Labeling Review for Rybelsus (NDA 213051). Silver Spring (MD): FDA, CDER, OSE, DMEPA (US); 2019 Aug 2 MON DD. RCM No.: 2019-643. 1 8 Page(s) of Draft Labeling have been Withheld in Full as b4 (CCI/TS) immediately following this page Reference ID: 44860674497378 Signature Page 1 of 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a representation of an electronic record that was signed electronically. -
The Non-Gravitational Accelerations of the Cassini Spacecraft and the Nature of the “Pioneer Anomaly”
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica e Aerospaziale Dottorato di ricerca in Ingegneria Aerospaziale Ciclo XXIII The non-gravitational accelerations of the Cassini spacecraft and the nature of the “Pioneer anomaly” Dottorando: Relatore: Mauro Di Benedetto Ch.mo Prof. Luciano Iess Anno Accademico 2010-2011 Table of Contents Introduction vi 1 The Pioneer anomaly 1 1.1 Pioneer 10 & 11 mission . 2 1.2 Spacecraft design . 3 1.3 Discovery of the anomalous acceleration . 4 1.4 Status of current investigations . 8 1.5 Contribution from this work . 9 2 CassiniteststhePioneeranomaly 10 2.1 Cassinimission .......................... 11 2.1.1 The interplanetary cruise phase . 11 2.1.2 The Saturnian phase . 12 2.2 Spacecraft design . 13 2.2.1 Cassini coordinate system . 16 2.3 Experimental method to test the Pioneer anomaly . 17 2.3.1 Inner cruise phase . 18 2.3.2 Radio science experiments in the outer cruise phase . 18 2.3.3 Multi arc method on the Saturnian phase . 20 2.3.4 Disentangling RTG and Pioneer like acceleration . 22 3 Theorbitdeterminationmethod 24 3.1 The orbit determination problem . 25 3.2 Method of differential correction . 26 3.2.1 Linearization procedure . 28 3.2.2 The weighted least squares solution . 29 3.2.3 A priori information . 31 3.3 TheODPfilter:SIGMA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 3.3.1 Householder transformations . 36 3.4 Consider parameters: definition . 38 3.4.1 Mathematical formulation . 38 3.5 The multi arc method . 42 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii 4 Radio metric observables 44 4.1 Range and range-rate observables . 45 4.1.1 Data information content . -
The Study of the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11
The Study of the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 SlavaSlava G.G. Turyshev,Turyshev, JohnJohn D.D. AndersonAnderson ((JetJet PropulsionPropulsion Laboratory,Laboratory, CaltechCaltech)) MichaelMichael MartinMartin NietoNieto ((LosLos AlamosAlamos NationalNational Laboratory,Laboratory, UU ofof CaliforniaCalifornia)) Journées du GREX 2004 Nice, France, 29 October 2004 THETHE STUDYSTUDY OFOF THETHE PIONEERPIONEER ANOMALYANOMALY Conclusions & Outline: The Pioneer 10/11 anomalous acceleration: −82 aP =±(8.74 1.33) ×10 cm/s A line-of-sight constant acceleration towards the Sun: –We find no mechanism or theory that explains the anomaly – Most plausible cause is systematics, yet to be demonstrated Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 082004, gr-qc/0104064 Possible Origin? Conventional Physics [not yet understood]: – Gas leaks, heat reflection, drag force, etc… New Physics [many proposals exist, some interesting] Both are important − a “win-win” situation: – CONVENTIONAL explanation: improvement of spacecraft engineering for precise navigation & attitude control – NEW physics: would be truly remarkable… THETHE STUDYSTUDY OFOF THETHE PIONEERPIONEER ANOMALYANOMALY Pioneer 10/11 Mission – Built: TRW (Northrop-Grumman Space Technology) – Navigation: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech – Project management: NASA Ames Research Center Position of Pioneer 10 on 29 October 2004: Last successful precession maneuver to point the spacecraft to Earth was accomplished on 11 Feb 2000 (distance from the Sun of 75 AU) THETHE STUDYSTUDY OFOF THETHE PIONEERPIONEER -
United States Space Program Firsts
KSC Historical Report 18 KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 UNITED STATES SPACE PROGRAM FIRSTS Robotic & Human Mission Firsts Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida Foreword This summary of the United States space program firsts was compiled from various reference publications available in the Kennedy Space Center Library Archives. The list is divided into four sections. Robotic mission firsts, Human mission firsts, Space Shuttle mission firsts and Space Station mission firsts. Researched and prepared by: Barbara E. Green Kennedy Space Center Library Archives Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899 phone: [321] 867-2407 i Contents Robotic Mission Firsts ……………………..........................……………...........……………1-4 Satellites, missiles and rockets 1950 - 1986 Early Human Spaceflight Firsts …………………………............................……........…..……5-8 Projects Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project 1961 - 1975 Space Shuttle Firsts …………………………….........................…………........……………..9-12 Space Transportation System 1977 - 2003 Space Station Firsts …………………………….........................…………........………………..13 International Space Station 1998-2___ Bibliography …………………………………..............................…………........…………….....…14 ii KHR-18 Rev. December 2003 DATE ROBOTIC EVENTS MISSION 07/24/1950 First missile launched at Cape Canaveral. Bumper V-2 08/20/1953 First Redstone missile was fired. Redstone 1 12/17/1957 First long range weapon launched. Atlas ICBM 01/31/1958 First satellite launched by U.S. Explorer 1 10/11/1958 First observations of Earth’s and interplanetary magnetic field. Pioneer 1 12/13/1958 First capsule containing living cargo, squirrel monkey, Gordo. Although not Bioflight 1 a NASA mission, data was utilized in Project Mercury planning. 12/18/1958 First communications satellite placed in space. Once in place, Brigadier Project Score General Goodpaster passed a message to President Eisenhower 02/17/1959 First fully instrumented Vanguard payload.