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1 Conservation Guideline for Medicinal and Aromatic CONSERVATION GUIDELINE FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (MAPs) IN LEBANON GEF-UNDP-LARI, 2013. Conservation guideline for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon. Mainstreaming Biodiversity Management into Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) Production Processes in Lebanon Project. Funded by the Global Environment Facility, implemented by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Beirut. BACKGROUND This technical document was produced based on their endemism (regional or with the framework of the project national), estimated volume of commercial “Mainstreaming Biodiversity Management trade (domestic and international), and into Medicinal and Aromatic Plants perceived decline in wild-collected (MAPs) Production Processes in populations. Four of these target species Lebanon”, funded by the Global (Origanum syriacum, Origanum Environment Facility, and executed by the ehrenbergii, Althaea damascena, and Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute Cyclotrichium origanifolium) are regional and the UNDP, in coordination and or national endemic species that were cooperation with the Lebanese Ministry of selected based on expert opinion that Agriculture. The project objective was to direct harvest pressure (intentional integrate conservation objectives into collection of the species for existing gathering, processing and marketing of markets) is a factor contributing to decline globally significant medicinal and aromatic in resource availability in Lebanon. Two plants (MAP). of these target species (Viola libanotica and Clinopodium libanoticum) are The project worked on both a macro level endemic to Lebanon and were selected (national scale) and a micro level (pilot based on expert opinion that these sites scale). On the national front the species could be endangered by indirect project actively sought to develop and (unintentional) collection of wild strengthen the enabling environment for populations because of their resemblance sustainable use of MAPs. The project to the commercially important congeneric identified regulatory gaps and constraints species V. odorata and M. myrtifolia (syn. that had implications for sustainable juliana). The seventh target species utilization and value chain of MAP (Salvia fruticosa) is a regional endemic resources. Accordingly, several strategic species selected based on the large interventions were implemented on the existing commercial wild-collection and institutional framework. On the pilot site observed negative impacts of wild harvest level, the project worked in four sites of this species on other more vulnerable (Mejdel-Akkar, Assia-Batroun, Hsarat- species. Jbiel and Mrusti-Chouf). These four pilot sites were considered as experimental Lebanon benefits from a rich biodiversity sites for developing sustainable harvesting of more than 4,500 plant species, 2,863 of standards, for developing and which considered native and an implementing value-added processing and endemism rate of 12%. Medicinal and product improvement, for MAP based aromatic plants (MAPs) represent an product marketing and sales and for important part of the natural wealth in certification and branding. The pilot sites Lebanon. There are more than 300 MAP informed the regulative framework species found and utilized in Lebanon (through scientific findings with respect to tens of which are endemic. MAPs provide sustainable harvest standards), informed additional sources of income for rural MAP business development at the communities across the country as there national level and they showcased how to is a long tradition of using MAPs as raw increase the profitability of commercial material for traditional remedies, recipes, MAP products. handcrafts, essential oil and distilled water. The project focused on seven target MAP species: Salvia fruticosa, Origanum The MAP sector in Lebanon suffers from syriacum, Origanum ehrenbergii, Althaea three different challenges but equally damascena, Cyclotrichium origanifolium, damaging. The first two challenges are Viola libanotica and Clinopodium directly linked with the wild MAPs which libanoticum. The species were selected currently supply the majority of the MAP 1 | Page market. First, the heightened demand for The GEF-UNDP-LARI project some MAP species has been met by “Mainstreaming Biodiversity Management unsustainable harvesting which has and into Medicinal and Aromatic Plants will continue to have significant impact on (MAPs) Production Processes in the long term survival of these species. Lebanon” has developed and Second, habitat loss, damage and implemented a step by step approach for fragmentation as well as fires and climate conserving and managing seven targeted change have and will continue to place medicinal and aromatic plants. The