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Home , Amlash, Anzali Lagoon, Asalem, Atrek, Babol, Behshahr

Faizolahi K. 2016. in - Historical distribution, causes of and feasibility of reintroduction. Cat News Special Issue 10, 5-13. Supporting Online Material

SOM T1. Tiger records in Iran. Region Author/paper Description/record Unspecified Gmelin (1774, pp. 485-486) “The tiger, which is called Paleng in Persian, is relatively common in the forested mountains of Mazandaran … much areas alike the East Indies tiger, however not as big and fierce as the later … It seldom makes unprovoked attacks on man. The skin is highly prized, and is used for a horse-covering.” Kinneir (1813, p. 42) “… , haunt the forests of Ghilan and Mazanderaun” Ouseley (1823, p. 220) “I learned that we might expect to see frequently during our progress through Mázenderán, a babr or tiger, …” Blyth (1845, p. 341) “Sir John McNeill saw one tiger killed in Persia, at the foot of the Elburz mountains, near the .” (1824-1835) Blyth (1863, p. 182) “More numerous in the Elburz Mountains, south of the Caspian (the ancient ).” Polak (1865, p. 187) “The Tiger (baber), not infrequent in the woods of Mazandaran, but almost never attacks children that there guard cattle.” (author’s translation) De Filippi (1865, p. 343) “F. [tiger] inhabits Ghilan and Mazanderan Mounsey (1872, p. 95) Caspian Shore strip of the country “is covered with magnificent forests, almost tropical vegetation, and dense jungles in which the tiger roams at will.” Thielmann (1875, p. 15-16) “the tiger seemed to be a less ferocious beast at Lenkoran and in the Persian provinces of Gilaun and Mazanderaun than in the East Indies.” Blanford (1876, p. 34) "The tiger is only found in Persia in the Caspian provinces, Mazandaran, and Ghilan, lying to the north of the Elburz mountains, and corresponding in part to the ancient Hyrcania. … and in them the tiger ranges up to an elevation of at least 5000 or 6000 feet." O. St John adds: "Tigers are very numerous in the Caspian provinces of Persia, and in the as far as the mouth of the Araxes.” Messurier (1889, p. 238) “Persia offer a fair field for sportsmen; … tigers towards the Caspian, and ....” Feuvrier (1900, p. 221) Three Mazandaran (sensu lato) tiger kept in Dushan Tappeh menagerie, near , Dec. 1889 De Windt (1891, p. 138) “The country swarms with wild —tiger, bear, and leopard in the forests by the Caspian Sea” Sykes (1902, p. 8) “Mazandaran, Tigers are said to abound, but are seldom if ever shot.” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 143) “Small tigress acquired for Moscow Zoological Garden in 1924, a sub-adult from Iran which died in 1942.” Pocock (1929, p. 521) A mounted male specimen labelled Persia and presented [to British ] by Rowland Ward”; “The dressed skin of a tigress ticketed ‘Northern slopes of Mount Elburz’ and presented [to British Museum] by Col. R.L. Kennion who told me it was presented to him by a native chief” Ognev (1962, pp. 244) 1935, “The predator is found in the littoral belt of the Gilyan [= Guilan] and Mazanderan, which are rich in vegetation, as well as in Asterabad [= Golestan] Province.” Rule (1950, p. 35) November 1948, The Caspian forests, “Mention of this particular area recalls that it is still a ground of the Hyreanian [=Hyrcanian] tiger.”

