EXPLORATION and SETTLEMENT : 1850-1890 Abbott

Home , Joseph Christmas Ives, Pacific Railroad Surveys

these explorers of the pre-Civil War period, In the 1850's the two major explorer-reconnaissance projects the master map of the whole West compiled by Lt. Gouecneur Upon the work of were the United States-Mexican Boundary Survey and the Pacific Kemble Warren in 1857, were American cartographic landmarks . the great postwar geological and geographical surveys under Maj . Railroad Surveys. The boundary survey, led at various times by Among the railroad survey maps, too, were the first geographical John Wesley Powell, Clarence King, Ferdinand V . Hayden, and Frtmont . John R. Bartlett, and Lt, William H . Emory, resulted maps of the West done by James Hall, W. P. Blake, and Jules Lt . George M. Wheeler necessarily rested. in a great resource survey of the Southwest, the mapping of the Marcou, respectively. They were of uneven quality but were impor- country, and, as the boundary survey indicated that additional land tant beginnings for the study of Western geology. REFERENCES in the Southwest would be needed if a southern transcontinental Also during the period preceding the Civil War there were railroad across United States territory to the Pacific was to be numerous other Army exploring expeditions . Lt. G, K. Warren Bartlert. Richard A, Great aar,evr of the ainondeon Wed, Norman, Old., Univ. of OkI& Press, 1962. built, the Gadsden Purchase. explored the Dakotas and opened up the Black Hills to the out . Danah. W illiam C, Paweu,Rile Coforado, Princdan, Princeton Univ. Press, 1951 . The official Pacific Railroad surveys of 1853 were exploratory side world, His expeditions in these regions also enabled the geolo- Ooetentann, William H ., Exploration and enlptre, New Yore, Alfred A Knopi. surveys made by U.S. Army topographical engineers across the gists F, V. Hayden and F . B. Meek to construct the first inde- 1966, pt. III. pendently American paleontological stratigraphic sequence, Army xpduration in the Amear.nn West, 1803-186.4, New Haven, West in an effort to locate the best route for a transcontinental Corn ., Yale Univ. real, 1959, pt. 111 . the south, Lt . Joseph Christmas Ives in 1857 explored the railroad, There were five main surveys, one in the far north from To Manning, Thomas 0 . Govern-n, inirienre ; (he UnaesStore, Geohngu'al Sarve,Y . Minnesota to Washington Territory under Lt . Isaac I. Stevens, one lower Colorado River and led the first scientific expedition to the )867-1891, Lesiagton, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1966. ., under Capt. J . W. Gunnison and Lt. E . G . Beckwitb through floor of the Grand Canyon . Capt. John M . Macomb in 1859 Mci el, Mart, A b'hlfo apA of Arnreka,. ,alma) hinarv, .3 vols ., Brooklyn, N .Y Tit, Premier PubPull. l o., 19224-1929, v,) and ILL southern Colorado and across the Great Basin. one along the 35th located the junction of the Green and Grand Rivers, thereby Schmeckebier, Laurence F . . Cataloger and irdes ofpahdkaronr of the Ngxkn, parallel under Lt. Amiel W. Whipple, one across the Southwest revealing the nature of the Colorado River system and making K ing, Povel(, a nd Fffie,G,- saneya . U-S . Geological Survey Bulletin, tw, 22, Washington. U .S- .Govt. Print . (Nt,19(14 . under Lts . John Pope and John G . Parke, and one running north possible the explorations of that river by Maj . John Wesley Site gner. W,Base, &!rood the haodrrdth nteetihan, Boston. Houghton, Mifflin and and south on the Pacific coast under Lts . Robert Williamson and Powell in 1869 . All of these expeditions added immeasurably to Gob 1954, H, L, Abbott. Alt of the survey parties reported feasible railroad scientific knowledge, from cartography and geology to botany and US,. Congress. . House of Repeeoeatauves, Reports of Aplo,afiorkr and surveys to &'naanka( route 1br a railroad )rent the routes. but sectional politics paralyzed the nation and no railroad zoology. It was Ives, Macomb and Powell. likewise, who began areerraln file most prartirohle and Misriu7ppr Rirer, to the Paeif, Oreaa4 13 -la., lt .R . Exec Doe . 91, 323 Cong., was built until after the Civil War. The main contribution of the to give us the first systematic studies of the . American Indians, 2less., Washington. 1035 ..1859. sertats 791-801 ; H.R. Enec . Doe. 56.36 Cong„ . Print. Off . 1060. serial 1054-1055, surveys was the tremendous body of geographical and scientific and out of their studies of the local inhabitants came the first I sess ., Washington . U .S . Gent s 1 of planned settle- Wheat. Call L, Mapping the Trarunuaisslpp( ; ese, 1340-1861.6 vols., San Pran- information whichh they assembled and which was published inn important suggestions as to the possible nature dseo, tort. of Hess. Cartography . 1957-1963, v. IV-Y in 2 pts, thirteen volumes. The maps made by these explorers, especially ment in the and West. Wilkins. Thurman. Cfarenee King. New York The Maemiltan Co ., 1950 .

