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Queer Representations in American Slasher Film of the 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade de Lisboa: Repositório.UL UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS From Monsters to Monsters: Perverted Predators and Diseased Deviants – Queer Representations in American Slasher Film of the 1980s David Klein Martins Tese orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Mário Jorge Torres e pelo Prof. Doutor José Duarte, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses e Americanos (especialidade em Estudos Americanos) 2016 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Mário Jorge Torres and Prof. José Duarte, for their wholehearted support, mentorship, and wisdom provided during the completion of this thesis. I would furthermore like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Adelaide Meira Serras for her continuous guidance throughout the MA program as well as to Prof. Margarida Vale de Gato and Prof. Diana Almeida for inspiring me to continue my academic path and for their ongoing encouragement. The completion of this undertaking could have not been possible without my friends Patricia Jiménez Barceló, Filipa Dias, Ana Bessa Carvalho, Gilda David, and Emma Chaillet. Additionally, my joy knows no bounds in expressing my special gratitude to Eduardo Das Neves and my four-legged friend Pulga Alaska for their unwavering loving support throughout this whole process. Above all, I want to thank my parents and siblings, though far away, for their quiet understanding and encouragement ever since. i Resumo Com as famosas palavras “I’m just a sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania,” Dr. Frank-N-Furter apresenta-se com orgulho à audiência do musical de terror pós-moderno The Rocky Horror Picture Show (Jim Sharman, 1975), enquanto simultaneamente revela uma tendência subliminal enraizada no género de terror desde os seus primórdios: a associação entre o monstro queer e o terror cinematográfico. O presente estudo, intitulado “From Monsters to Monsters: Perverted Predators and Diseased Deviants – Queer Representations in American Slasher Film of the 1980s”, tem como objectivo desenvolver esta ideia, explorando representações queer num subgénero do terror que ganhou popularidade nos filmes dos anos 80, o slasher. Neste sentido, serão descritas e analisadas as imagens negativas apresentadas por Hollywood, que tiveram um impacto tremendo na comunidade LGBT (lésbico, gay, bissexual, transgénero/ transsexual). Ao mesmo tempo, tendo em conta a vantajosa posição de poder aceder à teoria queer contemporânea, este estudo também desenvolve a ideia de que as várias imagens monstruosas não representam necessariamente um mal que vitimiza indivíduos LGBT. Pelo contrário, quando analisadas retrospectivamente, tais falsas representações podem de facto servir como um modo de subverter um heteronormativo conceito de individuo. O enfoque particular na década de 1980 surge não só por causa do aparecimento do subgénero slasher, mas também porque este período representou um enorme retrocesso em relação aos direitos LGBT. O regresso a ideologias ultraconservadoras sob a presidência de Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), e o surgimento e a expansão rápida do vírus HIV/SIDA, bem como a associação imediata da doença com a comunidade homossexual masculina, geraram uma atmosfera geral de homofobia que assolou os Estados Unidos – um medo que foi rapidamente adoptado e explorado pelo género de terror de forma a aterrorizar, de modo particular, a classe média americana. De forma a contextualizar este tema em particular, será desenvolvido primeiro um enquadramento em relação ao Terror enquanto género, mostrando em que medida os conceitos de monstruosidade e queerness podem ser associados. Neste contexto, serão também consideradas as origens históricas desta associação pejorativa encontradas já no século XIX (por exemplo, no Gótico ou o no caso do julgamento de Oscar Wilde). Deste modo, será demonstrado como a ideia ii de uma “identidade homossexual” entrou na consciência pública, revertendo certos significados e estereótipos que doravante seriam associados a indivíduos queer. A nível cinematográfico, será explorado o modo como as concepções erradas criadas no fin-de-siècle foram rapidamente adoptadas ao longo do século XX, começando com filmes de terror americanos de certo modo pioneiros, como Frankenstein (1931) e Bride of Frankenstein (1935), em direção ao verdadeiro cerne desta dissertação, o filme de terror pós-moderno que eclodiu sobretudo a partir dos anos 60. Através do filme Psycho (1960) de Alfred Hitchcock, será exemplificada a diferença entre os paradigmas do filme de terror clássico e o filme de terror pós- moderno. Psycho é essencial para este estudo, visto que o filme pode não