Region Author/paper Description/record Razavi Chodźko (1850, qtd. In Sahami, “A tiger shot by artillery guild in Sarakhs [1] at 1833” (translation by author) Khorasan 2006) Province Ferrier (1856, p. 138) “Between Hedireh [= Robat-e Hedireh, 10 km E Fariman] and Kariz [10 km NE Taibad], particularly near Mahmoodabad [2], … the royal tiger is sometimes seen” Rokn Al-doleh (1881) Sarakhs, [3] “Some servants who was searching for a runaway horse … encountered by a tiger in the forest … which fled to safety … A tiger pelt and a boar head, hunted by Turkomans, presented to his highness.” Zarudnyi (1890, qtd. In Ognev, “the tiger is more or less constantly found in the forests near the Tedzhen [=Tejen] between its estuary and the Seraks 1962, p. 244) [= Sarakhs]” (mostly in ) Zarudnyi (1890 & 1891, qtd. In “In Tedzhen [=Tejen], tigers were reported from Puli Khatun [4] (35° 55' N) up to the mouth.” (of Turkmenistan, Heptner & Sludskii, 1992, pp. 113- Badkyz Nature Reserve, not the Pol-e Khatun located within Iran, however very close to Iranian boundary, just 500 m 114) away.) Zarudny (1891, p. 298) As Tigris regalis, “Inhabits the forests on the edge of Tedgend-Daria [=Tejen River], thickets of tamarisk and reed islands.” Ognev (1962, pp. 289) 1935, “The tigers most probably occur also in the Khurasan Province of Persia” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, pp. 114) “Along the tugais and reed jungles in the lower reaches of the river at Sarakhs and somewhat higher, the animals undoubtedly lived permanently.” North Sykes (1914, P. 280) “The fauna of Khorasan … A tiger, too, the "Hyrcan tiger" of Shakespeare, may occasionally be bagged in the north.” Khorasan Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 143) “Adult male (the last tiger in Kopet-Dag) killed on January 10, 1954 at Kaine-Kasyr [=Kohne kasir, 4 km N Ashraf Darreh] Province [5] on the Sumbar” (stuffed skin in Museum) Shadloo (1995, p. 22) Autumn 1957 “The last tiger I saw hunted by Shahrokh Shadloo …” probably in Shirin Darreh [6], Bojnurd Misonne (1959, p. 34) “a specimen was recently shot in Dasht [7],” 50 km E Kalaleh Lay (1967, p. 236) 1962, “Ilkhani Shadloo reported the collection of tiger in the vicinity of Dasht [7]” (It may well happened within today boundaries) Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 145) “They were frequently seen on … Chandyr[8] in western Kopet-Dag.” (a tributary of the ) Golestan Abbott (1844) 1843-1844, [9], 30 km S Kavoos “In the forest, we found on snow footprints of a tiger or a leopard. Province Riflemen brought to camp the hide of a very big tiger they hunted in that region, two days later. The governor gave it to me as a gift.” (author’s translation)

Melgunof (1868, p. 135) 1860, Chaman Saver [10], Payeen Shahkuh, and Bala Shahkuh (Jahan Nama protected area), “In the nearby mountains there are … tiger, panther and other animals.” (Author’s translation) Melgunof (1868, p. 144) 1860, Tschahorde (Chahardeh) [11], “In the nearby mountains there are … tiger, panther and other animals.” Eastwick (1864, Vol.2, p. 61) May 1861, A tiger killed a cow near Bandar Gaz [12] Pocock (1929, p. 521) “A mounted tigress obtained at Astrabad [= ] [13] in N. Persia by Col. Beresford Lovett and presented to the British Museum in 1882” Zarudnyi (1890, qtd. In Ognev, “Reed growths along the Sumbar and Chandyr.” 1962, p. 245)

