EDUCATION

Impact of Elementary and Secondary Education Act upon Individual Children - Jan . 19 National Teacher Corps - April 12 Commencement Address @ Kansas State College, Pittsburg, Kansas - June 16 Commencement Address @ Anoka­ Ramsey Junior College - July 25 Appropriation for Teacher Corps - Aug. 2 Adult Vocational Training - Aug 9 Development of Teacher Aid Programs - Jan. 30 8584 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 19, 1967 Heroism, and carnage, did not end then at One of our most gratifying projects made make a sound Thus the inception of a plan! Ashau. That a.fternoon the Special Forces possible by 89-10 Title I cannot be measured Let's put these four children In one class survivors got orders to evacuate the camp. or evaluated by any testing device known to and maybe with the security of their siblings That day and for the next two days choppers us. We submit the following teacher ob­ they will respond. Faced with the problems scoured the area and picked up scattered servation type of evaluation as evidence of of not having the time or a teacher for a groups of survivors. progress in the project. The project evolved special class, he could not put his plan in Bernie Fisher and Jump Myers landed at with and revolved around a family of four operation untll the advent of 89-10. Pleiku just after 1 p.m. on March 10. Myers educationally deprived children. The chil­ On March I, 89--10 brought a new di­ was whisked off to the fiight surgeon, who dren will be referred to as "A" (a girl, age mension to the lives of these little sUent gave him some drops for his red eyes and ten). "B" (a girl, age ntne) , "C" (a boy, age ones. I was given time each day to have told him that otherwise he was in splendid eight). and "D" (a boy, age seven), supplemental reading classes so I reserved a shape. Then they were both ushered in to CONCERN BEGINS EARLY special time for these four. They were a see the deputy commander of the 7th Air bit fearful of the situation at first but We first became concerned about "AH dur­ gradually the shell of that snent world Force. By the next day Fisher's recommen­ 1961-62. Ing the school year of As a klnder­ cracked I I read to them, talked about pic­ dation for the Medal of Honor was alrelWy garter student, she did not respond to any of being dra.fted. tures and dlrected my questions to "B" and the activities presented to the class. She "C" because I was sure they would respond. Before going back to fiylng missions in did not experience the Joy of counting out their A-IE's, FIsher and Myers took a leave They did so I asked about their farm ani­ in Bangkok. brightly colored objects, responding to like­ mals. "A" 'wanted to get In on the con­ nesses and differences in sounds, creating a versation but found she couldn't get my at­ "What can you do with a guy like Bernie?" work of art at the easel, modeling an object says Jump Myers. "I would 11ke to furnish tention untll she spoke aloud. Atter that from clay, being a story character in a drama­ first awful moment of uttering a word aloud him with a year's supply of whiskey. But tization, Sharing a favorite possession or ex­ he doesn't even drink coffee. So I bought In my presence, she continued to speak in perience during Show and Tell, dashing her harsh, raspy, and unused voice. "D" him a Nlkon camera.--he's the biggest camera across the playground to be first in 11ne, gig­ buff in the squadron-and had it engraved, also spoke his first words that day, also harsh gling over a shared secret, or any of the other in quality. It was a bit difficult to under­ Asahu, March 10, 1966. For the first few countless things that kindergarten chlldren days I felt Hke a dead man walking. I stand them because they'd developed their find so del1ghtful. own jargon in communicating at home. I couldn't beHeve it. Then I got over that, and In fact, she was the most pathetic looking it's great to be alive." dismissed them, and I'm not ashamed to ad­ chlld I had even seen. She entered the class­ rntt that I wept my thanks to God for hav­ room every morntng wearing the same sad­ ing had the opportunity to break down the faced, mask-11ke expression. Her expression barrier. I had known "A" for almost five IMPACT OF ELEMENTARY AND remained the same all day long all year long. years and to my knowledge this had been the SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT We never knew if she enjoyed an activity be­ first time she'd uttered an audible sound. UPON INDIVIDUAL CHILDREN cause she never uttered a word or sound and Now we knew that there was hope In be­ never smiled. If attention was focused upon Ing able to teach these chllden to read and Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, we her, she seemed to "freeze" and look at you have heard much in the past 20 months to learn In the other areas of the curriculum. with the helpless look of a trapped animal. They continued to respond, relax, smlle, of the new Elementary and Secondary All efforts to bring "A" out of her little silent laugh, and tease. When they left my room, Education Act, and of the vital new re­ world seemed futile. We never knew how they would revert to silence so we knew sources that it has made available to much she had absorbed during that year. that we would have to bring another person schools throughout America to attack "A" was put in a first grade classroom the into the picture gradually. Our llbrarian one of our most urgent educational following year under the assumption that was the next person that they accepted. she would perhaps respond in .the presence They would not respond to any children I problems-the teaching of deprived of her classmates where she might not with children Unfortunately, too often the brought into the room. I worked mainly a strange group of chlldren. "A" began to with instruction in reading and even "D" was impact of this new program is measured respond with a ~rely audible whisper in the able to read in a pre-primer by the end of the by the amount of money which is being first grade. school year. One of the last days of school, spent. Seldom do we hear of its impact We enlisted the help of a psychologist he read ora.lly while the 11brarian was In the on the individual children whose very from a nearby mental health center. Several room. lives hang in the balance. classroom observations were made by the SUMMER PROGRAM A SUCCESS psychologist and conferences were held with I am, therefore, most happy to be able the classroom teacher. The parents were During summer school, I was given the to bring to the attention of the Senate contacted and agreed to take "A" to the opportuntty to work With these children for a recent article entitled "A New Dimen­ mental health center for consultation and three hours dally for six weeks. We worked sion for the Silent Ones," published in testing. We noted no Improvement in "A" In various areas of the curriculum with em­ following these sessions. The mother told phasls on reading and math. A -lesson In the Minnesota Journal of Education for handwriting was practiced dally. I tried to January 1967. It is an anonymous ar­ me during a parent-teaCher conference that she terminated the sessions at the center Include many self-expressive activities such ticle, written by a teacher who describes because during the questioning she suspected as the retelllng of the story the librarian her work to help four children, ages 7 that they were putting the blame on her alld had read to them, explaining a painting through 10. Far from being able to par­ her husband and the home environment. they'd created at the easel, describing how a ticipate normally in school activities, the character from a record looked or perhaps She said they would never go back or have walked, making up a story, acting out epi­ children were unable even to speak in anything to do with the center in the sodes from their reading book story. We the presence of their classmates. The future. sang and played records, keeping time to the teacher tells how, through patient effort, Each year, following "A" 's enrollment In music by bouncing a ball, skipping, walking, these children gained the confidence, our school, another member of this family hopping, or Jumping as ·the rhythm de­ enrolled in kindergarten. They came with manded. Much time was spent trying to one after another, to communicate and varying degrees of "silentness." "B" would to learn. correct their pronunciation of words they answer with a "ya" or "no" and was not as had learned Incorrectly. They seemed to Mr. President, I think this article tells passive as "A" had been. She would not take enjoy every minute of it and were so sur­ more about the meeting and potential of part in a conversation or answer any ques­ prised when It was time to go home for the this new legislation than any graph or tion that couldn't be answered by a "ya" or day, "no." "C" was the least silent of the group table of statistics that has yet been pro­ We had such a time getting the chUdren duced. I ask unanimous consent that it but far from being a normal-acting klnder­ garden student. "D" was a repetition of "A" to talk, now during summer school I was be printed in the RECORD. in every respect. Each child was moved presented with another problem. They all There being no objection, the article ahead each year with their own age-group. wanted to talk at the same time so we prac­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "A" had never spoken above this barely ticed taking turns. I noted some progress as follows: audible whisper and "D" didn't even whisper. with each chlld each day. Most of the teach­ Each teacher had been haunted with the ers were In my room at !!Ome time during LAw 89--10 ADDS A NEW DIMENSION FOR THE summer school and the chlldren responded SILENT ONES questions "What can I do?" "HoW can I get them to respond?" "Why must they go freely. One day it was necessary for me to (NOTE.-The Minnesota teacher who con­ through life like this?" substitute for another teacher so I took my tributed this article to the Journal wishes to four to her classroom and was delighted to remain anonymous to protect the identity DISCOVERY BRINGS PLAN find that they would read orally with about of the children she describes. The time she One morning, during a ride around the 15 other children In the room I We made spent with them was made possible by 89-10, bus route, the superintendent noted that some visits to some of the other classrooms Title I, a federal project which enables local when these children got on the bus they with equal success. One morning my cla.s8 school districts to develop a program for edu­ chattered away in their own Jargon. We did not appear and it puzzled me because cationally deprived chlldren.) didn't even know that two of them could they usually had perfect attendance. About JanUa1"Y 19, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8583 That afternoon at 2:30 in the prefab oper­ that path through the Red Sea. I ran out tered with these empty fuel drums, but it ations shack at Pieiku, Fisher was being along the wing, jumped off and squatted In worked out real fine. briefed for a mission when he was handed a a patch of weeds. "After usIng up about 20 yeards, I hit the "divert" to a new target of top priority: the "I still thought I was a dead man, because left brake hard and swung the bird around Ashau Valley. Fisher fiew there on top of the the strip was under enemy control. They in a big cloud of dust. I gave it a lot of clouds by radio beam and found a thick don't take prisoners in the middle of a battle. power and taxied back down about two thirds cushion of clouds that began at 200 feet and I remember thinking, How is Betty going to of the runway. Jump waved to me from extended aU the way up to 8000 feet, hiding manage with all those kids?" the weeds, )l.nd I stopped as quick as I could, even the mountain peaks. A covey of planes "When Jump headed into the strip," says about 200 feet past him. I hit the parking milled around on top, looking for a hole. Fisher, "I told Control we had a pilot down brakes and unstrapped to go and get him." Fisher found the hole. "It wasn't exactly and to get a chopper In there real fast. Bullets were thumping into the plane, one a hole," he explains, "but a kind of light spot When he hit the runway and exploded, I was of them two feet from his head. (Crew­ in the clouds." Once he got down to the sure he was dead. And then I saw him men later found 19 bullet holes.) valley fioor, he began his strafing passes scrambling off with smoke pouring out of his At this point the other three A-IE pilots around the perimeter of the fort. He had a fiylng suit." were fiying strafing runs 50 feet off the copilot with 111m, Capt. Robert Blood, new to ground. The lead pilot, Lucas, had just been Vietnam, who was much impressed: "The The pilots overhead kept laying their hit hard, and his cockpit was full of smoke. ce1llng was so low, and he made his strafing ordnance In close on both sides of the run­ "I told him, 'You're burning,''' says Hague. runs In such a tight bank between the ridges, way, and hit the east ridgeline from which "'Better get the heU out.' He said, 'Roge, that one wing was in the clouds and the heavy fire was coming. Fisher called Control can't leave Bernie yet. We'll make one more other almost scraping the ground." Fisher again . . "They told me the chopper was hav­ pass.' I expected the bird to blow up in his went back up tllrough the hole and down ing trouble finding the hole, and could I go face any second. I said, 'Rage, I'm Win­ agaln three times that afternoon, to bring in out and bring him in? Well, that was what chester!' (meaning out ot ammunition). other planes. cut it. I couldn't go off lOOking for a chop­ He said, 'Roge, me too, but. they (the enemy) per. I told Control that I was going in to get DOWN THE TUBE don't know that.' So we alI made the last the pilot. And I radioed the filght of A-IE's Next morning Fisher took oj!' at 10:05 on pass dry." For this bit of gallantry and that was fiying a holding pattern just north leadership, Captain Lucas has been recom­ a routine bombing-and-strafing mission with of the fort to give me suppression fire." Capt. Francisco "Paco" Vazquez, 29, fiying mended for the SUver Star. KEEP THEm HEADS DOWN another A-IE just off the tip of his wing. NEON-RED EYES They had been airborne only ten minutes This fiight was led by Capt. Jon Lucas, 28, Jump Myers still could not believe what when Control radioed a divert, once more to of Steubenville, Ohio, with Capt. Dennis was happening. "Even after I had seen Ashau. Again Fisher reached the clouds Hague, 28, of Kellogg, Idaho, fiying wing. Bernie make his teardrop and come In to above Ashau, to find four other Skyralders­ "Roge, we'll cover you," said Lucas. Then, land from the south, I was thinking, Well, one of them fiown by Jump Myers-looking to Hague: "Set 'em up for strafe, we're going they got another one. It wasn't until he for a hole. Once again it was Fisher who in." Paco, Bernie's wingman, fell in as third had taxied back past me and waved that I found a light spot in the clouds and led man in the string. "So we hit the east side knew. Why, that crazy s.o.b. has come in the other planes down. Two of the Skyraid­ of the runway and really hosed It down." here to get me outl I started running for ers took up a holding pattern, and the other Evenly spaced, they fiew in a tight-left the plane." three followed Fisher down the valley, six pattern, so one or another was hitting the To Jump Myers, who set a record for the miles long, that led to the fort. ' target every 15 seconds. Meanwhile, Myers sprint at Williams AIr Force Base, Ariz., back The pilots call tllis narrow valley "the had crawled farther away from the plane. in 1943, the run seemed an eternity, although tube." It is less than a mile across, and the "I was hiding against an embankment ten It took oniy 10 to 15 seconds. He was dash­ rldgelines along It were studded with at least feet high just west of the runway. There ing down the middle of the runway In full 20 antiaircraft weapons positions. Every was at least a company of enemy on top of the view of every North Vietnamese who hap­ pilot who came into Ashau that day fr·t th,e bank, but they couldn't see me. Also, I think pened to look his way. "The gunfire was bullets thudding Into his plane, but under they through I was dead. deafening, and bullets were whining all the law cloud cover there was no room to "The last thought In my mind was rescue. around. My shoulder blades were really maneuver. I knew a chopper could never survive the puckering. I can tell you I made that run The radio operator in' the fort told them to ground fire, and it never occurred to me that as fast any any old man of 46 ever could." 111t the south wall of the fort, which hac! now somebody would be crazy enough to put an "I was just about to jump out and go get been breached by the North Vietnamese. A-IE down on that strip. It was too short to him," says Fisher, "when I saw these two big Myers had just pulled out of his second begin with. The steel planking was all red eyes leaping up at me over the back edge strafing pass when he got hit by a burst from buckled up Into spikes by mortar rounds, and ot the wing. They were so red from the an automatic weapon. it was littered with rocket podS, 55-gallon fUel smoke that they looked like neons." "The engine started sputtering and cut­ drums and the debris from my plane. When "I grabbed one handhold on the side ot ting out, and then It conked out for good," I saw Bernie circle and then head into the Myers recalls. "The cockpit filled up with the plane," says Myers, "and then just north end of the runway, aU I thought was, scrambled across the wing on my bands and smoke. I got on the radio and gave my call Well, now two oj us are down." sign, Surf 41, and said, "I've been hit and knees and dived Into the cockpit head first, hit hard.' Hobo 51-that was Bernie, though "I dropped my last string of bombs west of my legs fia1llng all around. Bernie grabbed I didn't know it at the time-came right the runway to keep their heads down," says me and set me right side up again. Then back, 'Roge (the current abbreviation for Fisher. "AU I remember going through my he just whipped the butt end of the plane Roger), you're on fire and burning clear back mind was, Can we do it? and Yes, I think we around and really cobbed the power." to your tail.' I was way too low to bail out, can. I was sure the poor guy was down there NUMBER ONE • burned pretty badly." and I said, 'Roge, I'll have to put her down "The takeoff went real nice," says Fisher. on the strip.' BULLETS THUMPING IN "Real nice" is one of Fisher's favorite phrases. "I never saw the runway because of the "I was coming in on my final from the and his highest accolade about his own fiy­ smoke blowing back In my face, but I got north end, just about rIght, when the wind Ing that day. "I had to give the bird full a rough fix on It and Bernie talked me down. blew a great big blob of smoke from the fort power, dodge the mortar holes and use up He was very cool about It, and that helped." across the end of the runway. When I got the last foot of runway, but I had hit flyIng At the last minute he had too much speed, out of the smoke, I saw I was too hot, so I speed by then, so I just 11fted her off. I held so Fisher told him to get his landing gear up put her down on the strip for just a couple her right down on the bottom of the valley and belly It In. As Myers touched the run­ of hundred feet. Then I gave It the power until we got out of the tube. Then I just way his belly tank of high-octane fuel ex­ and took off again. I bent It around real took her right up through the hole In the ploded with a roar. Surf 41 was a ball of tight in a teardrop turn and came in from clouds and leveled off. fiame that skidded 100 yards, veered off to the south, holding It rIght at 95 knots. "Jump couldn't talk to me because he the right and slammed tip Into a dirt em- That's the key speed for short-field landings. didn't have a radio headset. He gave me a bankment. ' I touched down, put the fiaps up and started couple of hugs and held up a finger, mean­ GET THE PILOT hitting the brakes even before the tail came Ing 'number one.' He was a mess-mud all Myers has seen pilots burned ~l1ve. "It is down. I steered around the mortar holes, over, and the smoke from his fiylng suit my only fear about fiying," he says. "But but I just didn't worry about the rocket pods. stunk up the w,hole cabin. But we couldn't the fear got the adrenaline pumping, and I We hit a bunch of them and kicked them help turning to each other and laughing all just went through the motions I had thought aside. the way home to Plelku." out a thousand times." He stripped down to "Then I saw the end of the runway com­ As soon as Lucas got above the clouds, just his fiying suit, leaving survival gear behind, ing up much too fast. That was the first behind Fisher, he hit a lever that bypassed so he would have some hope of diving time aU day I was scared. I had to make his hydrau11c system, and' the fire In his through the fiames. It took at least a min­ a decision: Do I really slam on the brakes cockpit began to subside. "I thought that ute. Then he pushed the hydraulic lever. and probably tip her over, or do I take a was where the trouble was, but I couldn't "The canopy popped right open. A strong chance on the overrun off the end of the do it any sooner," says Lucas. "You want breeze down the runway opened a path strip? I decided to take a chance on the your hydraulics working In the middle of through the fiames that seemed to me like o!'errun. It was grass and soft dirt, and 11 t- a fight." .. -

