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014 Genus Graphium Scopoli 14th edition (2015). Genus Graphium Scopoli, 1777 Introductio ad historium naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium 433 (506 + [34] pp.). Pragae. Type-species: Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1933. Entomologist 66: 199 (196-200).) [extralimital]. An Old World genus of 97 species, 42 of which are found in the Afrotropical Region. Generic review of the Afrotropical taxa by Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001 (Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series 70 (2): 503-719). Swordtails are large butterflies and are closely related to the true Swallowtails. Characteristically they possess a long, sword-like tail on each hindwing, for example the Large Striped Swordtail. Some species, such as the Angola White-lady Swordtail and the Veined Swordtail, are, however, tailless. Swordtail species are variable in both colour and patterning but the sexes of a particular species are very similar. They are strong and rapid fliers, usually keeping from one to three metres above the ground. The 10 species found in southern Africa occur mostly in coastal bush, and in frost-free savanna in the more inland areas. They are therefore confined to the more easterly and northerly portions of the Subregion. They fly during the summer months, often with a big hatch of adults in spring (October-November). They are not often seen feeding from flowers but the males of some species occasionally congregate in large numbers on damp sand or on mud. They rarely engage in hilltopping behaviour. Whereas the Swallowtails utilize plants belonging mainly to the Citrus family (Rutaceae) as larval foodplants, the Swordtails appear to breed mainly on members of the Custard-apple family (Annonaceae). The early stages are considered under Swallowtails. Relevant literature: Libert, 2007b [Notes]. Hancock, 2006 [Notes]. Makita et al., 2003 [Molecular phylogeny]. Subgenus Arisbe Hübner, [1819] In Hübner, [1816-[1826]]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 89 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio leonidas Fabricius, by action of the I.C.Z.N. (Opinion 823, 1967. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24: 218 (218-219).). [Arisbe placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology;Opinion 678, 1963. (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20: 339-342.).] = Zelima Fabricius, 1807. In: Illiger, K., Magazin für Insektenkunde 6: 279 (277-289). Type-species: Papilio pylades Fabricius, by original designation. [Placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology; Opinion 678, 1963. (Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 20: 339-342.). = Ailus Billberg, 1820. Enumeratio Insectorum. In Museo Gust. Joh. Billberg 81 (138 pp.). Holmiae. 1 [Replacement name for Zelima Fabricius.] The subgenus Arisbe is confined to the Afrotropical Region and contains 42 species. Smith & Vane- Wright (2001) divided them into the following groupings: (summarized at htpp://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/graphium/) Swordtailed species The antheus clade (antheus, evombar) The policenes clade (policenes, liponesco, biokoensis, policenoides) A group of paraphyletic species (kirbyi, junodi, polistratus, colonna, illyri, gudenusi, porthaon) Short tailed and tailless species The angolanus clade (angolanus, endochus, morania, taboranus, schaffgotschi, ridleyanus ) The leonidas group (leonidas, levassori, cyrnus) The tynderaeus clade (tynderaeus, latreillianus) An unplaced species (philonoe) The adamastor group (adamastor, agamedes, schubotzi, olbrechtsi, abri, almansor, auriger, fulleri, ucalegonides, rileyi, poggianus, kigoma, hachei, aurivilliusi, ucalegon, simonsi ) Swordtailed species. Consists of two well-supported clades, the antheus clade with 2 species, and the policenes clade with 4 very similar species. The antheus clade Afrotropical members of this clade appear to be more closely related to Oriental members of the genus than they are to the policenes clade (Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001; Makita et al., 2003). *Graphium (Arisbe) antheus (Cramer, [1779])# Large Striped Swordtail Large Striped Swordtails (Graphium antheus). Left – male on wet sand, Malawi (image courtesy Raimund Schutte). Right – Female resting, Harold Johnson Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal (image courtesy Steve Woodhall). Papilio antheus Cramer, 1779 in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en 2 America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Papilio antheus Cramer. Trimen, 1862c. Papilio antheus Cramer, 1782. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Papilio mercutius Smith & Kirby, 1894. Aurivillius, 1899. [synonym of antheus] Papilio antheus Cramer, 1779. Aurivillius, 1899. Papilio antheus Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. Papilio antheus Cramer, 1779. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Graphium (Arisbe) antheus (Cramer, 1779). Pringle et al., 1994: 306. Graphium antheus. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. November, 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Graphium antheus. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. November, 2010. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Type locality: [Africa]: “Eiland Amboina”. [False locality.]. Larsen (2005a) thinks that the type locality is Sierra Leone. Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, including Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar de Sousa et al., 2007), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola (Bivar de Sousa & Fernandes, 1966), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, 3 Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum National Park (Larsen, 2006d); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Mishahöhe (Strand, 1914); Sokadé (Strand, 1914); Basari (Strand, 1914). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Troughout (van de Weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Bangui (Basquin & Turlin, 1986); Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Sankishia (Dufrane, 1946). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996); Maramogambo Forest, Queen Elizabeth N.P. (Tumuhimbise et al., 2001). Kenya – Sabaki River (Hampson, 1891); Kibwezi (Strand, 1909); coast (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kunusi (Strand, 1914); Tabora (Strand, 1914); Ukaranga (Strand, 1914); Langenburg (Strand, 1914); practically throughout, including Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001). Mozambique – Maputo (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894); Beira (Van Son, 1949); Rikatla (Van Son, 1949). Zimbabwe – Changadze River, near Birchenough Bridge (Van Son, 1949); Gwanda (Van Son, 1949); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1949); Matetsi (Van Son, 1949); Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1949); Harare (Van Son, 1949); Mutare (Van Son, 1949); Melsetter (Van Son, 1949); Mafussi (Van Son, 1949); Sanyati Valley (Van Son, 1949). Botswana – Chobe (Larsen, 1991l); Nata (N. Ashby vide Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (R. Plowes vide Larsen, 1991l); Sashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Radisele (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Woodbush (Van Son, 1949); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Duiwelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Messina (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); White River (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (Swanepoel, 1953). North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Van Son, 1949); Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); St. Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Hluhluwe (male illustrated above). Eastern Cape Province – Port St. Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Cebe, about 10 km south-west of Mazeppa Bay (Quickelberge). Swaziland – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).. Habitat: Frost-free savanna and forest margins. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 1 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Specimens will fly far into true forest, presumably along river courses (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The flight is very fast and direct, two to three metres above the ground, and with frequent changes of direction and tempo to investigate things that catch its attention. Flowers are often visited, red and yellow ones appearing to be favoured. Males mudpuddle, sometimes in very large assemblages, especially in September and October in southern Africa. Males do not appear to be territorial and both sexes fly
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