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Distribution, Incidence and Severity of the Dieback (Lasiodiplodia Spp.) in Persa Lime in Morelos, Mexico

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Distribution, Incidence and Severity of the Dieback (Lasiodiplodia Spp.) in Persa Lime in Morelos, Mexico Distribution, incidence and severity of the dieback (Lasiodiplodia spp.) in persa lime in Morelos, Mexico Distribución, incidencia y severidad de la muerte descendente (Lasiodiplodia spp.) en lima persa en Morelos, México Mairel Valle-De la Paz, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Naturales, UAGro, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ex Ran- cho El Shalako, Carretera Nacional Chilpancingo-Petaquillas, Guerrero, México. C.P. 39105; Dagoberto Gui- llén-Sánchez*, Escuela de Estudios Superiores de Xalostoc (EESuX), UAEM, Av. Nicolás Bravo S/N, Parque industrial Cuautla, Ayala, Morelos; Daniel Perales-Rosas, Víctor López-Martínez, Porfirio Juárez-López, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. UAEM. Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. C.P. 62209; Edgar Martínez-Fernández, CIB, UAEM, Avenida Universidad No. 1001, Co- lonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. C.P. 62209; Marianguadalupe Hernández-Arenas, INIFAP, C. E. - Zacatepec, Carretera Zacatepec-Galeana Km 0.5, Zacatepec, Morelos, México; Rafael Ariza-Flores, INIFAP, C. E. - Iguala. Carretera Iguala-Tuxpan Km 2.5, Tuxpan, Iguala de la Independencia, Guerrero, México C.P. 40000; Adriana Rosalía Gijón-Hernández, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conser- vación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales-INIFAP, Coyoacán. CDMX.*Autor para correspondencia: [email protected]. Recibido: 14 de Abril, 2019. Aceptado: 13 de Agosto, 2019. Valle-De la Paz M, Guillén-Sánchez D, Perales-Rosas D, Abstract. The distribution, incidence and López-Martínez V, Juárez-López P, Martínez-Fernández severity damage caused by the dieback complex E, Hernández-Arenas M, Ariza-Flores R and Gijón-Her- (Lasiodiplodia spp.) in Persian lime (Citrus nán AR. 2019. Distribution, incidence and severity of die- latifolia) was determined in 46 orchards of six back (Lasiodiplodia spp.) in persa lime in Morelos, Mexi- average years old, 25 trees per orchard in the co. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 37(3): 464-478. municipalities of Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlan del DOI: 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1904-7 Rio, Cuautla, Jantetelco, Jonacatepec, Puente de Ixtla, Tepalcingo and Tlaltizapan of Zapata, Primera publicación DOI: 30 de Agosto, 2019. Morelos State, Mexico. Incidence was evaluated First DOI publication: August 30, 2019. according to the number of plants having symptoms of dieback. There were four levels of severity, where 0= healthy tree, 1= gum exudation, Resumen. Se determinó la distribución, inciden- 2= cracking with exposure of internal tissue and cia y severidad de la muerte descendente (Lasiodi- 3= well-defined canker and branch dieback. Which plodia spp.) en lima persa (Citrus latifolia) en 46 were transformed to a percentage of means of a huertos de seis años de edad, 25 árboles por huerto scale of three levels of severity, transforming to en los municipios de Amacuzac (7 huertos), Ayala a percentage of infection using the Townsend and Publicación en línea, septiembre 2019 464 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Fully Bilingual Mexican Journal of Phytopathology (4), Coatlán del Río (9), Cuautla (1), Jantetelco (5), Heuberger equation. Data were analyzed trough Jonacatepec (1), Puente de Ixtla (5), Tepalcingo (3) the Kruskal Wallis test and Tukey (α=0.05) and y Tlaltizapán de Zapata (11), del estado de More- p<0.0001 in incidence and severity. There was a los, México. La incidencia fue determinada con high incidence of dieback on stems 78% of Persian base al número de plantas enfermas y la severidad lime trees. The incidence and severity of dieback mediante escala de daño de cuatro clases: 0= ár- of Persian trees on different orchards had a range bol sano, 1= exudación de goma, 2= agrietamiento of 31.8 to 100% and 30 to 100%, respectively. By con exposición de tejidos internos y 3= cancro bien the other hand, municipalities such as Amacuzac, definido y muerte descendente de ramas. La severi- Ayala, Coatlan del Rio and Tlaltizapan, had the dad fue transformada a porcentaje de infección con lowest levels of incidence and severity of dieback. la fórmula de Townsend y Heuberger, analizados por Kruskal Wallis y separados por la comparación Key words: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, de medias, prueba de Tukey (α= 0.05) y p< 0.0001 Lasiodiplodia citricola, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheo- en incidencia y severidad. La enfermedad se regis- bromae, Citrus latifolia. tró en el 78% de los huertos, con incidencias de 31.8 a 100% y severidades de 30.0 al 100%. Los huertos con menor incidencia y severidad fueron Mexico ranks second in Mexican lemon (Citrus los ubicados en Amacuzac, Ayala, Coatlán del Río aurantifolia) and Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) y Tlaltizapán de Zapata. production and accounts for 21% of production worldwide with 627.4 thousand tons (FAOSFAT, Palabras clave: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasio- 2018), from which 70% of the total production is diplodia