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PORTUGUESE SHRIPIPIENG and Shefilluieldieng in GOA Il510 4780

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PORTUGUESE SHRIPIPIENG and Shefilluieldieng in GOA Il510 4780 PORTUGUESE SHRIPIPIENG AND SHEFIllUIELDIENG IN GOA Il510 4780 By rffzele, ,W,rii-e4 M.A. For the degree Of ( HISTORY) Ph.D. Under The Guidance Of Prof. K.M.Mathew Ddpartment Of History GOA UNIVERSITY, Taleigao Plateau, GOA. 403 203. Xavier Mariona Martins Department Of History, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE I hereby state that the thesis for the Ph.D. Degree on 6 PORTUGUESE SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDING IN GOA 1510 - 1786 is my original work and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship, or any other similar title. Taleigao Plateau Signature Of The Candidate 12- /12/1994 Xavier M. Martins Count signed: Dr. K. at ew, M.A., Ph.D. Professor & H ad, Department 0 History, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. PREFACE Indo - Portuguese maritime history is relatively a new field of study. Portugal was the first European power to dominate the Eastern seas by bringing under their control key eastern trading ports like Ormuz, Malacca and Goa. Ormuz and Malacca slipped out from their hands but Goa continued to be an important port of the Portuguese in the East. The Portuguese naval operations at this port merits a detailed study on account of the role it played in the consolidation of their power in the Orient. The present work probes into various issues relating to the Portuguese shipping and shipbuilding operations in Goa from 1510 - 1780. In the preparation of this work, I was helped by many scholars and other persons. This study was first initiated under the guidance of Late Prof. Dr. B. S. Shastry, the then Head of the History Department, Goa University. On his sad demise, I transferred my Ph.D. registration under Prof. Dr. K.M. Mathew, the Head of the History Department, Goa University.' am grateful to Prof. K.M Mathew for accepting me as his research student. It was his masterly and scholarly guidance and advice that enabled me to complete my studies. The encouragement and support I received from him during the course of my research is inestimable. Words are inadequate to express my gratitude to him. I am also indebted to my teachers Dr.(Ms.) Pratima Kamat and Dr. N. Shyam Bhat, History Department, Goa University. My • II sincere thanks go to Mr. V.R. Navelkar, Deputy Librarian, Goa University and his staff at the basement, In charge of Dr. Pissurlenkar and Gonsalves collection for their assistance. I am thankful to Mr. Nuno Gonsalves, the donor of the Gonsalves collection which I have used on massive scale for my study. I would also like to express my thanks to the authorities of the Goa Archives, particularly the staff of the Documentation Section. A word of thanks to Mrs. Pia Rodrigues, Mrs. Lourdes B. D'Costa and other staff of the Rare Book Section, Central Library, Panaji, Goa. I would also like to thank. Fr. Charles Borges, Director of The Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Alto-Porvorim and Mrs. Lilia M. D'Souza, Librarian of the Centre, for their valuable help. I wish to place on record my gratitude to Mr. Antonio Menezes, Journalist who not only taught me Portuguese language but also helped me in translating some old Portuguese documents. The help rendered to me by Mr. Anthony Fernandes is also gratefully remembered. III The prompt and efficient service of Marvel Prints, Mapusa Goa, deserves special thanks. Lastly, my thanks are in no small measure to my family members for all their assistance and forbearance. XAVIER M. MARTINS. CONTENTS Page No. Preface Introduction 1-16 PART I Chapter 1 17-49 Portuguese Shipping - Its Mechanism. Chapter 2 50-85 Types of Ships and their Artillery & Equipment. Chapter 3 86-117 Life on board the Portuguese ships. Part II Chapter 4 118-150 Shipbuilding in Goa 1510 - 1780. Chapter 5 151-180 Naval Dockyard of Goa. Chapter 6 181-202 Dimensions of the Portuguese Ships. Conclusion 203-207 APPENDICES Appendix I-A 208 Portuguese Naval Measuring Units. Appendix I-B 209-210 Measuring Units used by the Portuguese shipbuilders in the 15th and 16th Centuries and its equivalence in Metric Decimal System. Appendix - II 211-212 Weights and Measures Appendix - III 213-219 Sketch of a ship of India Ordered by Gonsalo Roiz on the Model of the Ship Conceicao. Appendix - IV 220-229 On the Mode of Building Ships of three decks of the India Voyage and the Rumos that they would have. Appendix - V 230 Rigging Material obtained from Kanara by the Portuguese in 1726. APPendix = VI 231 Medical Items on the Nau Nossa Senhora da Conceicati sailed in 1772. Appendix - VII 232-233 Rigging Certificates issued by the Revenue Council to the ships in Goa 1707 - 1775. Glossary 234-243 Bibliography. 