January 19, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8585 9 :30 they appeared, hot and tired, because gence and compa.ssion streamed from them The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ they had walked the three-and-a.-half miles both. At course the climax of my young out objection, it is so ordered. The res­ from home because they missed the bUB that life would have been to meet them: I never morning! had that privilege, while the President lived. olution will be placed on the calendar. l was pleased by a comment made by a And then, on that sorrowful 12th of April, h grade boy, a passenger on the children's 1965, I cried tears for the first time since I . He said, "Gee, those kids are sure dif­ had been a child. TRIBUTE TO HON. JOHN W. McCOR­ ferent now. The little boys will come to the But Mrs. Roosevelt remained, and I did MACK, SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE back of the bUB and talk to us now." The have the privilege and the joy of meeting OF REPRESENTATIVES driver-training Instructor remarked that the her. And slowly, as I came to know her children had talked with him freely. The better, a miracle occurred: She was my Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I nurse was surprised to be greeted with a friend. It was then that I was finally able wish to take this occasion to express my friendly "HI" by "D" whose eyes she was to separate her from the double image I had great admiration, affection, and respect unable to check during the school year be­ adored as a college boy: It was then I began for the Speaker of the House of Repre­ cause he would not respond at all during to perceive the marvels of which she as an sentatives. Approximately half of the checking time. individual was composed. These marvels Members of the Senate have served in Great progress has been made thus far but have been cited and recited now for so many there Is so much more to be accomplished. the House of Representatives and are years that they are almost cliches now: Her aware of the integrity, the ability, the This experiment has been a highlight In my goodness, her l1mltless energy, her clarity of teaching career and I'm grateful for the ex­ thought, J:ler simplicity, her intuitive right­ understanding, and the tolerance of the perience. ness, her courtesy, her Inexhaustible pa­ distinguished gentleman from Massa­ tience-all virtues that are so easy to put chusetts, Mr. JOHN MCCORMACK. Many down these days. They are almost forgotten of us have sat at his knee, so to speak, LEONARD BERNSTEIN'S TRIBUTE values, those old-fashioned virtues. You'll and we hope that some of the wisdom TO ELEANOR ROOSEVELT hear people say, "Yes, she was a. real old­ which he has shown down through the Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, on fashioned do-gooder." Do-gooder. What a years has at least been imparted to us. lamentable word I These days to be a do­ a occasion given by the Washington gooder is to call forth a sneer; but, dammlt, We look upon him as being in the mold chapter, Guardians of Israel, in honor of she was a do-gooder, and I will bless her for of the great Speakers of the House of Mr. Leonard Bernstein, who was pre­ it all my life I God grant us more do-gooders Representatives, and some of us, the sented the Eleanor Roosevelt Humanities in this perilous and cynical world Of ours, present speaker included, think that he Award, this talented man made a very Give us back a few of those old-fashioned is the equal of any of his predecessors. moving address paying tribute to that virtues: patience, courtesy, moral fearless­ JOHN MCCORMACK and his colleagues great First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt. It ness, plainness of living-why, we would sit did a reInarkable job during the years of is an eloquent appreciation of the woman at dinner In her crowded little apartment, the Kennedy-Johnson administrations. and If there should be a. last-minute guest, who was for many years the First Lady his chair would as likely as not be an end Their job was much more difficult than of our land and subsequently, I think it table with a shawl flung over it. Even more was that of the Democratic leadership in may fairly be said, the First Lady of the to the point, it could just as easily have been the Senate. The record which Speaker world. The award was presented by her chair. JOHN McCORMACK was able to bring into James Roosevelt. But her greatest virtue, and her greatest existence was an extraordinary one, and I ask unanimous consent that the re­ triumph, was her relation with time, her I think that he is entitled to the greatest cent address made by Leonard Bernstein fiercest enemy-time, the grim enemy we all share of the credit for that record, a be struggle with, all our lives. I don't know record which, in my opinion, is un­ printed at this point in my remarks. how Mrs. Roosevelt did It, but she did con­ There being no objection, the address quer time. She had time for everything and paralleled in the entire history of the - 'as ordered to be printed in the RECORD, for everyone-unrushed and unrelucta.nt. I Republic. follows: have always tried to emulate this astonish­ He has had to work with a paper ma­ Ambassador Roosevelt, Mr. Justice, dls­ Ing qual1ty of hers, and I have always failed. jority, it is true, but he has had, in effect, tlgulshed guests, my dear friends, I wonder How did she do It? She was always there. to scrounge for votes on many occasions hOW many of you have had the experience If there was a mouth to be fed, a thirsty to get the necessary six, eight, 10, or 15 of standing In the Nation's Capitol, sur­ mind to be filled, a captive to be freed, a majority in order to pass legislation in rounded by persons of overwhelming stature stranger to be made welcome, a mourner to which the administration was vitally and distinction, and receiving an honor of be comforted--she was there. It there was this magnitude. How can I possibly tell you a banner to be raised, a myth to be exploded, interested. . what it feels like-the dream-like buoyancy, a wrong to be righted, a gulf to be bridged­ I know that the President is fully aware the sense of being airborne? It Is a glorious she was there. And she was all there, with­ of the many and great contributions feeling: but it carries with it a penalty-the out tension or impatience: She gave herself which JOHN MCCORMACK has made to the penalty of having to make a speech. It Is a totally. Can we do less? passing of this legislation, which will price I am willing to pay, and a small price Can we afford. to do less, now that time is benefit the American people as a whole at that. At any rate, a small speech. running out, now that ma.dness is rampant and quite llterally the concept of general Part of this dream-of-glory feeling, comes, benea.th the cloak of a1II.uence, now tha.t pa­ as I said, from the fact that this Is Washing­ tience and concern and clarity of thought welfare. ton, and from the brilllance of this assem­ and good will are no longer just Old-fashioned Mr. President, I take this occasion to bly. But the feeling Is enha1Wed by the virtues, but matters of life and death? express my high personal regard, af­ knowledge of the good cause for which we Thank you from the bottom of my heart fection' and respect for the distinguished are gathered tonight, and by the presence of for the Eleanor Roosevelt Award: It binds Speaker of the House of Representatives, so many dear friends and colleagues. But me to her forever. the Honorable JOHN W. MCCORMACK, of over and above all this, there hovers a halo, a name-the spirit of that woman In whooe Massachuse~ts. name this award Is given me. I have always CONCLUSION OF MORNING Mr. President, I suggest the absence revered the name Eleanor Roosevelt, and al­ BUSINESS ofaquorum. ways shall: and to have ~ name linked with The PRESIDING OFFICER. The hers on this medalllon Is a transcendental The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there experience. You see, I grew up in what further morning business? If not, clerk will call the roll. might be called the Roosevelt generatlon_ morning business is closed. The legislative clerk proceeded to call generation that not only loved and trusted the roll. President Roosevelt, but which lived in terms, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I was moulded In his Image. I was 14 years AMENDMENT OF RULE XXII­ ask unanimous consent that the order old when he first came to the White House, SENATE RESOLUTION 7 and I was 26 years old when he finally de­ for the quorum call be rescinded. parted It. And all those twelve years, In all The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ that welter of activity and emotion we al­ Chair lays before the Senate Senate out objection, it is so ordered. ways looked to our President, taking strength Resolution 7, coming over under the from his mind, his intelligence, his articu­ lateness, his compassion, his elegance. rule. Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I have REDUCTION OF U.S. FORCES IN And through It all, moment by moment, EUROPE behind him and beside him stood Mrs. no intention to debate that matter now :oosevelt: Those two figures were Inextrl­ and I ask that it be placed on the Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I a.bly merged In my mind; the same Intelll- calendar. send to the desk a resolution and ask 8586 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 19, 1967 that it be read, along with the names of that the total number of sponsors is 41 The request that our forces be with­ the cosponsors. at this point. drawn from France seemed to provide an The PRESIDING OFFICER. The I ask unanimous consent that the res­ excellent opportunity to bring home ap­ resolution will be read. olution be referred both to the Commit­ proximately 70,000 of the 900,000 or more The assistant legislative clerk read the tee on Armed Services and the Commit­ American defense personnel and deper resolution (S. Res. 49) as follows: tee on Foreign Relations. ents now stationed throughout West s. RES. 49 The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Europe. Instead, the Defense Depar - Whereas the foreign policy and military objection? The Chair hears none, and ment is in the process of moving at least strength of the United States are dedicated it is so ordered. two-thirds of these forces along with to the protection of our national security, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I their dependents who have been in the preservation of the llberties of the Ameri­ ask unanimous consent that both these France, not back to the United States, can people, and the maintenance of world committees may have authority to ap­ but on to the United Kingdom, West Ger­ peace; and Whereas the United States in implementing point subcommittees which will act many, and the Low Countries. Thus, the these principles has maintained large con­ jointly. reduction in overall U.S. personnel levels tingents of American Armed Forces in The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there in Europe will be insignificant. I must Europe, together with alr and naval units, objection? The Chair hears none, and confess, Mr. President, that it is most for twenty years; and it is so ordered. difflcult to understand why some air units Whereas the security of the United States The resolution (S. Res. 49) was re­ can be moved from France back to the and Its citizens remains interwoven with the ferred to the Committee on Armed Serv­ states, under a dual-basing concept-­ security of other nations signatory to the and a few are being moved-but the bal­ North Atlantic Treaty as It was when the ices and the Committee on Foreign treaty was signed, but the condition of our Relations. ance must be assigned elsewhere in European allles, both economically and mlll­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I Europe. tartly, has appreciably improved since large ask unanimous consent that the resolu­ It is also difflcult to understand why contingents of forces were deployed; and tion which I have offered today lie at the we will not face up to the fact that the Whereas the means and capacity of all desk for 1 week for cosponsors. Western European allies are uninter­ members of the North Atlantic Treaty Or­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ested in stocking supplies and organizing ganization to provide forces to resist aggres­ objection, the resolution will be held at lines of communications to sustain forces sion has significantly improved since the for a hypothetical OO-day conventional original United States deployment; and the desk, as requested by the Senator Whereas the commitment by all members from Montana. war on the Continent. Indeed, their of the North Atlantic Treaty Is based upon Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, Sen­ outlays in this connection are hardly the full cooperation of all treaty partners ate Resolution 300 in the 89th Congress sumcient to sustain their NATO forces In contributing materials and men on a fair was intended to express the sense of the for 30 days or even, in some instances, and equitable basis, but such contributions Senate that a substantial reduction of for 10 days. Nevertheless, the Defense have not been forthcoming from all other U.S. forces permanently stationed in Eu­ Department still clings to the 90-day members of the Organization; and concept, and we pay heavily in terms of Whereas relations between Eastern Europe rope can be made without adversely af­ and Western Europe were tense when the fecting our resolve or ability to meet our the number of supporting troops and de­ large contingents of United States forces were commitment under the North Atlantic pots which are required to maintain it. deployed In Europe but this situation has. Treaty. It will be recalled that the reso­ Most disturbing, in my view, has been now undergone substantial change and rela­ lution had acquired a total of 32 spon­ the revelation of the rigidity of our pol­ tions between the two parts of Europe are sors by the end of the 89th Congress. icy with respect to NATO, as it emerged now characterized by an increasing two-way In spite of this substantial interest, the in the recent United States-United fiow of trade, people and other peacefui ex­ leadership decided not to press the mat­ Kingdom-West German talks on tror change; and deployment, strategy, and offset a Whereas the present policy of malntaining ter to a decision during the closing days large contingents of United states forces and of the last session. Notice was served, purchases. These tripartite talks seem their dependents on the European Continent however, that the matter would be re­ to have led, as I have already noted, at also contributes further to the fiscal and opened in January. best, only to interim decisions on our monetary problems of the United States: Just prior to the convening of the 90th part to maintain the status quo and post­ Now, therefore, be It Congress, the original sponsors of the pone the hard decisions. Indeed, these ResoZved, That-- resolution met to consider a course in the talks have taken us, if anything, further (1) It is the sense of the Senate that, with matter. After a thorough discussion, it toward a unilateral U.S. underwriting of changes and improvements in the techniques was decided once again, with 12 of the the burdens of NATO. of modern warfare and because of the vast 13 Members assenting, that the resolu­ What was heralded months ago by un­ increase in capacity of the TInlted States to tion on U.S. troop deployment in Europe named sources in this Government as a wage war and to move milltary forces and equipment by air, a substantial reduction of should be reintroduced without delay. It move to get the Europeans to take a United states forces premenently stationed was also agreed that the President should greater share of NATO's burdens, has in Europe can be made without adversely be advised of the intention to do so and produced preCisely the opposite results. a.f!ectlng either our resolve or ablllty to meet that, on this occasion, all Members of Indeed, it is ironic that the principal de­ our commitment under the North Atlantic Senate should be invited to cosponsor cision of the recent tripartite Conference Treaty; the resolution if they so desired. involves a new U.S. commitment to buy (2) S. Res. 99, adopted in the Senate I find it regrettable, Mr. President, $35 million worth or arms and services April 4, 1951, Is amended to contain the pro­ that nothing has happened since the from Great Britain in order to stave off visions of this resolution and, where the close of the last session to indicate that the reductions in the British Army of resolutions may conftlct, the present resolu­ this resolution is any less necessary to­ the Rhine which London had previously tion Is controlling as to the sense of the Senate. day than it was several months ago. At announced it felt compelled to make. To that time, I expressed the hope that the put it bluntly, this Conference reveals The list of cosponsors is as follows: introduction of the resolution, of itself, a disconcerting tendency to beg or to bug Senators YOUNG of Ohio, MORSE, RAN­ might prove to be helpful in bringing allies into a certain view of NATO's cur­ DOLPH, METCALF, PEARSON, JORDAN of about adjustments in U.S. troop num­ rent needs which is based on a conviction Idaho, YOUNG of North Dakota, BOGGS, bers in Europe. However, what looked of urgency that they do not necessari)Y INOUYE, DOMINICK, LoNG of Missouri, like a hopeful move in that direction share. HATFIELD, ERVIN, LONG of Louisiana, BYRD last fall has apparently turned out to be It has been said before, Mr. President, of West Virginia, HILL, RUSSELL, MAGNU­ merely another exercise in marking time. but it bears repeating: the United States SON, PASTORE, SYMINGTON, MUSKIE, HART, It is my personal belief, therefore, that is the only member of the North Atlantic BREWSTER, TALMADGE, YARBOROUGH, Mc­ the resolution on U.S. troop deployment Treaty Organization which has met its INTYRE, BARTLETT, Moss, PROXMIRE, FUL­ in Europe is, if anything, more timely commitments to the common defense ef­ BRIGHT, MCGOVERN, BURDICK, ELLENDER, than it was during the last session, and fort. No member of NATO spends as NELSON, AIKEN, CARLSON, WILLIAMS of that the Senate is more than ever justi­ much of its gross national product on Delaware, GRUENING, ALLOTT, COTTON, fied in coming to grips with the matter defense as does the United States. No and SMATHERS. in this session. Let me review some of NATO member has as great a percenta' Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, for the specific considerations that have led of its available manpower in uniform the information of the Senate, I think me to this conclusion. does the United States. The costly grrssiona rcord PROCEEDINGS A DEBATES OF THE ' 90 tb CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Vol. 113 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 12, 1967 No. 54 The other teaII). Is at Franklin