citricola, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobro- used to supply the national market and the rest is mae, Citrus latifolia. exported mainly to United States. In 2016, Mexico produced 2’439,477 ton of Persian lime mostly in the states of Veracruz (717,014 t), Michoacan México ocupa el segundo lugar y participa con (619,612 t) and Oaxaca (263,448 t); Morelos is el 21% de la producción en el mundo de limón in twelfth place with 3,880 ton and currently has mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia) y lima persa (Citrus 612 ha sown to citrus in 17 municipalities, where latifolia), con una producción de 627.4 miles de t lemon (32%) and Valencia orange (66%) prevail on (FAOSFAT, 2018), donde el 70% del total se des- the established area and yield 12.1 and 7.7 ton ha-1, tina al mercado nacional y el resto al mercado de respectively (SIAP, 2018). exportación, principalmente a los Estados Unidos However, Persian lime trees are affected by de América. En el 2016 se tuvo una producción fungal diseases that infect roots, trunk, foliage and de 2’439,477 t de lima persa, destacando Vera- fruits, and cause production losses (Christensen, cruz (717,014 t), Michoacán (619,612 t) y Oaxaca 2017). In Morelos, it was thought that the death (263,448 t); Morelos ocupa el doceavo lugar con of trees was caused by gummosis (Phytophthora una producción de 3,880 t y actualmente cuenta parasitica), since it had been reported in the states con 612 ha plantadas en 17 municipios, donde des- of Colima and Tabasco, where symptoms of gum taca el limón (32%) y la naranja Valencia (66%) de secretion and rot of the foot caused the death of la superficie total establecida y, un rendimiento de ungrafted and grafted rootstock citrus trees and, 12.1 y 7.7 t ha-1 respectivamente (SIAP, 2018). consequently, the elimination of orchards (Acosta- Publicación en línea, septiembre 2019 465 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Mexican Journal of Phytopathology Fully Bilingual No obstante, los árboles de lima persa presentan Pérez et al., 2012; Vidales 1982). However, there enfermedades fungosas en raíces, tronco, follaje y are several fungi genera of the Botryosphaeriaceae frutos, que causan pérdidas al cultivo (Christensen, family that are considered to be very aggressive 2017). En Morelos se asumía que la muerte de ár- endophyte pathogens that often kill most of their boles era ocasionada por la gomosis (Phytophthora host after causing physical damage, usually when parasitica), debido a que fue reportada en los es- under stress; another symptoms are foliar spots, tados de Colima y Tabasco, causando síntomas de fruit rot, dieback, gummosis, perennial canker and, secreción de goma y pudrición del pie, llegando a finally, the death of economically important species ocasionar la muerte de árboles de cítricos de pie of woody perennial crops and ornamental plants, franco e injertado, provocando la eliminación de as well as species of native and introduced forest huertas (Acosta-Pérez et al., 2012; Vidales 1982). trees (Mohali et al., 2007; Slippers and Wingfield, No obstante, existen varios géneros de hongos de 2007). la familia Botryosphaeriaceae considerados como Recent studies cite species of Lasiodiplodia patógenos endófitos muy agresivos, que a menu- genus in the tropic that cause diseases in important do matan gran parte de su hospedante después del crops such as cocoa (Theobroma cacao), avocado daño físico, generalmente cuando se encuentra en (Persea americana), papaya (Carica papaya), estrés, otros síntomas que causan son manchas fo- natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), chirimoya liares, pudriciones de frutas, muerte descendente, (Annona cherimola), peach (Prunus persica), gomosis, cancros perennes y finalmente la muerte sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), grape (Vitis en especies económicamente importantes de culti- vinifera) and citrus (Picos-Muñoz et al., 2015). vos perennes leñosas y plantas ornamentales, así Valle-De la Paz et al. (2019) reported the presence como especies de árboles forestales nativas e in- of at least three species of Lasiodiplodia (L. troducidas (Mohali et al., 2007; Slippers and Win- theobromae, L. citricola and L. pseudotheobromae) gfield, 2007). genus that cause gummosis, dieback of branches Estudios recientes citan a especies del género and the death of Persian lime trees in Morelos. Lasiodiplodia causando enfermedades en el trópi- However, the distribution and impact of these co en cultivos importantes como cacao (Theobro- pathogens in lime commercial crops in Morelos ma cacao), aguacate (Persea americana), papaya is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study (Carica papaya), caucho (Hevea brasiliensis), was to determine the distribution, the incidence chirimoya (Annona cherimola), durazno (Prunus and the severity of dieback caused by the complex persica), caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum), of Lasiodiplodia spp. in Persian lime orchards in uvas (Vitis vinifera) y cítricos (Picos-Muñoz et al., Morelos. 2015). Valle-De la Paz et al. (2019) reportan la pre- Samples were collected in 46 Persian lime sencia de al menos tres especies del género Lasiodi- orchards from September 2014 to August 2015 plodia (L. theobromae, L. citricola y L. pseudothe- (Figure 1). In order to identify the species, according obromae), causando gomosis, muerte descendente to Valle-De la Paz et al.
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