244-278 INTRODUCTION The geographical location of Portugal was the main factor that stimulated the people and the rulers of Portugal to understand the importance of powerful navy. The Royal navy in Portugal came into existence with King Afonso Henrique in 1114- 1185. 1 Under Sancho II (1225 -1248) Portugal had a strong naval fleet comprising of the vessels like Naus, Gales etc. 2 King Diniz can be termed as the true founder of the Portuguese navy. 3 In the Charter of 1377, King Fernando encouraged shipbuilders by granting special privileges which were later renewed in a Charter of 1380. 4 Motivated by commercial, geographical and religious factors, the Portuguese embarked upon an extensive policy of sending expeditions to unknown regions of the world. The initial success of the Portuguese voyages was mainly due to systematic and energetic efforts of Prince Henry the Navigator, who established the first Naval Academy at Sagres. 5 At this Centre, the cartographers, cosmographers and mathematicians were put to work on numerous navigational problems confronting the Portuguese explorers. An unique achievement of the Sagres Naval Academy was the creation of the Portuguese Caravela, a magnificent ship of some 50t to 100t, capable of putting out regularly on the open sea without any problem relating to the oarsmen. 6 By 1470, the Portuguese had successfully examined and mapped a large portion of the African coast. In 1481, King John who succeeded Afonso V on the throne of Portugal took up the projects which had been left untouched since the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. He 2 improved the methods of shipbuilding and began to build full- decked ships of 100t. 7 In 1482 Diogo Cdo passed Cape Catarina, the final point of the discoveries so far made and sailed upto the Cape of Saint Augustin. 8 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, and after sailing for some distance upto the Coast of Southern Africa, returned with the news that the sea route to Indies was evidently open. 9 Dias's information was further supplemented by the reports of Pero de Covilhvam who was sent to the East by the King of Portugal. Covilhvam reached the west coast of India proper in 1488 and he submitted his report to the Crown showing the feasibility of reaching India by sea via Cape of Good Hope." Based on the contents of the Covilhvam's report and the information obtained from early voyages, preparations were made for the historic India voyage. On 8th July, 1497, Vasco da Gama, a nobleman and experienced navigator sailed from Belem with a fleet of 4 ships carrying a crew of 160 and reached Kappucat near Calicut on 17th May 1498. 11 Thus opened the East-West maritime encounter. The rich dividends of the Da Gama voyage induced the King of Portugal to send every year fleets to India to obtain the spices. The voyages of Pedro Alvares Cabral and Joao de Nova in 1500 and 1501 respectively yielded good profits to the Portuguese Crown. 12 In the course of time the Portuguese devised a strategy not only for participating in the spice trade of the East but also for obtaining complete control over the maritime trade route. The 3 Portuguese captains were instructed to block the Muslim maritime trade between India and the Arab states and to divert the same to Portugal. The system of 'controlled navigation' was introduced by the Portuguese in the Indian ocean by means of Cartaz. The Portuguese realised that, the effective control over the spice V trade and the route would be possible only if they posses$a well- equipped navy in the Indian waters and the naval installations at strategic points on the western coast of India. A strong chain of fortresses with anchoring facilities all along the western coast of India was set up, which served as naval and commercial base. In 1503, the Portuguese established their first factory at Cochin.13 In 1505, the King of Portugal changed his policy of sending annual fleets and decided to appoint a resident Viceroy in India for a term of 3 years to guard and promote the Portuguese interest.' 4 Though Cochin became the main base of naval and commercial operations of the Portuguese on the western coast of India, they soon realised that Goa has much more to offer for the success of their eastern naval enterprise. From the defense point of view, Goa was a fortified port and therefore the Portuguese navy could command the Arabian Sea from the centre. Emphasising the strategic importance of Goa, Alfonso de Albuquerque in his letter informed the King that "it provided safe passage for all ships laden with Your cargoes and the principal outlet for goods going to the kingdoms of Vijayanagar and the Deccan". 15 On February 17, 1510 Albuquerque attacked the Bijapuri forces and took over the 4 city of Goa.
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