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Volume 4 Issue 1 February 2021 ISSN 2616-3926 Volume 4, Issue 1 February 2021 ISSN 2616-3926 BHUTANESE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Research and Extension Division Department of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Thimphu: Bhutan Volume 4, Issue 1 February 2021 ISSN 2616-3926 Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture is registered with the ISSN International Centre, Located in Paris 75003 (France), 45 rue de Turbigo. Editor -In-Chief Dr. Yadunath Bajgai, Specialist III, National Centre for Organic Agriculture (NCOA), Yusipang, Department of Agriculture (DoA) Associate Editor Mr. Lakey, Principal Agriculture Officer, Agriculture Research and Extension Division, DoA, Thimphu Editorial Board Dr. Dorjee, Specialist III, National Plant Protection Centre, DoA Mr. Lakey, Principal Agriculture Officer, Agriculture Research and Extension Division, DoA Dr. Ganja Singh Rai, Principal Horticulture Officer, ARDC, Samtenling, DoA Mr. Dechen Tshering, Program Director, National Post Harvest Centre, DoA Special Acknowledgement Mr. Mahesh Ghimiray, Specialist II, Agriculture Research and Development Centre (ARDC), Bajo Mr. Tirtha Bdr. Katwal, Program Director, NCOA-Yusipang, Thimphu, DoA Member Secretary Mr. Wangda Dukpa, Chief, Agriculture Research and Extension Division, DoA, Thimphu Editorial Assistant and Correspondence Kuenzang Om, Sr. Agriculture Officer, Agriculture Research and Extension Division, DoA, Thimphu Editorial The Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture welcomes the submission of research articles and short communications. Article may be submitted to [email protected]. Please follow the journal format provided in the author guidelines, accessible from www.bja.gov.bt or www.doa.gov.bt. The online open access for the Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture is now available at www.bja.gov.bt. Publisher Agriculture Research and Extension Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu: Bhutan Post Box 113, Postal Code 11001 Contact no. +975-2-322228/331316 Copyright © Department of Agriculture, 2021 Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan A part or whole of this publication may be reproduced or disseminated with proper acknowledgement to the above address. Readers are encouraged to send comments or feedback on articles in this journal for future improvement. i FOREWORD The Department of Agriculture is delighted to bring out the fourth volume of the Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture (BJA). BJA is a print open access English language journal on agriculture and publishes research articles annually with the primary purpose of providing an additional mechanism to disseminate appropriate technologies, and knowledge and information in the agriculture sector. Across cross-cutting themes like agronomy, postharvest, economics, agro-biodiversity, soil and water management, farming systems, pest and disease management and climate change, the journal covers research findings that are innovative and relevant to sustainable agriculture development in Bhutan. It has been a difficult year with the Covid-19 pandemic affecting everyone across the board. The department has, in its own little measures, made significant reforms in its approach to agriculture development so as to help deliver immediate recourse to our farmers as well as the economy. At the same time, our efforts into empirical and objective research to help develop data-driven technology should continue unabated. This volume which we are able to release uninterrupted is thus a testament to our collective resolve in seeking new and relevant technologies and effectively communicating them through a peer-reviewed platform. Our editorial team, comprising members entirely from within the Department of Agriculture, is pushing hard to conform to international standards. Concerted efforts are underway in continuously improving the quality of the journal and we are glad and hope that with every passing issue we enrich ourselves with experiences that enable us to set the bar ever higher. I thank the authors and the reviewers alike for their contribution as well as the BJA Editorial Board for their added efforts in successfully taking out this edition. I wish everyone a resourceful reading. Stay safe and best wishes. Kinlay Tshering (Ms) DIRECTOR ii EDITORIAL The COVID-19 pandemic has tested our resilience and taught us far-reaching lessons. The most pertinent ones concern those that test the reliability and elasticity of our agriculture and food systems, medical preparedness, supply chain management, and infrastructures for virtual communication and digital information exchange. The strengths of domestic food production and the consequences of heavy dependence on external food supply have become all the more apparent. Once we find ourselves on the other side of the pandemic divide, the ‘washing-hands’ may gradually and as well shift to ‘dirtying-hands’ with local food production taking centre-stage to preempt crises in food and nutrition. It is hoped that against such emerging contexts the technologies and knowledge generated and presented in this volume of the Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture (BJA) will only build on and strengthen our agriculture and food systems, and serve as enriching literature for future endeavours in this sector. There are a set of 12 interesting articles that capture varied disciplines from crop germplasm evaluation and innovation testing to new insights into postharvest processing. Fresh understandings into aspects on rice, quinoa, bean, chirayita, kiwifruit, potato, groundnut, mango, pear and apples are