Region Author/paper Description/record Golestan Kennion (1911, p. 243) “A big heavy male in perfect condition, …” Description from Gorgan, Elburz mountains east of Gorgan [14]. Province Kennion (1911, p. 247) “South side of the Gurgan [= Gorgan] river[15] … the Dasht plain … a tiger … sitting up like a huge cat … bigger I think than the first one” Ognev (1962, pp. 289-290) 1935, “Asterabad [= Golestan] Province, … along the Gyurgen [= Gorgan] River and its tributaries, as well as dense ravine areas of the virgin Asterabad forests, particularly in Khundus [= Khandooz] [16], Tersakan [= Tarseh, 25 km SE Minudasht? or 60 km N Maravehtepe, Turkmenistan?], and Ak-Imash [= Aq Qamish] [17]. Sometimes the tigers appear near the USSR boundary along the Atrek River near Chalty [= Chatal?, ] [18] and Marave (Maravehtepe) [19].” Misonne (1959, p. 34) “A fur trader in Gorgan declared to me receiving on average one or two [tiger] pelts per winter.” Trense (1959, p.85) 1957-58, “In the imperial lshaqui [20] hunting reserve [= Eshaki, renamed as Tang-e Gol, now part of ], I followed a tiger track and those who accompanied me sighted it later.” Trense (1959, p. 85) 1957-58, “On the hunting ground W of Gorgan … three tigers were observed by a hunter … one of them killed two years later.” Trense (1959, p. 85) 1957-58, “Another Tiger was observed by Italian foresters in the forestry of Prof. Glaser (F.A.O.) near Tagannah [= Tangrah?][21].” Heptner & Sludskii (1992, p. 113) “In regions very close to the Atrek basin and along Gorgan [river] in Iran, tigers survived well and at places (Talau) [= Talustan? 4 km NE Galikesh] [22] lived even until the middle of the present century. Four tigers have been caught on the Atrek, especially at Kyzyl-Atrek [= Gyzyletrek, 5 km NW Dashliburun] [23] and Chat [24] in April, 1930” Vuosalo (1976) “The last known in Iran was shot in 1959 in Golestan National Park” Joslin (1988) “The last reliable report of a Caspian tiger was in 1958 within the forested mountain area of the Golestan National Park in north-eastern Iran” Tajbakhsh & Jamali (1995. P. 101) “The last tiger was shot in 1953 near Aq Qamish [25] village, 10 km E Kalaleh, W of Golestan National Park” Shadloo (1995, p. 22) Mar. 1955 “A huge tiger shot by a native Turkoman hunter in Terjenli [26]”, W Golestan National Park Firouz (2005, p. 66) “The last of these [Caspian Tigers] to be shot (in the present Golestan National Park) was in 1953, although there was a reliable report of a sighting in the Golestan area in 1958.” Ziaei (2008, p. 318) “The last tiger has been killed in 1958 near Sharlaq [27], N of Golestan NP”. Mazandaran Kotschy (1845, pp. 204-205) Jul. 31, 1843 “Besmitshal [=Abgarm Larijan?] [28] Plateau, 10,000 foot high, on Mt. Damavend, Elburz … a striped tiger Province wagging his tail” when intervened during his attack to wild goats. “The predator sat on his hind legs, looked at us for five minutes, murmured, and disappeared.” (translation by author) It may well be a misidentified leopard. Melgunof (1868, p.131) 1860, Barkula [29] (= Barkala) to Schahkuh (= Shahkuh) “Scenic traces on the snow on the right bank of the river, showed that Tiger and Panther live in the nearby mountains.” (Author’s translation) Melgonof (1868, p. 197) 1860, Savadkuh [30]: “In the mountains there are tigers, panthers, Wolfs, bears, foxes, …” Melgonof (1868, p. 212) 1860, Divsefid [31] mountain, , “Jungle of maple and box trees, in the surrounding woods live tiger” Nami (1860, p. 103 & 122) [32], & Savadkuh [33] Nami (1860, p. 139-140) Divsefid [34] Mountain, 3 km SW Chalandar “… is the home and place of tiger … and has a lot of wild animals other than tiger.” Eastwick (1864, Vol.2, p. 69) May 1861, Behshahr [35], “Chashmah Imarat [= Cheshmeh Emarat] and Safiabad palaces … woods so near that the roar of the tiger and the panther is constantly heard from them at night.”