significant threat and pressure on the wild project’s experience and tools developed MAP resource. The third challenge is the can serve a piloted guideline to be lack of management knowledge for many expanded and adopted to all MAPs in species because despite the immense Lebanon. This document provides a value of MAP for Lebanon, only few schematic representation of the species have been properly investigated recommended approach for managing and studies from an ecological, social and MAPs in Lebanon with tools developed economic dimensions and also very few and implemented by the project that have been valorized and integrated into provide technical support for each step full market chains. Lebanon requires an outlines. The last section of this effective strategy for medicinal and document includes a detailed aromatic plants which directs conservation guideline for the seven management actions on a species by project target MAP species. species level in one or several directions including wild harvesting, cultivation, and conservation. 2 | Page SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDED APPROACH FOR MANAGING MAPS IN LEBANON Identified Wild plant Step 1: Assess and identify Potential Use Determine the plants use and parts used through: (i) literature review, (ii) enthnobotanical assessments and (ii) lab analysis (chemical, morphological, anatomical) Yes No Step 2: Assess Market Potential No Identify the most commercially important MAPs for both domestic and international markets based on studies and market investigations Yes Step 3: Assess Suitability for sustainable wild harvesting Further investigation for conservation and Assess if wild harvesting of the plant does jeopardizing its existence in the wild management upon availability of resources Yes No Wild harvesting Cultivation 1. Conserve wild gene bank 2. Capacity building for cultivation 3. Business development and impletion 3 | Page RECOMMENDED PROJECT REFERENCE FOR EACH STEP OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH FOR MANAGING MAPS IN LEBANON STEP POTENTIAL CONCERNED/ REFERENCE PROJECT OUTPUT INTERESTED ENTITY • Government 1. Categorized list of the most important wild medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in • MAP based product Lebanon Potential Use companies Assessment • Research institutions • Cooperatives • CBE’s 1. Categorized list of the most important wild Lebanese medicinal and aromatic plants • Government (MAPs) Market Potential • Companies 2. International market study for selected medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon Assessment • Cooperatives (Alcea sps, Micromeria sps, Origanum sps, Satureia sps, Thymus sps, Viola sps, Thymbra • CBE’s spicata, Salvia fruticosa, Cyclotrichium origanifolium) 3. Assessment of suitability for sustainable wild harvesting for selected medicinal and Suitability for • Government aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon (Salvia fruticosa, Origanum syriacum, Althaea sustainable wild • NGO damascena, Cyclotrichium origanifolium, Origanum ehrenbergii, Viola libanotica, harvesting • Clinopodium libanoticum) Assessment Research institutions 4. National distribution surveys, mapping and population assessments for selected medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon (Salvia fruticosa, Origanum syriacum, Althaea damascena, Cyclotrichium origanifolium, Origanum ehrenbergii, Viola libanotica, Clinopodium libanoticum, Thymbra spicata, Satureja thymbra) • Government Assessment and 5. Monographs for selected medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon (Salvia • NGO Monitoring fruticosa, Origanum syriacum, Althaea damascena, Cyclotrichium origanifolium, Origanum • Research institutions ehrenbergii, Viola libanotica, Clinopodium libanoticum) 6. Salvia fruticosa “sage” population and species characteristics under wild conditions in Lebanon 4 | Page STEP POTENTIAL CONCERNED/ REFERENCE PROJECT OUTPUT INTERESTED ENTITY 7. Origanum syriacum “Oregano” population and species characteristics under wild conditions in Lebanon 8. Developing sustainable wild harvesting standards for Salvia fruticosa “sage” and Origanum syriacum “Oregano” in Lebanon 9. Developing sustainable wild harvesting standards for Laurus nobilis in Lebanon 10. Legal study on the existing institutional and legislative framework that affects the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector in Lebanon 11. Establishing national standard for “Zaatar” in Lebanon • Government Conservation and • NGO 12. Draft IUCN Redlist conservation assessment reports for selected medicinal and Management • Research institutions aromatic plants (MAPs) in Lebanon (Salvia fruticosa, Origanum syriacum, Althaea damascena, Cyclotrichium origanifolium, Origanum ehrenbergii, Viola libanotica, Clinopodium libanoticum) • Ministerial decision (179/1, 2012) and permit for
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