presented, including assessment of performance of farmers’ groups and cooperatives. The volume also covers work on biochar and evaluation of local yeast strains in winery. We are pleased to report that the quality of articles in this journal is improving. The percentile of acceptance of articles has risen to around 50 now. We are grateful to all authors, reviewers, facilitators and the journal editorial board for their concerted effort and diligence in ensuring this volume a success. On behalf of the journal board, I extend our gratitude to all contributing institutions including the Agriculture Research and Development Centres at Wengkhar, Samtenling and Bajo, the National Post Harvest Center (Paro), the National Centre for Organic Agriculture (Yusipang), the College of Natural Resources (Lobesa), the Regional Agriculture and Marketing Cooperatives Office (Mongar), and above all the Department of Agriculture for providing the resources for these research and for supporting the authors and collaborators alike. We rededicate ourselves to generating evidence-based knowledge and credible technologies to help take forward sustainable agriculture development in the country. We hope our readerships find the articles useful and interesting. Thank you to all our readers and users. Tashi Delek! (Yadunath Bajgai, PhD) Editor-in-Chief iii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. ii EDITORIAL ................................................................................................................................. iii Evaluation of New Mango Varieties in Samtenling, Sarpang ........................................................ 1 Productivity and Preferences of New Potato Varieties and their Relationships in Five Districts of Bhutan ........................................................................................................................ 11 Effect of Wood-derived Biochar as Growth and Development Medium for Kiwifruit Seedlings ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Performance of Agricultural Farmers’ Groups and Cooperatives in Eastern Bhutan .................. 38 High Yielding Indeterminate Bean Varieties to Diversify Bean Farming .................................... 54 Agronomic Parameters of High-Altitude Rice Varieties and their Relation to Temperature at Different Growth Stages ............................................................................................................... 63 Effect of Fruit Thinning on ‘Hosui’ Pear Fruit Quality and Yield ............................................... 77 Evaluation of Sowing Time of Quinoa in a Potato-based Cropping System in Cool temperate Agro-ecological Condition of Haa, Bhutan .................................................................................. 85 Assessment of Performance and Oil Recovery (%) in Existing Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Accessions ............................................................................................................. 98 Determination of Post-harvest Losses of Quinoa at Different Stages of Handling at Saling Gewog, Mongar District ............................................................................................................. 114 Comparative Study on Physio-chemical and Organoleptic Attributes of Apple Wine Fermented from Local and Imported Yeasts .............................................................................. 122 Assessment of Nursery Methods and Manures for Cultivation of Chirayita (Swertia chirayita Buch-Ham.) in Lauri Gewog, Bhutan ......................................................................................... 137 iv Yangden et al. 2021 Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture 4(1) 1-10 Evaluation of New Mango Varieties in Samtenling, Sarpang Tshering
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    Multiple Cropping in Bhutanese Agriculture –Present Status and Opportunities TirthaBdr. Katwal 1 Paper presented during the " Regional Consultative Meeting on Popularizing Multiple Cropping Innovations as a Means to raise Productivity and Farm Income in SAARC Countries" 31st October- 1st November, Peradeniya, Kandy, Srilanka. Executive Summary Bhutan is a small mountainous country located in the southern slopes of Eastern Himalayas. The country has a total geographical area of 38,394 Square Kilometers with a population of 745,600 people. It has only 2.93% of cultivated area. Agriculture is the main source livelihood for 69% of the population.Majority of Bhutanese farmers are small holder with an average farm size of 3 acres and practice a self-sustaining subsistence integrated farming systems. Despite its’ small size, the agro-ecology is diverse due to the large variation in altitude. In agriculture, there are three key distinct farming systems which are the rice, maize and potato based system. Multiple cropping is a common feature of the small holder Bhutanese farmers. Over the centuries, small holder Bhutanese farmers have innovated and adopted multiple cropping as one of the simple mechanisms to produce more per unit area. In the current 11 th Five Year Plan, the goal of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forest (MoAF) is to achieve a green economic growth, inclusive social development, poverty alleviation and climate smart sustainable management and utilization of natural resources. The domestic production of cereals is only able to meet 64% of the county’s total cereals requirement. Since the horizontal expansion of area for agriculture is nearly impossible, crop intensification through different forms multiple cropping is seen as one of the most feasible strategy.
  • REPORT BHUTAN TCP/BHU/3004 Virtual Extension and Research

