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Leptodon Forbesi and Similar- Looking Species in North-East Brazil Sergio H

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Leptodon Forbesi and Similar- Looking Species in North-East Brazil Sergio H >> IDENTIFICATION WORKSHOP WHITE-COLLARED KITE Field identification ofWhite-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi and similar- looking species in north-east Brazil Sergio H. Seipke, Francisco Voeroes Dénes, Frederick Pallinger, Russell Thorstrom, Jean-Marc Thiollay, Luís Fábio Silveira and William S. Clark The Critically Endangered White-collared Kite is one of the least known raptors in the world. a group of experts resolve the identification challenges that this raptor poses in the field, opening the first window toward its understanding: knowing what you are looking at! hite-collared Kite Leptodon forbesi museum specimens of this enigmatic species are (also called Forbes’s Kite) is a Critically known. W Endangered mid-sized raptor inhabiting Effective conservation of raptors must be humid forests below 600 m a.s.l. in Alagoas and based on a sound understanding of several Pernambuco states in north-east Brazil2. This factors including, but not limited to habitat use, species is among the most endangered raptors distribution and population density, taxonomy, in the world, having a very limited range and breeding behaviour and reproductive rates. suffering from ongoing destruction of its forest However, gathering field data on Neotropical habitat, now reduced to just 1% of its former species is not always easy, as some of them extent9. are difficult to find and identify in the field1. Very little is known about the morphology, In recent years raptor identification in the plumage variation, ecology and geographical Neotropics has received more attention from range of the White-collared Kite. H. K. field researchers5,6,14,18,19, but few field guides Swann23 described the species in 1922 from a provide descriptions or illustrations of White- single specimen collected by W. A. Forbes in collared Kite9,10,12,20. More importantly, no accurate Pernambuco in 1882. This specimen, held at the illustrations of White-collared Kite’s flight Natural History Museum (Tring, UK, colour silhouette have been published. This paucity of photos available at http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/ information on the identification of the species arq.htm) was considered an aberrant plumaged leaves field researchers, conservationists, and (perhaps immature) Gray-headed Kite Leptodon birdwatchers without appropriate tools to identify cayanensis by some authorities, but more recently birds in the field. An example of this problem can recognised as a valid species by others (see Mallet- be found in Roda et al.17 who reported a sighting of Rodriguez15 for an exhaustive list of references a White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus on the subject). In 1987, Teixeira et al. (1987) on 19 February 2000 at Engenho Coimbra collected a pair in breeding condition at São (Alagoas). In subsequent correspondence, the Miguel dos Campos (Alagoas, Brazil), and a second observer acknowledged that this was probably female of unknown age at Murici (Alagoas), and a mistake and that the bird was most likely a although no detailed descriptions or photographs Mantled Hawk Leucopternis polionotus or a of these specimens were published, they stated White-collared Kite (C. J. Carlos pers. comm.). that L. forbesi is not an abnormal immature of L. This illustrates the lack of quality information on cayanensis. Finally, an unreported specimen of an the identification of some species of raptors of the adult White-collared Kite was discovered at the Atlantic Forest in north-east Brazil, as these three Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo species actually appear quite different in flight (MZUSP) in São Paulo, Brazil. Altogether, only five (Plate 1). 29 neotropical birding 8 neotropical birding 8 29 >> IDENTIFICATION WORKSHOP WHITE-COLLARED KITE In this paper we describe phenotypic variation bars did not form continuous lines across feathers, in White-collared Kites and present information b) medium contrast, secondaries with bars forming on how to identify adults, as well as other species ill-defined yet obvious lines across feathers, of mostly ‘black-and-white’ raptors occurring in and c) low contrast, bars on secondaries formed north-east Brazil. Taxonomy of the White-collared continuous lines (n = 19), 7) number of white bars Kite is discussed elsewhere (Dénes et al. in press). on primary 6 (or 7 if 6 was absent, counting from the secondaries outwards) (n = 15), 8) colour of the Methods trailing edge of the wings (n = 13), 9) colour of the cere (n = 15), and 10) colour of the legs (n = 14). We examined, photographed, measured, and Information on similar species is based on studied moult of both the Tring and São Paulo numerous Grey-headed Kites (from São Paulo