Region Author/paper Description/record Mazandaran Eastwick (1864, Vol.2, p. 71) May 1861, Mian Kaleh [36], “This singular neck of land projects about fifteen miles into the Caspian, and is covered Province with jungle to the water’s edge, There, are to be found innumerable beasts of prey – from the tiger to the wild cat – and game of all descriptions.” Zell-e Soltan (1907, p. 46) 1862-1872, In the jungle around villages of “Alengeh, Rudbar, Dinehsar, and Shirsavar [37] [Between and ], riflemen shot two very big tigers.” Zell-e Soltan (1907, p. 61) 1862-1872, Surat [38], 20 km S Babol, A very big tiger killed both a cow and the man who ambushed waiting for its return to the carcass, then shot to death and its hide shred to pieces later. Zell-e Soltan (1907, p. 64) 1864 (?), Miankaleh Penisula [39], 35 tigers hunted in 40 days by A Royal shikar party. Vambery (1865, pp. 47-48) 1863, “Our night quarters was Heften [40] [= Haft-tan, 2 km S Babol], in the middle of a beautiful forest of boxwood … all at once we heard a fearful cry of distress … and found … two splendid tigers, whose beautifully-striped forms made themselves visible occasionally from the thickets” Vambery (1886, pp. 167-168) 1863, near Heftten [41], “We should have stopped at many a place in the woods if some had not warned us … especially … against Tigers” Naser Al-Din Shah Qajar (1977, p. 1875, Salaheddin Kola [42], 30 km E Nowshahr, “… said a tiger torn apart a horse owned by the headman of the 92) village.” (Author’s translation) Naser Al-Din Shah Qajar (1977, p. 1875, Talik Sar [43], 3 km S Mahmudabad, “… the rifleman said a tiger has been sighted in the forest.” (Author’s 112) translation) Orsolle (1885, pp. 353-354) Nov.18, 1882, Kat-i-Pusht [= Kateh Posht] [44], 5 km SE , “the terrible roar of the tiger… erupts in the depths of the woods ... bebreh [= tiger] sometimes seems to be so close to us that we wonder if it does not come us a visit.” Rabino (1913, p. 448) The forests of Savatkuh [= Savadkuh] [45], “in the lower forests, occasionally, tigers, resembling those of .” Rabino (1913, p. 454) “Hezar-Jerib [46] abounds in every kind of big game: tigers, bears, etc, which are said to be plentiful.” Noel (1921, p. 407) “Tiger shooting in the … virgin forests of Chalandar [47] … where the tigers lurk in the boxwood thickets in the daytime and stroll about openly on the beach in the night time.” Trense (1959, p. 85) 1957-58, “I got further clarification of Prince Abdorreza Pahlavi for the forest district south of Sari [48].” (author’s translation) Guilan Olearius (1662) “Tigers are so abundant in Guilan that more than 20 skins of them were offered to us” (author’s translation) Province Alexander (1827, p. 196) “, behind a range of hills, stretching north and south, was covered with forests, in which roams the royal tiger.” Holmes (1845, p. 63) “…showed us the skin of a royal tiger, a very large , which had been killed about a year before, five or six of them are shot annually by the peasantry” (near Karganrud river [49] in NW Guilan) Buhse (1855, p. 272) 1847-49, “Among the wild animals of Ghilan, and the entire coastal strip, are the Panther, the Bengal tigers, the hyena and several smaller Felis species, such as the Caracal and the swamp lynx. … the Panther and Tiger are not even rare.” Chodźko (1850, qtd. In Sahami) “Tiger of Guilan is very similar to Indian royal tiger; They live in Guilan highlands in warm season and in lowlands in cold season” (author’s translation) Mackenzie (1859) 1858-1859, Siahkalrud [50], 20 km SE , “Leopard, tiger, and … are abundant. Hyrcan tiger is not extinct, … and I surprised by the size of a hide showed to me in the house of the Khan of [51], which was at least 3 meters from muzzle to tail tip.” (author’s translation) Abbott (1859, p. 393) Ghilan [= Guilan] “I am informed that in the woods the tiger, panther, , jackal, and marten are found”

