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Faizolahi K. 2016. Tiger in Iran- Historical Distribution, Causes of Extinction and Feasibility of Reintroduction

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Faizolahi K. 2016. Tiger in Iran- Historical Distribution, Causes of Extinction and Feasibility of Reintroduction Faizolahi K. 2016. Tiger in Iran- Historical distribution, causes of extinction and feasibility of reintroduction. Cat News Special Issue 10, 5-13. Supporting Online Material SOM T1. Tiger records in Iran. Region Author/paper Description/record Unspecified Gmelin (1774, pp. 485-486) “The tiger, which is called Paleng in Persian, is relatively common in the forested mountains of Mazandaran … much areas alike the East Indies tiger, however not as big and fierce as the later … It seldom makes unprovoked attacks on man. The skin is highly prized, and is used for a horse-covering.” Kinneir (1813, p. 42) “… tigers, haunt the forests of Ghilan and Mazanderaun” Ouseley (1823, p. 220) “I learned that we might expect to see frequently during our progress through Mázenderán, a babr or tiger, …” Blyth (1845, p. 341) “Sir John McNeill saw one tiger killed in Persia, at the foot of the Elburz mountains, near the Caspian sea.” (1824-1835) Blyth (1863, p. 182) “More numerous in the Elburz Mountains, south of the Caspian (the ancient Hyrcania).” Polak (1865, p. 187) “The Tiger (baber), not infrequent in the woods of Mazandaran, but almost never attacks children that there guard cattle.” (author’s translation) De Filippi (1865, p. 343) “F. tigris [tiger] inhabits Ghilan and Mazanderan Mounsey (1872, p. 95) Caspian Shore strip of the country “is covered with magnificent forests, almost tropical vegetation, and dense jungles in which the tiger roams at will.” Thielmann (1875, p. 15-16) “the tiger seemed to be a less ferocious beast at Lenkoran and in the Persian provinces of Gilaun and Mazanderaun than in the East Indies.” Blanford (1876, p. 34) "The tiger is only found in Persia in the Caspian provinces, Mazandaran, and Ghilan, lying to the north of the Elburz mountains, and corresponding in part to the ancient Hyrcania. … and in them the tiger ranges up to an elevation of at least 5000 or 6000 feet." O. St John adds: "Tigers are very numerous in the Caspian provinces of Persia, and in the Caucasus as far as the mouth of the Araxes.” Messurier (1889, p. 238) “Persia offer a fair field for sportsmen; … tigers towards the Caspian, and ....” Feuvrier (1900, p. 221) Three Mazandaran (sensu lato) tiger kept in Dushan Tappeh menagerie, near Tehran, Dec. 1889 De Windt (1891, p. 138) “The country swarms with wild animals—tiger, bear, and leopard in the forests by the Caspian Sea” Sykes (1902, p. 8) “Mazandaran, Tigers are said to abound, but are seldom if ever shot.” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 143) “Small tigress acquired for Moscow Zoological Garden in 1924, a sub-adult from Iran which died in 1942.” Pocock (1929, p. 521) A mounted male specimen labelled Persia and presented [to British Museum] by Rowland Ward”; “The dressed skin of a tigress ticketed ‘Northern slopes of Mount Elburz’ and presented [to British Museum] by Col. R.L. Kennion who told me it was presented to him by a native chief” Ognev (1962, pp. 244) 1935, “The predator is found in the littoral belt of the Gilyan [= Guilan] and Mazanderan, which are rich in vegetation, as well as in Asterabad [= Golestan] Province.” Rule (1950, p. 35) November 1948, The Caspian forests, “Mention of this particular area recalls that it is still a hunting ground of the Hyreanian [=Hyrcanian] tiger.” Region Author/paper Description/record Razavi Chodźko (1850, qtd. In Sahami, “A tiger shot by artillery guild in Sarakhs [1] at 1833” (translation by author) Khorasan 2006) Province Ferrier (1856, p. 138) “Between Hedireh [= Robat-e Hedireh, 10 km E Fariman] and Kariz [10 km NE Taibad], particularly near Mahmoodabad [2], … the royal tiger is sometimes seen” Rokn Al-doleh (1881) Sarakhs, [3] “Some servants who was searching for a runaway horse … encountered by a tiger in the forest … which fled to safety … A tiger pelt and a boar head, hunted by Turkomans, presented to his highness.” Zarudnyi (1890, qtd. In Ognev, “the tiger is more or less constantly found in the forests near the Tedzhen [=Tejen] between its estuary and the Seraks 1962, p. 244) [= Sarakhs]” (mostly in Turkmenistan) Zarudnyi (1890 & 1891, qtd. In “In Tedzhen [=Tejen], tigers were reported from Puli Khatun [4] (35° 55' N) up to the river mouth.” (of Turkmenistan, Heptner & Sludskii, 1992, pp. 113- Badkyz Nature Reserve, not the Pol-e Khatun located within Iran, however very close to Iranian boundary, just 500 m 114) away.) Zarudny (1891, p. 298) As Tigris regalis, “Inhabits the forests on the edge of Tedgend-Daria [=Tejen River], thickets of tamarisk and reed islands.” Ognev (1962, pp. 289) 1935, “The tigers most probably occur also in the Khurasan Province of Persia” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, pp. 