DOCSLIB.ORG

Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis Or Dissertation As A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis Or Dissertation As A Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Date Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Master of Public Health Epidemiology _________________________________________ Dr. John McGowan, Jr. Committee Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Nina Marano Committee Member Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Bachelor of Science Xavier University 2009 Faculty Committee Chair: John E. McGowan, Jr., MD An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health in Epidemiology 2012 Abstract Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Current knowledge of the incidence and risk factors associated with rodent-borne zoonoses in travelers is limited. Travelers and physicians alike must be properly educated so that they are aware of the risks and the protective measures that should be taken. This study investigated rodent-borne zoonoses in travelers and associated risk factors using GeoSentinel, a multi-site global surveillance network established for the surveillance of travel-related morbidity. 18 rodent-borne zoonoses were chosen for analysis. This study analyzed only diseases that were either directly transmitted from rodents to humans (including contact with infected urine or droppings) or indirectly transmitted via an arthropod reservoir, where the rodent plays a major role in the life cycle of the disease. Over a 15 year span there were 962 reports of illness associated with one or more of these 18 rodent-borne zoonotic diseases. Ill travelers with rodent zoonoses were found to be significantly more likely to be male and traveling as tourists than those ill travelers with some other diagnosis. Adventure travel and risky behavior may increase the risk of contact with rodent zoonoses for both groups, as males were more likely to engage in adventure travel than females and tourists were also more likely to engage in risk taking behavior. Further, when compared to all other ill travelers, those with rodent zoonoses were 21 times more likely to have been exposed in South America, 12 times more likely to have been exposed in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 11 times more likely to have been exposed in Central America. Travelers to these areas should be aware of their increased risk of contracting a rodent-borne zoonosis and should take proper preventative measures. Analysis of the GeoSentinel database can provide epidemiologic information about rodent-borne zoonoses in travelers and ultimately decrease the disease burden in this population. Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Bachelor of Science Xavier University 2009 Thesis Committee Chair: John E. McGowan, Jr., MD A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health in Epidemiology 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to Nina Marano, Noelle Molinari, and John McGowan, Jr., whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project. Jillian L. Fitzpatrick Contents BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................4 Directly Transmitted Rodent Zoonoses ...........................................................................4 Indirectly Transmitted Rodent Zoonoses.........................................................................6 Rodent Zoonoses in Travelers........................................................................................11 METHODS........................................................................................................................13 Hypotheses:....................................................................................................................13 Objectives: .....................................................................................................................13 Dataset:...........................................................................................................................14 Rodent Zoonosis Classification: ....................................................................................14 Variable Descriptions:....................................................................................................15 Comparison Groups: ......................................................................................................15 Analysis Plan (Specific Aims):......................................................................................15 Sample Size and Power Calculations.............................................................................16 RESULTS..........................................................................................................................18 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................23 Strengths and Limitations ..............................................................................................25 Future Directions............................................................................................................26 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................27 TABLES ............................................................................................................................29 Appendix 1.........................................................................................................................42 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Frequency of Directly and Indirectly Transmitted Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 2a. Characteristics of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 2b. Characteristics of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 3. Bivariate Analyses of Characteristics Associated with Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996- 2011 Table 4. Multivariate Analyses of Characteristics Associated with Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996- 2011 Table 5. Relative Contribution of Each Rodent Zoonosis to Risk Factors of Interest in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 6. Symptoms of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 7. Bivariate Analyses of Symptoms in Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 8. Multivariate Analyses of Symptoms in Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 9. All Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Rickettsial Diagnoses Only in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 10. Region of Exposure of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 11. Region of Exposure Bivariate Analysis of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 Table 12. Region of Exposure Multivariate Analysis of Travelers with Rodent Zoonoses Compared to Travelers without Rodent Zoonoses in GeoSentinel, March 1996-2011 1 BACKGROUND Since the end of the 20th century, emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases have garnered increased attention, both globally and in the United States. An estimated 75% of all emerging infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin (1). Of all human pathogens, 60% are zoonotic, and of these, 71% originate from wildlife (2). This emergence has brought with it a great need for an increase in surveillance, detection, and control of zoonotic diseases. Escalating speed and ease of travel have expanded
