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*l{ilu rrti *11 i 1?J',t rr tlen tlnnh '&riru {nrllnri ilrrr iirlmllmurrr{tikboI &X*A*'*K&S&&K r.r'Y.1i.t!itt!1 tll il:t1.t. t s&xtr;tJlgr*rn *lrg;1l gi,*'r }r:,!-h* gs&*&s&s fi 1 Maksimir, plan from 1846, author: engineer Leonard Baron Zornberg (source: The National and University Library of Zagteb) Public Parks in Croate- in the 19th Century within a European Context MLADEN oBAD S6rranocI eNP BoJANA noyeNI6 oBAD SdrrenocI Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb Introduction been preserved due to its geographical location, the cultural THERE ARE NUMERous puBLIC penxs established in Croatian influence felt in Croatia over the centuries was twofold: towns and cities in the landscaping tradition of the Baroque, from the southwest and from across the Adriatic and Italy, the Biedermeier and Romanticism, and under the influence and from the northwest and Austria and Germany.s fu a of the culture of landscaping within the Austrian Monarchy result, there are two cultural and historical regions in Croa- and Western Europe. During the lgth and at the beginning tia which also differ as far as climate and landscape are con- of the 20th century, almost every city or larger town had at cerned-(l) the Mediterranean region in the south, which least one public park or promenade. This was not simply a was influenced by Roman and Italian culture since ancient matter of fashion, but, first and foremost, a necessity and times, and (2) the continental region in the north, influ- need for public spaces in cities that would be accessible to all enced culturally since the Middle Ages by events and its citizens, no matter to which class they belonged, as well changes in Central Europe. as a desire to shape and provide beauty to cities and towns. This was an age when the guiding principle epitomised the Social, Political, and Economic Circumstances inseparability of urbanism, architecture, and landscape in Croatia in the 19th Century architecture. The incentive for conducting a more comprehensive The 19th century brought great changes to the social and research of historic parks in Croatia came from two research political life of Europe, as well as Croatia. This era was projects: the Austrian project "stadtparkanlagen in den marked by the downfall of feudalism and the feudal social Ldndern der ehemaligen K.u.K. Monarchie" (Public City system (in Croatia, serfdom was abolished in 1848), and by Parla in Lands belonging to the Austrian Empire and Mon- the rise ofcivil states and societies, and saw the advent of archy)l and the Croatian project "The lJrban and Land- national revolutions and the establishment of European scape Heritage of Croatia as part of European Culture."2 nations and states. The beginning of the 19th century in The research project in Croatia included around 50 of Croatia was marked by Napoleon I Bonaparte and the cre- the mostvaluable and renowned parls established predomi- ation of Illyrian provinces in the southern parts of Croatia nantly in Croatia in the 19th century. Parks begun in the that belonged to the French Empire. After the fall of Napo- 18th century were completed in the 19th century. On the leon I in 1815, the Illyrian provinces became part of Austria, other hand, parks created at the beginning of the 20th cen- so that Croatia became part of the Austrian Monarchy, that tury are not only characteristic of the Secession, but also in is from 1867 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy' the tradition of the lgth century. Few of the city parks that According to the decree of 1847 , towns and cities were were laid out in Croatia in the 19th century have disap- divided into three groups: small towns (up to 8,000 inhabit- peared. On the contrary most of them have been preserved ants), medium-sized towns (up to 30,000 inhabitants) and to this day. Some have undergone minor changes' whereas large towns or cities (over 30,000 inhabitants). At the time, others have lived through major changes in view of their Zagreb had I 5, I 1 7 inhabitants, so that it was classified as a initial layout at the end of the 19th and beginning of the medium-sized town; by the end of the 19th century it had 20th century. become alargetown/city. The arrival of steamboats and the The history of landscape architecture in Croatia goes construction of major railway routes in the second half of hand in hand with that of Europe, from the Antique, the 19th century were two of the incremental factors that through the Middle Ages, tlle Renaissance, the Baroque and led to urban development. The railwayfirstreached Zagreb up until this day and age. The heritage of Croatia parks has in 1862. Rijeka, Pula, and Split began developing as impor- rir:,::::i:,1.i-:rr:.::r":.t:t:::-.,:i1::ai:,t::1.*t!s.l?