114) “Along the tugais and reed jungles in the lower reaches of the river at Sarakhs and somewhat higher, the animals undoubtedly lived permanently.” North Sykes (1914, P. 280) “The fauna of Khorasan … A tiger, too, the "Hyrcan tiger" of Shakespeare, may occasionally be bagged in the north.” Khorasan Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 143) “Adult male (the last tiger in Kopet-Dag) killed on January 10, 1954 at Kaine-Kasyr [=Kohne kasir, 4 km N Ashraf Darreh] Province [5] on the Sumbar” (stuffed skin in Ashgabat Museum) Shadloo (1995, p. 22) Autumn 1957 “The last tiger I saw hunted by Shahrokh Shadloo …” probably in Shirin Darreh [6], Bojnurd Misonne (1959, p. 34) “a specimen was recently shot in Dasht [7],” 50 km E Kalaleh Lay (1967, p. 236) 1962, “Ilkhani Shadloo reported the collection of tiger in the vicinity of Dasht [7]” (It may well happened within today Golestan province boundaries) Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 145) “They were frequently seen on … Chandyr[8] in western Kopet-Dag.” (a tributary of the Atrek) Golestan Abbott (1844) 1843-1844, Ramian [9], 30 km S Gonbad Kavoos “In the forest, we found on snow footprints of a tiger or a leopard. Province Riflemen brought to camp the hide of a very big tiger they hunted in that region, two days later. The governor gave it to me as a gift.” (author’s translation) Melgunof (1868, p. 135) 1860, Chaman Saver [10], Payeen Shahkuh, and Bala Shahkuh (Jahan Nama protected area), “In the nearby mountains there are … tiger, panther and other animals.” (Author’s translation) Melgunof (1868, p. 144) 1860, Tschahorde (Chahardeh) [11], “In the nearby mountains there are … tiger, panther and other animals.” Eastwick (1864, Vol.2, p. 61) May 1861, A tiger killed a cow near Bandar Gaz [12] Pocock (1929, p. 521) “A mounted tigress obtained at Astrabad [= Gorgan] [13] in N. Persia by Col. Beresford Lovett and presented to the British Museum in 1882” Zarudnyi (1890, qtd. In Ognev, “Reed growths along the Sumbar and Chandyr.” 1962, p. 245) Region Author/paper Description/record Golestan Kennion (1911, p. 243) “A big heavy male in perfect condition, …” Description from Gorgan, Elburz mountains east of Gorgan [14]. Province Kennion (1911, p. 247) “South side of the Gurgan [= Gorgan] river[15] … the Dasht plain … a tiger … sitting up like a huge cat … bigger I think than the first one” Ognev (1962, pp. 289-290) 1935, “Asterabad [= Golestan] Province, … along the Gyurgen [= Gorgan] River and its tributaries, as well as dense ravine areas of the virgin Asterabad forests, particularly in Khundus [= Khandooz] [16], Tersakan [= Tarseh, 25 km SE Minudasht? or 60 km N Maravehtepe, Turkmenistan?], and Ak-Imash [= Aq Qamish] [17]. Sometimes the tigers appear near the USSR boundary along the Atrek River near Chalty [= Chatal?, ] [18] and Marave (Maravehtepe) [19].” Misonne (1959, p. 34) “A fur trader in Gorgan declared to me receiving on average one or two [tiger] pelts per winter.” Trense (1959, p.85) 1957-58, “In the imperial lshaqui [20] hunting reserve [= Eshaki, renamed as Tang-e Gol, now part of Golestan National Park], I followed a tiger track and those who accompanied me sighted it later.” Trense (1959, p. 85) 1957-58, “On the hunting ground W of Gorgan … three tigers were observed by a hunter … one of them killed two years later.” Trense (1959, p. 85) 1957-58, “Another Tiger was observed by Italian foresters in the forestry district of Prof. Glaser (F.A.O.) near Tagannah [= Tangrah?][21].” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 113) “In regions very close to the Atrek basin and along Gorgan [river] in Iran, tigers survived well and at places (Talau) [= Talustan? 4 km NE Galikesh] [22] lived even until the middle of the present century. Four tigers have been caught on the Atrek, especially at Kyzyl-Atrek [= Gyzyletrek, 5 km NW Dashliburun] [23] and Chat [24] in April, 1930” Vuosalo (1976) “The last known Caspian tiger in Iran was shot in 1959 in Golestan National Park” Joslin (1988) “The last reliable report of a Caspian tiger was in 1958 within the forested mountain area of the Golestan National Park in north-eastern Iran” Tajbakhsh & Jamali (1995. P. 101) “The last tiger was shot in 1953 near Aq Qamish [25] village, 10 km E Kalaleh, W of Golestan National Park” Shadloo (1995, p. 22) Mar. 1955 “A huge tiger shot by a native Turkoman hunter in Terjenli [26]”, W Golestan National Park Firouz (2005, p. 66) “The last of these [Caspian Tigers] to be shot (in the present Golestan National Park) was in 1953, although there was a reliable report of a sighting in the Golestan area in 1958.” Ziaei (2008, p. 318) “The last tiger has been killed in 1958 near Sharlaq [27], N of Golestan NP”. Mazandaran Kotschy (1845, pp. 204-205) Jul. 31, 1843 “Besmitshal [=Abgarm Larijan?] [28] Plateau, 10,000 foot high, on Mt. Damavend, Elburz … a striped tiger Province wagging his tail” when intervened during his attack to wild goats.
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