Junior High, NATIONAL TEAcHER GORPS another school where many of the chlldren , are considered disadvantaged. Mr. MONDALE. Mr. Preside~ one of The Minneapolis schools requested 46 NTC the most valuable of the Great Society workers for the cUITent school year, but only programs has been the National Teacher , 12 were avallable. Corps, which has done much to break Donald Bevis, director of special federal down the resistance to education in pov­ projects for the schools, said Mlillleapolls erty stricken areas, in spite of inadequate c,ould use 50 NTC members next year. "It's a very elfectlve program In my Judg- ' funding by Congress. ment," said Supt. John B. Davis Jr. This program has been well accepted School olllciala In ma.DJ cities are reported in the educational community. Not only to feel the same way _bout the tecltlrally does it provide additional help to sponsored program, which . alms to develop strengthen present programs of the teachers with special expertise In dealing I schools which employ Teacher Carps in- with disadvantaged children. terns, bUt also the program looks to the The NTC, In fact, seems to have plenty future by developing young, dedicated of friends except where It counts most-in Congress. teachers to continue to work in the Though the 89th Congretlll was extraordi­ schools where the task is most dim cult. narily genenJUII to education, It almost left Last week the Minneapolis Tribune the NTC out In the cold. published an article concerning the Congress-reluctantly established the pro­ Teacher Corps program at Harrison Ele­ gram, supported by President Johnson, In mentary and Franklin Junior High 1965. Since tbeJl the NTC has had a dlmcult School in MInneapolis. It 18 an excel­ time getting money to operate, and the pro­ gram is said to be In seriOUS trouble In the lent article which both describes the present Congrees. oper&tion of the Te~ Corps program . Through the program, Interns, or tra.!nees, in general and documilllts its effective- work In poverty-area schools under the guid­ ness in M1nnea~-'----L _ . . _ _ _ _ ance of team leaders, who are experienced Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ teachers. sent that the artl~le entitled "Teacher In addition to receiving on-the-job train­ Corps Wins iFriends in City," published Ing, an Intern Is expected to enroll In a near­ in by university to work toward a master's the Minneapolis 'fribune of Thursday, degree and to seek teacher certification, If April 6, 1967, be printed in the RECORD. he doesn't have It. There being no objection, the article Besides this, said David Ferrens, NTC was ordered to be prlhted in the RECORD, member at Harrison, Interns do "community as follows: work aimed at bring'lng the people of the [From the Minneapolis Tribune, Apr. 6, 1967] community in closer contact with the TEACHER CORPS WINS FRIENDS IN CITy-15 school." LEARNING CENTERS AID POOR PuPILS The federal government pays 90 per cent of the salaries of NTC members, the local (By Fred Johnson) school district 10 per cent. Nestled in nooks and crannies around Har­ The local Interns are receiving salaries rison School In Minneapolis are 15 unconven­ equivalent to those of other beginning tional classrooms that teaching pr~lonals teachers In Minneapolis. Their leaders are call "learning centers." paid Recording t1> their professional sta.tus. One of their purposes Is to teach 'young­ Ferrens, 29, phlladelphla, Pa., said that sters in small groups. They proVldE\ both in1ie,rns expected to serve two )'tars. "remedial" and "enrichment" lnatl'uc1;1on. ImpUclt In the program is the tete&, that The Idea is to break down the 'r@slilt;ance to teachers need special tratD1llg to do an education offered by children from poverty­ effective Job with poverty chlldren. stricken families. At Hat'!'ison, Ferren saJd. NTC members Most of the 1,100 children at Harrison have partiCipated in a learning center at one time have devoted much effort to improving chil­ or another. dren's reading skills. According to Mrs. Edna A. Anderson, Har­ "In all disadvantaged schools," he said, "It. rI!I8iI's principal, the centers have revolutlon­ appears that reading Is the big deficiency." IlMCl the school's curriculum this year. NTC members at Harrison and Franklin 1:hey were made possible, she salState of the Union message to the of their classroom instruction by way of those involved, and the 11st goes on, and it will current Congress, the President declared same educational television stations. grow longer. that "we should develop educational tele­ The quality of the programs presented on And more than half of the graduates at vision into a vital public resource." The ETV has also shown some improvement. Na­ this commencement will teach in schools Publlc Broadcasting Act of 1967 has now tional Educational Television has perhaps ~re the federal involvement continues to passed the Senate, in a measure to provide dramatized this improvement of quaUty w. Many of the buildings were constructed for continued development of educational most. th Federal assistance. More than $4 blllion broadcasting to serve the needs of our peo­ The President's State of the Union mes­ in programs were administered by the U.S. ple more completely. sage last January, for example, marked the Office of Education during the current fiscal This proposal is a clear recognition by the first time that a Uve interconnection was year, and contributions came from many President and the Senate that television estabUshed on a nationwide basis among other agencies as well. should be as much a part of our public educational television stations. Wide critical Pub11c funds have always gone to educa­ concern as the highways upon which we acclaim accrued to NET for the quality of tion, of course. But we are beginning to see drive, the lakes upon which we fish and in its coverage of that speech and the com­ a growing federal involvement as we continue which we swim, the forests in which we hunt mentary that preceded and follow it. This to see education as a part of the Publlc and hike, the air-hopefully pure--which we program and the discernible increase in reg­ Responsib1l1ty. Education is now fully estab­ breathe. ular program quality present clear evidence lished as a publlc, national effort. We are concerned about our safety on the of ETV's potential. And the Publlc Responsib1l1ty for educa­ highways, our happiness in the outdoors, Despite this progress, however, it is st1ll tion is taking other forms as well. As a na­ our health in our atmosphere. We also accurate to say that ETV is merely on the tion we are coming to reallze that power­ have--and are now recognizing-a public threshold of the development nedeed to pro­ ful educational forces exist outside the responsib1l1ty to assure the wisest and most vide the service the nation requires. classroom and outside the formal educa­ beneficial use of the broadcast frequencies Individual ETV stations suffer from a tional institution. over which radio and television programs We have always known that experience condition close to poverty as they attempt to are disseminated. meet the needs of their communities. NET's was a teacher of sorts, whether the best or The Radio Act of 1927 and the Comuni­ something less than that. Now we are be­ resources for programs of national signifi­ cations Act of 1934 clearly established that cance and importance are in no way equal ginning to consider seriously the qua11ty of the alrwaves over which radio and television the experiences that make up education to the needs that are apparent. It has be­ programs are transmitted into our homes come quite clear that additional support is outside the classroom. belong to the people. One of these experiences, and my prin­ required for ETV to assure the growth re­ Stations which broadcast on assigned fre­ quired. cipal topic today, is the experience of tele­ quencies--or airwaves--do so by the consent vision. It always comes as a shock to me to of the people. Only so long as they fulfill The Senate has already passed, under the realize that most of you who are graduating their obligations and maintaln their opera­ br1lliant leadership of Senator John O. Pas­ today have llved virtually all of your lives tions in the public interest are they eligible tore of Rhode Island, The PubUc Broadcast­ with television. to continue such transmissions. ing Act. It is currently under consideration That is a benchmark that separates us as The very basis upon which radio and tele­ by the House of Representatives. generations, and it is also a sign of the vision broadcasting exist--the airwaves over The Act w1ll continue the educational tele­ growth and change that has characterized which the programs are transmitted-are v!s1on facillties program which was enacted our lives. The founders of this college may a public resource belonging to all the citi­ in 1962 to assist in the construction of new have had a vision of 1,200 graduates in a zens of this country. It is indeed time to educational broadcasting state. single year of Kansas State College of Pitts­ more fully develop that resource to meet It wlll estabUsh a Corporation for Public burg, but I cannot imagine that they saw the highest aspirations of the citizenry. Broadcasting along lines generally prQposed how pervasive a part of your llves television Important progress can be made in that by the Carnegie Commission. And it wlll would be. . direction by developing educational televi­ authorize the Secretary of Health, Education Because television has always been a part sion into a vital, dynamic force in our so­ and Welfare to conduct a study of instruc­ .. your lives, you may view it somewhat ciety-by helping it become a service truly tional television to recommend the support fferently from the way those of my gen­ alternative to the dulling diversions to which and organization required to utll1ze tele­ ration do. The fact that the average Amer- we have for the most part been submitted. vision most effectively in formalinstruct!on. ..

88360 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 16, 1967 ..

It can indeed be said that this has been James Reston has halled It as possibly "one I believe that the controlllng facts are and continues to be educational broadcast­ of the transforming occasions of American these: ing's year. Publlc awareness of the potential llfe," comparing it to the Morrill Act which I-By every device at its command, massive of educational broadcasting has probably established land-grant universities in 1862, mllltary aid, substantial economic assistance, never been higher. and quietly transformed American public plus total diplomatic support tor the Arabs But the publlc's expectations of educa­ higher education. It Is a recognition on the and total hostll1ty to Israel-Moscow f! tional broadcasting also have increased. The part of the Congress and the President that Nasser the go-ahead in his announced challenge to make significant progress, this powerful medium of education is also a to destroy Israel. Was this detente? Was therefore, is that much greater. part of the Public Responsiblllty. moscow's way of cutting back the cold war? The significance of television to the growth As public television develops, the invest­ Hardly. It was the most dangerous cold war and change-to the education--of young ment will be large. Both the Instructional as­ venture since Khrushchev tried to secrete people cannot be overemphasized. Research pects of television and the general educa­ missiles in Cuba. indicates that children begin school with tional aspects will require many times thiS 2-Was the Soviet Union holding any greater vocabulary, greater reading sk1lls, year's proposed appropriation. checkrein on Nasser and on what he would greater awareness of the world as a result of Public television will never be self-support­ do with the help he was getting from Mos­ teleVision. They can, for example, read with ing, just as Kansas State College at Pittsburg cow? Was the Soviet Union thinking all along ease most of the blllboards advertising beer will never be self-supporting and was never on how well it could cooperate with the and soap. Intended to be. It will require a continuing United States to avert war or to contain it if In schools, of course, a strengthened commitment of common treasures in the in­ It broke out? There is no such evidence. The television effort would have vast potential to terest of growth and change-in the interest evidence, as reported by Robert H. Estabrook, improve the effectiveness of instruction. of education, which today may be the single United Nations correspondent of The Wash­ Given proper support for the development of great requirement for the preservation of our ington Post, is that Soviet military equip­ excellence in qual1ty, television can be used way of life. ment, especially spare parts, was being to demonstrate, to present specific learning This is a world of international and domes­ poured into Cairo on the very eve of the experiences, to motivate independent per­ tic tension. This is a world of technology war, thus seeking to make sure that the formance, and, of course, to bring the events which is outstripping our capacity to deal Arabs would not run out of supplies as the of the world into the classroom for analysis w.th it as human beings. This is a world fighting progressed. and discussion. which requires sensitivity and powers ot 3-Numerous news stories suggest that be­ Really gOOd television can help schools judgment among its citizens in proportiOns cause Premier Kosygln told President John­ keep up with the rapidly changing face of unmatched in any place or time. son over the Hot Line on the day the fighting our society, the rapidly changing skills and This is a world which requires the mar­ started that he wanted to cooperate with the knowledge which we require, and the urgent­ shalling ot all of our resources of education. United States in restraining the belllgerents, ly changing requirements of peaceful and The power of television is one of those re­ this meant that the Soviets put the highest productive relationships with the variety of sources, and it must be used so that the spirit premium on keeping the peace. cultures and countries with which we hare of the individual is not suppressed but is It is wiser to judge Soviet pollcy on the this planet. allowed to ftouriSh and grow. basis of its actions rather than on its words. To meet needs of these dimensions we Our goal is simply stated: we want to The Soviets did not restrain the Arabs; only need to enlist every resource at our disposal, achieve the betterment of man through the Israel restrained the Arabs. not the least of which are the newest and proper application ot man's knowledge. It Some suggest that because Moscow finally most comprehensive means of communica­ will tax our wisdom, our strength, our pur­ supported a U.N. call for a cease-fire without tion. pose, our resources, to achieve that goal. It Is any Israeli pullback, this meant that the But public television as envisioned in the the goal of education, in and out of institu­ Soviets were acting with great prudence and Publlc Broadcasting Act of 1967 has poten­ tions of learning. eagerness to avert a spreading conftict. tiallties far beyond classroom appllcations. That is the Public Responsiblllty. This concluSion Is unproved because the In a letter to the Carnegie Commission on Soviets opposed the U.N. call for a cease-fire Educational TeleVision, E. B. White spoke of in the earliest stages ot the war when it the opportunity of noncommercial television RUSSIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST appeared that Nasser could win and accepte in these words: It only when it became clear that Nasser r "Noncommercial television should address Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, there losing. itself to the ideal of excellence, not the idea has, I feel, been some confusion and The conclusion that Moscow was ready 0 of acceptablllty-which is what keeps com­ misunderstanding concerning the posi­ work with the United States to contain the mercial television from climbing the stair­ tion of the Soviet Union in the Middle fighting is unproved because the necessity case. I think television should be the visual for dOing so never arose. Israel won the war counterpart of the literary essay, should East crisis. A provocative and intelligent column so quickiy that the danger ot the United arouse our dreams, satisfy our hunger for States and the U.S.S.R. being drawn Into it beauty, take us on journeys, enable us to by Roscoe Drummond in the June 15 never developed and therefore the events of participate in events, present great drama Washington Post cuts through the con­ the past week cast llittle light on how pru­ and musiC, explore the sea and the sky and fusion and I believe gets to the truth dently Moscow would have acted under dif­ the woods and the h1lls. It should be our about the dangerous game Russia has ferent circumstances. Lyceum, our Chautauqua, our Minsky's, and played in the Middle East as in other Obviously the Soviet Union wants no di­ our Camelot. It should restate and clarify the parts of the world. rect military confrontation with the United social dilemma and the political pickie. Once I ask unanimous consent that Mr. States and most certainly does not want in a while it does, and you get a quick world war. But the truth is that it helped glimpse of its potentiaL" Drummond's column be printed in the start a war between Egypt and Israel, did Imagine publlc service broadcasting un­ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at this point. nothing to contain it until Egypt was at the confined by the need to sell products, by the There being no objection, the article point of collapse, and therein showed that it need to reach the largest total audience with was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, was prepared to take the most perllous risk commercial messages that all too often em­ as follows: of starting a conftict it could not stop. phasize quantity of sales and not quality of • RUSSIA AND MIDEAST: EFFORTS FOR It would be a welcome dividend it Moscow 1 product. PEACE OR WAR? decided to work tor peace instead ot conftict Imagine programming which could base its J (By Roscoe Drummond) in the Middle East. But the record shows we judgments about content on esthetic grounds had better not count on it. or service to the citizen, enthusiastically There is this theory on the Middie East rather than grudgingly. crisis: the Soviets certainly helped avoid war Imagine television offerings which could be at this time. THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE directed to special audiences without the ne­ ThiS, I am convinced, is dangerous and FEDERAL LAND BANK OF NEW cessit, of considering whether such audiences wishful fiction that w1ll get us in trouble it we don't watch out. ORLEANS-ADDRESS BY SENATOR are massive, without worrying about whether ELLENDER only 16.3 million watch the program com­ The premise on which this wishful idea pared to the 17.2 million watching another is being built is that the Soviets deliberately Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, on station. decided that they would rather work with the United States to contain the conflict June 6 I had occasion to address the Imagine, in short, a powerful communica­ officials, membership, and staff of the tive tool which is perceived as a means of than to help Nasser win. enriching the lives of the American people The hope behind this view ot Moscow's Federal Land Bank of New Orleans as rather than the bank accounts of American role in the Middle East crisis is that the the bank celebrated its 50th anniversary. corporations. Soviet government will join with the West Chartered by the Congress on March 8, Imagine having a real chOice. in encouraging the Arabs to adopt a policy 1917, the bank made its first loan early That is what may be in our future under ot peaceful coexistence with Israel. in June, 50 years ago. the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. It seems to me that what has happened I was very happy to take part in th' The Act and its authOrization ot $9 milllon thus tar does not bear out this premise or golden anniversary celebration. Tt Is only a first step toward these goals. But give much substance to this hope. Federal land bank system is one of the . ctongr~ssionQ( .