Region Author/paper Description/record Guilan Anonymous (1860) Lahijan [52]: A large tiger [a leopard?] has been shot on the roof of the governor’s house, at a height of about 20 m Province (author’s translation) Nami (1860) Noqlebar [53] (p. 181); Shaft [54] (p. 191); Talesh Dulab [= Rezvanshahr] [55] (p. 206); [56] (p. 210); and Kargan Rud [57] (p. 215) Melgunof (1868, p. 264) 1860, Rahmat Abad [58], Rudbar, in the valley of Sepidrud: “In the mountains live tigers, …” Melgunof (1868, p. 238) 1860, Rudsar [59] and Rankuh [60]: “Tigers live in the neighborhood” Eastwick (1864, vol.1, p. 325) 1861, “A tiger … had been killed the day before at Rakimatábád [=Rahmat Abad [61], 15 km NE Rudbar]” Anonymous (1862) Bashman [62], Anzali: “A tiger attacked and brought down a mare, then entered the city through the coastal way, confronted people, jumped into Anzali and disappeared in Ghazian jungles after swimming a long distance” (author’s translation) Arnold (1877, p. 119) Lake of Enzelli [63] [= Anzali ] “… dense jungle, which is famous as the home of tigers.” Serena (1883, pp. 295-296) 1878, Reports of a tiger attack in Kohdom [] [64], 30 km, S Schindler (1879) “[Tigers are] said to live in Guilan plain on Sefidrud [65] (= Sepidrud river) (qtd. Kock, 1990)” Brugsch (1886, p. 69) 1883, Anzali Wetland, Near Pirbazar [66], “The occurrence of the tiger and the wild boar in the surrounding thicket is a major pest of the settlers … the magnificent furs of this most dangerous of all beasts of prey are … encountered … as trophies of victory over the tiger.” (author’s translation) Brugsch (1886, pp. 84-85) 1883, Rasht [67] “Some years ago, two tigers invaded in the streets of Rescht, killed and wounded ten people, and only the combined forces of several courageous citizens succeeded in striking down the uninvited guests by bullets.” (author’s translation) Orsolle (1885, pp. 165-166) Oct.06, 1882, tchapar-khaneh de Khoudoum [68] [= Chapar-khaneh of Kouhdom, also romanized as Kohdom or Kuhdum, today known as Lat , 30 km S Rasht], “Tigers (bebres) are still a scourge for livestock; in winter, they come prowling around the Chapar-khaneh [= courier-house].” & “… rolling in the distance the terrible roar of the tiger, tyrant of ghilègues [= Guilan] wood.” Orsolle (1885, p. 168) Oct.07, 1882, Rostam Abad [69], “in one of the shops in this small , was a beautiful tiger skin” Binder (1887, p. 431) Nov. 24, 1885, Ghilan [= Guilan] “tigers abound in these parts … with the size of his counterparts feared by Indians.” Binder (1887, p. 433) Nov. 24, 1885, “The beautiful skin of a longhaired tiger, killed by Mr. Vlassow near Rasht [70], was spread in the middle of the room; tigers are so numerous in the area in winter that they come down to the first houses of Rasht.” Pauli (1886) “Talysh forests along Astara River [71], not numerous” (qtd. Kock 1990) Nikitin (1941) 1909-1911, “Beasts such as tiger, leopard and wolf live in mountain and forest. Tiger comes to Guilan from adjacent Caucasus and trans-Caspicus area, when winter there becomes harsh. The animals’ pelts are inexpensive in Guilan and we purchased many kinds of them (author’s translation).” Rabino (1913, p. 437) “Miandeh [72], concealed in the forest, is 8 miles from Ab-i-Garm and 2 miles from Sefid-Tamisheh [= Sefid Tameshk]. It is said that panther and tiger were shot here many years ago, but it is doubtful whether any are now found.” Novikov (1962, p. 259) “Only recently [1956] some been observed and killed in Astara [73] and Lenkoran [= Lankaran] [74], having apparently reached these places from Iran (verbal communication by Kh. M. Alekperov).” Heptner & Sludski (1992, p. 145) “One in 1961 near Astara [75] and two between 1963 and 1966 in the Lenkoran [= Lankaran] [76] region.” Very close to Iran border.