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EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT : 1850-1890 Abbott . II 1953-1555 (down Dnohux, R.- Ivn. t. 1857 top (7ola . R-Moiav<-vieagn-rt . Park,., 1, 1553 . 1953 (Santa Crot-Santa Bar- \vu,m, G ., lass (ft. Wena-it . Kraut-Fl t,sN- tne Dane.-Ft. Walt, tYaua-return to the Defiance) -S. (Nego-loon n-Apa .- Ddk',-Wd,amelte Valet'-Rnklingt .he Par . If Paso) nm-H . PKn,e) 1 d,., r ins wrats (Fr oro S 'ns R'r it . P .p 1, K. Gannl B C . Tar4,n, 1851-1855 (II Arnold, R . .455I-to15 (Fl Cofv,te-FT t rn, G ,a F : Ha4Ucr416561n . Pirnr--.Ant. B. . Walls 11enhY,-Mar+aS R-trw, a Clark Paint . Paso-rn. Belk,up) rYello- \Va(la1 (Men-It. Wilt. Walls-Oregon 1, iJ- - a tnS,etdrn) Iwnw.4:By Powell, 1- IN69-1A72 (Co ., R. country From Ill. kwIll,, E„ is51 . 8955 ISlOli R-Urea Sdr L Green Rner Cily r,, -1h of Virglo R .) v V.-, G. & f Hayd n. 1850 (Soma CI(V-fl. -W-t0 Range--Cre.1 hall I -HUmbuldt Ratdall-H, to mie-BL,k Hltli-Ft RaMall) Marurnl4 ) . .1979 1Sama Fe-Cdr . R.-San loan R_Red.hnpl R; SanNFe) Reynolds. W, R H. Maynafn>, IN59If, P,ene- ill pv-R1rrm . G~nY-upFaalt,gkvnR' . W-N. H„ 1052 (San rrnnuwo-nxthern C/W rrsasl-KlanahK .) .~ Berth-d, P x 1 Bddget', 1860-(Denverv .genrh. ,wnv . R ., 181! In. 6Aknap-Red It'.-Caradian If. "-d- W.6-11h) nodPan--W'he,R Utah) .) R.-Pran,e (Jog Town loos-H . A,hurkle) R,nnnld,, W, 1859 .1up Wind R -T1nee fnrks- Whlplae, 4 .155 F-1855 (H. Smith-Canadoe R . IL aentoo_ICUnnw) -Alb ` 5r'an, I R5ib Ill, R14" -ft k array-wart to 'lt rrlue-2uhi-Molave vdl,gei Rn?y Min panenand rerun I MartS', K . 1814 (Ft . Wrni;a-tar(nna R-Il- -San .Bemad,nr) Belknap) 5akian. R, lass-lass IFI. Wall . Walls-Cnc,9r d'Alene t'II Owe., - CU%tAa, A. &F ,.8756 [v- (II . P,vrre-Bad Cadoaa Pass- \Mnom on, R t 1.. N-, Is,1-185 ., Is- Stan- i-d -H. Plnre) Marco, K.,, 1659 U, aridgts-Carhetnp.T Pa . Ft . lent,) et t-Ft Mlln-1 (' n Raaa~ld, M,geloti Ft Ma.,a,hosehs) 1, t+wm,L Donelw .4 . .1551-1855 (Ab4k9-Ft ttenkm- .IBSb-1$i9lCampPool-Ft &edge, \v+Btan R , 1551-1955 lLo Angelrs-fjar nsa,na 1„n, f ,159 down B, -Camp Ffocd-Hashng, Pms Walk,, R:- Pass TchohapiP.n-tiake P , Cad+ale Pas.