P:tt.9.(;EED~GS AND DEBATES OF, THE 90 th GONGRESSt FIRST SESSION

VoJ.l13 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, JULY 25, 1967 No. 115 and those of you wnose support of tills new been made to preserve the unique local re­ COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS DELIV­ college has come in many other ways--you sponsiveness of the former junior colleges. ERED BY SENATOR 140NDALE are all part of a great new experiment. What Although they have the advantages of cen­ goes on here tonight 18 the 1irs~ fruit of an tral management procedures, each college 18 Mr. MORSE. Mr. President. the public exciting thrust in education, for Minnesota relatively autonomous. The law which community college as a member of the and for the _tion. created these schools provided for local. ad­ family of institutions of higher educa­ Four short years ago, while 1: was Attorney visory boards. These wllleventually be as Wm may be- comparatively young but it. General of the 8ta~ of Mlntlesota. I WIllI effecUve as tile lOcal ~ty and the like the youngsters in our human fami­ pleased ~ help work for paasage 9f a brief school administration warrt ' ~ to be, but lies. is growing rapidly and filling out. law which carried the seed for a revolution the Poss~~l~e there. . It carries tbe bloom of youth and the ex­ in junior college education in this state. This m a community college can The law began: "Not to exceed fifteen state truly be a conp;n~ty resource. Let's talk to­ uberance of 1buth with it. and its poten­ junior colleges are hereby establ1shed under night about ,,~}.t can be. tialities for service 1'4'" our young people the management, jurisdiction, and control of lt can offer -education ,to ad'Illts as well as are tremendous. It is llard to believe that a state junior college board which is hereby to ' 18-ye$r-014,s. It can offer non-academic in the spring of 1960 Ulere we.u nation­ created." programs as well as academic programs. Its ally only 310 public ~or and .com­ The state had previously been economi­ llbrary can be a community Ubrary 88 well as munity colleges with an enrollment of cally Involved with Minnesota's junior col­ a college llbI'¥.:Y. t can serve part-time stu­ but 348.538. The latest figure I have leges through special state atd formulas, But dents as welt ... tull,time students. It can found shows th ' of the fall of 1966. the passage Of that law afIlrmed the dedica­ feed students to plver<ies and technicians the public and or' community col- tion of the people of MIIUiMota to a state­ to local businesses and institutiOns. wide pllCJgram of op~lty for Joung leges in our country numbered 565 and There 18 a :Jnal"velous ftex1ltlllty which ls people. To the lQcal _ott that hact pre­ possible and paSly rea.lJIIed. in nearly every were educating 1.316~0 young men and viously, Jm>ught eleven Junior colleges lDto junior oolleg.. Jn.didIi ....,; n is Ilmlted oniy women. I am confident that the rate of oper~ce 1915, t.J1e state now added by the lmagiDalloa;en*-!Jort which is pres­ growth in 1968 and 1969 wID continue to Ita b onomie aDd a,dmlDlstrative pow- ent wits statErillrlong·__ visors and plan. increase sharply. since 200 new ones are ers. for FergUS~tIs in 1960 and Will- ners, and lD i"liWden_~ are potentially' now in the planning stages and 50 per mar 1Ji 1962, no new, or colleges Had been the entire community. year or more start operation. establ1shed in the te since 'lHlr. Since Another special P088ibUltj' for the com- '1965; colleges h .... tiveloped at IU'*i'I1atlonal munity college arises from the conce n I am moved 19!tlMke these conunents. Falll!, Thief River, Falls, and heM'ln the TWin " President. ~e I have recently that there should be many of them ey Clties Metropolitan area, More are on. the should be located II&rategically for con- n privileged to read the commence- way, venience of their stddents. Minn is not ment address of the distinguished juni<>r 1 certainly do Il-of~eed to tell most of you the only place whenf these colleges are devel­ Senator from Minnesota.. which was what a tremendbus elfort it has taken to es­ OPlng=y. There are now nearly 850 two­ ~~~!ta-~y Junior College tablish this college and the other new junior year cA; in the' Uniteii' states, and they in Minnesota. on June 9. 1967. I con­ colleges and to mO't'e tbe existing colh!ges un­ are bel created at the ~f one per week. gratulate my distinguished colleliogUe der a central adInlnlstration. You. have been Partly this ls b,p.Jlpenlng every,wllere-in­ a. part of it: The cooperatio:ft 4IC the legisla­ cluding Minnesota-becanse we '!!/'fe a huge upon the remarks he gave at that occa­ ture baa been consistent with ita 1963 au­ vopulatlon of Y0lUl¥ peapte, '\$.b cannot be sion. thorlZatloll. .The State JuniOl' ~ollege Board accommodated phyatcallyby ~ existing col- The questions he asked in it are ques­ has demaaded' m received tremendous ef­ lege structures, It is happening tions whiCh are being asked in campus. forts from il ~ted membeJ:S ~Cl its because of a education after campus through the country. They stllff. IUld a fin: (I. of PII).IlIl[,n g aho de- velopment ha:S en Bt'abllshed. ' , beyond the bp located are questions which, in my own State of conveniently the educational being Of courSe, re have been frustratfOns.1bt Oregon. are asked at Clatsop Com­ course' the temJjoJaJry facUlties have ~ needs of the ,~-at tnoSt young people rui've ~a~ the twelve munity College. Lane Community Col­ times been ;~te.. ,Of cOUl'Se there hall lege. and each of the other new members years we ad.ll that they bllen a scrambll"'CDr 1It&If: • should education of the system in the State. These insti­ But here you are.~ 1967 graduating class are beh tutiol1& I am sure. find the answers of Anoka-Ramsel'lLtate....lunior ColI...... and ww, COII1 to the questions he has posed through ovir west there on the. the Mllll!l1l!ll!lippi a per­ peo the S8J'\ftee each will give to the com­ manent home is bebl&, CiOmpleted for occu­ munity ~ey grace. pancy next fall. TbtlJ~~. mark of the success that can be obtained. 'When Not tOo many years ~ tJalflil,..olL1ld Mr. .PE:Sident. I ask l,I,tUUlimous con­ dedicated lDdividualll, orgaD1zed local com­ beell, iDlposslble. But, todtr!Y. sent tb&, the address to which I have munities and a forwani-looklng state gov­ with the geography 0(; ~~~n~aJ:i:: aIludej be printed in' the RECORD at this ' ernment' combine their:etrona lD a common sparsely settled DAture 0 pOInt J!l my remarks. cause. .. transportation is such There being no objection. the address , It is important to considet that caUtle and community have been has made it, .IlPJIIDrle was i>rdered to be printed in the RECORD, these forces very briefly. for what !8'happen­ as follows: Ing in Mtnne8Ot& in the state junior college State ~lW1t1i&iBUl!4J. program can be-'-I hope it wtIl be--the first for l.~ tW'()o-'Vel;Lr .ANOKA~a4MSEY JVNIoa COLLEGE COMMENCE­ stages of a truly dlJferent kind of institution. the gre~~ --~_ k'Y~"- MENT SPEEcH BY SEIlUTOR WALTER F. MON­ There is '8.n opportunity here-and muting ~~ of ' DALE. JUNE 9. 1967 throughout the U'tllted States where various these. IChool.-'w1ll come to Dean WUken. distinguished members of the experiments with two-year colleges are tak­ ties, for our commitment to lDcreased educa­ faculty, students, and friends of Anoka­ ing pI_for cominunity colleges which tion 18 clear. ltam.IIey State Junior College, I am proud to truly serve their communities. -That will not When they do C

, . S 10670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 2, 1967 a part of this crusade. I am not its leader, The Senator from Oregon (Mr. MORSE] The Teacher Corps doesjl.J!; stop at the but I am certainly its follower. proposes an amendment for himself and end of summer. It doesn't abandon the Negro This matter calls for a rededication others as follows: when it gets too cold to riot. On page 15, lines 11 and 12, c!elete "$18- Our cities have Just been through a trying legislatively to human values, with re­ 000,000", and insert in lieu thereof the foi­ period which, like the anvil, they have had spect to the ghettos of America, in an lowing: "$33,000,000.» to bear. But with programs like the Teacher hour of great crisis. Corps they can become the hammer. In addition, I ask unanimous consent Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask for Minneapolis needs an expanded Teacher that some of the testimony of J. Graham the yeas and nays. Corps this year. Now ls the time to strike. Sullivan, Deputy Commissioner of the The yeas and nays were ordered. Mr: MORSE. Mr. President, I ask That is what Edward Fashingbauer Office of Education and Welfare, be told me about the Teachers Corps. printed in the RECORD, together with cer­ unarumous consent that my amendment containing the names of the distin­ Mr. President, the Teachers Corps is tain other excerpts from the legislative another part of the national urban pro­ record before my committee on this bill. guished Senators who are joining me in this effort be printed at the conclusion of gram aimed at compensating for the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without deprivation of the slums and providing objection, it is so ordered. my remarks. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without an equal chance for a new generation of (See exhibit 3,) young people to become real partiCipants Mr. MORSE. I refer to the report that objection it is so ordered. (See exhibit 5,) in the society. I filed with the Senate and to which I I do not believe the Senate wants to referred when I was managing the Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I now yield to the Senator from Minnesota. let those young people down. I urge Teacher Corps bill, for it deals with the adoption of the Morse amendment. matter of the shortages of teachers. I Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I tha e mguished Senator from Mr. MORSE. I thank the Senator very ask unanimous consent that the material much. I believe the evidence which he on page 4 of that report, and such other Oregon. Once again I am proud to join with him as he addresses the Senate in has placed in the RECORD relating this material that deals with the subject of problem to the situation in Minneapolis the shortages of teachers, be printed in connection with recommendations for our educational system. and the Minnesota schools is very per­ the RECORD. suasive and it should be given great heed The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without I am proud to speak in behalf of adequate funding for the Teacher Corps by Senators. objection, it is so ordered. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ (See exhibit 4,) program, initially proposed by the Sen­ ator from Wisconsin (Mr. NELSONl. sent to have printed in the RECORD testi­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, in the first mony given before the Appropriations paragraph of the subheading "Teachers I speak in support of the amendment proposed by the distinguished Senator Subcomlnitte~ on Educational Funding, Corps," of Senate Report No. 363, there a part of whlCh not only deals with the will be found: from Oregon to restore the appropriation for Teacher Corps programs to the level Teachers Corps but also other aspects of Last fall the nation was faced with an the educational funding programs. unprecedented shortage of almost 170,000 of the authorization. I am proud to be listed as a cosponsor of the amendment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without qualified teachers. The shortage was most objection, it is so ordered. acute in urban slums and depressed rural Two institutions of higher education in areas. (See exhibit 6,) Minnesota are ready today to begin pre­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I yield tJ'l..e. There is no question about the great paring Teacher Corps trainees for an floor. need for teachers and teachers in the expanded program in the Minneapolis E XHmrr 1 slum ghetto areas. Here is a program public schools. Minneapolis is. one of PREPARED STATEMENT OF RICHARD GRAHAM, that seeks to train them, and while they those cities recently cursed by civil riots. DIRECTOR, 'J1EACHERS CORPS, OFFICE OF EDU­ are being trained, as the testimony That program, like every proposed ex­ CATION, U .S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDU­ shows, they earn over and over again pansion of this effort to bring better edu­ CATION, AND WELFARE every dollar that is paid them. cational opportunity to the children of Mr. Chairman and Members of the Sub­ Therefore, I now send to the desk, and the slums, is at stake this afternoon. committee, I am honored to appear before In April I called the attention of this you to tell how the Teacher Corps has fared then I shall be finished, an amendment in its first year. in behalf of myself, Mr. HARRIS, Mr. bodY to a report on the Minneapolis The Teacher Corps was created to help CLARK, Mr. HART, Mr. NELSON, Mr. RAN­ Teacher C01"pS program in the Minne­ poor children in the core of the large cities, DOLPH, Mr. YARBOROUGH, Mr. CHURCH, apolis Tribune. I would like to quote very in small towns whose industrial base has Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey, Mr. KEN­ briefly from that article: _ been shot out from under them or never NEDY of Massachusetts, Mr. KENNEDY of "According to Mrs. Edna A. Anderson, Har­ existed, on Indian reservations where pride New York, Mr. MONDALE, Mr. HARTKE, rison (school's) principal, the (15 classroom) and prejudice have kept youngsters hungry and Mr. GRUENING. centers have revolutionized the school's cur­ and apart and ignorant, in immigrant and riculum of the year ..." migrant villages where the shifting of supply Mr. President, the amendment would and demand dictates the course of life. seek to raise the amount from $18.1 mil­ "It's a very effective program in my judg­ ment," said Superintendent John B. Davis, But how do you teach a sullen, hungry lion to $33 million. That is the amount Jr. child who doesn't care to learn? and how that the administration seeks. I have do you begin to break through to him in "School officials in many cities are reported schools which many teaching interns back been advised by the Department today to feel the same way ..." that I speak the desire of the adminis­ from Peace Corps duty abroad have told me Mr. President, this Teacher Corps pro­ are far worse than anything they saw in tration; that it strongly urges the $33 foreign countries? million because of the great ghetto crisis gram is supported by educational orga­ It's a tough job to break through the guard we have at the present time for teachers nizations throughout the Nation, includ­ of youngsters who have lived in slums all in order to do something to serve the ing those which typically oppose Federal their lives, to get them not only to learn but educational needs of the underprivileged programs. It is beyond my understand­ to want to learn. "The real thing," says one in the slum areas, City and rural, of the ing that such a small appropriation to of our veteran team leaders, "is when a kid country. build on the universal success of the first comes up to you at the beginning of the year year's experiments should be cut from and says: 'You're not going to teach me any­ Mr. President, I ask that the amend­ thing because I don't want to learn, and ment be stated, and then I would like the appropriation. when, at the end of the year, he has learned." to have the privilege of asking for a I have mentioned the Minneapolis To accomplish this takes special skills and rollcall vote; then I shall yield to the schools, which I know well. But this mat­ special training. Such special training­ Senator from Minnesota [Mr. MONDALE] ter goes far beyond Minneapolis or Min­ training for teachers in poverty neighbor­ who has told me he will have a brief nesota and far beyond the nan-ow con­ hoods--is a job few individual schools or statement. cern of education alone. universities can do alone, for none of us (Mr. knows a great deal about how this should be The PRESIDING OFFICER BYRD Mr. President, I want to read a segment done. But we--our universities and schools-­ of Virginia in the chair). The amend­ of a letter I received late last week are learning. '1.ent will be stated. from a young man who wants to work The job of the Teacher Corps is to help The assistant legislative clerk read with the Minneapolis program if it can make thls learning possible-and to help as follows: operate next fall: universities and schools extend the skills we August 2, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S 10669 fioor and talk until we are blue in the instances? The children came to the tag that is on the bill now-$18,100,000. face, and we cannot convince more than school in the morning without a morsel The point I should like to leave with perhaps a small percent of Congress that of food, and of course they misbehaved. the Senate is this: Only the Senate can this is not a giveaway program. It is not It was found that by this individual work do this. We presented the matter before a giveaway program. and by bringing in some bran fiakes or the subcommittee. Senator HILL was very The same thing is true with respect to com fiakes and some milk, to give the sympathetic to us. We knew, by that in­ foreign aid. children something to eat, in the matter stinct which makes us what we are, I have urged some Senators time and of a few days their behavior pattern was that the votes were not there. Yet, there time again that the foreign aid program completely revolutionized. is the gravest danger that this will be is a necessary program. The senior Sena­ More is done than simply teaching the the Senate's rat control bill. So I can do tor from Oregon is one man whom I can­ children reading, arithmetic, and spell­ nothing, in the deepest conscience-al­ not convince with respect to the foreign ing. They deal with the behavior prob­ though lowe the greatest loyalty to the aid. However, the fact remains that I lems of the children. The corpsmen go chairman and the committee, and I am a have had the hard task of being the man­ to the homes of the children. They work part of its machinery-but support the ager of the foreign aid program, the with the parents and with the ministers. amendment. However, the Senate should Teacher Corps program, and the rent They work with the leaders in the com­ know that this is the only chance; and supplement program. munities, to see what they can do about at a time such as this, I hope that Sena­ I can tell the Senate that they have the families that have the children with tors will understand the meaning of this been the hardest nuts to crack in the behavior problems. affirmatively as well as the danger of it Senate. Mr. MAGNUSON. I wanted to clear negatively. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I thank up that one point. The supervisors also I hope the amendment is adopted. the Senator from Rhode Island. He does are teachers? Mr. MORSE. I appreCiate the com­ not know how many pages will go into Mr. MORSE. They are experienced ments of the Senator from New York. the RECORD without being read by me be­ teachers. I am not going to yield for awhile. The cause in his very condensed statement Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the Senator from Alabama has been very pa­ he has made my argument. Senator yield? tient with me. He knows, however, that Mr. President, I yield to the distin­ Mr. MORSE. I yield. I am under an obligation and gladly ful­ guished Senator from Vermont. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I am al­ filled the obligation of yielding to other Mr. PROUTY. Mr. President, I could most in the same position as the Senator Senators for a couple of hours. They have also put many pages into the RECORD from Rhode Island. I am the ranking made my case. from the hearings. However, I will not minority member of the Appropriations I say to the Senator from Alabama do so because I feel that the program has Subcommittee and the ranking minority that I am going to insert in the RECORD great potential and it has already done member of the Education Subcommittee, the major speech that I had prepared for a lot of good. as well as of the Committee on Labor this bill. Much of it, may I say to the That is the reason why I will support and Public Welfare. Senator from Alabama, highly commends the amendment. However, we should not I am absolutely convinced of the valid­ him for the great job he has done as assume that it is perfect, because it is ity and soundness of this program. I chairman of the committee, in increasing . not. It is a long way from that. believe it is an indispensable tool in deal­ the amounts for one educational program ~. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will ing with the conditions which have after another above the recommenda­ the Senator yield? brought on riots and violence and which tions of the Bureau of the Budget. In Mr. MORSE. I yield. are continuing them to this moment. It this speech, I pay to him and to his com­ Mr. MAGNUSON. I am not as familiar is an answer to the idealistic striving of mittee, in my interest as the chairman as I should be with this program, but we American youth, shown in the Peace of the Subcommittee on Education, my have wrestled with it in the Appropri­ Corps and in VISTA. My own daughter very ueep thanks. I told the Senator ations Committee two or three times. is in VISTA, and I know a little about earlier that I consider that I have a trust One of the things that some people were that program. and a duty, as the chairman of the sub­ worried about--not necessarily a criti­ I should like to present another mat­ stantive legislative committee, to point cism-was the number of so-called su­ ter to' the Senate. Let the Senate know out my belief that the amount for the pervisors. Does the Senator from Oregon how serious this matter is. This is the Teachers Corps should be increased. know what percentage of the number only place where what we are doing can Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ would be supervisors? The clerk thinks be done. There was no appropriation in sent that my full speech be printed in it would be about 20 percent. the House, because there had been no the RECORD at the conclusion of my re­ Mr. MORSE. I do not believe it is that authorization bill. marks including excerpts from the "notes high. We must -remember that the su­ Mr. MORSE. The Senator is correct. and working papers" mentioned therein. pervisors are also experienced teachers. Mr. JAVITS. What we do here is it, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Mr. MAGNUSON. That was going to subject to bargaining in conference. So objection, it is so ordered. be my second question. if we do not increase the amount here, Mr. MORSE. A number of the student that is the end of it. (See exhibit 2,) aides are assigned to an experienced The second point: I have been ani­ Mr. MORSE. I am disappointed that teacher who carries the title of team mated by the fact that I did not want we do not have in this bill the full au­ leader. to see the Teachers Corps become the thorized amount of $33 million for the Mr. MAGNUSON. That is the second Senate's rat control bill. I believe the Teachers Corps. As I said earlier, two of question I was going to ask. A supervi­ other body has suffered very seriously­ the exhibits-that I brought to the fioor. of sor is not literally only a supervisor. A and its conscience must be its guide-in the Senate this afternoon are part of the supervisor is a teacher who supervises having turned down that bill when it legislative record, the record of the legis­ perhaps eight or 10 of the student aides did. I do not wish to see the Senate in lative committee, which, as the Senator and sort of steers the program. a similar position. from Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK] pointed Mr. MORSE. As the Senator from In the subcommittee, with the tre­ out, was based on hearings. Rhode Island has pointed out, the super­ mendous support of tlie Senator from We took the evidence on the policy. visors in a school system know where the Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE] in the prin­ We took the evidence on the proof of misfit little boys and girls are. The su­ cipal committee, we did our utmost for need of the program. We took the evi­ pervisors assign the little misfit boys and this program. I want the Senate to know dence on how well it has been working. girls to one of the trainees for individual that. Listen to the testimony of these educa­ work. It does not mean that the children You cannot fight without troops, and tors as to what these dedicated young are taken out of the classroom. Part of the sentiment very sincerely held by the people are doing as they join in this the time they are out of the classroom. distingUished members of our subcom­ crusade. Somebody used the word I listened to a discussion of this pro­ mittee and committee did not give us the "crusade"-the Senator from Oregon gram in the Philadelphia area, where votes. We did extraordinarily well to have never hesitates to lead a crusade, wher they are trying to deal with the behav­ brought the measure to the fioor. I paid it is a crusade that is in the public ior problem youngsters. As a result of my tribute to the heroism of Senator interest. The Senator from Rhode Island this program, what did they find in many PASTORE, and I do it again, with the price made that statement. I am proud to be August 9, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD - SENATE 811203 minority report suggests that under S. 1004, tures of the Central Arizona Project will tron the Federal Government is taking to the priorities afforded existing users of main­ stand on their own financial feet. Not only enforce laws against such conduct. stream water in Arizona will jeopardize re­ will they not receive financial assistance I am sure these infiamationary speeches payment of the Federal investment in the from the basin fund but, on the other hand, have come to your attention since they have Southern Nevada Water Supply Project and they will make a substantial contribution to been given considerable coverage as news 'd prefer the water requirements of the the basin fund which will be available to both in newspapers and on radio and tele­ al Arizona Project ahead of mainstream assist in the return of the cost of whatever vision. r users in Nevada. future projects Congress may determine It occurred to me that the aforementioned The other references in the minority report should be assisted from the basin fund to be individuals must be liable for prosecution upon which I should like your Department's established under S. 1004. under one or more of existing Federal laws. views relate to the development fund concept The other statement made by the minor­ Accordingly, I asked the Legislative C~ounsel and to Hoover dam power rates. At pages 119 ity report with respect to the Southern Ne­ to compile a list of the various sections of and 120 the minority report states that the vada Water Supply Project is that an in­ the U.S. Code under which prosecution may cost of pumping power from Hoover dam to crease in Hoover power rates will affect the be con sidered. serve the Southern Nevada Water Supply cost of pumping power to that project. The These sections of Title 18, U.s.C. are as Project will be raised by reason of the as­ fact of the matter is that substantially all follows: sistance to the Central Arizona Project from of the pumping power for the Southern Ne­ Section 2, prescribing the criminal re­ basin fund revenues. At that point the mi­ vada Water Supply Project will be provided sponsiblJity as a principal of an individual nority report also implies that although it is by purchases from the Nevada Power Com­ who counsels, commands, induces, or pro­ similar to the Central Arizona Project, the pany whose source of supply for this pur­ cures the commission of a criminal offense Southern Nevada Water Supply Project is pose will be entireiy thermal. The pumping against the United States. being denied basin fund assistance. power costs for the Southern Nevada Water Section 241, relating to conspiracy to im­ Inasmuch as S. 1004 is now being debated Supply Project will, therefore, be unrelated pair the rights of citizens. on the Senate floor, I would appreciate an to Hoover Dam power rates. The reason that Section 371, relating to conspiracy to com­ early response. Hoover Dam power will not be used for mit offenses against the United States. Cordially, pumping water for the Southern Nevada Section 2383, relating to rebellion or in­ ALAN BmLE. Water Supply Project is that the entire surrection. Hoover power supply is committed under Section 2384, relating to seditious con­ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, contracts entered into at the time Hoover spiracy. Washington, D.C. Dam was constructed. Section 2385, relating to advocacy of the Hon. ALAN BmLE, A further comm.ent regarding the relation­ overthrow of the Government. U.S. Senate, Ship of possible ba.sin fund assistance for the Section 2386, requiring the registration of Washington, D.C. Central Arizona Project to Hoover power certain organizations engaged in civilian DEAR SENATOR BmLE: I am glad to respond rates is in order. The limited assistance that military activity. to your letter of August 4 in which you ask may be provided the irrigation features of Section 2387, relating to certain activities our views regarding certain comments relat­ the Central Arizona Project from the basin affecting the armed forces . ing to Nevada in the minority report on . fund established. under S. 1004 as reported Section 1951, relating to interference with S.lOO4. will not affect Hoover power rates. All Lower commerce. Your first inquiry concerns a statement Colorado River legislation that has been Sections 1701 and 1705, relating to ob­ which appears at page 95 in the minority before Congress in recent years, including struction of the United States malls. report of Senate Report No. 408 regarding the legislation proposed by the authors of Sections 1073 and 1074, relating to flight the effect upon Nevada's Colorado River the minority report, contemplates increases to avoid prosecution. water entitlement of the intrastate priority in Hoover power rates following the expira­ I would appreciate having your comments of existing Arizona uses against diversions tion of the current Hoover power contracts as to whether or not legal action can be taken for the Central Arizona Project. in 1987. The contemplated increase envi­ against the aforementioned indlvid\U\I.. ______Section 2(e) of S. 1004 requires that con­ sioned In the studies underlying all these under one of more of these sectbra;. tracts for the Central Arizona Project shall bills would occur whether or not the Cen­ On the other .hav" si f :;:;:-c!sent laws are ubordinate to the satisfaction of existing tral Arizona Project is aSSisted from the considered inadequate, what recommenda­ cts between the Secretary of the In­ ba.sinfund. tions does the Administration have to cope t or and users in Arizona for the delivery Sincerely yours, with this lawless element? of mainstream Colorado River water. The KENNETH HOLUM, Yours sincerely, priOrity thus afforded is strictly intrastate; Assistant Secretary of the Interior. JOHN J. WILLIAMS. that is to say, it relates only to the relative priorities as against each other of users of Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres­ Arizona's Colorado River water entitlement. ident, I move that the Senate concur in TESTIMONIAL TO ADULT VOCA­ It has no effect upon the entitlements of the amendment of the House of Repre- TIONAL TRAINING either California or Nevada. The only effect sentatives. . Which S. 1004 has on existing interstate water The motion was agreed to . . Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I ask apportionments is to afford Cal1fornia a unanimous consent to have printed in priority of 4,400,000 acre-feet per annum of the RECORD a letter from Mrs. Karen consumptive use over diversions of main­ Wallace Ridgeway, a Chippewa Indian stream water for the Central Arizona Project. LIABILITY FOR PROSECUTION OF This in no way affects priorities in the event PERSONS WHO SEEK TO INCITE from the Fon-du-lac Reservation in Min­ of shortage of mainstream water as between VIOLENCE nesota. Mrs. Ridgeway's letter is a poign­ Nevada and California or Nevada and Arizona. ant testimonial to the program of adult The other points made in the minority re­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. vooational training offered through the port, to which your letter refers, both relate President, I ask unanimous consent to Bureau of Indian Affairs. to the possible effect upon the Southern have printed in the RECORD a letter dated She is only one among 100,000 Indian NeVada Water Supply Project of basin fund August 7, 1967, addressed to the Attorney men and women who, during the past assistance for the Central Arizona Project. General of the United States. The letter 8 or 9 years, have received substantial Concerning the fact that the Southern is self-explanatory. Nevada Water Supply Project will not receive personal help in becoming established basin fund assistance, whereas under S. 1004 There being no objection, the letter as successful, wage-earning, tax-paying, such assistance may be afforded the Central was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fully participating citizens of off-reserva­ Arizona Project, it should! be pointed out as follows: tion communities. The program which is that the Southern Nevada Wa ter Supply U.S. SENATE, helping them provide all costs of occupa­ Project is entirely a municipal and industrial Washington, D.C., August 7, 1967. tional training and all costs of living for water supply development. No water will be Hon. RAMSEY OLARK, Attorney General of the United States, De­ trainees and families during their skill­ made available for irrigation. Under long­ learning period, which may range from standing reclamation policy, only irrigation partment of Justice, Washington, D.C. is eligible for ba.sin fund or other financial My DEAR MR. ATTORNEY GENERAL: Many several weeks to a year or two. assistance from power revenues. This is the Americans are becoming increasingly con­ Add to the number trained and placed reason why, in authorizing the Southern cerned about the violent and intemperate in jobs the number of their dependents Nevada Water Supply Project, no assistance speeches which have been made by one who also enjoy the benefits, and the total from a basin fund was considered or pro­ Hubert Gerold ("Rap") Brown and one number of Indians reached through the vided. The Only basin fund assistance that Stokely Carmichael, and a few other individ­ BIA's adult vocational training pro­ would be made available to the Central Ari­ uals, calling on citizens to arm themselves to gram exceeds 200,{)00-about one-third zona Project under S. 1004 as reported is for perform acts of violence, to burn property, of the total Indian population of the t~Q purpose of returning that portion of the both priva.te and public, and to cause riots $ allocated to irrigation which are beyond and civil disturbances in order to harm or United States. ability of the water users to repay. The destroy Uves and property and I am being The program started in 1958 with a municipal and industrial water supply fea- asked repeatedly by constituents what ac- congressional authorization of $3 mil- S 11204 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 9, 1967 lion annually. The Indian demand has pany, teaching my profession. The job is in­ through two Christmas cease-fires, through been so great for the program's services teresting, rewarding and ridiculously high peace feelers and escalations. paying. My fee being $50 a day plus trans­ By this weekend, 12,269 Americans had that the authorization has been in­ portation and expenses. This being base pay been listed as kllled and 74,818 as Injured, creased several times since. Currently Is only the beginning. millions of artillery shells and billions ~~ there is a proposal before Congress to Today I addressed a crowd of 300 hair rifle bullets had been fired, and 833 authorize $25 million each year for In­ dressers In Minneapolis. TOnight I feel I have planes had fallen to enemy gunners. dian adult vocational training and em­ reached a plateau In my llfe. From here I can The war costs the United States more than ployment assistance. These are bargain see the top because It's not that far away. $2-billion each month. rates compared with expenditures for I am pausing here to look back and see the And yet, in the opinion of most dis tinter­ other self-help programs of the Federal long way I have come. ested observers, the war Is not going well. In my classes I tell my audience, "I'm going Victory is not close at hand. It may be Government which have been enacted in to show you many things today. If you beyond reach. It Is clearly unlikely in the the past few years. absorb just one thing it will be worthwhile next year or even the next two years, and Mrs. Ridgeway's letter tells more elo­ and rewarding to me." Amcrican officers talk somberly about fight­ quently than I can just how much this I realize there are several Indian children Ing here for decades. program has meant to her-and, reading that do take advantage of this program. Un­ The official statements from Washington between the lines, it is easy to see how fortunately most of them do not finish. I'm and Saigon seem optimistic, as they have much it contributes to the amelioration ' sure those that have share my same thanks b een for almost five years. Gen. William C. of Indian poverty in general. and gratitude even if it's only one. Westmoreland, the American commander in My family is no longer on Welfare. My Vietnam, said recently that his men had There being no objection, the letter mother works as an aid for the poverty pro­ made "tremendous progress." Secretary of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, gram in Cloquet. My sister has completed State Dean Rusk said the enemy was "hurt­ as follows: beauty school and is working. ing very badly." RIDGEWAY RoOFING CO., I feel my entire family has bettered from "Salemate" is a fighting word In Washing­ Hastings, M i nn., April 1, 1967. this fine program. ton. President Johnson rejects it as a de­ BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, I only wish I knew a way to express my scription of the situation in Vietnam. But Bemidji, Minn. thoughts, experiences and viewpoints to it-is the word used by almost all Americans DEAR SIRs: This letter Is an expression of future students of this program and the here, except the top officials, to characterize gratitude from a successful mother, wife and entire staff of BIA and taxpayers of the what is happening. They use the word for business woman. I can say successful wit h country. many reasons, including the following: complete confidence In the word and full I have many people to thank for my pres­ UThe Americans and their allies, having knowledge of what It means. ent status, but, I want to extend special killed by their own count 200,000 enemy My fullest gratitude and thanks are ex­ thanks to your office and our government. troops, now face the largest enemy force they tended to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. I hope this letter wlll inspire you and your have ever faced; 297,000 men, again by their Up until I was seventeen I lived at home staff to continue your efforts. I cannot repay own count. with my mother and seven other children. this opportunity you have given me, but I UThe enemy has progressed from captured As far back as I can recall we had always do hope this letter serves as a small reward. rlfies and skimpy supplies to rockets, artil­ been on welfare. Sincerely yours, lery, heavy mortars, a family of automatic Upon reaching 18 I felt I had to make a KAREN WALLACE RIDGEWAY . infantry weapons and fiame throwers, most decision with my life. I applied to the BIA of which has been brought into South Viet­ for an educational loan. Since I was a high nam in the face of American air power. school dropout I didn't h ave much of a choice SOMBER PICTURE OF U.S. EFFORTS U1.2 million allied troops have been able of vocations. Beauty school seemed to be the IN VIETNAM to secure only a fraction of a country less Answer. It was a fairly short course that re­ than one and a half times the size of New quired uv~~lng in mathematics, history, etc. Mr. KENNEDY of New York. Mr. York State. My request W;:'v ~~ . ~ ted. I entered Robin­ President, an important appraisal of U.S. UThe allies are reaching the bottom of tl> son's Beauty School in Mill11eapolis. I did not efforts in Vietnam was published on Au­ ready manpower pool, while the North V have an easy time as your records will verify. gust 7 by the New York Times. In an ex­ namese have committed only one-fifth As I look back now I realize this stemmed haustive account of military, political, their regular army. from my environment an d family situation. UAbove all, If the North Vietnamese and We children grew up without a father in and economic developments, corre­ R. Americans troops were magically whisked the house. My mother did her best to bring spondent W. Apple, Jr., paints a som­ away, the South Vietnamese regime would us up properly but that was not enough since ber picture which should give pause to almost certainly crumble within months, so the father is always the controlling factor in those who see greater military effort as little have the root problems have touched. a family. the solution to our dilemma. He writes: Not having the discipline or guidance In ENEMY'S TENACITY DEFIES AWESOME U.S. EFFoaT my formative years I found it quite difficult In the opinion of most disinterested ob­ It Is true, as General Westmoreland has t ;, adjust to rules and regulations. servers, victory Is not close at hand. It m ay often said, that the United States has built There were at least three times I was be beyond reach. It is clearly unlikely in the an awesome lOgistical empire in Vietnam, resigned to the fact I wasn't going to finish. next year, or even the next two years. And that the enemy seldom wins a major battle, I'm sure the school instructors, my house­ American officers talk somberly about fight­ that more highways are open than before, mother, and perhaps even the BIA felt like­ ing here for decades. that American bombers have severely ham­ wise. At the time Miss Kohl was with the In my judgment, the article dramat­ pered Hanoi's war effort, that the Vietcong Minneapolis Bureau. She and I had m any ically illustrates the need for new Amer­ are suffering. long talks during these trying times. But the enemy continues to fight with I would like to commend this fine person ican initiatives to bring about a negoti­ tenacity, imagination and courage, and no for her straight t alking and confidence in me. ated settlement of the war. I ask unani­ one knows when he will stop. Her encouragement and perseverance came mous consent to have it printed in the The goal of American policy, simply through. RECORD. stated, is to defeat, together with the other I finished school with good recommenda­ There being no objection, the article allies, the Vietcong gueITillas and their tions. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, backers, the North Vietnamese, so that Being surprisingly adept at this particular as fQllows: South Vietnam's nationalists can transform sklll I had several job offers. I accepted and their society into something strong and worked for 2 years In a salon in the suburb VIETNAM: THE SIGNS OF STALEMATE durable. of Edina. This area being the elite of Min­ (By R. W. Apple Jr.) Originally, American troops were to form a neapolis. SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM, August 6.- A little series of dikes, or military shields, around Living and social standards were quite more than two years ago, on July 28, 1965, critical areas, so that the South Vietnamese different to me. This was to be my turning President Johnson committed the United sheltered from North Vietnam's regulars, ground for usage of correct English language, States more decisively than ever to the war could regroup and build. tact, and the art of dealing with people and in Vietnam by announcing the deployment This is still the role of the gallant marines the public. I left there not as I came, but, a of 50,000 more American troops to this along the demilitarized ZOBe, facing the much better person for it. stricken corner of Southeast Asia. North Vietnamese homeland, who have lost I then secured a job in Hastings, Minne­ Last Thursday, in response to the urgent 10,000 men killed or wounded since Jan. 1; sota. A year later I opened my own shop. It entreaties of his commanders, Mr. Johnson of the Fourth Infantry Division, along the was quite small, but, a big step for me. In disclosed that he would send 45,000 to 50,000 Cambodian border, and of other dlvlslons December of 1966 I purchased my second more men, for a total of 525,000, by next June that mount search-and-destroy operations salon which is quite large. I now have nine 30. In enemy base areas. beauticians and myself employed. Between these two bench marks of the AMERICANS FRUSTRATED BY HIT-AND-RUt In addition to this I am employed by most frustrating confiict in American history ASSAULTS Clairol Company, Inc. as a platform artist. the fighting has careened along, week by It Is galling work. Because the enemy ca I have traveled to many states for this com- bloody week, through wet seasons and dry, fade Into redoubts or across borders where .January 30, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 81055 ferred; and, without objection, the bill subsections (a) and (b) of section 505 of this elementary and secondary schools will will be printed in the RECORD, and held Act shall pay to the Secretary a fee of not less require 232,400 new teachers, while only than $75 for each new drug application and at the desk, as requested by the Senator a fee of not less than $25 for each new drug 63,100 new teachers are expected to grad­ , Wisconsin. supplemental filed with the Secretary. Such uate from college in 1966, leaving a e bill (S. 720) to amend the Fed­ fees, when collected, shall be credited to the shortage of 169,300. By 1975 we will eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, M revolving fund established pursuant to para­ need an additional 390,000 teachers in amended, in order to provide for the pub­ graph (4) of this subsection." elementary and secondary schools. lishing of a U.S. Drug Compendium, and A serious teacher shortage is affecting for other purposes, introduced by Mr. a number of States throughout the Na­ NELSON, was received, read twice by its DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHER AID tion. New York City which employs one­ title, referred to the Committee on Labor PROGRAMS third of the State's teachers was short and Public Welfare, and ordered to be Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I send to 12,000 teachers this fall. Chicago had printed in the RECORD, as follows: the desk a bill for myself and Senators 600 vacancies in slum areas, the sections s . 720 PELL, MUSKIE, MONDALE, and CLARK, to where the need for decent education is Be it enacted by the Senate and House 01 encourage the development of teacher most desperate. Ohio experienced a Representatives 01 the Uni t ed States 01 aid programs in the schools of the Na­ 12.2-percent increase in resignations ' America tn Congress assembled, That (a ) tion. among its teachers. Across the Nation, section 201 (g) (1) of the Federal Food, Drug, I ask unanimous consent that the bill with few exceptions, the situation is the and Cosmetic Act, as amended (21 U.S.C. b . ted' th R th same. 321(g) (1», is amended by striking out "or e prIll III e ECORD at e conclu- olllcial National Formulary" and inserting in sion of my remarks. The reasons for this shortage are lieu thereof "olllcial National Formulary, or The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill many. United States Drug Label Compendium". will be received and appropriately re- A career in industry proves more at­ (b) Section 201(j) of such Act, as amended ferred; and, without objection, the bill tractive to many young people than life (21 U.S.C. 321 (j) ), is amended by inserting will be printed in the RECORD. in a schoolroom. This factor is directly Immediately after "olllcial National For- Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I ask related to the inadequate salaries we pay mulary," the following : "or United States unanimous consent that at the conclu­ our teachers. A high school teacher of Drug Label Compendium,". SEC. 2. Section 503(a) of the Federal Food, sion of my remarks, a sampling of letters physics or chemistry stands to earn a Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (21 that I have received on this proposal for starting salary of $2,000 a year less than U.S.C. 353) , is amended to read as follows: teachers--mainly from the State of Wis- his colleague in private industry, both "(a) The Secretary is hereby directed to consin and some from elsewhere-be having the same education and the same promulgate regulations exempting from any printed in the RECORD immediately after background. labeling or packaging requirement, Including the conclusion of my remarks. I ask The national average salary for a any packaging insert requirement, of this that the bill be printed after the print­ teacher stands today at $6,506. Top sal­ Act drugs or devices which are, in accordance ing of these letters. aries in the public schools range from with the practice of the trade, to be pro- cessed, labeled, or repacked In substantial The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without $4,220 in some Kentucky counties to quantities at establishments other than those objection, it is so ordered. $11,950 in New York City. Statewide where they were originally processed or (See exhibit 1,) averages vary from $8,600 in California packed, or which have been listed in the Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I have to $4,300 in Mississippi. United States Drug Label Compendium, on sent to the desk, for appropriate referral Community colleges and junior col­ c ndltlon that such drugs or devices are not to committee, a bill for the creation and leges attract many high school teachers. '.erated or misbranded, under the provi- implementation of a nationwide teacher The pay is higher and the prestige great­ of this Act upon removal from such processing, labeling, or repacking establish- aid program. This proposed legislation er for a college teacher. Junior colleges ment." would be a major step toward relieving employ 65,000 teachers today as com­ SEC. 3. Section 505 of the Federal Food, the burdens of the elementary and sec­ pared to 26,000 only 5 years ago. Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (21 ondary classroom teacher through the It is clear that a major effort must be U.S.C. 355) , is amended by adding at the end utilization of teacher aid, personnel made to retain teachers now employed thereof a new subsection as follows: qualified to perform clerical and moni- and to attract imaginative and dedi­ "(k) (1) To aid In the administration of t . It k . d f te h d this Act, prqvlde accurate information on ona as s now reqUIre 0 ac ers an , cated new young people to the teaching new drugs for health agencies of the Federal, under the supervision of certified teach­ profeSSion. State, local, and foreign governments, and to ers, to assist children in need of addi­ Teachers are alone among professional enhance the practice of medicine generally, tional instruction and attention. people in the volume of nonprofessional the Secretary shall publish a United States Before describing the particular pro­ work they are required to do. Patrolling Drug Label Compendium. Such compen- visions of this bill, it would be of value school grounds before and after the dIum shall list all new drugs which have been to discuss the problems of teacher re­ schoolday and during recess, supervising approved for marketing and shall list such cnIitment faced today in the United cafeterias during lunch hour, standing drugs by their olllclal names. Such compen- dium shall also include the text of the re- States, and to understand the problems watch in corridors between periods, dis­ qulred labels for all such new drugs. we hope to solve. tributing and collecting materials as well "(2) The Secretary shall publish the Unlt- Three out of each 10 Americans are as other clerical jobs, are but few of the ed States Drug Label Compendium not less enrolled in school, at a current annual cumbersome tasks required of today's frequently than once a year, wlt~perlod1c . cost of $50 billion. They are taught by teacher. The teacher's job has become Updating not less frequently than four times over 2,800,000 teachers in elementary and loaded down with nonteaching duties. a ~~(a:i Within three months after the enact- secondary schools, colleges, and universi­ Teachers must continue to follow new ment of this paragraph, the Secretary shall ties throughout the United States. developments in their fields. A letter to appoint an advisory committee, conSisting of And the number of students is growing. me signed by a group of some 20 school­ six persons qualified in the pharmaceutical In the fall of 1966, 43 million students teachers from Madison, Wis., listed the field, at least two of whom shall be physicians were enrolled in the Nation's elementary duties they must perform, in addition to duly llcensed to practice under the applicable and secondary public schools. Since last teaching: statutes of any of the states. It shall be the year enrollment has risen 2.6 percent. 1. Supervising the lunchroom. function of such advisory committee to ad- Yet an estimated 1 million students will 2. Itemizing monthly lunch bills for each vise the Secretary periodically on matters per- pupil. taining to the publication of the United become dropouts during this academic 3. Supervising the playground during the States Drug Label Compendium. year. noon hour. "(4) The Secretary is authOrized, when- Eleven million American adults have 4. Collecting lunch money. ever funds have been appropriated for such not completed the sixth grade"and 3 mil­ 5. Collecting savings stamp money. purpose, to establish a revolving fund which lion are totally illiterate. 6. Collecting photograph money. shall be used for the purpose of publishing Despite the mammoth efforts made by 7. Selling tickets for school events. the United States Drug Label Compendium Government and educators, students re- 8. Collecting P.T.A. dues. ~h year (and the periodic updating turning to school this fall were met with 'Of) . 9. Pre-school supervision (due to bus . ) The Secretary shall require that any a national teacher shortage' of 72,500. schedule) . person making application with respect to It is estimated that in the school year 10. Post-school supervision (due to bus any new drug pursuant to the provisions of beginning in September 1967 the Nation's schedule). S1056 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 30, 196~ 11. Dally, quarterly, yearly attendance re- Third. Routine room duties, house- joy greater individual attention by ports. keeping. teachers freed from clerical and moni­ 12. Yearbook orders and collecting money. Fourth. Record attendance. 13. Checking standardized tests. torial duties. 14. Playground recess duty. Fifth. Keep milk records. The technical workings of the bilI 15. Typing dittos. Sixth. Correct objective tests and drill machinery for the program's opel' 16. Preparing duplicated materials. exercises. will insure that local control over the Seventh. DistIibute supplies. projects will be complete. The added responsibility of perform­ Eighth. File records. Applications for the teacher aid pro­ ing tedious nonteaching tasks has a Ninth. Type study help. gram will be filed jointly by the local greater effect than merely being time Tenth. Assist with reports--cumula­ educational agency and a local college consuming. tive records. or university who will conduct the pre­ The teacher's image as a professional Eleventh. Errands and phone calls. service training course for the aids. person is tarnished and his morale is Twelfth. Assist with clothes, boots, Teachers and principals of participat­ adversely affected. The years of study and so forth. ing schools will attend these sessions and and intensive training teachers undergo Thirteenth. Read stories. adequate inservice followup by the uni­ result not only in inadequate salaries Fourteenth. Assist in supervision of ac­ versity will enable any difficulties in the but in relegation to menial tasks that his tivities. program's operation to be discovered and fellow professionals, lawyers, technicians, Fifteenth. Qualified personnel would resolved. and scientists do not have to do. help children in need of individual at­ Events in the world of the 1960's move An idealistic, highly motivated young tention and instruction, under the super­ swiftly; how life will appear in the future person can hardly be faulted for his re­ vision of qualified teachers. we can but imagine. luctance to embark on a teaching career. Their first partial list of jobs need not Whether the United States shall con­ In recent years, 1 million persons have be limited to these tasks alone. Local tinue to lead in the world of the 1970's left the teaching profession. school administrators, principals, and and 1980's is dependent upon her schools. The children are also victimized by this teachers can best determine the capacity A strong and vital system of public system. How can a teacher, so immersed in which teacher aids can serve. education will assure that America shall in trivia, give proper attention and Teacher aid projects are now under­ prosper. A weakened, inefficient, Amer­ counsel to his students? way in many school districts throughout ican school system can bring comfort President Kennedy said: the country. Under title I of the Ele­ only to those who wish our Nation ill. Our progress as a nation can be no swifter mentary and Secondary Education Act In maintaining an efI.ective system of than our progress In education. The human approximately 6,000 school districts have education we fulfill our responsibility to mind Is our fundamental resource. employed aids in their disadvantaged our children and to generations yet un­ The educational crisis facing our neighborhoods. born. Nation must be met with new and imagi­ In Wisconsin 340 aids are now em­ I believe government and educators native ideas. The problems created by ployed under title I and other programs. shall continue their outstanding coop­ modern society and technology are new Almost 55,000 are employed in the United eration in this endeavor. and so must the solutions be new. Old States. None of the newly created and newly patterns of thought and policy must be Eleven pilot projects in this field were proposed education legislation can singly replaced when circumstances prove them conducted by Bank Street College of revamp the structure of education in the outmoded. Education in New York City last summer. United States. The National Teacher Corps, spon­ They were financed under a grant from Together their impact will be felt sored by Senator EDWARD KENNEDY and the Office of Economic Opportunity. the revitalization of our educational myself, was a device to afford the edu­ Four additional projects are currently tem realized. cationally disadvantaged slum child an underway. Mr. President, since I announced my opportunity · to receive the increased Auxiliary personnel trainees included intention to introduce the teacher aid instruction and attention he so desper­ low-income whites in Appalachia and ·program legislation, I have received ately needs. The Teacher Corps also at­ Negroes and Puerto Ricans in East Har­ many letters from teachers and school tracts dedicated idealistic young people lem, Mexican-Americans in California officials expressing their enthusiasm for into the teaching profession. and residents of the slums of Detroit. this idea. The utilization of teacher aides can The detailed, in-depth report of these These letters, which I have asked to be a valuable tool in reshaping the pro­ trainees' experiences has not yet been have printed in the RECORD, have come fessional image of the teacher. published but it was immediately ap­ from my own State of Wisconsin and There are large numbers of talented, parent that many benefits would be from several other States as well. conscientious housewives and other per­ realized by both educator and trainee Teachers describe in the letters the sonnel able to spend part or all of the alike. burdens they now bear because of the school day at work. Other projects implementing teacher mass nonteaching tasks they must per­ These people, some having college aids have been developed by local school form. The teacher aid program would credits and others even possessing de­ districts throughout the country. relieve them of these jobs and enable grees will play a valuable role in their It would be most sensible to coordinate them to do what they were trained to local educational system. the efforts being made under such pro­ do-to teach. Three categories of aides may be grams as ESEA, MDTA, and OEO into I ask unanimous consent that an ar­ drawn: one teacher aid program throughout the ticle from the February issue of Grade school aides--who would assist with Nation, and to expand it. Teacher entitled "Teacher Aids, How general noninstructional school ac­ The functions of the aids may vary They Can Be of Real Help," be printed tivities. substantially among the different com­ in the RECORD at the conclusion of my Clerical aides--who would assist with munities depending on the need. remarks. The article, written by Wayne the mechanical tasks in libraries, school One of the greatest difficulties middle­ Herman of the University of Maryland, offices and other locations. class teachers face when working in slum College of Education, describes over 75 Classroom aides--persons qualified to area schools is in the communication different tasks that could be performed work under the supervision of a teacher barrier standing between themselves and by teacher aids. in the classroom in supervisory pupil the students. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without activities. Residents of their neighborhood, objection, it is so ordered. The list of specific tasks, now per­ trained to assist the teacher, can help the (See exhibit 2'> formed by teachers, that could be done child become familiar with the ways of EXHIBIT 1 by aides is convincing evidence of the the school as well as help the teacher to MADISON, WIS., trivia now burdening our teachers. A better understand the student. December 12, 1966. sampling of these jobs include: Parents of these slum school students Senator GAYLORD NELSON, First. Patrolling school corridors and can also develop a better relationship Senate Office Build.ing, Washington, D.C. grounds between periods and dUling with school authorities through the aids. DEAR SENATOR NELSON: We have been dis­ recess. This program will not be limited to cussing your proposal for teacher aides. Second. Monitoring lunch rooms. only slum schools. All students will en- Each year the list of our non-teaching re- .. january 30, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 81057

