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Copyright by Colleen Anne Hynes 2007 Copyright by Colleen Anne Hynes 2007 The Dissertation Committee for Colleen Anne Hynes certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: “Strangers in the House”: Twentieth Century Revisions of Irish Literary and Cultural Identity Committee: Elizabeth Butler Cullingford, Supervisor Barbara Harlow, Co-Supervisor Kamran Ali Ann Cvetkovich Ian Hancock “Strangers in the House”: Twentieth Century Revisions of Irish Literary and Cultural Identity by Colleen Anne Hynes, B.S.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2007 Acknowledgements This dissertation project would not have been possible with the support, wisdom and intellectual generosity of my dissertation committee. My two supervisors, Elizabeth Butler Cullingford and Barbara Harlow, introduced me to much of the literature and many of the ideas that make up this project. Their direction throughout the process was invaluable: they have been, and continue to be, inspirational teachers, scholars and individuals. Kamran Ali brought both academic rigor and a sense of humor to the defense as he pushed the manuscript beyond its boundaries. Ann Cvetkovich translated her fresh perspective into comments on new directions for the project and Ian Hancock was constantly generous with his resources and unique knowledge of the Irish Traveller community. Thanks too to my graduate school colleagues, who provided constructive feedback and moral support at every step, and who introduced me to academic areas outside of my own, especially Miriam Murtuza, Miriam Schacht, Veronica House, George Waddington, Neelum Wadhwani, Lynn Makau, Jeanette Herman, Ellen Crowell and Lee Rumbarger. I would never have pursued a Ph.D. without the initial support of my parents, Charles and Lenore Hynes, two educators who encouraged the books, travel and intellectual curiosity that form the foundation of this project and degree. And last, but always first, thank you to my husband, Christopher Caselli. I am doubly fortunate to leave graduate school with not only a Ph.D., but a partner. iv “Strangers in the House”: Twentieth Century Revisions of Irish Literary and Cultural Identity Publication No._____________ Colleen Anne Hynes, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2007 Co-Supervisors: Elizabeth Butler Cullingford, Barbara Harlow This thesis, Strangers in the House, illuminates how “strangers in the house”— unconventional women, Travellers, emigrants and immigrants—have made significant contributions to the evolving traditions of Irish literature and culture. I trace the literary and creative contributions of groups that were silenced during the early twentieth-century nation-building project to review the impact of the Irish Revival, from the politics of Arthur Griffith and Eamon de Valera to the writings of Yeats, Gregory and Synge, on the establishment of an “authentic” Irish identity. I draw on scholarship that establishes Ireland as a postcolonial nation, suggesting that contemporary identity is closely linked to the national, religious and gender expectations reinforced during the periods of colonialism and decolonization. My scholarship considers individuals who continue to be peripheral in the “reimagining” of what it means to be Irish in a post-Celtic Tiger, E.U. Ireland. v Table of Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Where in the World is Ireland?................................................................................1 “Mise Eire” .....................................................................................................3 Revival Legacies.............................................................................................5 Critical Frameworks........................................................................................8 Interventions .................................................................................................12 Chapter One ...........................................................................................................17 Dancing at the Crossroads: Gender, Ethnicity and Identity in Irish Dance...........17 Irish Dance: Cultural Nationalism on Stage .................................................19 Riverdance ....................................................................................................24 History, Context and Reception...........................................................24 Use and Challenge of Gendered and Ethnic Stereotype ......................27 Where are they now? ...........................................................................36 Flying Columns: The Articulation of Conflict through Irish Dance in Film41 The Field ..............................................................................................41 Northern Film: Some Mother’s Son and Dance Lexie Dance..............44 Ceilis, Community and Commodification: Irish Dance in American Film: Monument Ave, Road to Perdition and The Luck of the Irish.....51 Conclusion ....................................................................................................56 Chapter Two...........................................................................................................58 “A Song for Every Child I Might Have Had”: Infertility and Maternal Loss in Contemporary Irish Women’s Poetry ...........................................................58 Establishing Maternity..................................................................................60 Women’s Issues in Ireland: 1983-present.....................................................65 “My children were born”: Poetic Reconceptions of Maternity ....................74 “Is a child so hard to make?”: Infertility in women’s poetry........................76 vi Chapter Three.........................................................................................................91 “Bad Girls Do the Best Sheets”: Magdalen Aslyums in Literature and Popular Culture .......................................................................................................................91 The Magdalen Asylums: A Brief History.....................................................94 Eclipsed and Stained Glass at Samhain : The play’s the thing….................98 “A Disgrace to the Nation”: Magdalen Documentaries, 1993-2000 ..........109 “A Holy Hell”: The Magdalens on Film.....................................................120 “Bad girls do the best sheets”: Magdalen Laundries in Popular Culture....135 Conclusion ..................................................................................................142 Chapter Four ........................................................................................................144 “Beyond Respectability’s Pale”: Representations of Irish Travellers from Synge to Paveewhack.................................................................................................144 “The Wandering Tribe”: Culture, Discrimination and Mythology............145 Contemporary Issues...................................................................................149 Gender.........................................................................................................152 “Any Speckled Female”: Gender, Domesticity and Travellers in Synge’s Drama ............................................................................................................154 O’Flaherty...................................................................................................163 “Tinkers’ Daughters”: Travellers on Film ..................................................167 “It’s Hard to Lay Ghosts”: Contemporary Poetry and Fiction ...................174 Novels .........................................................................................................178 Conclusion ..................................................................................................182 Chapter Five.........................................................................................................184 From Mise Eire to Metro Eireann: Immigration and Ethnicity in Contemporary Ireland .........................................................................................................184 Fair Play: Sport in The Crying Game .........................................................190 “Guests of the Nation”: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Contemporary Ireland ........................................................................196 Play Ball: Charlie O’Neill’s Hurl ...............................................................200 Emerging Voices: Immigration on Film.....................................................210 Conclusion ..................................................................................................214 vii Conclusion ...........................................................................................................216 Bibliography ........................................................................................................220 Vita ....................................................................................................................232 viii Introduction Where in the World is Ireland? Strangers in the House: Twentieth Century Revisions of Irish Literary and Cultural Identity, examines how
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