-rroid Oreill,. L.-t1: . Walt gh, rn K .-Than Saoamsru+'w elum to Camp flo,r \Watts) rwk,f .; .1"--I1. Unwn( 4rpww. . L a I Parke, 1851 (sass le-Alyare _~_-_ .~ Wsaiamv,n . R R It . 84605 .185t .1855 (Sora- DatV, 1, B 4 a155 (It. Oenl -Sr . Mary L- St.Cleilte 4 ., Ia t-toss (Vancnuvcr"Mt. ynlIr01." H . Yuma-Sn dwpa) ,mMn valley-Ktafwth L-uplMt Dr,,boas 11-t-, C.,ma+d Al . L .-rakruw R.- Atyen-a, xlualm,e Pass-ttkanogan R .- R ; ll. Abhult heat, ,eiIS( H. \%ant 5Y41.) It Cnh-401 Stanley. L . 1$51-Sins Ifl . arMnn-Canatfa-fl Nemtan) ._ R78,an,son,R-1551-7BSS(1)esc6otesI-(hrts Echo),, w,le59 (Peco.R-IiDar,s-Ir Stn .i- Sisl ve-tupero-VaMOU,et) too-atg send area and aatwn) Slevats, I & G Wrkf,,. 1851-1855 (A . Paul- uppa Mo R. -II . Be--F, . Wells walls) GNnne( 115 1(f L ,rr o,.096-5enr,Fnt- ALASKA Fllin i s,o,64001 \t U vv,-I sn,,,,-tl P Y 9 o C od,) ISn Mekham . A 4853-1055 Fury,', M,lk R -H- Canple(l .R.,19S0 (uppe, Yokon R .- It. Yolk-1 1frntnn-Cadntl, P- 4111h-d! L .-ft. Gonnonn, F . 1853-1555 (t l. L,amtworth-A,k Malta,,, 118 ;1-1955 ((1 1fnnton-\Woelwhetl fsM1o -Lolo Pass-FI . SVatt . I ukeen, I, IA6J (Nulalo-f t Yukon) R -C[nhetrpaPa„-Moei, killed at to. lot R.-Molar P .-ft Iiwen-ft.hall-R. R ;) Owes-)lath a ) CrKrvitveai x-Ft Own, St,kin,r R Sunny (SOt . Strait-Shklne R. ) R . W'al-\fall ft. Arnlnn) - Soo-t. Dla n a L Sthnll I$Sa (the HantMm I ,1057 . 1061 (Grand Cn,nn teglon- Iely eaph Susses (B K .n,rcnl a 1 . aurkley) IL D, . naneel Lanes-Molhour It,-,*- R. and Snake (AAS-1066 (alulIte(ovsk,- data^tab ~_ NSS :.Ba-4'nsoo.y-to59(4944pa,alb.l) It Camp tlnyd : nawn .vlai Oregon Tail) Yukon) 1850

EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT : 1850-1890

Abbott, 1(„ (853-8455 (down Deschutcs R .- iyes, I ., 1857 (up Colo, R..-Mojave villages-Ft . Parke, L, 1853-1855 . (Santa Guz-Santa Barbara Warren .C .,1855(€t. Pierre-F!,Keamy-€t Lata- The Daltes-F4 . Walla Walta-return to the Defiance) -Sao F go-lucson-ApatfrePass-ilPaso) mie-H . Pierre) DaNs-Willarrielte Valley- Reading) Landec F., 1853-1855 (ft, Union-Srwns R . Ft . Pope, I-, K . Garran( & C Taplin, 1853-4855 (FI SNarren,G, & f. Hayden, 1856 (Ft. Pierre-Mo R. Arnold . R ., 1853-1855 (Ft Colvile-Fl . Walla Benton-Manas R-Lewis 6 Clark Pass-Ft . Paso-Ft Betknap) -Yellowstone R . and return) Walla) Owes-h, Walla . Walls-Oregon Trail- owell, 1 ., i8b9-187 (Colo. R.R country from Kalaam City) Warren, G. & F- Hayden, 1857 (Sioux City-ft. Green River City to mouth of Virgin R.) Beckwith, I, 18S1-1855 (Se tier It-Creat salt t Ra d it-F1. faratnie-Black Hills-il Randall) -Wasatch Range-Great Salt i -Hutrbuldt Mace", ). . 1859 (Santa fe-Colic . R.-San Tuan Raynotds, W . & H . Maynatiec 1859 (Ft . Pierre- Vessels, H., 1852 !Sao Francisco-northern K.-Redding) R -San! a Fe) ttxrttanterry-uppn Bighorn R .. ft Sarpr-•4 Card, coast-klamath R) H Maynadlet heads nonh) Berthoud, E. n I Hodg,, IS66-tI?en B Marts, R ,1852 (Fl. Be)knap-Red R .-Canadian oust Pass-'' hite R - Utah t .) R .-Praise Dog Tow,. tack-ft Arhuck(e) Rannokh; W., 1859 (up Wind R .-Three Forks-. Whipple, A. . 1853-1855 (H: Smith-Canadian R . Ft. Bentnn-FL Union) -Albuquerque-Zuhi-Mojave villages Bryan, F,'$56 (ft Riles-FL Keauw-west to -San Bernardino) 'natty, R., P434 (ft . 55'ashita-Wkhita I.-=ft. Roekv \ltn passes ,nd return) Saxton, 8., .1853-1855 (Ft Walla Walta-Cocur Belknap) d',Alene F.. -Ft. Owen - Cadotte Pass- WRINnston, R. 61 : Parke,1853-1855 (San ( ran- Cutbeitson, . Piene-Bad- ft . Benton) ciuri-Ftu antler-Tejon Pass-Los Angeles) .A-A E Evans,1856 (ft Marry, R ., 1858 (Ft . Bringer--Cochetopa Pass- lands-Ft. Pierrel Ft.1A.a arhusetts) . 'rmpson, !.,18 ;8-1859 (Camp Fluyd-Ft . Br idger Wilhamsun, R ., 1853-1855 (ion Angeles-Cajun Non, A .,t8S3-1655 (Milk R-ft. Benton- -Camp floyd-ttastmgs Pas-Walker Pa ss-Teh,a hapt Pass-Walker Pass) kfaynadier, .H ., 1859 . (down 8ighwn k.-three Calluttt Pass-Pend Oreille L-Ft . Watts Sacramento-return to Camp Flosd) Forks-Ft . Sa,py--F(. Union) Walla) W,lhanson. R . 6 FT Abbott . 1653 .1855 (Sacra' Sitgreaves, L 61. Parke.1851 (5anta Fe-Mojave menlo Valley-Ktanarh L-upper Drsrhules eCtetlan, C , . Duty, 1 .. 1853-1855 (ft. Bentnn-St . .Mary L- 1853-1855 (Vancouver-Mt wt(ages-Ft . Ytmta-San Diego) R,, M . . Abbott heads nurth) FL Button, Crxcur a'.Alene L-Palouse R - Adan-S,,tqualrnte :Pass-O3kanogan R.- Ft Cu ode) Ft. WallsWalla) nley, 1., 1853-1855. (Ft . Bentnn-Canada-F . Willtamton, R ., 1851-1855 (Desthutes R .-three Benton) Sister-Eugene--Vaneoovcr) Menrle8, G. :Walla Walla-fl , . Etirots. W ., 1959 (Pecas :.R_ -F . Dann-I t, Stock- . 1855 (FL . Boise- lon-Big : Send area and return) Ft . HaHl Stevens, . 1 . .8 6 . 5uckk r. 1853-1855 (St. Paul- upper Mo. R--FL "Semen-Ft WallaWalla) ALASKA Mexican Boundary survey, 1849-t85S (San Fremont, F . 1654 (Ft. Leai enwrxth-Bent's Poet- Campbell( R.,t8513(tipper Yukon R-Ft Yukon) Fittmure-Stockton) Diegn-Tucson-Et Paw-R,-Grande) Tinkham, A . . 1853-1855 (upper Milk R .-Ft . Benton-Cadote Pass-Flathead L-11, Luteen 1 .1863 (Nu(atr-FL Yukon) Gunnison, ; .1853-1855 (Ft, tea,-rrworth-Ark. Mouse, I ., 1853-1155 (ft, .6enlnn-Musselsdlell Benton-toto Pass--F1" Walla WatIs-Sna- R-cot hetopa Pass--Manti ; killed at Sevier R-Mullah Pass-ILOwen-Ii.Halt-Ft . qualmie Pass-Seattle) Slit, ,n R . Survey (Stikme Strait-Stikine R .) R .) Owen-flathead L-Kootena, R--Ft Owes -(t Walls Watts-FL Benton) V4atten, H . ; I Dimon 6 L . Schoil . 1336 (The Tr•Iegrapir sums (R Kennirart 6 I Buckler) Harnbbn,1 ..1857-1862 (Crand Canyon tegii Dailes-Malheur R.-O ssyhee R. and Snake 181;5-ti6h (hsichaelavslii-Nu(ato-ft . ft . Defiance) N.W. Boundary Survey, 1859 (49th parallel) R-Camp Floyd return via Oregon Trail) Yuktas) EXPLORATION AND S1

