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6. Verlauf Und Ergebnisse Der Entnazifizierung

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6. Verlauf Und Ergebnisse Der Entnazifizierung 6. VERLAUF UND ERGEBNISSE DER ENTNAZIFIZIERUNG 6.1 DIE BEFRAGUNGEN THYSSENS 1945-1948 Mit der bedingungslosen Kapitulation der deutschen Wehrmacht am 8. Mai 1945 brach das NS-Regime zusammen.1 Die Frage, ob der Untergang der Herrschaft Hitlers und der Nationalsozialisten eine »Stunde Null« markiert,2 wie bald danach behauptet wurde, um einen »Schlussstrich« unter die zwölf Jahre Diktatur zu ziehen, stellte sich für Fritz Thyssen nicht. Bis kurz vor seinen Tod im Februar 1951 hielten ihn die NS-Zeit und sein eigener Beitrag zur Durchsetzung und Etablierung der Diktatur ebenso wie die Abkehr und die Zeit des Exils und der Gefangenschaft in Atem. Wenn allgemein »die Brücken [erkennbar wurden], die aus der Kriegs- in die Nachkriegszeit führten«, wie Christoph Kleßmann formu- lierte, so gilt das für Thyssen in besonderem Maße.3 Vom direkten Erleben des Weltkriegs mit einem Ausmaß an Verwüstung und Gewalt, das selbst für die Geschichte der Massengewalt einzigartig ist,4 war Fritz Thyssen seit seiner Verhaftung im Jahr 1940 als Gefangener des NS-Regimes weitgehend abgeschnitten gewesen. Er musste im Mai 1945 erleben, dass sich sein von ihm nur in Teilen redigiertes und nicht freigegebenes Buch »I Paid Hitler«, das Emery Reves im Krieg als Propagandawaffe gegen die NS-Kriegstreiber ein- gesetzt hatte, nun wie ein Bumerang gegen ihn wendete. Es hatte die amerikani- sche Führung auf spektakuläre Weise auf ihn als frühen Finanzier und Förderer Hitlers aufmerksam gemacht. Dass die Amerikaner nun Fragen an Thyssen hatten, überrascht vor diesem Hintergrund nicht. Auf Capri wurde Fritz Thyssen zumindest einmal, am 30. Mai 1945, von zwei Offizieren der US-Armee vernommen, die seine Einstellung zum Nationalsozi- alismus und seine Rolle im Machtgefüge des »Dritten Reiches« zu eruieren such- ten.5 Wie Thyssen später aussagte, wurden er und Amélie in den Wochen auf Capri sehr gut behandelt und genossen alle Freiheiten.6 Die Amerikaner vernah- 1 Zur Endphase des Krieges siehe Kershaw, Ende. 2 Siehe dazu u.a.: Braun u.a. (Hg.), Stunde sowie Gerhardt, Soziologie. 3 Kleßmann, 1945, S. 5. 4 Siehe den instruktiven Überblick bei Gerlach, Gesellschaften. 5 Eglau, Thyssen, S. 265 f. 6 Thyssen Interrogation, Befragung vom 4.5.1949; NARA, RG 260, Records of The Property Divi- sion, Box 667. Thyssens Aussage im Wortlaut: «We stayed some weeks at Capri – by the way, we were very well treated and enjoyed full liberty.” 78687_Schleusener.indd 135 01.02.18 08:31 136 6. Verlauf und Ergebnisse der Entnazifizierung men ihn und die übrigen Häftlinge in dieser Situation bezüglich ihrer politischen Vergangenheit detailliert. Im Juni 1945 war Thyssens Zeit auf Capri zu Ende, doch seine Lage besserte sich vorerst nicht, im Gegenteil. Auf dem Weg nach Schloss Kransberg bei Bad Nauheim wurden Zwischenstopps in Verona und Versailles eingelegt, wo Amélie Thyssen freigelassen und somit von ihrem Mann getrennt wurde. Damit begann die nach Thyssens eigenem Bekunden bedrückendste Phase seines Lebens, da er auf sich allein gestellt die nach seiner Darstellung sehr harten Haftbedingungen der Amerikaner auf sich nehmen musste. Dabei handelte es sich bei Schloss Krans- berg um ein Durchgangslager für die technische, wissenschaftliche und wirtschaft- liche Prominenz, mithin für Häftlinge, die die Amerikaner noch für ihre Zwecke einzusetzen beabsichtigten. Thyssen befand sich in prominenter Gesellschaft. Mitgefangene waren beispiels- weise der Automobil- und Panzerkonstrukteur Ferdinand Porsche, der Ingenieur und Leiter der Raketenversuchsanstalt in Peenemünde Wernher von Braun (der später seine Arbeit in den USA, u.a. als Chefplaner der NASA, fortsetzte), der Physiker und Raketenpionier Hermann Oberth, der frühere langjährige Reichs- bankpräsident, Reichswirtschaftsminister und Beauftragter für den Kriegseinsatz Hjalmar Schacht sowie Hitlers Intimus, Lieblingsarchitekt und Reichsminister für Bewaffnung und Munition Albert Speer. Sie unterhielten sich mit gegenseitigen Vorträgen oder »ließen sich von Fritz Thyssen in die Geheimnisse des Schachspiels einweihen«.7 In Kransberg sagte Thyssen am 13. Juli 1945 u.a. zu seiner Vorladung bei Göring im Januar 1941 aus. Er äußerte bei dieser Gelegenheit den Verdacht, dass sein Vermögen vom preußischen Staat konfisziert worden sei, da Göring sich für sei- ne »kleine Kunstsammlung« interessiert habe: »My 60% was confiscated on behalf of the Prussian government. Under the law orig- inally proclaimed after the burning of the Reichstag, and directed against communists, my nationality was taken away by the German government and my property confis- cated. Under the law, it should have gone to the German State, but Goering, as Prime Minister of Prussia, was eager for it – not only for the property, but for my little art collection, and I believe this was the reason it was confiscated by the Prussian state. At least Prince Philipp of Hessen said he had been shown by Goering, in Goering’s house, a picture which I recognized as one of mine. There may have been more. 8 Als Begründung gab er also an, Prinz Philipp von Hessen, Oberpräsident der Provinz Hessen-Nassau, der zunächst enge Kontakte zu Hitler unterhalten und Kunstwerke für das geplante Führer-Museum in Linz vermittelt hatte, das Kriegs- ende aber wie Thyssen als Sondergefangener des NS-Regimes erlebte, habe im 7 Grunenberg, Wundertäter, S. 45 (ohne Beleg). 8 Report, 4.9.1945, S. 7; NARA, RG 498, Headquarters, European Theater of Operation, U.s. Army (World War II), Prisoner of War Interrogation, FIAT Exploitation Report Schacht-Thyssen, 1945- 46. 78687_Schleusener.indd 136 01.02.18 08:31.
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