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Transcending Polarities: Counsellors' and Psychotherapists' Experiences

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Transcending Polarities: Counsellors' and Psychotherapists' Experiences Transcending polarities: counsellors’ and psychotherapists’ experiences of transformation Jane Frances Macaskie Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Healthcare April 2014 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Chapter 3 includes work from a jointly authored publication: Macaskie, J. and Lees, J. 2011. Dreaming the research process: a psychotherapeutic contribution to the culture of healthcare research. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling. 39(5), pp. 411-424. Work directly attributable to the candidate is on pp. 414-421 of this publication and work directly attributable to the second author is on pp. 411-414 and pp. 421-422. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Jane Frances Macaskie The right of Jane Frances Macaskie to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my research supervisors, Professor Dawn Freshwater and Dr John Lees, for their belief in this project and in my capacity to complete it, and for the particular blend of challenge, support, and creative wisdom that they have given me throughout. I also want to thank the seven research participants, who generously gave time, enthusiasm and trust in sharing their reflections with me, and the Director and staff of Leeds Counselling who facilitated contact with the research participants. I also thank my colleagues and friends Dr Bonnie Meekums and Dr Greg Nolan for encouraging me to begin this study and for sharing their insights into the research process. Thanks also to my friends and family, who have tolerated my preoccupation and limited availability for several years and still remained on good terms with me. Last but not least, thanks are due to my students, clients and supervisees, past and present, who have contributed so much to my learning. iii Abstract This study of therapists’ experiences of transformation arose from reflections on the longing for change which motivates many clients to seek therapy and draws many therapists to the profession of counselling/psychotherapy. Therapy research typically focuses on outcomes and change processes, but the nature of transformational experiences, particularly for therapists, is not well documented. The aim of this study was to investigate therapists’ experiences of personal and professional transformation, including my own. It therefore involved a personal quest for individuation. An autoethnographic account of the parallel research and individuation processes is interwoven with a dialogical analysis of research conversations with seven experienced counsellors/psychotherapists. The initial conversations were video-recorded and an adaptation of Interpersonal Process Recall was used to facilitate joint discussion of the recordings. Selected key moments were analysed dialogically. My experience as researcher was documented by recording dreams, drawing and reflexive writing. These artefacts provided data for the autoethnographic account. Psychotherapy theories and practices, particularly Jung’s (1960) concept of the collective unconscious and method of active imagination, offered a lens through which the data were viewed. The study demonstrated that transformational experience often required an intersubjective relationship to enable shifts in perspective or new ways of being. Dynamic relational processes therefore became significant elements of transformation. The research conversations demonstrated processes facilitative of transformation as well as resistance. Building on Stern’s (2004) concept of moments of meeting, the study suggests the significance for lasting change of additional intersubjective events identified as moments of not-meeting, reflective moments of meeting and shared interest focus. Elements contributing to transformation were identified as firstly the connection of thinking with feeling and secondly reflection on the connection within a relational matrix, leading to integration and potentially to transformative action. The nature of transformational experience was found to involve transcending polarised states or positions, enabling movement towards a third perspective. The antithesis of transformation, referred to here as –T, was noted in some professional contexts. The implications for therapeutic practice and other relational settings, and for therapy education, research and the professional social context, are discussed. iv Table of Contents Page List of tables ...................................................................................................... v List of figures .................................................................................................... vi List of abbreviations ........................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Interweaving methodologies .......................................................... 12 Chapter 3: Autoethnography (1): a dream sequence ....................................... 38 Chapter 4: Dialogical synthesis ........................................................................ 53 Chapter 5: Dialogical analysis of conversations with Matthew......................... 79 Chapter 6: Dialogical analysis of conversations with Kim ............................... 93 Chapter 7: Autoethnography (2): a railway junction, two saints and a queen ... 107 Chapter 8: Transformation and transcendence ................................................ 125 Chapter 9: Processes in relational conversation .............................................. 147 Chapter 10: Ambivalence, resistance and defence .......................................... 162 Chapter 11: Metaphor and symbol ................................................................... 176 Chapter 12: Autoethnography (3): disjuncture and transition ........................... 195 Chapter 13: Interweaving findings ……………………………………………….. 210 Chapter 14: Conclusion .................................................................................... 213 References ...................................................................................................... 224 Appendix 1: Key moments and themes .......................................................... 239 Appendix 2: Examples of dialogical analysis ................................................. 242 Appendix 3: Website sources of images from the Rosarium Philosophorum... 244 v List of Tables Page Table 1: Professional contexts of T and –T experiences ....................................... 135 Table 2: Meanings attributed to transformational experience ............................... 139 Table 3: Conceptual metaphors and images of renewal ....................................... 183 Table 4: Conceptual metaphors and images of intersubjective relationship ......... 184 Table 5: Conceptual metaphors and images of the third ....................................... 185 Table 6: Criteria for key moments and related questions ..................................... 239 Table 7: Major themes derived from questions .................................................... 240 Table 8: Sub-themes derived from questions ....................................................... 241 Table 9: Examples of dialogical analysis: ‘Bureaucratic’ overview ........................ 242 vi List of figures Page 1 Interweaving methodologies ……………………………………………. 37 2 The Mercurial Fountain (RP 1) ............................................................. 40 3 Forth Bridge .......................................................................................... 41 4 Section of Forth Bridge ......................................................................... 42 5 Immersion in the bath (RP 4) ................................................................ 42 6 The coniunctio (RP 5) ........................................................................... 52 7 Active imagination drawings .................................................................. 112 8 Medina del Campo railway station ....................................................... 113 9 Dry river bed: Rio Zapardiel .................................................................. 113 10 Soportales.............................................................................................. 113 11 Casa de los Arcos ................................................................................. 114 12 Isabel la Católica .................................................................................. 114 13 Castiilo de la Mota ............................................................................... 114 14 Carmelite Convent ............................................................................... 116 15 Commemorative sign at Carmelite Convent ....................................... 117 16 Statue of St John of the Cross
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