Abbott ft., 1853-18SS (down Deschutes R,- 1 ., 1857 (up -Coin, R .-Molave Yr11age%-FL The I I return to The Defiance) Danes-Willamette Valley-Redding) Lander, f ., 1853-18SS (Ft . Union-Souris R,-, ft. Arnold, R ., IRS'4-1855 (Ft. Colvile-Ft . Walla Benton-Manias R,L-Lewis & Clark Pass-Ft . Walla) Owen-Ft . Walla Walla-0regon Irad- kansis City) Beckwith. E, 1853-1855 (Sevier R .-Great Salt L -Wasatch Range-Great Salt L .-Humboldt Macomb, 1 ., 1859 (Santa Fe-Colo . R .-San Juan R.-Redding) R„-Santa Fe) Berthoud, E, & 1 . Bridget, 1860- (Denver-Berth- Marcy, R,,, 1852 (Ft . Mknap-Red R.-Canadtan oud Pass-White~ R .-Utah L) R.-Prairie Dog Town Fork-Ft. Arbuckle)

Bryan, V, 1856 (K Riley-ft_ Kear Marty, R., 1854 (Ft Washita-Wichita R.-Ft- Rocky Mtn, pac.",- and return) Belknap) Culbertson, A. & F_ Eva"s, 1856 (ft . Pietre-Had> .) y, R, 1858 (Ft . Bridger-Cochetopa Pass- lands-Ft . Pierre Ft. Massachusetts) Donelson, A .,1853-1855 (Milk R .-fl Benton- Maynadier, H ., 1859 (down Bighorn R_-Three Cadulte Pass-Pend Oreille L,-Fl . Walla Walla) Forks-Ft. Sdrpy-tt- Union)

Duty, 1 ., 1853-1855 (ft . Benton-St . !Nary L- McClellan, G., 185 .3-1855 (Vancouver-Mt ft, Benton ; Coeur d'Alene L-Palouse R .- Adams-Snoqualmie Pass-Okanogan R,- Ft . Walla Walla) ft, Colvile)

Echols, W ., 1859 (Pews R. -Ft, Davis-Ft . Stock- Mendell, G .,1855 (fit . Walla Walla-Ft. Boise- ton-Big Send area and return) Ft. 11411)

rot, 1., 1854 (f(ft. Leavenwotth -Beni F Mexican Hourodiry Survey, 1849-1855 (San rillmore-Stor.kton) Diego-Tucson-El Paso-Rio Grande)