Region Author/paper Description/record Ognev (1962, p. 243) 1935, Tiger “occurs in the dense tropical forests of the lowlands and foothills, extending to Mugan [= Mughan] itself. province An enormous tiger was killed near Belyasuvar [= Bilasuvar] [77], and Vitgenshtein presented its skull to the Caucasian Museum.” Heptner & Sludski (1992, p. 111) 1972, Records of tiger are available for Bilasuvar [78] in Mughan steppe and Salyan [79], . Heptner & Sludski (1992, p. 141) “A huge tiger killed at the end of February 1899 in Prishib [=Göytepe] [80], Lenkoran (Satunin 1915)” East Blyth (1845, p. 341) 1808-16, “[James Justinian] Morier states that it occurs in the vicinity of Tabreez [= ] [81], mentioning that he Azarbaijan saw the skin of one that had been killed there a short time previously.” (a straggler from the Arax river area?) Province Heptner & Sludski (1992, pp. 110 1948, “There occurred intrusion of tigers into Caucasus through Zangezur range at Arax in the region of Megra (= & 145) Meghri) [82], .” And “In Armenia where one was caught in 1948.” West Blyth (1845, p. 341) 1700-02, Quotes from Old Tournefort (Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist, 1656 – 1708) who “relates that Azarbaijan the middle region, and even the borders of the snow limit, of Ararat [83], are inhabited by Tigers (?). He says that he Province saw them within 100 yards of him, and that the young are caught in traps by the people round the mountain, to be (Adjacent exhibited in shows of wild beasts throughout Persia.” areas) Nolde (1895, p. 207) 1887, A forest 2 km from Nineveh [84], Iraqi Kurdistan, eastern bank of Tigris “Five years ago, a tiger shot in this forest, and it deserves to be mentioned that since time immemorial no such animal had been seen in this region and therefore caused so much horror and amazement. Of course, this tiger was a defector from beyond the Persian frontier.” (author’s translation) “most probably a migrant from SE , and not from Iran.” (Kock 1990) Kock (1990) Several records from Eastern Turkey: Kars [85] (1938), [86] and Sirnak [87] (1970), Uludere (1973) [88], upper (Araxes) Valley (1979) Can (2004, p. 17) Many sighting records thuoghout the 20th century in Turkey south-eastern provinces of Hakkari, Siirt, Batman, Shanliurfa and Shirnak [89-98] Heptner & Sludski (1992, p. 110) “Ararat [99] depression [= plain],” Armenia