sponsib11lties grows and so far there has been teacher aides In the schools can provide a appeared in the State Journal one ot the only one choice----quit teaching. We feel valuable service to the children of our na­ elementary teachers in our Monona Grove that our time should be spent planning, tion's schools and to the teacher aides system called at 7:45 to ask whether I had ching, and evaluating. themselves. seen the item and if we couldn't do some­ '00 much ot our time is consumed by: I am taking the liberty of sending you a thing to show our strong support. It there . supervising the lunchroom copy of the research of our 1965-66 teacher is anything you think the Monona Grove 2. itemizing monthly lunch bUls tor each aide program. I would like to olfer my Education Association can do, please let us pupil assistance in any way to promote this know. 3. supervising the playground during the program. Yours very truly, noon hour Sincerely, JANE E. BJORKLUND, 4. collecting lunch money FREDRICK V. HAYEN, Chairman, L egislative Committee. 5. collecting savings stamp money Oonsultant. 6. collecting photograph money MADISON PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 7. sell1ng tickets for school events BOARD OF EDUCATION, Madison, Wis., December 15, 1966. 8 . collecting P .T.A. dues Norwalk, Oonn., January 18, 1967. Hon. GAYLORD NELSON, 9. pre-school supervision (due to bus Senator GAYLORD NELSON, U.S. Senate, schedule) U.S. Oongress, Washington, D.O. 10. post-school supervision (due to bus WaShington, D .O. DEAR SENATOR NELSON: It was gratifying to schedule) DEAR SENATOR NELSON : It was With great me to learn of your proposal to introduce 11. daily, quarterly, yearly attendance re- interest that I read in the periodical Nation's legislation which would create "a national ports Schools that you have plans to introduce a teacher aide program" designed to relieve 12. yearbook orders and collecting money National Teacher Aide Program. This arti­ the classroom teachers of many non-teaching 13. checking standardized tests cle also mentions that there would be two duties. Such a program, I am certain would 14. playground recess duty facets to your proposed legislation. One be welcomed by most school administrators. 15. typing dittos would concern itself with training college Legislation of this type is highly desirable 16. preparing duplicated materials graduates to work With pupils in the class­ and essential especially if school systems are 17. collecting physical examination forms room. The second would be concerned With to be able to provide a quality educational 18. indoor noon hour supervision every training persons who have less education, to program in the face of a limited supply of inclement day take over many non-teaching chores such classroom teachers. I am sure I need not 19. cleaning the teachers' room as monitoring study halls and performing remind you that most school systems 20. applying first ald paper work. throughout the nation had a difficult time 21. correspondence requesting materiais I would like to take this opportunity to filUng their teaching vacancies for the 22. stapling congratulate you on trying to bring to the 1966- 67 school year. A program such as you 23. dusting the classroom nation's public schoois the need that we in propose would be a valuable assist to school We are performing the job of accountants, Norwalk have recognized for many years. We administrators in obtaining maximum use clerical workers, nurses, policemen, janitors, have worked with Teacher Aides, almost all of the professional talents of the available and last-teachers. of them Without college training, in a di­ classroom teachers. versified and large area. The main purpose No more time for correspondence--super­ Equally critical, however, is your concern vision begins. We are hoping for some help that I am writing this letter, is to hope that the legislation would be broad enough so for relief of the property owner from the soon. overburdened property tax. I share this con­ Sincerely yours, that the Teacher Aides who do not have col­ lege education are not confined or restricted cern With you as do most other school Marcia Grant, Grace Feller, Mrs. Ruth administrators. Millin, Miss Else Solberg, Mrs. V. Hazel­ to a given or set number of tasks. We have berg, Mrs. Luc1lle Setz, Mr. John R. found that they can perform many tasks Fiscal dependence of a school district upon Keyes, Miss Loretta Healy, Mrs. Fran­ that at first we didn't realize could be done the property tax as a major source of its ces Brown, Miss Helen Bon Durant, by a nonprofessional. revenue becomes more critical with each Mrs. Jean Kleckner, Miss Mary Lin­ I am taking the liberty of sending a copy passing year. The mere fact that the im­ hardt, Miss Ruth Vegerus, Mrs. Sherry of our outline in which we train aides, to pact upon the property owners increases each Mae Innes, Miss Annetta McLeod, Mrs. show you some of the dilferent areas covered year poses a potential threat to the quality by our work. It in any way we at the Nor­ of the educational program in many school Sharon MatZinger, Mrs. Elsie Thomp- districts. Increasing demands of educa­ 80n, Mrs. lone Upholf, Mrs. Jean IDa­ walk Schools can be of any help in supplying vac. information please feel free to call upon us. tional programs, cost of supplies, salary in­ Sincerely yours, . creases, and rising building costs portend MAYWOOD SCHOOL, MILTON W ARTENBERG, even greater financial needs for schoois in the future. The lim1tations of the present Monona, Wis., December 16,1966. Director 01 Ourriculum. SENATOR GAYLORD NELSON, school revenue sources makes it increasingly Senate Office Building, MADISON, WIS., difficult each year to provide the youth of Washington, D .O. December 8, 1966. today with the kind and quality of educa­ DEAR SENATOR NELSON: Your proposal to Senator GAYLORD NELSON, tion which wlll be required to live in a Senate Office Building, world which becomes smaller, more complex Initiate a teacher's aid program is a positive and more interdependent each day. step forward in the educational field. For Washington, D.O. many years other professions have had an DEAR SENATOR NELSON: I was elated to read Local economy measures to relieve the over­ aid program so they could be more beneficial in the Capital Times that you are sponsor­ burdened property owner appear limited to society. ing a b1ll for teacher aides! especially since the number of public agen­ You have our support for this proposal. It is true that many teachers leave the cies competing for available public funds With aids, teachers can use their creative and profession because of the non-teaChing tasks. appears to be increasing each year. Rel1ef specialized sk1lls to a much better advantage. Each year the list of such tasks becomes of the property owner at the expense ot the Sincerely, longer. school system at the local level would only Sam Bahler, Cathie Swenson, Sharon I Will be eagerly watChing to see the out­ result in an unhealthy crowding ot class­ Klein, Carolyn Manson, Kathleen Dorn, come of your bill. For the sake of better rooms, increased pupil-teacher ratios, and Lynda Bottle, Ethel West, Karen Kies­ teaching I do hope you succeed. the lowering of our present standards of in­ sling, Jeannette Nelson, Elizabeth Sincerely, struction. A continuing increase of the W1lllams, Gloria Lundquist, Kathleen Miss ELSE SOLBERG. financial burden placed upon the property Nelson, Susan Brockel, Richard Mig­ owners does not appear feasible nor com­ agaen, Wilma Reuter, Joyce Saueres­ MONONA GROVE, pletely fair since property ownership is not sig, Joyce LUpi, Leone Helstad, Judy EDUCATION AsSOCIATION, necessarily a measure of taxpaying ab1l1ty. Van Ryzin, Jennie Seiberlich, Mary Madison, Wis., December 9, 1966. This is especially true of property owners Ann Steckling, Jeanette Liska, Kath­ Senator GAYLORD NELSON, who must live on low incomes or well earned leen Haring. Senate Office Building, and deserved fixed pensiOns. Washington, D.O. I am aware that the positive and negative MINNEAPOLIS PuBLIC SCHOOLS, DEAR SENATOR NELSON : What can we do to aspects of this question are so intermixed Minneapolis, Minn., January 13, 1967. help get the support necessary to see your and that local conditions vary so much HON. GAYLORD NELSON, proposal for a national teacher aide program throughout the nation that no simple for­ U.S. Senate, adopted by the next Congress? Is there any mula can be prescribed. However, it appears Washington, D.O. hope in the face of the current mood for to me that the most profitable and workable DEAR SENATOR NELSON: I recently heard of curtailing everything in the budget not di­ solution can only be attained through joint . interest in a national teacher aide pro- rected toward Vietnam? Many, many teach­ action of federal, state and local govern­ . I want to assure you of our support ers have felt all along that there is more mental agencies. I support whole heartedly for a program of this kind. Our experiences need for personnel than for all the new gadg­ your proposal to seek legislation which would with teacher aides in the past lV. years leads ets that we don't have time to use properly. strengthen and expand the financial re­ us to believe that the use of lay persons as The morning the news about your proposal sources ot the state and the communities 81058 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 30, 196'7,... and would bring some measure of relief for 6. Correcting homework and workbooks; SEMI-INSTRUCTIONAL FUNCTIONS the property owner. noting and reporting weak areas. 1. Conferring with other teachers and the Sincerely, 7. Proofreading class newspaper. principal about speCific children. ROBERT D. Gn-BERTS, 8. Ordering and returning films, film­ 2. InterViewing children with specific p Superintendent. strips, and other A-V materiais. lems. 9. Telephoning parents about routine mat­ 3. Observing child behavior and writ LADYSMITH HIGH SCHOOL, ters. reports. Ladysmith, Wis., December 29, 1966. 10. FiUng correspondence and other re­ 4. Preparing Informal tests and other Senator GAYLORD NELSON, ports in chlldren's records. evaluative Instruments, U.S. Senate Office Building, 11. Distributing books and supplies to 5. Preparing instructional materiais: cut­ Washington, D.C. children. outs, master copies, fiannel board materials, DEAR SENATOR: As a teacher With ten years 12. Distributing and collecting spooific science materials, social studies displays, of experience I was more than gratified to materials for lessons, such as writing paper, concrete teaching aids for arithmetic, etc. read about your speech before the National art paper, and supplies. 6. Arranging bulletin board displays for Committee for Support of the Public Sc1;100ls 13. Procuring, setting up, operating, and teaching purposes, such as fiow charts. in which you proposed a national teacher's returning instructional equlpment. 7. Arranging Interesting and inviting cor­ aid program. 14. RequiSitioning supplies. ners for learning: science or recreational It onIy parents and the general public 15. Building up resource collections. reading areas, investigative areas. would realize how much they are paying 16. Sending for free and inexpensive ma­ 8. Keeping bulletin boards current. highly trained people to perform routine terials. 9. Preparing Introductions to A-V mate­ clerical tasks while they should be teaching, 17. Obtaining special materials for science rials that give children background for veiw­ they would be appalled. The average busi­ or other projects. ingthem. nessman could not survive using his highly 18. Completing necessary records and 10. Developing techniques nad materials to skilled people in this wa y. Yet our schools bringing other information up to date for meet individual differences, such as rewrit­ continue to do so year after year. cumulative records. Ing reading materials down for less-able I have invested five years of my life and 19. Keeping attendance records. readers, developing study guides, taping a great deal of money preparing for my 20. Entering evaluative marks in the reading assignments for less-able readers. chosen profession. Now I would appreciate teacher's marking book. 11. Supervising club meetings. very much being given the opportunity "to 21. Averaging academic marks and pre­ 12. Supervising seatwork calling for some teach" instead of being relegated to the paring report cards. judgment. status of a highly paid clerk. 22. Completing school and county reports. 13. Supervising committees engaged In Your proposal would be a great step in 23 . Keeping records of books chlldren have painting murals, constructing, researching, this direction. read. or experimenting. Sincerely, 24. Supervising the playground, cafeteria, 14. Teaching a part of the class about a DONALD R. RUBOW, and loading and unloading of buses. simple understanding, skill, or appreciation. Teacher. 25. Supervising the classroom when the 15. Teaching a small and temporary in­ teacher has to leave it. structional group, such as on the use of the EXHmIT 2 26. Arranging and supervising indoor comma or overcoming slang. games on rainy days. 16. Tutoring Individual children: the [From Grade Teacher, February 1967] 27. Preparing and supervising work areas, bright or the less able. TEACHER AIDES: How THEY CAN BE OF such as mixing paints, putting drop-cloths 17. Reviewing, summarizing, or evaluating REAL HELP " down, arranging materials for accessiblllty, learnings. (Using a helper effectively is not as simple etc. 18. Teaching children who missed instruc­ as it may seem. Here are suggestions for . 28. Supervising cleanup time. tion because they were out of the room for tasks that can ease the teacher's load with­ 29. Organizing and supervising the intra­ remedial reading or speech therapy; repp~~ out conflicting with basic instruction.) mural athletic program. Ing assignments. (By Wayne L. Herman, College of Education, 30. Accounting for and Inventorying non­ 19. Helping pupils who were absent to University of Maryland) consumable classroom stock: books, text­ caught up with the rest of the class In con­ books, dictionaries, reference books, athletic tent, skills, appreciations. One of the problems that increa.sing num­ gear, etc. 20. Assisting children with their composi­ bers of teachers and principals have to face 31, Checking out books in central library tions and other writings: spelltng, punctua­ when funds become available for teacher and other supervisory duties. tion, and grammer assistance. aides is: "Now that we have the aides, what 32. Managing room libraries. 21. Listening to oral reading by children. are we going to do with them?" 33. Supervising seatwork. 22. Instructing children on the proper use This isn't as humorous as it may seem. 34. Typing teacher correspondence to par­ and safety of tools. The fact is, there is very lit tie advice avail­ ents. 23. Settllng pupll disputes and fights. able on just how teacher aides can be worked 35. Typing and duplicating mass commu­ 24. Teaching good manners. into an efficient "and productive classroom nications. routine. I know because I have been asked 25. Contributing one's talents in art, 3. Typing, duplicating, and collating In­ dramatiCS, music, crafts, etc. the question many times and have attempted structional materials. 26. Reading and storytelling. to find sources of helpful information with­ 37. Typing and duplicating the class news­ out much luck. As a result, I have done paper. 27. Helping with the preparations of audi­ considerable research on my own and have torium plays and programs. come up with a list of possible duties that 38. Typing and duplicating chlldren's writings and other work. 28. Previewing films and other A-V mate­ may be useful to those blessed with an alde rials. for the first time. 39. Typing and duplicating scripts for plays and skits. Because every school system has its own The bill (S.721) to encourage the de­ 40. Making arrangements for field trips, pollcy regarding the functio~ of aides, and velopment of teacher aid programs in because personnel qualifications vary wideiy, collecting parental permission forms, etc. the schools of the Nation, introduced by the following list is intended only to offer 41. Keeping and maintaining a folder of Mr. NELSON (for himself and other Sen­ suggestions. No one school Will employ aides representative work for each pupll. • ators), was received, read twice by its in all of the capacities mentioned, but all of 42. Telephoning and making arrangements title, referred to the Committee on La­ them are functions that have been tried and for special classroom resource speakers. found successful at one school or another 43. Displaying pupil work. bor and Public Welfare, and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: around the country. For convenience in 44. Attending to housekeeping chores. S. 721 separating basic duties, the list is ~vided 45. Helping With children's clothing. into two parts-one for routine jobs requir­ Be it enacted by the Senate and House 01 ing no instructional skills, and one for more 46. Setting up and maintaining controls on seating arangements. Representatives Of the United States Of Amer­ advanced duties involving some instructional ica in Congress assembled, That this Act may responsibility. 47. Routine weighing, measuring, and eye be cited as the "Teacher Aid Program Sup­ NON-INSTRUCTIONAL FUNCTIONS testing (by chart). port Act of 1967". 48. Administering first aid and taking care AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS 1. Collecting lunch and milk money. of sick and hurt chlldren, telephoning par­ 2. Collecting supplementary books and ents to pick up a sick or hurt child, taking SEC. 2. There are authorized to be appro­ materials for instruction. home a child who does not have a telephone. priated $50,000,000 for the fiscal year end­ 3. Collecting and displaying pictures, ob­ ing June 30, 1968, $100,000,000 for the fiscal jects, reaUa, and models. 