& 2 Maksimir, oil on cardboard, 1990, author: Eduard Weingarten . r,i::,,.:r:,' .. ]'.r.t'. (source; Croatian Flistory Museum, Zagreb) tant maritime towns. Zagreb, Karlovac, Rijeka, and Osijek for the development of towns (Sisak, Rijeka, Zagreb); (2) started developing as industrial towns along the main rail- military fortifications belonging to the Austro-Hungarian way route. Monarchy (Pula, Ms, Prevlaka); (3) public (city) parfts and promenades in almost every town and city; and (4) manors and public parks in North Croatia developing within or in Characteristics of Towns in 19th in Croatia the the vicinity of residential areas and setdements. Century In the first half of the 19th century the most significant Up until tlle 1860s, to*ms developed very slowly. In some urban development in North Croatia was the classicistic towns medieval and renaissance forts (city walls) were urban (regulatory) plan of Sisak from 1829a by the geometer pulled down following the fashion popular in other towns Ivan Fistrovii, which grew up on the ancient foundations of in what was then the Austrian Monarchy and in Europe. the Roman ciqr of Siscia. Up until the 1860s and 1870s, all Modest, spontaneous constructionworkbegan to take place other towns in North Croatia were built along access roadsl outside the old city walls, fortifications and moats (channels, only in the last three decades of the I 9th century did urban trenches), promenades appeared, the coastline was con- development take the form of a grid. The Lower Town in verted (in towns on the sea) and settlements expanded. Zagreb is the most significant urban development from the Building and construction was in full swing during the last second half of the 19th century in Croatia. In Dalmatia, three decades ofthe 19th century resulting in a gradual but Zadar, rhe Roman ciqt Iafur and capital city of Dalmatia clearly defined urban metamorphosis inspired by the con- during Roman times, underwent major development; Split struction of the railway and the introduction of the also began developing, though not to such an extent and steamboat. degree, and spread out around the ancient of edifice Dio- The spontaneous growth and expansion of towns along cletian's Palace. The first tourist towns on the Adriatic- access routes during the first half of the 1 9th century led to Opatija, Crikvenica, Lo5inj, and Rab-also began the rural development of environs belonging to old towns. developing at the end of the 19th century. Only at the end of the l9th century did towns begin to take on an urban appearance. Societies founded in almost all major cities and intent on making cities and towns more Initiators for the Establishment of Public Parks attractive aspired toward this aim. Town planning and devel- and Promenades opment during the 19th century in Croatia can be seen by The promoters of the idea for the creafion of public parks reviewing a number of different q?es of urban and architec- and promenades were bishops, bans (ban-wceroy in Croa- tonic development schemes: (l) new urban planning schemes tia), military governors, mayors, eminent citizens and socie- 6 cENTRoPA r5.1: JANUARY 2015 ties for beautifying towns. The landscaping of parks was financed by the municipal authorities, except in the case of bishopric parks, which were financed by the diocese. The bishops of Zagreb, Maksimilijan Vrhovac (17 52- 1827), andJuraj-Georg Haulik (1788-1869) are credited with creating Maksimir Park in Ztgreb (Figs. 1, 2).5 Vrho- vac's successor, bishop Aleksandar Alagovi6 (176UI837), created the bishopric gardenRibnja& (Fig. 3),6 as well as the garden at his summer residence inNoaa Ws (Fig.4),7 which was open to the citizens of Zagreb. Once the owner of Stubiike Toplice (the Stubica Spa), in the vi ciniq of Golaboaec, his manor and lands (40 km north of Zagreb),8 in 1811 bishop Maksimilijan Vrhovac began renovating the spa and garden (Fig. 5). Among the numerous Croatian bans two are mosdy credited with creating gardens and parks: Ignjat Gyulay (1763-1831), on whose initiative rhe Juina promenade, or South Promenade @ig. 6)e was opened to the public in Zagreb in 1813, and Karlo-Dragutin Khuen-Hddervdry (1849-191 8), during whose mandate as ban (1883-1903), a 3 Zagreb, the Bishopric Ciq' ofKaptol and Ribn.jak Park, cadastre map, 1862 (source: The CiwMuseum of Zagreb) 4 Zagreb, Bishop Alagovi6's Garden, lithography, 1 859, author: Fanny Daubachy-Doljska (source: The City Museu m of Zagr eb) 5 Stubidke Toplice, spa garden, lithography, 1814 (source: ..Kajkavianat Donja Stubica) PIIBI,TC PARKS IN CROATIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY 6 Zrgreb,Grid Pronenade, aquarelle, 1862, author:Josip Svoboda (source: The City Nluseum of Zryrel:) 7 Za,greb, ertrrctfrom the masterplan of Zagreb from 1913 ".{r,:,, :.

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