SOM T2. Records of tiger occurrence in Iran and close to the Iranian border in adjacent countries. Record type: 1 = accurate identification and precise locality (sighting or specimen), 2 = accurate identification or precise locality, but not both, 3 = questionable identification in imprecise locality. Nbr. Village or City/County or Country Date Latitude Longitude Record Type 1 Sarakhs/ Turkmenistan 1833 36° 32' N 61° 14' E 1 2 Mahmoodabad/ Torbat-e Jaam 1856 35° 23' N 60° 26' E 3 3 Sarakhs/ Iran 1881 36° 33' N 61° 10' E 2 4 Pol-e Khatun/ Turkmenistan 1890-91 35° 55' N 61° 08' E 2 5 Kaine-Kasyr/ Turkmenistan 10. Jan 54 38° 13' N 56° 56' E 1 6 Shirin Darreh/ Bojnurd Autumn 1957 37° 44' N 57° 09' E 1 7 Dasht/ Bojnurd 1950s 37° 18' N 56° 01' E 1 8 Chandyr/ Turkmenistan 1900s 38° 10' N 56° 17' E 2 9 Ramian/ Gonbad Kavoos 1843-44 37° 01' N 55° 08' E 1 10 Chaman Saver/ Kordkuy 1860 36° 35' N 54° 12' E 3 11 Chahardeh/ Kordkuy 1860 36° 48' N 54° 11' E 3 12 Bandar Gaz/ Bandar Gaz May 1861 36° 46′ N 53° 56′ E 2 13 Gorgan/ Gorgan 1882 36° 50′ N 54° 23′ E 1 14 Gorgan/ Gorgan 1911 36° 50′ N 54° 30′ E 1 15 Gorgan/ Gorgan 1911 36° 59′ N 54° 20′ E 1 16 Khandooz/ 1935 37° 04' N 55° 12' E 2 17 Aq Qamish/ Minudasht 1935 37° 22' N 55° 37' E 2 18 Chatal/ Kalaleh 1935 37° 38' N 55° 40' E 2 19 Maravehtappeh/ Maravehtappeh 1935 37° 54' N 55° 57' E 2 20 Eshaki [ = Tang-e Gol]/ Minudasht 1957-58 37° 22' N 55° 56' E 2 21 Tangrah/ Minudasht 1957-58 37° 24' N 55° 46' E 2 22 Talustan/ Galikash ca. 1950 37° 17' N 55° 28' E 2 23 Gyzyletrek/ Turkmenistan Apr 30 37° 39' N 54° 46' E 1 24 Chat/ Gonbad Kavoos Apr 30 37° 59' N 55° 17' E 1 25 Aq Qamish/ Minudasht 1953 37° 22' N 55° 37' E 1 26 Terjenli/ Galikash Mrz 55 37° 23' N 55° 45' E 1 27 Sharlaq/ Kalaleh 1958 37° 38' N 55° 56' E 1 28 Abgarm Larijan/ Amol 31/Jul/1843 35° 54' N 52° 12' E 3 29 Barkala/ Galugah 1860 36° 38' N 54° 02' E 3 30 Polsefid/ Savadkuh 1860 36° 07' N 53° 03' E 3 31 Divsefid/ Nowshahr 1860 36° 34' N 51° 38' E 3 32 Rudbar/ Behshahr 1860 36° 35' N 53° 37' E 3 33 Polsefid/ Savadkuh 1860 36° 07' N 53° 03' E 3 34 Divsefid/ Nowshahr 1860 36° 34' N 51° 38' E 3 35 Behshahr/ Behshahr May 1861 36° 42' N 53° 33' E 3 36 Mian Kaleh/ Behshahr May 1861 36° 53' N 53° 45' E 3 37 Shirsavar/ Babol 1862-1872 36° 28' N 52° 38' E 1 38 Surat/ Babol 1862-1872 36° 23' N 52° 38' E 1 39 Mian Kaleh/ Behshahr 1864 36° 53' N 53° 45' E 1 40 Haft-tan/ Babol 1863 36° 32' N 52° 41' E 1 41 Haft-tan/ Babol 1863 36° 32' N 52° 41' E 3 42 Salaheddin Kola/ Nowshahr 1875 36° 34′ N 51° 50′ E 2 Country/Locality Date Latitude Longitude Record Type 43 Talik Sar/ Amol 1875 36° 36′ N 52° 16′ E 2 44 Kateh Posht/ Amol 18/Nov/ 1882 36° 26' N 52° 23' E 3 45 Polsefid/ Savadkuh 1913 36° 07' N 53° 03' E 2 46 Hezarjarib/ 1913 36° 26' N 53° 58' E 3 47 Chalandar/ Nowshahr 1921 36° 34' N 51° 41' E 2 48 south of Sari/ Sari 1957-58 36° 29' N 54° 05' E 2 49 / Talesh 1845 37° 48' N 48° 54' E 1 