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Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, at Pensacola, Florida, for Aiding Slaves to Escape from Bondage Reproduced from the Frontispiece of the 1846 Edition Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, at Pensacola, Florida, for Aiding Slaves to Escape from Bondage Reproduced from the frontispiece of the 1846 edition. Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, at Pensacola, Florida, for Aiding Slaves to Escape from Bondage Jonathan Walker LibraryPress@UF Gainesville, Florida Cover: Map of the West Indies, published in Philadelphia, 1806. From the Caribbean Maps collection in the University of Florida Digital Collections at the George A. Smathers Libraries. Reissued 2017 by LibraryPress@UF on behalf of the University of Florida This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncom- mercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. You are free to electronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. Please contact the University Press of Florida (http://upress.ufl. edu) to purchase print editions of the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. ISBN 978-1-947372-18-4 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-947372-20-7 (ePub) LibraryPress@UF is an imprint of the University of Florida Press. University of Florida Press 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://upress.ufl.edu The Florida and the Caribbean Open Books Series In 2016, the University Press of Florida, in collaboration with the George A. Smathers Libraries of the University of Florida, received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, under the Humanities Open Books program, to republish books related to Florida and the Caribbean and to make them freely available through an open access platform. The resulting list of books is the Florida and the Caribbean Open Books Series published by the LibraryPress@UF in collaboration with the University of Florida Press, an imprint of the University Press of Florida. A panel of distinguished scholars has selected the series titles from the UPF list, identified as essential reading for scholars and students. The series is composed of titles that showcase a long, distin- guished history of publishing works of Latin American and Carib- bean scholarship that connect through generations and places. The breadth and depth of the list demonstrates Florida’s commitment to transnational history and regional studies. Selected reprints include Daniel Brinton’s A Guide-Book of Florida and the South (1869), Cor- nelis Goslinga’s The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580–1680 (1972), and Nelson Blake’s Land into Water—Water into Land (1980). Also of note are titles from the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series. The series, published in 1976 in commemoration of America’s bicentenary, comprises twenty-five books regarded as “clas- sics,” out-of-print works that needed to be in more libraries and read- ers’ bookcases, including Sidney Lanier’s Florida: Its Scenery, Climate, and History (1875) and Silvia Sunshine’s Petals Plucked from Sunny Climes (1880). Today’s readers will benefit from having free and open access to these works, as they provide unique perspectives on the historical scholarship on Florida and the Caribbean and serve as a foundation upon which today’s researchers can build. Visit LibraryPress@UF and the Florida and the Caribbean Open Books Series at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/librarypress. Florida and the Caribbean Open Books Series Project Members Library Press@UF Judith C. Russell Laurie N. Taylor Brian W. Keith Chelsea Dinsmore Haven Hawley Editorial Advisory Board Gary R. Mormino David C. Colburn Patrick J. Reakes University of Florida Press Meredith M. Babb Linda Bathgate Michele Fiyak-Burkley Romi Gutierrez Larry Leshan Anja Jimenez Marisol Amador Valerie Melina Jane Pollack Danny Duffy Nichole Manosh Erika Stevens This book is reissued as part of the Humanities Open Books program, funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairman Shelton Kemp, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Wyon D. Childers, Pensacola Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Dorothy Glisson, Tallahassee James A. Glisson, Tavares Jack D. Gordon, Miami Beach Richard S. Hodes, Tampa Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. Raymond Mason, Jacksonville Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Coral Gables Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Orlando Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers F. Blair Reeves, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Vt BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. Don L. Spicer, Tallahassee Harold W. Stayman, Jr., Tampa Alan Trask, Fort Meade Ralph Turlington, Tallahassee W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. THE letters SS—-Slave Stealer—were burned onto the right hand of Jonathan Walker in Pensacola in 1844. This cruel punishment placed him at once in the forefront of the American abolitionist movement. Walker, a poor and modest man who lived in obscurity all of his life, was convicted in a Pensacola court of helping slaves escape. Always an egalitar­ ian, Walker had experienced little personal con­ tact with slavery until he came to live in the South. He abhorred oppression. He resented the way that men and women were brutalized and humiliated. His opposition to slavery was buttressed by the things that he saw on every hand. To him, the institution of slavery was completely devoid of either justification or vir­ tue. The Declaration «of Independence had de­ creed "that all men are created equal/' and this affirmation became Walker's creed. As he saw it, slavery was not only a black tragedy but it debased and corrupted all people, what­ ever their color or creed. That all men should have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness was the philosophy that had de- viii PREFACE. manded political liberty in 1776 and had given birth to our nation. This was Jonathan Walk­ er's philosophy of life. In Pensacola, Walker agreed to take several blacks by boat to Nassau. Overtaken in the waters near Key West by a wrecking schooner, he was transported back to Pensacola to stand trial. He pleaded "not guilty" on grounds, that assisting men to escape from slavery was not a crime. "How could peaceably aiding those robbed of their liberty be considered steal­ ing?" he asked. "Guilty" was the jury's ver­ dict. In addition to a fine, fifteen days impris­ onment, and standing in the pillory for one hour, Walker was to be branded. A roar of protest inflamed public opinion. In the North, Walker was hailed as an abolitionist martyr, as the "scarred veteran of the liberty war." Even in the South there were those who were repelled by this unnecessary harshness and cruelty. Released from imprisonment in Pen­ sacola, Walker was immediately drafted for the anti-slavery lecture circuit. He had not only a story to tell but a brand to show. Walker's hand became even more famous when John Greenleaf Whittier wrote a poem about it. The poem and a picture—"an exact repre­ sentation" of the hand—were printed in dozens of papers throughout the United States. The poem was also set to music and became a great favorite at countless anti-slavery gatherings. PREFACE. IX The "Branded Hand" was recited by many generations of schoolchildren. Walker described his Florida experiences in Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, at Pensacola, Florida, for Aiding Slaves to Es­ cape from Bondage, with an appendix contain­ ing a sketch of his life, published in Boston in 1845. Some critics compared it with Frederick Douglass's autobiography, and it was indeed significant in the anti-slavery movement. It was a simple story, told without embellishment, and readers admired Walker's courage and honesty, and particularly his commitment to emancipation. The book is a valuable source for the study of Florida history, and for this reason it was selected as one of the twenty-five volumes to be published in the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series. Completion of this series of rare, out-of-print books will make a substantial contribution to Florida history and to scholar­ ship in general. Scholars like Professor Joe M. Richardson of Florida State University, author of the Introduction to Walker's Trial and Im­ prisonment, were asked to do an introduction and to compile an index. In addition to the fac­ similes, the Florida Bicentennial Commission will publish a series of monographs, pamphlets, and books on Florida for use in the classroom and for the general public. The Commission is also sponsoring many state and local-Jevel X PREFACE. programs aimed at achieving "goals that will make a lasting contribution to the welfare and betterment of the people of Florida and the United States." The Commission was set up by the Florida legislature to plan the state's in­ volvement in the national celebration. Professor Richardson points out in his In­ troduction that unlike some abolitionist tracts of the period there was little exaggeration in Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker. He describes it as "a measured, judicious, and forgiving treatment of his trial and imprison­ ment as he perceived it/* Walker makes many observations about slavery and the attitudes of white Floridians, but he rarely condemns individuals.
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