DOCSLIB.ORG

Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the Need for Integrated Sea Use Planning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the Need for Integrated Sea Use Planning Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the need for integrated sea use planning Audrie Jacky Siahainenia Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the need for integrated sea use planning Audrie J. Siahainenia Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr. H.H.T. Prins Professor of Resource Ecology Wageningen University Prof. Dr. J.A.J Verreth Professor of Aquaculture and Fisheries Wageningen University Co-Promotor Dr. W.F. de Boer Associate Professor, Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr. H.J. Lindeboom, IMARES - Wageningen University Prof. Dr. S.R. Bush, Wageningen University Dr. J.A.E. van Oostenbrugge, Wageningen University Dr. R. Hille Ris Lambers, WWF the Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation (PE&RC) Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the need for integrated sea use planning Audrie J. Siahainenia Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 30 August 2016 at 8:30 a.m. in the Aula Audrie J. Siahainenia Food from the Sulawesi Sea, the need for integrated sea use planning 180 pages. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016) With references, with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN: 978-94-6257-886-9 DOI: 10.18174/387488 …..to my parents “I’m a slow walker, but I never walk back” Abraham Lincoln, 1809 –1865 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction 1 Chapter 2 The influence of human disturbance on the structural complexity of 13 mangrove forests in the Berau Delta, East Kalimantan Chapter 3 Influence of mangrove roots system on marine fish and crustacean 33 communities, an experimental approach Chapter 4 Impact of spatial context on catches of small-scale fisheries catches 47 in the Berau Delta, Indonesia Chapter 5 Effort allocation and total catches of small-scale multi-gear fisheries 65 in the Derawan Marine Conservation Area (DMCA), East Kaliman- tan, Indonesia Chapter 6 General discussion and conclusions 97 References 123 Summary 145 Samenvatting 149 Appendices 153 Acknowledgements 171 About the author 175 Completed Training and Supervision Plan - PE&RC 177 CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 2 Chapter - One Chapter 1 General Introduction 1.1 Project background 1 Fish and shrimp are important protein sources for humans. With the increasing human population and technological development, the global demand for fish and shrimp is also increasing. On the other hand, the natural supply of fish and shrimp is dwindling, which makes fishing more difficult. Fishing technology has been developed to enhance the catch per unit effort or increase the yield of aquaculture to meet the demand. Some of these ‘modern’ fisheries and aquaculture techniques are destructive to the environment or have other adverse effects on the fish and shrimp stock. The fishing efforts have been used by scientists to identify important factors that influence the stability of fish and shrimp populations in nature. One of the key factors identified is an availability of sufficient adult animals that can reproduce. To ensure that enough juveniles can reach adulthood, the amount of animals caught should be in balance with its natural supply. It is also important that suitable habitat and sufficient food be available for juveniles. Mangroves offer a critical habitat for the juveniles of many commercial fish and shrimp species (Mumby et al. 2004, Mumby 2006), and my Ph.D. project focused on the importance of the mangrove habitat for sustainable fisheries. 1.2 Mangroves as nursery for fish and shrimp Mangroves are defined as tidal forests, coastal woodlands or oceanic rainforests, which thrive in vast areas along shallow coastal areas, bays, estuaries, and deltas, with an abun- dant supply of fresh water from rivers (Kathiresan and Bingham 2001). Without a supply of fresh water, mangrove habitats cannot develop (Sukardjo 2004). Related to the habitat in intertidal areas, the mangrove distribution, and vegetation types are closely associated with the salinity, soil type, tidal type and flooding frequency (Kus- mana 1991). To be able to thrive in the intertidal area, mangrove vegetation should be tolerant to high salinity (Saenger et al. 1983). According to the FAO (1982), mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow below the highest tidal point. In more detail, Duke (1992); p.64 defined mangrove vegetation as: “a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally ex- ceeding one-half meter in height, and which normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone in marine coastal environments or estuarine margins”. When referring to the mangrove habitat, the term mangroves are commonly used, although it relates to the mangrove forest habitat, not to the individual trees. In general, mangrove vegetation can be categorized into true mangroves and associated mangroves. Wang et al. (2011) defined true mangroves as true halophytes and mangrove associates that are glycophytes with a certain salt tolerance. Globally, there are about 60 species of true mangroves (Saenger 4 Chapter - One et al. 1983, Spalding et al. 2010). In Indonesia, where the study area of this research is located, all 60 species of mangroves have been recorded, 43 of which are true mangroves and the other 17 species are associated mangroves (Noor et al. 1999, Bengen 2003, Kus- mana 2010). Mangroves have a higher primary productivity than coastal terrestrial forests (Kusmana 1991, Sukardjo et al. 2013a). Lugo and Snedaker (1974) reported that the gross pro- ductivity of mangroves is higher than that of coral reefs and seagrass habitats. Due to this high productivity, mangrove habitats are highly important as feeding, spawning and nursery areas for fish and shrimp (Kusmana 1991, Primavera 2005a). Beck et al. (2001, p.635) define a nursery area as: “a habitat is a nursery for juveniles of a particular species if its contribution per unit area to the production of individuals that recruit to adult pop- ulations is greater, on average, than other habitats in which juveniles occur”. The man- grove habitat is an important nursery habitat for fish and shrimp, as illustrated by previous publications (Thayer et al. 1987, Morton 1990, Robertson and Duke 1990). Abundant of juveniles were found exclusively in mangrove habitats with much larger densities than those encountered in adjacent habitats, such as mudflats and seagrass beds (Laegdsgaard and Johnson 1995, Vance et al. 1996, Manson et al. 2003). A study conducted in the Bangalore Delta, Bangladesh, reported that 400 species used the mangrove habitat as the nursery ground, of which 20 were prawn species and 44 crab species (Gundermann et al. 1983, Lowe-McConnell and McConnell 1987). In addition, Mumby et al, (2004) described a strong positive relationship between the presence of adjacent mangroves and the abundance of reef fishes on coral reefs outside the intertidal area. Fish use the mangrove habitat in various ways: some species are only occasional visitors, some only use it at certain life stages, whereas other species are only found in mangrove forests (Manson et al. 2005a). Some species use mangroves as a corridor to move be- tween the low saline estuarine area to coral reefs (Mumby et al. 2004, Mumby 2006) and offshore waters (Ramı́rez-Garcı́a et al. 1998). The relationship between mangroves and fish and shrimp is influenced by two main factors: a higher food availability in man- groves and increased possibilities to obtain shelter from predation (Nagelkerken and Van Der Velde 2002, Sheridan and Hays 2003, Manson et al. 2005a). The nursery, feeding, and protective roles are not mutually exclusive, but they interact in complex ways. For instance, a juvenile fish may simultaneously gain nursery advantages from a rich supply of food and the protection provided by the mangroves’ prop roots (Laegdsgaard and John- son 2001). Hence, the complexity of mangrove root structures offers a place of refuge for juvenile marine animals. A more complex root structure reduces predator-prey encounters (Manson et al. 2005a). Further studies on the effect of disturbance on at different scale in mangroves habitat to the nursery function are hence necessary. General introduction 5 1.3 Structural complexity of mangrove The mangrove habitat has at least three major structural descriptors: complexity, hetero- geneity, and scale (McCoy and Bell 1991). The complex nature of a mangrove habitat refers to the amount of structure or variation attributable to the abundance of individual structural components. The heterogeneity in mangrove habitats represents the mangrove 1 structures or variation attribute to the abundance of different structural components, and the scale in mangrove habitat emphasizes that the first two elements must be proportional with the dimensions of the trees or organisms being studied. The variation in mangrove structure can be described by measurements of species com- position, diversity, stem height, stem diameter, basal area, tree density, the age-class dis- tributions and spatial distribution patterns of the species, and its roots and stems. The structural complexity in mangrove habitats is influenced by the mangroves’ propagules, roots, trunks and branches (Cocheret de la