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Candidatus Deianiraea Vastatrix” with the Ciliate Paramecium Suggests
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The extracellular association of the bacterium “Candidatus Deianiraea vastatrix” with the ciliate Paramecium suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales 5 Castelli M.1, Sabaneyeva E.2, Lanzoni O.3, Lebedeva N.4, Floriano A.M.5, Gaiarsa S.5,6, Benken K.7, Modeo L. 3, Bandi C.1, Potekhin A.8, Sassera D.5*, Petroni G.3* 1. Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università 10 degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 2. Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 4 Centre of Core Facilities “Culture Collections of Microorganisms”, Saint Petersburg State 15 University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 5. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 6. UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy 7. Core Facility Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia 20 8. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia * Corresponding authors, contacts: [email protected] ; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleas and Flea-Borne Diseases
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (2010) e667–e676 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Infectious Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijid Review Fleas and flea-borne diseases Idir Bitam a, Katharina Dittmar b, Philippe Parola a, Michael F. Whiting c, Didier Raoult a,* a Unite´ de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes, CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France b Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA c Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA ARTICLE INFO SUMMARY Article history: Flea-borne infections are emerging or re-emerging throughout the world, and their incidence is on the Received 3 February 2009 rise. Furthermore, their distribution and that of their vectors is shifting and expanding. This publication Received in revised form 2 June 2009 reviews general flea biology and the distribution of the flea-borne diseases of public health importance Accepted 4 November 2009 throughout the world, their principal flea vectors, and the extent of their public health burden. Such an Corresponding Editor: William Cameron, overall review is necessary to understand the importance of this group of infections and the resources Ottawa, Canada that must be allocated to their control by public health authorities to ensure their timely diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: ß 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Flea Siphonaptera Plague Yersinia pestis Rickettsia Bartonella Introduction to 16 families and 238 genera have been described, but only a minority is synanthropic, that is they live in close association with The past decades have seen a dramatic change in the geographic humans (Table 1).4,5 and host ranges of many vector-borne pathogens, and their diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Rickettsia Felis: Molecular Characterization of a New Member of the Spotted Fever Group
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 339–347 Printed in Great Britain Rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group Donald H. Bouyer,1 John Stenos,2 Patricia Crocquet-Valdes,1 Cecilia G. Moron,1 Vsevolod L. Popov,1 Jorge E. Zavala-Velazquez,3 Lane D. Foil,4 Diane R. Stothard,5 Abdu F. Azad6 and David H. Walker1 Author for correspondence: David H. Walker. Tel: j1 409 772 2856. Fax: j1 409 772 2500. e-mail: dwalker!utmb.edu 1 Department of Pathology, In this report, placement of Rickettsia felis in the spotted fever group (SFG) WHO Collaborating Center rather than the typhus group (TG) of Rickettsia is proposed. The organism, for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical which was first observed in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) by electron Branch, 301 University microscopy, has not yet been reported to have been cultivated reproducibly, Blvd, Galveston, TX thereby limiting the standard rickettsial typing by serological means. To 77555-0609, USA overcome this challenge, several genes were selected as targets to be utilized 2 Australian Rickettsial for the classification of R. felis. DNA from cat fleas naturally infected with R. Reference Laboratory, Douglas Hocking Medical felis was amplified by PCR utilizing primer sets specific for the 190 kDa surface Institute, Geelong antigen (rOmpA) and 17 kDa antigen genes. The entire 5513 bp rompA gene Hospital, Geelong, was sequenced, characterized and found to have several unique features when Australia compared to the rompA genes of other Rickettsia. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3 Department of Tropical partial sequence of the 17 kDa antigen gene indicated that R.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraspecies Comparative Genomics of Rickettsia
    AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ T H È S E Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 13 décembre 2013 Par M. Erwin SENTAUSA Né le 16 décembre 1979 àMalang, Indonésie INTRASPECIES COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF RICKETTSIA Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTORAT d’AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ SPÉCIALITÉ :PATHOLOGIE HUMAINE Ͳ MALADIES INFECTIEUSES Membres du Jury de la Thèse : Dr. Patricia RENESTO Rapporteur Pr. Max MAURIN Rapporteur Dr. Florence FENOLLAR Membre du Jury Pr. Pierre ͲEdouard FOURNIER Directeur de thèse Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Avant Propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené àrespecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe permettant un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre àl’étudiant de le commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail.
