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Assessment of Bhavani River Water Pollution Using Geospatial Technology

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Assessment of Bhavani River Water Pollution Using Geospatial Technology ASSESSMENT OF BHAVANI RIVER WATER POLLUTION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY 1 2 3 Gowshikan D , Balamurugan P , Rajesh R 1 PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering Erode Sengunthar Engineering College (Autonomous), Erode-638057, Tamilnadu, India. 2Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Erode Sengunthar Engineering College (Autonomous), Erode-638057, Tamilnadu, India. 3UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering Erode Sengunthar Engineering College (Autonomous), Erode-638057, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT The impact of the untreated domestic sewage discharged from the banks of bhavani river from Mettupalayam to Bhavani of Tamil Nadu. It is observed during the study that many dyeing, sugar and paper units discharging their untreated effluent into the river bhavani is this criminately without any treatment. The physio chemical study on the river bhavani along the stretch of 217 kms is done on the collected samples. The analysis was carried for winter and summer seasons. The analytical results were compared with the Indian (BIS) standards to assess the suitability of water for drinking and the extent of deterioration. Spatial variations of various surface water quality parameters were studied using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The study indicates that some of the samples of exceed the permissible limit for drinking. Pollution concentrations are very low at most sample points. But in the upcoming seasons the pollution level may go high or stay in the same level which is about to be studied in the upcoming study. The study further reveals that the variation of water quality with respect to space and time is not uniform. Agricultural runoff, sewage and industrial effluents are the probable sources for the variation of water quality in the study region. Keywords: Raw Effluent, Treated Effluent, total dissolved solids, heavy metals, physio chemical analysis, water quality parameters. INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Bhavani river originates from Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats, enters the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala and flows back towards Tamil Nadu. The Bhavani is a 217-kilometre (135 mi) long perennial river fed mostly by the southwest monsoon and supplemented by the northeast monsoon. Its watershed drains an area of 0.62 million hectares (2,400 sq mi) spread over Tamil Nadu (87%), Kerala (9%) and Karnataka (4%). The main river courses majorly through Coimbatore district and Erode district in Tamil Nadu. About 90 per cent of 128 | P a g e the river's water is used for agriculture irrigation. The river joins the Cauvery at the Kooduthurai holy site near Bhavani. Twelve major rivulets including West and East Varagar rivers join Bhavani draining the southern Nilgiri slopes. At Mukkali, Bhavani takes an abrupt 120-degree turn towards the northeast and flows for another 25 kilometres (16 mi) through Attappady plateau. It gets reinforced by the Kunda river coming from the north. Siruvani river, a perennial stream and the Kodungarapallam river, flowing from the south and southeast respectively join the Bhavani at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border. The river then flows east along the base of Nilgiris and enters the plains near Bathra Kaliamman temple at Mettupalayam after joining with Coonoor river coming from northwest. About 30 kilometres (19 mi) downstream, Moyar River, a major tributary originating in Mudumalai National Park, flows in from the northwest, where it drains the valley between the northern slopes of the Nilgiris and the southern slopes of the Bilgiri Hills. After the Moyar it is blocked by the Lower Bhavani Dam, feeding Lower Bhavani Project Canal near Sathyamangalam in Erode District. The river continues east for over 160 kilometres (99 mi) through Erode District, traversing Kodiveri Dam, near Gobichettipalayam which feeds the Arakkankottai and Thadappalli canals constructed for agricultural purposes. A small barrage across the river was built by Kalingarayan in 1283 AD to feed the 90-kilometre (56 mi) Kalingarayan irrigation canal. 1.2 WATER POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITES Only three percent of Earth's freshwater are located in lakes, streams, and reservoirs. The remaining 97 percent of freshwater is underground. That surface water also contaminated by various Industrial activities. When the Effluent from various Industries like Tannery Industry, Textile Industry, Paper and pulp Industry, Sugar cane Industry, etc., are discharged into the water bodies, it will causes the serious water pollution. Rivers and streams are quite vulnerable to pollution because they are naturally open, easily accessible and substantially used in agricultural, industrial and municipal processes. The release of hazardous contaminants into rivers, for example, sewage treatment plant emissions, accidental spills or intentional dumping of toxic materials, poses great threats to the residents and ecosystems exposed to the river water. 