Moriniere et al. 2004). The mangrove roots, especially those of Rhizophora sp. (red mangrove) is an important determinant for the complexity of the mangrove habitat structure (Beck 2000). Besides Rhizophora sp., Bruguiera sp. is also considered as a mangrove species that forms an important nursery ground for coastal fish (Vance et al. 1996) due to their roots and trunk system. These spe- cies are all found in the intertidal zone where their roots are periodically submerged. The submerged roots, trunks, and branches may attract rich epifaunal communities including fungi, macro-algae, bacteria, diatoms, and invertebrates (Kathiresan and Bingham 2001), which can serve as food for juvenile fish/shrimp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Masyarakat Kesenian Di Indonesia
    MASYARAKAT KESENIAN DI INDONESIA Muhammad Takari Frida Deliana Harahap Fadlin Torang Naiborhu Arifni Netriroza Heristina Dewi Penerbit: Studia Kultura, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sumatera Utara 2008 1 Cetakan pertama, Juni 2008 MASYARAKAT KESENIAN DI INDONESIA Oleh: Muhammad Takari, Frida Deliana, Fadlin, Torang Naiborhu, Arifni Netriroza, dan Heristina Dewi Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang All right reserved Dilarang memperbanyak buku ini Sebahagian atau seluruhnya Dalam bentuk apapun juga Tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit Penerbit: Studia Kultura, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sumatera Utara ISSN1412-8586 Dicetak di Medan, Indonesia 2 KATA PENGANTAR Terlebih dahulu kami tim penulis buku Masyarakat Kesenian di Indonesia, mengucapkan puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, karena atas berkah dan karunia-Nya, kami dapat menyelesaikan penulisan buku ini pada tahun 2008. Adapun cita-cita menulis buku ini, telah lama kami canangkan, sekitar tahun 2005 yang lalu. Namun karena sulitnya mengumpulkan materi-materi yang akan diajangkau, yakni begitu ekstensif dan luasnya bahan yang mesti dicapai, juga materi yang dikaji di bidang kesenian meliputi seni-seni: musik, tari, teater baik yang tradisional. Sementara latar belakang keilmuan kami pun, baik di strata satu dan dua, umumnya adalah terkonsentasi di bidang etnomusikologi dan kajian seni pertunjukan yang juga dengan minat utama musik etnik. Hanya seorang saja yang berlatar belakang akademik antropologi tari. Selain itu, tim kami ini ada dua orang yang berlatar belakang pendidikan strata dua antropologi dan sosiologi. Oleh karenanya latar belakang keilmuan ini, sangat mewarnai apa yang kami tulis dalam buku ini. Adapun materi dalam buku ini memuat tentang konsep apa itu masyarakat, kesenian, dan Indonesia—serta terminologi-terminologi yang berkaitan dengannya seperti: kebudayaan, pranata sosial, dan kelompok sosial.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Jungles of Sumatra and the Beaches of Bali to the Surf Breaks of Lombok, Sumba and Sumbawa, Discover the Best of Indonesia
    INDONESIAThe Insiders' Guide From the jungles of Sumatra and the beaches of Bali to the surf breaks of Lombok, Sumba and Sumbawa, discover the best of Indonesia. Welcome! Whether you’re searching for secluded surf breaks, mountainous terrain and rainforest hikes, or looking for a cultural surprise, you’ve come to the right place. Indonesia has more than 18,000 islands to discover, more than 250 religions (only six of which are recognised), thousands of adventure activities, as well as fantastic food. Skip the luxury, packaged tours and make your own way around Indonesia with our Insider’s tips. & Overview Contents MALAYSIA KALIMANTAN SULAWESI Kalimantan Sumatra & SUMATRA WEST PAPUA Jakarta Komodo JAVA Bali Lombok Flores EAST TIMOR West Papua West Contents Overview 2 West Papua 23 10 Unique Experiences A Nomad's Story 27 in Indonesia 3 Central Indonesia Where to Stay 5 Java and Central Indonesia 31 Getting Around 7 Java 32 & Java Indonesian Food 9 Bali 34 Cultural Etiquette 1 1 Nusa & Gili Islands 36 Sustainable Travel 13 Lombok 38 Safety and Scams 15 Sulawesi 40 Visa and Vaccinations 17 Flores and Komodo 42 Insurance Tips Sumatra and Kalimantan 18 Essential Insurance Tips 44 Sumatra 19 Our Contributors & Other Guides 47 Kalimantan 21 Need an Insurance Quote? 48 Cover image: Stocksy/Marko Milovanović Stocksy/Marko image: Cover 2 Take a jungle trek in 10 Unique Experiences Gunung Leuser National in Indonesia Park, Sumatra Go to page 20 iStock/rosieyoung27 iStock/South_agency & Overview Contents Kalimantan Sumatra & Hike to the top of Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coral Reef Another, Budding New Members As They Go, Near St