White-collared Kite specimens, and more than [Brazil], Misiones [Argentina], Bolívar and 100 specimens of typical Grey-headed Kites in Monagas [Venezuela], and Petén [Guatemala]), museums around the world. We conducted two Crane Hawks Geranospiza caerulescens (from raptor surveys in Alagoas and Pernambuco states Alagoas state), White-necked Hawks (from São in October 2007 and February 2008 to look for Paulo state), Mantled Hawks (from Santa Catarina, White-collared Kites and other raptors. Localities São Paulo and Alagoas states), and Short-tailed visited included, from north to south, Mata do Hawks Buteo brachyurus (throughout the Leão, Sirinhaém, Pernambuco (8°32’S 35°10’W), Neotropics) observed and photographed by us. Mata da Cobra, Sirinhaém, Pernambuco (8°34’S The illustrations were based upon photographs 35°09’W), Mata do Taua, Sirinhaém, Pernambuco to ensure accuracy in pattern and proportions. (8°34’S 35°10’W), Engenho Cachoeira Linda, Barreiro, Pernambuco (8°49’S 35°20’W), Mata do Açude Cachoeira, São José da Laje, Alagoas R esults (8°55’S 36°03’W), Mata do Açude Capiana, São We took c.750 photographs of 20 individual José da Laje, Alagoas (8°56’S 36°00’W), Mata do White-collared Kites, studied photographs taken Açude Espinho, São José da Laje, Alagoas (8°57’S by others of an additional four kites, described 36°01’W), Mata do Pinto, Sirinhaém, Pernambuco two kites that were too far to photograph, and (8°58’S 36°06’W), road to Coimbra, Ibateguara, examined two museum specimens, establishing Alagoas (8°59’S 35°52’W), Fazenda Boa Sorte, and recording the state of at least one of ten Muruci, Alagoas (9°11’S 35°56’W), Fazenda plumage characters on 28 individual White- Varrela, São Miguel dos Campos, Alagoas (9°42’S collared Kites. 36°00’W) and Roteiro Lagoon, Roteiro, Alagoas We could determine age for 26 individuals: 23 (9°49’S 35°59’W). (88%) birds were adults, two (8%) were moulting Eight observers totalled 430 man-hours of from juvenile into adult plumage (Fig. 10), and one survey. Observations were mostly made from (4%) captive bird was in fresh juvenile plumage roadside or hillside lookouts using 8×42 and (Fig. 7). An additional two birds were aged as 10×50 binoculars and spotting scopes mounted on possible juveniles. tripods. We photographed 20 individual White- Plumage characters differed among birds, collared Kites and a large number of other raptors, resulting in considerable phenotypic variation. from as many angles as possible, using digital Some features remained constant across all cameras with 100–400 mm lenses. C. Albano, C. individuals. All birds had the hind neck white Dietzen and M. Cardoso de Sousa kindly sent us (but not all had darker heads). The back, rump photographs of an additional four White-collared and upperwing-coverts (except for lesser) were Kites. We also made written descriptions of two slate-coloured on all birds, usually with mantle and more individuals in the field that were too distant upper back feathers white-tipped (difficult to see in to photograph. For each individual we attempted the field). Underside of body was uniformly white to establish 1) coloration of the head and neck in all birds, and all had dark eyes. Other characters (n = 22), 2) colour of the leading edge of the were variable as discussed below: wings (n = 17), 3) the number and width of pale 1) Coloration of head and neck (n = 22). Nine bands on the uppertail visible in the field (n = 14), (41%) had a pale ashy-grey helmet defined by a 4) number of dark bands in the undertail visible white collar on the hindneck; seven (32%) had in the field (n = 21), 5) coloration of underwing- all-white heads and necks; three birds (14%) had coverts (n = 25), 6) the contrast between patterns only pale-grey crowns; two (10%) showed brown on primaries and secondaries in three categories sides and top of the head (we think these were a) high contrast, secondaries almost plain below or juveniles); and one (4%) captive juvenile had white 30 neotropical birding 8 neotropical birding 8 30 head and neck but a few black specks on the back 7) Number of white bars on primary 6 (or 7 if 6 of the crown. absent) (n = 15). Ten (67%) had three; four birds (27%) had four bars; and one kite (6%) had only 2) Colour of leading edge of wings (n =17). Most birds (13; 76%) had noticeable white leading edges two bars. to wings, while four (24%) were dark in this area. 8) Colour of the trailing edge of the wings (n = 13). Ten (77%) had white trailing edges to 3) Number and width of pale bands in the wings; two birds (15%) had dark trailing edge upper-tail visible in the field. (n = 14). Ten birds (71%) had a single whitish band on the uppertail, to the wings, and one bird (7%), most likely a of which in five (50%) it was broad, in one (10%) it juvenile moulting into adult plumage had a mix was of intermediate width, and in the remaining of white tipped new primaries and old brownish four (40%) it was narrow.
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