    [Show full text]
  • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Volume 74 May 2008 No. 10 GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Discovering the Hidden Secondary Metabolome of Daniel Krug, Gabriela Zurek, Ole 3058–3068 Myxococcus xanthus: a Study of Intraspecific Diversity Revermann, Michiel Vos, Gregory J. Velicer, and Rolf Mu¨ller Shuttle Vector Expression in Thermococcus kodakaraensis: Thomas J. Santangelo, L’ubomı´ra 3099–3104 Contributions of cis Elements to Protein Synthesis in a Cˇubonˇova´, and John N. Reeve Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Heterogeneous Selection in a Spatially Structured Frances R. Slater, Kenneth D. 3189–3197 Environment Affects Fitness Tradeoffs of Plasmid Carriage Bruce, Richard J. Ellis, Andrew K. in Pseudomonads Lilley, and Sarah L. Turner Characterization of Endogenous Plasmids from Lactobacillus Fang Fang, Sarah Flynn, Yin Li, 3216–3228 salivarius UCC118 Marcus J. Claesson, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, J. Kevin Collins, Douwe van Sinderen, and Paul W. O’Toole ENZYMOLOGY AND PROTEIN ENGINEERING Conversion Shift of D-Fructose to D-Psicose for Enzyme- Nam-Hee Kim, Hye-Jung Kim, 3008–3013 Catalyzed Epimerization by Addition of Borate Dong-Il Kang, Ki-Woong Jeong, Jung-Kul Lee, Yangmee Kim, and Deok-Kun Oh PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Efficient Production of L-Ribose with a Recombinant Ryan D. Woodyer, Nathan J. 2967–2975 Escherichia coli Biocatalyst Wymer, F. Michael Racine, Shama N. Khan, and Badal C. Saha Comparison of Microbial and Photochemical Processes and Andrei Bunescu, Pascale Besse- 2976–2984 Their Combination for Degradation of 2-Aminobenzothiazole Hoggan, Martine Sancelme, Gilles Mailhot, and Anne-Marie Delort Bioenergy Production via Microbial Conversion of Residual Lisa M. Gieg, Kathleen E. Duncan, 3022–3029 Oil to Natural Gas and Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA of Rickettsia Felis and Toxoplasma Gondii Implicated in the Death of a Hunter- 2 Gatherer Boy from South Africa, 2,000 Years Ago 3 4 Riaan F
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.217141; this version posted July 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Ancient DNA of Rickettsia felis and Toxoplasma gondii implicated in the death of a hunter- 2 gatherer boy from South Africa, 2,000 years ago 3 4 Riaan F. Rifkin1,2,*,†, Surendra Vikram1,†, Jean-Baptiste J. Ramond1,2,3, Don A. Cowan1, Mattias 5 Jakobsson4,5,6, Carina M. Schlebusch4,5,6, Marlize Lombard5,* 6 7 1 Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of 8 Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa. 9 2 Department of Anthropology and Geography, Human Origins and Palaeoenvironmental Research Group, Oxford Brookes 10 University, Oxford, UK. 11 3 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 12 4 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden. 13 5 Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa. 14 6 SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden. 15 16 *Corresponding authors ([email protected], [email protected]). 17 † Contributed equally to this work. 18 19 The Stone Age record of South Africa provides some of the earliest evidence for the biological 20 and cultural origins of Homo sapiens. While there is extensive genomic evidence for the selection 21 of polymorphisms in response to pathogen-pressure in sub-Saharan Africa, there is insufficient 22 evidence for ancient human-pathogen interactions in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction- Rickettsia Felis Clinical Manifestations
    5/08/2014 Cat flea-borne spotted fever in humans – is the dog to blame? Rebecca J Traub Assoc. Prof. in Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Introduction- Rickettsia felis Emerging zoonoses globally Cat-flea typhus or flea- borne spotted fever Transitional group ‘cat-flea’ Ctenocephalides felis Serological cross-reactivity typhus Flea vector cf tick Lack of ompA gene - SFG Clinical manifestations Fever, malaise, myalgia, macular rash*, eschar* Non-specific: gastrointestinal, respiratory or nurological 1 Fevers of unknown origin (6-7% in Africa)2,3 Significant correlation between R. felis and malaria (av. 23% co-infected)4 Re-infection / relapses4 1Nilsson et al., 2013; 2 Maina et al., 2012;3 Socolovschi et al., 2010; 4 Mediannikov et al., 2013 Williams et al., 2010 1 5/08/2014 Grossly misdiagnosed? Indistinguishable from other spotted