49. Taking an injured chlld to a doctor or year ending June 30, 1969, and $150,000 4. Collecting money for charity drives, pu­ hospital. each for the fiscal year ending June 30, : pll pictures, trips. etc. 50. TelephonIng parents of absent chll­ and for the two succeeding fiscal years, 5. Correcttng standardized and informal dren. enable the Commissioner of Education to tests and preparing pupil profiles and soat­ 51. Telephoning parents to verify notes re­ make grants to local educational agencies and tergrams. questing that children leave school early. institutions of higher education to asSist .r January 30, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 81059 them in carrying out projects for the de­ bears to the nUInber of such children In all (d) The term "State educational agency" velopment of teacher aid programs pro­ the States. To the extent that it is deter­ means the state board of education or other vided for In appllcatlons approved under this mined by the Commissioner that the amount agency or officer primarily responsible for p apportioned to any State will not be required the State supervision of public elementary PROVAL OF PROJECT APPLICATIONS for grants in that State, such amount shall -and secondary schools, or, it there is no such . officer or agency, an officer or agency desig­ SEC. 3. (a) The Commlssloner may approve be available for grants in other states able an appllcatlon for a project under this Act to use additional grants pursuant to this nated by the Governor or by State law. only if the appllcatlon Is submitted Jointly Act. Such amounts for any year shall be (e) The term "State" Includes, in addition apportioned among such other States on the to the several States of the Union, the Dis­ by a local educational agency and an Insti­ same basis as the Original apportionment tution of higher education and If he de­ trict of Columbia. Puerto Rico, Wake Island, termines that--- for such year. Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, (1) the project Is designed to provide a DEFINITIONS and the Trust Territory of the PaCific Islands. combined program of trainlng and experi­ SEC. 6. As used in this Act- FEDERAL CONTROL OF EDUCATION PROHm ITED ence to prepare persons to serve as teacher (a) The term "teacher aid" means assist­ SEC. 7. Nothing contained In this Act shall aids in preschool and elementary and sec­ ant to teachers, llbrary aides, school recrea­ be construed to authorize any department, ondary education programs; tion aids and other ancllary educational per­ agency, officer, or employee of the United (2) the project Is part of a comprehensive sonnel who are under the supervision of States to exercise any direction, supervision, program for Improved utlllzation of educa­ professional members of the school stalI, but or control over the curriculum, program of tional personnel In schools where the teacher the term does not include persons who are Instruction, administration, or personnel of aids are to serve; primarily responsible for the Instruction of any educational Institution or school system, (3) the project Is designed to provide more pupils. or over the selection of library resources, text­ indlvlduallzed attention for students and to (b) The term "local educational agency" books, or other printed or published Instruc­ relieve teachers and other professional staft' means a public board of education or other tional materials by and educational institu­ of functions which can be performed com­ public authority legally constituted within a tion or school system. petently by teacher aids under the super­ State for either adm1nlstratlve control or di­ vision of professional stalI; rection of, or to perform a service function (4) the institution of higher education for publlc elementary or secondary schools RAIL-HIGHWAY SAFETY partlclpe.tlng In the project will undertake in a city, county, township, school district, LEGISLATION to provide preservlce training programs to or other political subdivision of a state, or prepare persons to become teacher aids and such combination of school districts or coun­ Ml'. McGOVERN. Mr. President, I to provide, to the extent practicable, pre­ ties as are recognized In a State as an ad­ introduced, for appropriate reference, service programs bringing together teacher minlstrative agency for its public elementary a bill to promote rail-highway safety by aids and the teachers and other educational or secondary schools. Such term also in­ personnel who will be supervising them; cludes any other public institution or agency requiring light reflecting markings on (5) the institution of higher education having administrative control and direction railroad locomotives and cars. and the local educational agency participat­ of a public elementary or secondary school. This measure is identical to one which ing in each project have satisfactory plans (c) The term "Institution of higher edu­ I introduced in the latter part of the for Inaintaining cooperative arrangements cation" means an educational institution 89th Congress. throughout the three-year duration of the in any State which (1) admits as regular I am firmly convinced that many lives project in order to relate inservice and sum­ students only persons having a certificate of would be saved by using reflective paint mer tra1n1ng programs to the work experi­ graduation from a school providing sec­ on unlit railroad cars to make this ence of the teacher aids In the schools; ondary education, or the recognlzed equiv­ (6) the local educational agency partici­ equipment more readily visible at night, alent of such certificate, (2) Is legally author­ thus elminating the hazards of motor pating in a project has, prior to the filing Ized within such State to provide a pro­ # '1], appllcation under this Act, submitted gram of education beyond secondary educa­ vehicles striking the sides of freight cars ans to the state educational agency for tion, (3) provides an educational program moVing over rail-highway grade cross­ w and has taken into account its rec­ for which it awards a bachelor's degree or ings. I have discussed this idea with ommendations in developing the proposal provides not less than a two-year program officials of the Interstate Commerce for the project; and which is acceptable for full credit toward (7) the project is of sufficient scope and Commission and they believe it has such a degree, (4) is a public or other non­ merit. quallty to provide reasonable assurance of profit institution, and (5) is accredited by a Inaklng substantial improvements in the In light of the increased concern of nationally recognized accrediting agency or the Congress and the American public for educational programs of the schools partici­ association approved by the Commissioner pating in the project. for this purpose or, if not so accredited, (A) safety on our highways, I very much (b) A school which has participated for is an institution with respect to which the hope that action will be taken at an a total of three years in an approved project Commissioner has determined that there Is early date on this bill designed to save receiving Federal payments under this Act satisfactory assurance, considering the re­ shall not be eligible to participate thereafter lives. in any further project assisted under this sources available to the institution, the pe­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Act. riOd of time, if any, during which it has bill will be received and appropriately operated, the elIort it is making to meet ac­ FEDERAL PAYMENTS referred. creditation standards, and the purpose for The bill (S. 723) to promote rail-high­ SEC. i. (a) The Commissioner shall (in which this determination is being made, that advance or otherwise) pay to the local edu­ the Institution will meet the accreditation way safety by requiring light-reflecting cational agency and the Institution of higher standards of such an agency or association markings on railroad locomotives and education jointly carrying out each project within a reasonable time, or (B) is an Insti­ cars, introduced by Mr. MCGOVERN, was approved under this Act such portion of the tution whose credits are accepted on transfer received, read twice by its title, and re­ costs of the project as each of the joint by not less than three institutions which ferred to the Committee on Commerce. appllcants incurs under the terms of the are so accredited, for credit on the same grant. basis as if transferred from an institution so (b) For purposes of this section, the costs accredited. If the Commissioner determines AMENDMENT OF FAIR LABOR of the project covered by the Federal grant that a particular category of such schools STANDARDS ACT OF 1938 Include all of the costs of tralnlng programs does not meet the requirements of clause for teacher aids and for teachers and other (5) because there Is no nationally recognized Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, I professional stalI members supervising teach­ accrediting agency or association qualified send to the desk, for appropriate refer­ er aids, including appropriate stipends; and to accredit schools in such category, he shall, ence, a bill to amend the Fail' Labor the Federal grant shall cover not to exceed pending the establishment of such an ac­ 75 per centum of the costs of the project Standards Act of 1938. The bill I have crediting agency or asSOCiation, appoint an just introduced would exclude certain attributable to compensation to be paid to advisory commlttee, composed of persons teacher aids while serving In the programs specially qualified to evaluate training pro­ State employees from coverage under the of the schools of the local educational agency vided by schools in such category, which act who were included for the first time p:trticipating In the project. Federal pay­ shall (I) prescribe the standards of con­ under the Fail' Labor Standards Amend­ ments toward the costs of the project may tent, scope, and quality which must be met ments of 1966. This bill is a very narrow not cover any' compensation for any teacher In order to qualify schools in such category or professional stalI member employed by bill and would remove from coverage t he local educational agency. to partiCipate In teacher aid programs under State employees only. this Act, and (11) determine whether par­ APPORTIONMENT AMONG STATES If I may have the attention of my col­ ticular schools not meeting the requirements leagues, I want to make a few state­ . G. From the sums appropriated to of clause (5) meet those standards. For pur­ c out this Act for each fiscal year, the poses of this subsection, the Commissioner ments on this bill, because I have a feel­ COmmisSioner shall apportion to each State shall publish a list of nationally recognized ing that it may be one of the most im­ an amount which bears the same ratio to accrediting agencies or associations which portant bills we shall be asked to con­ such SUIns as the nUInber of children aged he determines to be reliable authority as to sider. What has developed is that, with­ three to seventeen, inclusive, in the state the quaUty of training olIered. out any testimony, without any hearing 81060 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 30, 1967 on this specific matter, without any con­ to the heart of the States taxing power tery, Beverly, N.J. In reintroducing this sideration of the problems involved at all, and appropriations process and, which, bill, my primary interest is that those under the fair labor standards amend­ in some instances, may even confiict who served their country so willinP-h, ments which we passed last year, State with state constitutions. I am con­ and courageously, when their cow employees in schools and in hospitals in vinced that we have transcended the called upon them, shall be honored each of the 50 respective States have guarantee of the 10th amendment and a final resting place which befits the dig­ been made subject to the Fair Labor are dealing with an area constitutionally nity with which they served. Standards Act by the Federal Govern­ reserved to the States. I frankly do not There are 98 national cemeteries on ment. believe that the Congress intended to go U.S. soil, most of which came into being Since the inception of the act in 1938, this far. in the course of, or as a result of, the State employees have been specifically The issue simply was not raised in the Civil War. Eighty-one of these ceme­ exempted from coverage. Under the hearings or to any depth in the com­ teries were established between 1862 and Fair Labor Standards Amendments of mittee or on the Senate floor. I did not 1899, two of which were in New Jersey. 1966 the Federal Government, in what I bring up the question of the advisability According to the latest statistics, 30 of believe to be a wholly unprecedented ac­ of including hospital employees under these cemeteries are now closed and 36 tion, has presumed to dictate the wage this measure, but I was not thinking at more will be closed by 1985. scales of State employees in State hos­ that time in terms of hospitals in which Under a policy decree of the executive pitals and schools. State employees were working. branch the national cemetery system is In my judgment this is a disturbing To my knowledge, no witnesses were to be gradually closed out. The first precedent which has broad constitutional called on this issue who represented our major effect of this policy was felt with ramifications. State governments. No testimony was the closing of Beverly National Cemetery Let me make"my position crystal clear taken concerning the affect of this meas­ in February 1966. Beverly was the only in this matter. I would hope that every ure on State fiscal matters. It is sig­ remaining open national cemetery in State pays its employees equal to or nificant to me that the original adminis­ New.Tersey. It was placed in commission greater than the minimum wage required tration bill did not envision the exten­ in 1864 and over 34,000 grave sites out under the existing law. The wages paid sion of the act to State employees. In of a,pproximately 40,000 are already an individual State employee are not in fact, under the act, the Secretary of taken within its 65 acres. The remain­ issue here. The question of who has the Labor is required to give annual reports ing 6,000 are reserved plots. Though right to establish the wage scale for State to the Congress concerning the exten­ technically closed, burials still take place employees is the only issue. sion of coverage under the Fair Labor in these plots. Approximately seven out The inclusion of State employees under Standards Act. In making his annual of every eight funerals accommodated by the Fair Labor Standards Act is a direct report, the Secretary recommended the this facility were from outside the State challenge to our Federal form of gov­ extension of coverage to many new areas of New Jersey, coming from Maryland, ernment. To me, it is a fundamental is­ covering millions of new employees, but Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and sue totally overlooked by Congress when nowhere did the Secretary recommend some even as far as Georgia. As a re­ the Fair Labor Standards Amendments inclusion of State employees. When the sult of such intensive use of these facil­ of 1966 was before us last year. bill came over from the House, no fur­ ities, this cemetery is now closed because If we let the Fair Labor Standards ther hearings were held by the com­ no more room is available. Amendments of 1966 stand as enacted, mittee; and instead, the committee relied The effect of closing Beverly means the extension of the philosophy embodied on the hearings conducted on the ad­ that a veteran or serviceman dying to . in that law can be projected forward ministration bill. cannot be buried in Beverly unless a into new areas,limited only by the imagi­ I am convinced of the necessity of was reserved by him prior to 1961 or nation of the advocates of Federal con­ correcting this unwarranted extensiOn of less a deceased wife or child of his is the Fair Labor Standards Act into an already buried in Beverly. This effec­ trol over all State functions. Once we tively rules out the burial in Beverly of permit the Federal Government to set area clearly reserved to the States. I the pay scale of State employees in State urge that the Labor and Public Works members of the Armed Forces killed in Committee give this matter detailed at­ Vietnam. hospitals and schools, we open the door It is still possible for a New Jersey for similar encroachments in other areas tention at the earliest possible time. veteran, who would be buried in Beverly of State employment. For example, it It is my understanding that there are if space were available, to be buried in a can be just as logically argued that the at least two States that have already national cemetery. It will be necessary, Federal Government has the power to initiated suits to prevent the Federal however, for the burial to be made some set the minimum salary of State and Government's imposing its will on the distance from his home and family. As local police. Once this is accomplished, States. It is my understanding that my an example, the New Jersey veteran it seems just as logical for Congress to own State of Colorado may file a suit in barred from Beverly could be buried in then set the conditions of employment this area shortly. Two or three others Arlington National Cemetery or in Long for these same local police. It does not are also thinking of filing suit. This is Island National Cemetery. Several doz­ end there. Why, under this philosophy, a matter of tremendous concern to those en Vietnam dead have been refused cannot we in Congress set the salaries of States and to the Governors of our States burial in Beverly and over 500 veterans the State attorney general, Lieutenant and to the basic question of the division have been refused burial at Beverly. Governor, and the Governor? Carrying of authority between the Federal Gov­ Action must be taken to alleviate this this philosophy to its logical extreme, it is ernment and the States. situation. We should not let our na­ apparent that we have attempted to The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill tional cemeteries fade from existence. undermine the very basis of our federal will be received and appropriately re­ Either we must adopt a responsible at­ form of government and have removed ferred. titude toward the obligation of a great all vestige of State sovereignty. I am The bill (S. 727) to exclude certain nation to its veterans, to which we have absolutely convinced that the power of State employees from the application of already committed ourselves, and provide Congress does not and should not be the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, this necessary additional space, or we allowed to extend this far. introduced by Mr. DoMINICK (for him­ must accept the alternative and tell our We are not here talking about the self and other Senators), was received, veterans that the privilege of burial in relationship of an employee and his obli­ read twice by its title, and referred to a national cemetery has been abrogated. gation to pay Federal taxes, nor are we the Committee on Labor and Public I did not want the latter situation to be talking about a proprietary profit­ Welfare. the case for the veterans of New Jersey. making function of the State govern­ I therefore urge that the proposal I am ment. Instead, we are dealing with the introdUCing today be afforded serious very fundamental relationship between EXPANSION OF BEVERLY NATIONAL consideration. the Federal and State Government. We CEMETERY, BEVERLY, N.J. I ask unanimous consent to hav( are dealing with the right of the Federal Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr. text of the bill printed in the RECORD Government to make basic policy de­ President, I introduce, for appropriate lowing this statement. cisions concerning the fiscal policies of reference, a bill to provide for the ex­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill our State governments which goes right pansion of the Beverly National Ceme- will be received and appropriately re- MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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