    REPORT BHUTAN TCP/BHU/3004 Virtual Extension and Research

    REPORT BHUTAN TCP/BHU/3004 Virtual Extension and Research Communication Network (VERCON)1 September 19, 2006 – December 18, 2006 MR. JOSELITO A. PAYOT FAO TCDC Consultant Agricultural Research and Extension Linkages and Information Management Thimphu, Bhutan December 2006 1 This mission report is submitted to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Bhutan as part of his consultancy to the project “Virtual Extension and Research Communication Network (VERCON)”. This report may be quoted with due acknowledgement of the Consultant. Please send queries to [email protected]. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Consultant initially worked at the Ministry of Agriculture-Information and Communication Services (MOA-ICS) as VERCON’s TCDC Expert in Agricultural Research and Extension Linkages from 19 June to 18 September 2006. Before his contract ended, Ms. Pema Lhamo, the National Project Coordinator (NPC) and ICS Director, indicated her intention to extend the Consultant’s contract for another three months. The proposed extension was discussed during the FAO-ICS teleconferencing activity last 13 September 2006. After numerous consultations and negotiations between FAO, ICS and the Consultant, the extension was approved for three months effective 19 September to 18 December 2006 with agreed revised terms of reference in Agricultural Research and Extension Linkages and Information Management. The Consultant’s extension started with follow-up assessments and discussions with network stakeholders and the project team composed of NPC, Mr. Karma Dhendup (IT Consultant), and Mr. Sangay Tenzin (Content Manager) related to agricultural information management in Bhutan. The Consultant gathered baseline information on institutions that are actively doing agricultural and rural information systems before the VERCON project began in November 2005.
  • Organic Agriculture in Bhutan: Barriers Going to 100% Mark Mccrae-Hokenson SIT Study Abroad

    Organic Agriculture in Bhutan: Barriers Going to 100% Mark Mccrae-Hokenson SIT Study Abroad

    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2014 Organic Agriculture in Bhutan: Barriers Going to 100% Mark McCrae-Hokenson SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation McCrae-Hokenson, Mark, "Organic Agriculture in Bhutan: Barriers Going to 100%" (2014). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1827. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1827 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Table Of Contents Abstract: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Methods: …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Acknowledgments: …………………………………………………………………………... 5 Acronyms: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Introduction .………………………………………………………………………………..…. 7 Organic in Bhutan & Abroad ………………………………………………..…….. 8 Organic by 2020 ………………………………………………………………….… 8 International Status ………………………………………………………….…… 8 Sustainability ………………………………………………………………………….…. 10 Why Sustainable? …………………………………………………………….…… 10 Ecological …………………………………………………………………….…….… 11 Economic ………………………………………………………………….…….……. 11 Social …………………………………………………………………………………… 13 History
  • Climate Change and Potential Impacts on Agriculture in Bhutan: a Discussion of Pertinent Issues Ngawang Chhogyel1,2* and Lalit Kumar1

    Climate Change and Potential Impacts on Agriculture in Bhutan: a Discussion of Pertinent Issues Ngawang Chhogyel1,2* and Lalit Kumar1

    Chhogyel and Kumar Agric & Food Secur (2018) 7:79 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0229-6 Agriculture & Food Security REVIEW Open Access Climate change and potential impacts on agriculture in Bhutan: a discussion of pertinent issues Ngawang Chhogyel1,2* and Lalit Kumar1 Abstract Background: The Himalayan country of Bhutan is typically an agrarian country with about 57% of the people depending on agriculture. However, farming has been constrained by the mountainous topography and rapid changes in environmental variabilities. With climate change, agricultural production and food security is likely to face one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-frst century. The country has already been experiencing some impacts of climate change, such as crop loss to unusual outbreaks of diseases and pests, erratic rainfalls, windstorms, hail storms, droughts, fash foods and landslides annually. Results: In 1996, rice farmers in high-altitude areas were devastated with 80–90% crop loss to blast disease. Turcicum leaf blight of maize in 2007 damaged more than 50% of the farmers’ harvest. Also, in 2008, a severe windstorm fat- tened all maize crops belonging to hundreds of households. These were some gruesome reminders of the impacts of climate change that continues to threaten farming in Bhutan. The current agricultural practices are highly vulner- able to the impacts of climate change due to their total dependence on monsoon rains and shorter growing periods. The mountainous topography makes the country more vulnerable due to large climatic swings in the mountainous ecosystem. Field evidences have also shown that shifts in cropping pattern are taking place across agroecologies, thus indicating that farming in Bhutan is quite stressed.