fevers Cross-reactivity with typhus group R. prowazekii (louse-borne typhus) R. typhi (murine typhus) Non-specific febrile illness Lack of awareness / Low index of suspicion Grossly misdiagnosed? Cat-flea typhus in Australia 5 Rickettsia felis life cycle MAMMALIAN RESERVOIR Cats5? Opossums 6 Rattus spp.?7 Dogs?8 Ctenocephaledes felis 15-80% +ve VECTOR Trans-ovarial and trans-stadial transmission (12 generations for C. felis) 5Wedincamp & Foil, 2000; 6 Schriefer et al, 1994; 7Abramowicz et al, 2011; ACCIDENTAL HOST 8Oteo et al, 2006; 9 5Wedincamp & Foil, 2002 2 5/08/2014 The role of dogs? Whole blood sampled from: 100 healthy pound dogs from SE QLD 130 healthy dogs from Indigenous community in Maningrida, NT (Dog Health Program by AMRRIC) Results of R. felis PCRs (ompB and gltA): 9 SE QLD dogs POSITIVE (9%)9 3 Indigenous community dogs POSITIVE (2.3%)10 9Hii et al., 2011; 10Hii et al., 2012 Image courtesy Dr Ted Donelan Dogs are likely natural mammalian reservoirs for R.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick- and Flea-Borne Rickettsial Emerging Zoonoses Philippe Parola, Bernard Davoust, Didier Raoult
    Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses Philippe Parola, Bernard Davoust, Didier Raoult To cite this version: Philippe Parola, Bernard Davoust, Didier Raoult. Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. Veterinary Research, BioMed Central, 2005, 36 (3), pp.469-492. 10.1051/vetres:2005004. hal- 00902973 HAL Id: hal-00902973 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902973 Submitted on 1 Jan 2005 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vet. Res. 36 (2005) 469–492 469 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2005 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2005004 Review article Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses Philippe PAROLAa, Bernard DAVOUSTb, Didier RAOULTa* a Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France b Direction Régionale du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 16, 69998 Lyon Armées, France (Received 30 March 2004; accepted 5 August 2004) Abstract – Between 1984 and 2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses throughout the world. Six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and later found to be pathogenic to humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 2
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/328021; this version posted May 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Using Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 2 3 Matthew Chunga,b, James B. Munroa, Julie C. Dunning Hotoppa,b,c,# 4 a Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA 5 b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 6 21201, USA 7 c Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, 8 USA 9 10 Running Title: Core Genome Alignments to Assign Bacterial Species 11 12 #Address correspondence to Julie C. Dunning Hotopp, [email protected]. 13 14 Word count Abstract: 371 words 15 Word count Text: 4,833 words 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/328021; this version posted May 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 17 ABSTRACT 18 With the exponential increase in the number of bacterial taxa with genome sequence data, a new 19 standardized method is needed to assign bacterial species designations using genomic data that is 20 consistent with the classically-obtained taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Rickettsia Felis DNA in the Blood of Domestic Cats and Dogs
    Hoque et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:581 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04464-w Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Identifcation of Rickettsia felis DNA in the blood of domestic cats and dogs in the USA Md Monirul Hoque1, Subarna Barua1, Patrick John Kelly2, Kelly Chenoweth1, Bernhard Kaltenboeck1 and Chengming Wang1* Abstract Background: The main vector and reservoir host of Rickettsia felis, an emerging human pathogen causing fea-borne spotted fever, is the cat fea Ctenocephalides felis. While cats have not been found to be infected with the organism, signifcant percentages of dogs from Australia and Africa are infected, indicating that they may be important mam- malian reservoirs. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of R. felis DNA in the blood of domestic dogs and cats in the USA. Methods: Three previously validated PCR assays for R. felis and DNA sequencing were performed on blood samples obtained from clinically ill domestic cats and dogs from 45 states (2008–2020) in the USA. The blood samples had been submitted for the diagnosis of various tick-borne diseases in dogs and feline infectious peritonitis virus, feline immunodefciency virus, and Bartonella spp. in cats. Phylogenetic comparisons were performed on the gltA nucleo- tide sequences obtained in the study and those reported for R. felis and R. felis-like organisms. Results: Low copy numbers of R. felis DNA (around 100 copies/ml whole blood) were found in four cats (4/752, 0.53%) and three dogs (3/777, 0.39%). The very low levels of infection in clinically ill animals is consistent with R.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection of Pathogens in Negative Blood Cultures in the Lao People’S Democratic Republic
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 104(4), 2021, pp. 1582–1585 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1348 Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Molecular Detection of Pathogens in Negative Blood Cultures in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Soo Kai Ter,1,2,3 Sayaphet Rattanavong,3 Tamalee Roberts,3 Amphonesavanh Sengduangphachanh,3 Somsavanh Sihalath,3 Siribun Panapruksachat,3 Manivanh Vongsouvath,3 Paul N. Newton,1,3,4 Andrew J. H. Simpson,3,4 and Matthew T. Robinson3,4* 1Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; 2Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom; 3Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; 4Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Abstract. Bloodstream infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality. However, despite clinical suspicion of such infections, blood cultures are often negative. We investigated blood cultures that were negative after 5 days of incubation for the presence of bacterial pathogens using specific(Rickettsia spp. and Leptospira spp.) and a broad-range 16S rRNA PCR. From 190 samples, 53 (27.9%) were positive for bacterial DNA. There was also a high background incidence of dengue (90/112 patient serum positive, 80.4%). Twelve samples (6.3%) were positive for Rickettsia spp., including two Rickettsia typhi. The 16S rRNA PCR gave 41 positives; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified in 11 and eight samples, respectively, and one Leptospira species was detected. Molecular investigation of negative blood cultures can identify potential pathogens that will otherwise be missed by routine culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Molecular Detection of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum and Rickettsia Spp
    Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS Folia Parasitologica 2019, 66: 020 doi: 10.14411/fp.2019.020 http://folia.paru.cas.cz Research Article The molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. in cat and dog fleas collected from companion animals Olga Pawełczyk, Marek Asman and Krzysztof Solarz Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Abstract: Companion animals can be infested by various species of parasitic insects. Cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (C. felis felis) (Bouché, 1835) and dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826) belong to multihost external parasites of mammals, which most frequently occur on domestic cats Felis catus Linnaeus and dogs Canis familiaris Linnaeus. The main aim of this study was to inves- tigate the presence of pathogens, such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum (syn. Ehrlichia phagocytophila) and Rickettsia spp., in adult C. felis and C. canis fleas. Flea sampling has been realised from January 2013 to April 2017 in veterinary clinics, animal shelters and pet grooming salons. Fleas were collected from domestic cats and dogs, directly from the pet skin or hair. Then, the DNA was isolated from a single flea by using the alkaline hydrolysis and samples were screened for the presence of pathogens using PCR method.Anaplasma phagocytophilum has occurred in 29% of examined C. felis and 16% of C. canis individuals. In turn, the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in cat fleas population was only 3%, and the dog fleas 7%. The present study showed the presence of pathogenic agents in cat and dog fleas, which indicates the potential role of these insects in circulation of A.
    [Show full text]