50 Siahkalrud/ Rudsar 1858-1859 37° 01' N 50° 26' E 3 51 Lahijan/ Lahijan 1858-1859 37° 12' N 50° 00' E 2 52 Lahijan/ Lahijan 1860 37° 12' N 50° 00' E 3 53 Noqlebar/ Rudbar 1860 36° 57' N 49° 32' E 3 54 Shaft/ Shaft 1860 37° 10' N 49° 24' E 3 55 Rezvanshahr/ Rezvanshahr 1860 37° 33' N 49° 08' E 3 56 Asalem/ Talesh 1860 37° 44' N 48° 58' E 3 57 Hashtpar/ Talesh 1860 37° 48' N 48° 54' E 3 58 Rahmat Abad/ Rudbar 1860 36° 54' N 49° 31' E 3 59 Rudsar/ Rudsar 1860 37° 08' N 50° 17' E 3 60 Rankuh/ 1860 37° 06' N 50° 16' E 3 61 / Rudbar 1861 36° 53' N 49° 34' E 1 62 Bashman/ Bandar-e Anzali 1862 37° 29' N 49° 23' E 1 63 Anzali Wetland/ Bandar-e Anzali 1877 37° 27' N 49° 26' E 3 64 Lat Caravanserai/ Rasht 1878 37° 02' N 49° 38' E 1 65 Sepidrud plain/ Rudbar 1879 36° 54' N 49° 31' E 3 66 Pirbazar/ Rasht 1883 37° 21' N 49° 32' E 2 67 Rasht/ Rasht 1883 37° 16' N 49° 36' E 1 68 Lat Caravanserai/ Rasht 06/Oct/1882 37° 02' N 49° 38' E 3 69 Rostam Abad/ Rudbar 07/Oct/1882 36° 54' N 49° 30' E 2 70 Near Rasht/ Rasht 24/ Nov/ 1885 37° 23' N 49° 31' E 1 71 Astara River/ Astara 1886 38° 26' N 48° 52' E 2 72 Miandeh/ Rudsar 1913 36° 57' N 50° 33' E 3 73 Astara/ Azerbaijan 1956 38° 27' N 48° 53' E 1 74 Lankaran/ Azerbaijan 1956 38° 45' N 48° 51' E 1 75 Astara/ Azerbaijan 1961 38° 27' N 48° 53' E 1 76 Lankaran/ Azerbaijan 1963-66 38° 45' N 48° 51' E 1 77 Bilasuvar / Azerbaijan 1935 39° 28' N 48° 33' E 1 78 Bilasuvar / Azerbaijan 1972 39° 28' N 48° 33' E 1 79 Salyan/ Azerbaijan 1972 39° 36' N 48° 59' E 1 80 Prishib/ Azerbaijan Feb/1899 39° 07' N 48° 36' E 1 81 Tabriz/ Tabriz 1808-16 38° 04' N 46° 18' E 2 82 Meghri/ Armenia 1948 38° 54' N 46° 15' E 1 83 Little Ararat/ Turkey 1700-02 39° 36' N 44° 27' E 1 84 Nineveh/ 1887 39° 22' N 43° 09' E 1 85 Kars/ Turkey 1938 40° 37' N 43° 06' E 2 86 Uludere/ Turkey Feb 70 37° 25' N 42° 54' E 2 87 Sirnak/ Turkey 1970 37° 31' N 42° 28' E 2 Country/Locality Date Latitude Longitude Record Type 88 Uludere/ Turkey Mrz 73 37° 25' N 42° 54' E 2 89 Between and Şanlıurfa / 1900-1950s 37° 15' N 39° 46' E 3 Turkey 90 Suçeken/ Turkey 1926-1940 37° 45' N 41° 18' E 3 91 Eruh/ Turkey 1935-1940 37° 45' N 42° 11' E 3 92 Viransehir/ Turkey 1940s 37° 14' N 39° 46' E 3 93 Baykan/ Turkey 1940s 38° 10' N 41° 47' E 3 94 Suçeken/ Turkey 1959 37° 45' N 41° 18' E 3 95 Viransehir/ Turkey 1960 37° 14' N 39° 46' E 3 96 Kesmeköprü/ Turkey 1984 37° 43' N 41° 25' E 3 97 Güçlükonak/ Turkey 2001 37° 28' N 41° 55' E 3 98 Uludere/ Turkey 2001 37° 25' N 42° 54' E 3 99 Ararat plain/ Armenia ? 39° 50' N 44° 42' E 2

SOM F1. Soraya, the young tigress of Hagenbeck Zoo in Hamburg, Germany, which had come from Iran. Photo by Klaus Rudloff.