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Import risk analysis: leafless Citrus budwood for propagation Biosecurity New Zealand Discussion Paper No: 2021/….. ISBN No: (contact Publications team) ISSN No: April 2021 Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. The material contained in the import risk analysis is preliminary and will be updated based on any feedback received during consultation on any related import health standards or any further feedback that may be provided by internal or external experts. Recommended citation: MPI (2021) Import Risk Analysis: Citrus budwood for propagation. Version 1. April 2021. Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand. Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries Import risk analysis: Citrus (Citrus spp.) budwood for propagation Version 1.0 April 2021 Approved for general release Enrico Perotti Associate Director, Animal and Plant Health Directorate Biosecurity New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries i Version information Version number Comments Date of approval 1.0 Peer-reviewed and current at date of 12 April 2021 release New Zealand is a member of the World Trade Organization and a signatory to the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (“the SPS Agreement”). Under the SPS Agreement, countries must base their measures on an international standard or an assessment of the biological risks to plant, animal or human health. This document provides a scientific analysis of the risks associated with the importation of Citrus budwood from all countries. It assesses the introduction of pathogens associated with Citrus budwood (not assessed as part of the 2016 import risk analysis) imported from all parts of the world and assesses the potential impacts of those organisms should they enter and establish in New Zealand. The document has been internally and externally peer reviewed and is now released publicly. Any significant new science information received that may alter the level of assessed risk will be included in a review, and an updated version released. Contributors to this risk analysis The following people provided significant input into the development of this risk analysis: 1. Authors Dr Abigail Durrant Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Helen Harman Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Melanie Newfield Manager MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Shola Olaniyan Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Karen Wilson Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington 2. Internal review Kaavya Benjamin Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Allan Burne Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Stephan Halloy Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Justyna Paplinska Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Bruce Philip Senior Adviser MPI New Zealand, Wellington Dr Charlotte Simmonds Senior Tech. Writer MPI New Zealand, Wellington 3. External review Dr Claire Sansford Independent Plant Health Consultant York, UK ii Executive summary Background This import risk analysis (IRA) has been developed in response to a request to review the import health standard (IHS) for germplasm of all Citrus species listed in the Plant Biosecurity Index (PBI). In 2016, a review of the IHS was initiated, and a draft IHS was prepared, along with relevant PRAs (https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/14338-Citrus-spp.-nursery-stock-Pest-Risk-Assessment). This current IRA identifies any new pathogens since the 2016 IRA that meet the criteria for additional measures (or anything that was missed, e.g. pathogens may not be new since 2016 but literature may not have been found or available). Objectives To ensure that the known biosecurity risk from regulated organisms associated with imported Citrus nursery stock is managed appropriately, Biosecurity New Zealand’s objectives in reviewing the import health standard for germplasm of Citrus species are to: a) identify any pathogens where there are changes in measures in the 2016 import risk analysis and where the risk assessment isn’t documented and determine if they meet the criteria for additional measures, b) identify any new pathogens since the 2016 import risk analysis which meet the criteria for additional measures (or anything that was missed, e.g. not new since 2016 but literature may not have been found or available), c) identify any pathogens which are not listed as requiring additional measures in 3B but may meet the criteria for additional measures if the minimum requirements are level 3A post-entry quarantine, d) identify pathogens which are associated with the commodity and may require additional measures, and e) assess those pathogens using a method that provides sufficient evidence about the biosecurity risks for a robust and transparent decision on whether to apply additional measures. Import risk analysis methodology The import risk analysis process involves three principal stages: • Scoping/commissioning • Hazard identification • Pest risk assessment Scoping/commissioning This involves a detailed project plan with estimated timeframes and approval of that plan. The following key questions are answered: • What are the risk management questions? • What is the commodity description? • What basic measures will be applied to the commodity? Risk management questions General description Specific questions that the risk manager needs answered in order to make a decision. They are based on the commodity description and basic measures for that commodity. Description specific 1. Does each assessed pathogen meet the criteria to be a quarantine to this Citrus pest?1 budwood IRA 2. Does each assessed pathogen meet (or potentially meet) the criteria for requiring additional measures (i.e. over and above basic measures)? 1A quarantine pest is an organism that is not present in New Zealand (or is present but still represents a biosecurity risk, e.g. is capable of vectoring pathogens not present in New Zealand) and is capable of establishing and causing harm in New Zealand. For the purposes of this analysis, it also includes diseases. iii Commodity description General description The commodity description defines the form of the commodity that is covered by the import health standard, e.g. the commodity species and the countries under consideration. The commodity description may also include commercial commodity quality specifications, e.g. commercial production. Description specific Citrus budwood (Citrus bud stick with buds but no leaves). In this case, the to this Citrus commodity description does not include any requirements for ‘commercial budwood IRA production’ methods to be used in the production of the budwood. Minimum requirements General description The minimum level of risk management for a particular commodity that all exporting countries must meet. They are not pest-specific but are likely to manage, or partially manage, a wide range of pests. Basic measures are based on information already known about the risks and are justified by existing risk assessments. Description specific Consignments of Citrus budwood imported into New Zealand must: to this Citrus 1. Comply with the commodity description (e.g. leafless budwood); budwood IRA 2. Undergo basic measures; and 3. Be held in level 3A post-entry quarantine for one growing season. These conditions were determined based on the 2016 PRAs. Hazard identification A hazard is a pest (including arthropods and pathogens) or disease that is: • Not present in New Zealand (or is present but still represents a biosecurity risk, e.g. is capable of vectoring pathogens not present in New Zealand or is under official control), • Has the ability to establish and cause harm in New Zealand, and • Is associated with imported risk goods and import pathways. Hazard identification is the process where, depending on the scope of the import risk analysis, a list of pests and diseases potentially associated with the commodity is compiled and then assessed against specified criteria, in order to determine which pests or diseases require further assessment. The objective for hazard identification in this import risk analysis is to identify any new pathogens, nematodes or diseases since the 2016 IRA (or anything that was missed, e.g. the pest may not be new since 2016 but literature may not have been found or available) that meet the risk evaluation criteria for requiring additional measures over and above basic measures. Because this import risk analysis will be used to develop an import health standard for Citrus spp., the hazard identification needs to consider pathogens, nematodes or diseases associated with any Citrus spp. listed on the Plant Biosecurity Index (PBI 2020). To identify pathogens that potentially meet risk evaluation criteria, the hazard identification focused on the following: • Pathogens, nematodes or diseases that are associated with leafless Citrus budwood of all Citrus species listed on the MPI Plant Biosecurity Index; • Pathogens, nematodes or diseases that are not present in
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