1.3 RED CATEGORY INDUSTRIES Under section 18(1) of the Water Act, 1974, The Ministry of Environment and Forest and CPCB (February 29, 2016) has categorized the industries as Red, Orange, green and white. The categorization of industrial sectors is based on the concept of Pollution Index which is a function of waste generated and the raw materials used. The Pollution index ranges from 0 to 100. Higher index value indicates greater pollution load. Industrial sectors having pollution index greater than 60 are labelled as Red Industries. Based on this 60 industries are identified as Red category. 129 | P a g e Table : 1.1 Classification of Industries CATEGORIES SCORE INDUSTRIES Automobile, Sugar, Hazardous Chemicals, Oil and Grease, Red Category Industries Above 60 Lead battery industries. Aluminiumand copper extraction, Coal Washeries, Food and Orange Category Industries 41 to 59 food processing, spinning and weaving industries. Cement, poultry and hatchery ,Ready Mix Concrete, soap Green Category Industries 21 to 40 manufacturing, Tea Processing Air Coolers, Bio fertilizers, Fly Ash Bricks production, White Category Industries Upto 20 organic manure, scientific and mathematical instruments. 1.4 HEAVY METALS Rapid developments and increase in mining and industrial activities have gradually redistributed many of the toxic metals from the earth's crust to the environment. This has substantially raised the changes of human exposure to these metals (in excess of their natural levels) through ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. There is progressively rising evidence linking many diseases to the environmental factors, which are injurious to bio-systems. Most of these factors are man-made and among these, human activity concerning heavy metals constitutes a major health hazard. 1.5 STUDY AREA The area of the Bhavani river that flows into Tamil Nadu which enters at Nilgiri hills (Latitude 11.3744° N, Longitude 76.7620° E) till Bhavani (Latitude: 11.4333 Longitude: 77.6833) which is a 217 kms stretch. The river basin covers Around main cities such as Udhagamandalam, Mettupalayam, Sathyamangalam, Gobichettipalayam, Bhavani. Throughtout its distance on both sides of the bank of the river Bhavani more than 100 villages are situated. The industrial effluent released by chemical, dyeing, bleaching, paper and sugar industries located along the river cause severe impacts on the water bodies. Since Bhavani flows through many areas, Mettupalayam, Sathyamangalam, Gobichettipalayam , Bhavani are home to Paper, Sugar, Dyeing, Bleaching industries totalling 400 in numbers. Many of the industries doesn‟t have their treatment plant for the effluent which leads to the is charge of untreated effluents into the river causing pollution. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY To access nature and extent of pollution control (is needed) in different locality. To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control, strict vigilance necessary for water resources To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time, like winter and summer. To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control. 130 | P a g e To understand the environmental fact and toxic nature of different pollutants in water resource. 1.7 AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of pollution on River bhavani on different seasons such as Winter and Summer at different important sampling points which are reliable to pollution. 1.8 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Samples are collected for 217 kms stretch starting from Mettupalayam to kalingarayan anicut. Collection of samples are done for 2 different seasons i.e., on Winter and Summer. To preserve the sample for analysis. Physio chemical analysis of Water Quality Parameters on collected samples along with heavy metal analysis. To use ArcGis software to evaluate the accuracy of water quality parameters down the stream. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 MATERIALS 2.1.1 CHEMICALS AND GLASSWARE All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and were supplied by Ranbaxy chemicals Ltd, Chennai, India. Glassware used in the present study were manufactured by M/S Borosil Glass Works Ltd. (Bombay, India) and marketed under the brand name „Borosil‟. They were washed with liquid soap followed by washing with tap water and distilled water. 2.1.2 WATER All the solutions and samples were prepared by using double distilled water. 2.1.3. INSTRUMENTS USED The instruments employed for the characterisation of the collected water sample to achieve the aim of this study is presented in table 3.1 Table 2.1: Instruments used for present investigation S.No Description Purposes 1. pH meter To measure and adjust the pH of the wastewater. 2. Hot plate To determine solids present in wastewater. 3. COD Digester To digest the sample during COD determination. 131 | P a g e 4. Refrigerator To preserve the samples 5. Digital weighing balance To weigh chemicals and solids determination. 2.2. METHODOLOGY COLLECTION OF 7 SAMPLES AT DIFFERENT SAMPLING POINTS Fig: 2.1 Methodology 2.3 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES The water samples are collected for a stretch of 217 kms from Mettupalayam to kalingarayan anicut. seven sampling points are identified based on the basis of easy to access and reliable to pollution from the industries present near by. The following are the sampling point location: 1.
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