só ser considerado um ponto fulcral em relação a uma certa ruptura com as formas clássicas de produção cinematográfica de terror, mas também por ser considerado por vários estudiosos como a origem do slasher. Além disso, é um dos primeiros filmes que apresentou abertamente uma personagem homossexual. Durante esta análise fílmica, prestar-se-á especial atenção à influência da psicanálise nos Estados Unidos em meados do século, ou melhor, ao modo como as ideias freudianas foram falsamente interpretadas para retratar os “sexualmente desviantes”, enquanto seres estranhos ou doentes. Para destacar ainda mais o subtexto queer do filme, será feita uma breve comparação entre o original de Hitchock e o remake (plano por plano) de Gus Van Sant, de 1998, no sentido de mostrar como a simples mudança de pequenos pormenores pode alterar radicalmente a visão que um filme apresenta do homossexual e da homossexualidade. Antes de iniciar o estudo aprofundado sobre o slasher, será tida em consideração a grande transformação de conteúdos cinematográficos queer depois dos anos 60 por via de eventos históricos e fílmicos fundamentais, tal como a abolição do Código de Produção Fílmica ou o nascimento do movimento de direitos LGBT, que permitiram que personagens queer pudessem, de repente, ser representadas abertamente, sem que no entanto tais representações deixassem de ser pejorativas. De forma a ilustrar os altos níveis de discriminação que a comunidade LGBT sofreu nos anos 80, serão abordados em seguida tópicos como: as ideias desinformadas em relação à SIDA que infiltraram a consciência Norte-Americana, ou a tendência para regressar a configurações físicas e a comportamentos hiper-masculinos, enquanto forma de emular os “heterossexuais”, mas também enquanto afirmação de distanciamento em relação ao queer infectado, fraco e efeminado. iii Para além disso, o slasher como subgénero do terror, com as suas características distintivas vai ser introduzido no contexto de teoria queer, incluindo uma abordagem histórica do slasher, nomeadamente com referência a filmes e géneros fílmicos que influenciaram o seu desenvolvimento, bem como uma breve análise das circunstâncias sociopolíticas em que o subgénero prosperou. As análises fílmicas deste estudo têm em mente os debates iniciados nos capítulos anteriores, e explicitam a teoria aplicada a quatro filmes de terror dos anos 80 (analisados dois a dois): Dressed to Kill (Brian de Palma, 1980), Cruising (William Friedkin, 1980), Sleepaway Camp (Robert Hiltzik, 1983), e A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge (Jack Sholder, 1985). Devido ao estado ainda em desenvolvimento evolutivo do subgénero slasher no ano do seu lançamento, os dois primeiros filmes podem ser considerados como protótipos do género. Já os dois últimos incluem todas as componentes de um filme slasher, motivo pelo qual foi necessário organizá-los em dois grupos (e capítulos) separados. Tendo estabelecido a base para a demonização de personagens queer nos anos 80 antes do advento da crise da SIDA, Dressed to Kill e Cruising serão analisados comparativamente: começando com o impacto que os dois filmes tiveram, passando pela reutilização de material hitchcockiano, à presença do olhar voyeurístico ou à crítica de figuras de autoridade corruptas. Ademais, tendo em conta as características definidoras do slasher, determina-se quanto estes filmes podem ser considerados protótipos do subgénero. Ao mesmo tempo as influências de outras formas fílmicas, como o género Italiano giallo, precisam de ser avaliadas, transformando tanto Cruising como Dressed to Kill em dois filmes que traçam os limites de género, sendo fundamentais na evolução do terror pós-moderno. Por fim, ao contrário dos filmes anteriormente discutidos, Sleepaway Camp e A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge foram já produzidos nos primeiros anos da crise da SIDA, numa fase em que a doença ainda era entendida como uma forma de “cancro gay”. Estes filmes revelarão, portanto, múltiplas alusões à epidemia, enquanto também se focam nas dificuldades que os adolescentes queer enfrentaram no dia a dia, reconhecendo identidades, ainda que simplificando reações. Enquanto Sleepaway Camp chama a sua atenção prioritariamente para a monstruosidade de uma identidade sexual, ultrapassando normas de género tradicionais, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge empreende um diferente caminho jogando com alusões homossexuais iv a um nível mais metafórico. No entanto, ambos utilizam o poder do camp como força transformadora. Tendo em conta que estes filmes são slashers assumidos, é importante demarcar as diferenças entre eles e os protótipos anteriormente estudados. Por isso, serão consideradas preferencialmente as características básicas que definem o slasher, mas também
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