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Ensuring Sustainable Connectivity in Small Island Developing States

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Ensuring Sustainable Connectivity in Small Island Developing States Ensuring Sustainable Connectivity in Small Island Developing States Discussion Draft 2017 A Global Review of Internet Infrastructure Issues Ensuring Sustainable Connectivity in Small Island Developing States Authors: Mike Jensen and Michael Minges Layout and production: Michelle Speckler, Speckler Creative LLC © 2017 Internet Society • internetsociety.org This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Licence. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................3 5 Towards Improved Policy and Regulatory Environments for Better Connectivity ....................................................................................................34 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................4 Competition quality.....................................................................................................34 Securing Better International Connectivity ...................................39 Part 1 Review and Connectivity in Small National ICT Strategies ............................................................................................43 Island Developing States Electricity...................................................................................................................................45 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................7 Universal Service .............................................................................................................46 Impacts of Improved Connectivity ...............................................................7 6 The Role for the International Community in Supporting Agriculture ..................................................................................................................................8 Better SIDS Connectivity ...............................................................................................47 Tourism ...........................................................................................................................................8 Public Administration ....................................................................................................9 7 Conclusions: Towards ICT Sustainability in Small Islands .......49 Education ......................................................................................................................................9 8 References ........................................................................................................................................51 Health .............................................................................................................................................10 Financial Services .............................................................................................................10 9 Statistical Tables .......................................................................................................................52 Disaster Relief and Emergency Preparedness ..............................10 Fixed Networks .................................................................................................................52 Mobile Market ....................................................................................................................53 2 General Characteristics of SIDS ................................................................................11 Mobile Broadband .........................................................................................................54 The SIDS Group ....................................................................................................................11 International Bandwidth and Speeds ....................................................55 Regional Connectivity .................................................................................................13 Internet Use ...........................................................................................................................56 The Internet Society Countries Examined for Case Studies ...........................................................................................................................19 Fixed Broadband Prices ...........................................................................................57 Mobile Broadband Prices ......................................................................................58 3 The Challenges for Improving the Connectivity of SIDS .......22 ICT Sector and the Economy ............................................................................59 The Economic Dimension .....................................................................................23 ICT Scorecard .......................................................................................................................60 Levels of Internet Utilization ............................................................................27 UN E-Government Development Index ..............................................61 International and National Backbone Access .............................29 Social, Cultural and Environmental Issues........................................29 Part 2 Case Studies of Six Small Island Developing States 4 Technical Opportunities for Improved SIDS Connectivity ..................................................................................................................................30 Cape Verde .....................................................................................................................................62 Internet Exchange Points ......................................................................................30 Comoros ...............................................................................................................................................71 Emerging Satellite Systems ...............................................................................30 Haiti ..........................................................................................................................................................80 Wi-Fi, Super-Wi-Fi, Dynamic Spectrum and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .....................................................................93 Software-Defined Radio.........................................................................................32 Tonga ...................................................................................................................................................104 High-Altitude Platforms ...........................................................................................33 Vanuatu ............................................................................................................................................1116 Index: Figures, Tables, and Boxes ...............................................................................128 Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................130 Abbreviations and Acronyms ..........................................................................................135 internetsociety.org | @internetsociety 1 2 internetsociety.org | @internetsociety Acknowledgements Preparation of this report was a global effort. Special acknowledgements are due to the following individuals: Mike Jensen and Michael Minges, who conducted the primary research and prepared the report; they contributed global and regional knowledge and expertise, and their hard work and dedication to the project were invaluable. We appreciate their profes- sionalism and their flexibility. To those throughout the six (6) target countries, who provided data, information, and their time. To the excellent international review team, Internet Society Chapter contributors, and Internet Society organizational members: Peng Hwa Ang, Sylvia Cadena, John Garrity, Beth Gertz, Vanessa Gray, Tracy Hackshaw, Richard Hill, Anne-Rachel Inne, Tim Kelly, Anju Mangal, Michele Marius, Duncan McIntosh, Scott Minehane, Craig Nesty, Michael Oghia, Kanumuri S. Raju, Robert Schumann, Jethro Tambeana, Dhanaraj Thakur, Ian Thomson, Bevil Wooding, Moctar Yedaly, and Christopher Yoo. To Internet Society staff for feedback and support on the draft and final versions of the report: Dawit Bekele, Sebastian Bellagamba, Carl Gahnberg, Beth Gombala, Noelle de Guzman, Konstantinos Komaitis, Sher- nan Osepa, Kyle Shulman, and Rajnesh Singh—your time and effort asw greatly appreciated and without it this project would not have been possible. Thank you all for your input and support. Finally, great thanks to Michelle Speckler for graphics, layout, and patience; and to Simon Baugh for editorial review and input. The Internet Society demonstrates its commitment to promoting access for all and to seeking new ways to change how we look at connectivity. We must do all that we can with partners to think innovatively and to connect people. We enable change by enabling connectivity. We try to encourage Internet development and connectivity via regional efforts to build capacity, promote innovation, and raise awareness via research, consultation, and policy engagement. We look forward to continued
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