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In the mid-1850s the US Government conducted surveys for the United States Pacic Railroad seeking routes for a transcontinental railroad line across the American West. The collected results, published as Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacic Ocean, represent the rst attempt at a unied, geographical description of the West. The report includes prints from sketches by eleven artist- explorers, including John Mix Stanley, commissioned to visually record the terrain, native inhabitants, ora, and fauna of the surveys from rst-hand perspectives. The printed lithographic images numbered over 650 plates and the nal reports amounted to twelve large volumes. The lithographs were hand-colored in combinations of brown and black, green and black, and sometimes blue, with each individual color applied separately using a lithograph stone. Of the eleven artist-explorers, more of Stanley’s images are found in the publication than any other—he not only completed his own works of art, but nished sketches begun by other artist-explorers as well. The map below shows the various routes of the explorers through the Western United States. In total, ve major surveys were commissioned: a Northern Pacic Survey, St. Paul to Puget Sound; a Central Pacic Survey, St. Louis to San Francisco; two Southern Pacic Surveys, Oklahoma to Los Angeles and Texas to San Diego; and a Pacic Coast Survey from San Diego to Seattle. John Mix Stanley was a member of the Northern Pacic survey headed by Isaac I. Stevens, Governor of the Washington Territory. None of the exact routes charted in these expeditions would be used in building the transcontinental railroad, yet the artist-explorers produced iconic early images of the West that played a key role in the attraction and expansion of the region—from the forging of trails to the construction of rails. The Pacic Railroad Surveys of the 1850s (as related to today’s United States) Isaac I. Stevens John W. Gunnison Edward Beckwith John G. Parke John Pope R. S. Williamson Amiel W. Whipple.

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