Gunnison, 1 ., 1853-1855 (Ft . Leavenworth-Ark. Mullan, 1 ., 1853-1855 (ft . Benton-Musselschell R.-COLhetopa Pass-Manti; killed at Sevier R,-Mulian Pass-ft . Owen - f t . Hall-Ft . R.) Owen-I'lathead L_-Kootenai R .-Ft Owen Ft. Walla WAlla-Fl ., Benton) mblon, J,, 1857-1862 (Grand Canyon region- ft. Defiance) '. Boundary Survey, 1859 (49th paratl SETTLEMENT : 1850-1890 Parke, 1., 1853-.18 ;5 (Santa Cruz-Santa Barbara Warren, G ., 1855 (Ft-Pierre-Ft. Kearny-Ft . Lara- -San Diego-Tucson-Apache Pass-El Paso) rnie-ft, Pierre) Pope, I_ K . Gaitar;j & C . T.3plin, 1 ,853-1855 (El Warren, G. & F . Hayden, 11856 (Ft . Pierre-Mo . R., Paso-Ft . Belkrup) Yellowstone R, and return) Powell, J ., 1869-1872 (Colo. R. country from Warren, G . & F . Hayden, 1857 (Sioux City-Ft . Green River City to mouth of Virgin R .) Randall-Ft tararnie-Black Hills-ft Randall) Reynolds, W . & H Maynadier, 1859 (ft . Pierre- Wessels, H_ 1852 (San Francisco-northern Fl,.5aipv-Mcjrmon ferry-upper Bighorn R .; CAR coast-klarnath R,) 1-1, Mavnadier heads north( Ray nolds, W., 1859 (up Wind R .-Three Forks- Whipple, A.,1853-1855 (Ft. Smith-Canadian R, ft. Benton-ft- Union) -Albuquerclue-Luili-Mojave villages -San Bernardino) Saxton, P, im-im (Ft. Walla Walla-Coeur d'Alene L -Ft . Owen - Cadotte Pass- Williamson, R, & I . Parke. 1853-1855 (San Fran- ft. Benton) cisco-Ft . Miller-Tejon Pass-Los Angeles) Simpson, I .. 18i8-11359 (Camp Floycl-Ft, Bridgef Wijji jjjjSjjn' R., 1853-1855 (Los An eles-Cajon -Camp Lloyd-Hastings Pass-Walkeir R .- Pass-Tehachapi Pass-Walker Pass) Sdcrammilo-relurn to Camp Floyd) Williarnson, R, & H, Abbott . 1853-185i (sacra- Sitgreaves, L & V Parke, 1851 (Santa Fe-Mojave mento Valley-Klamath L-upper Desrhutos ,Mlages-ft, Yuma-San Diego) R,, H Abbott heads north)

Stanley, I,, 1853-1855 (Ft . Benton-Canada-Ft . Williamson, 8 ..1853-1855 (Deschutes R,-Three Benton) Sisters-Eugene-Vancouver) veris, 1, & G . Suckley, 1853-1855 (St . Paul- upper Mo. R .- Ft . Benton-Ft . VValla Walla) ALASKA CarripL*11 . R,, 1850 (upper Yukon R .-Ft, Vuko Tinkharri . A., 18 .5:1-1855 (upper milk R -Ft . Benton-Catfolle Pass-Flathead L,-Fl . lukee,n, 1,, 1863 (Nulafty-f t . Yuk Benton-Lo lo Pass-Ft . Walla Yvalla-Sno- quairme Pass-Seattle) 5Slikine R . Survey (Stikine Strait-Stilune R .) Wallen . H , 1 . Dixon & L Scholl, 1858 (The Tv kegrjph Survey (K Ketinicott & 1. Rucklev) Dalles-Malheut R . -Owyhee R . and Snake 186 ;-1866 (Mithavlovski-Nulato-11- R.-Camp floyd : return via Oregon Trail) Yukon)