    Closeup on a Caribbean Reef view of St. Croix and the reef areas, take the Construction of a typical aquatic housing Surpassing even the familiar beauty of the Virgi trail to the top of Buck Island. The National project begins when the free-swimming coral Islands is the world of the tropical reef. At its Park Service provides picnic tables, charcoal larva attaches itself to some firm surface, be­ best, this world is incredibly colorful and variec grilles, a small house for changing clothes, a comes a full-fledged polyp, and begins secreting Intensely alive, the reef is nothing less than a sheltered pavilion, and restrooms. its own limy exterior skeleton. This single polyp joy to the senses. Swimming and snorkeling in and all its many descendants, building on one the crystal-clear lagoon just off Buck Island The Coral Reef another, budding new members as they go, near St. Croix is an ideal way to see one of the Of all the reef residents, the corals have the erect their communal skeleton outward and up­ best Caribbean reefs firsthand. Well suited to most extraordinary habits; these are the archi­ ward toward the all-important rays of the sun. beginner and expert alike, Buck Island Reef tects, the builders, and the landlords of the reef. Colony after colony in hundreds of shapes and offers shallow water snorkeling above the inner Ranging in size from a pinhead to a raindrop, sizes ultimately create the reefs that decorate reef and deep water exploring along the outer billions of tiny master builders, called polyps, the ocean floor—spires, trees, shrubs, stone- barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Tentative Lists Submitted by States Parties As of 15 April 2021, in Conformity with the Operational Guidelines
    World Heritage 44 COM WHC/21/44.COM/8A Paris, 4 June 2021 Original: English UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE Extended forty-fourth session Fuzhou (China) / Online meeting 16 – 31 July 2021 Item 8 of the Provisional Agenda: Establishment of the World Heritage List and of the List of World Heritage in Danger 8A. Tentative Lists submitted by States Parties as of 15 April 2021, in conformity with the Operational Guidelines SUMMARY This document presents the Tentative Lists of all States Parties submitted in conformity with the Operational Guidelines as of 15 April 2021. • Annex 1 presents a full list of States Parties indicating the date of the most recent Tentative List submission. • Annex 2 presents new Tentative Lists (or additions to Tentative Lists) submitted by States Parties since 16 April 2019. • Annex 3 presents a list of all sites included in the Tentative Lists of the States Parties to the Convention, in alphabetical order. Draft Decision: 44 COM 8A, see point II I. EXAMINATION OF TENTATIVE LISTS 1. The World Heritage Convention provides that each State Party to the Convention shall submit to the World Heritage Committee an inventory of the cultural and natural sites situated within its territory, which it considers suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List, and which it intends to nominate during the following five to ten years. Over the years, the Committee has repeatedly confirmed the importance of these Lists, also known as Tentative Lists, for planning purposes, comparative analyses of nominations and for facilitating the undertaking of global and thematic studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Tangguh LNG Project in Indonesia
    Summary Environmental Impact Assessment Tangguh LNG Project in Indonesia June 2005 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 April 2005) Currency Unit – rupiah (Rp) Rp1.00 = $0.000105 $1.00 = Rp9,488 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AMDAL – analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan (environmental impact analysis system) ANDAL – analisis dampak lingkungan (environmental impact analysis ) BOD – biochemical oxygen demand CI – Conservation International COD – chemical oxygen demand DAV – directly affected village DGS – diversified growth strategy EPC – engineering, procurement, and construction GDA – global development alliance GHG – green house gas HDD – horizontal directional drilling JNCC – Joint Nature Conservation Committee KJP – A consortium of Kellogg Brown and Root–JGC–Pertafinikki LARAP – land acquisition and resettlement action plan (ADB terminology for equivalent document is involuntary resettlement plan) LNG – liquefied natural gas MARPOL – International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Convention Ships (1973) MBAS – methylene blue active substances MODU – mobile offshore drilling unit MOE – Ministry of Environment NGO non government organization PSC – production-sharing contract RKL – rencana pengelolaan lingkungan (environmental management plan) RPL – rencana pemantauan lingkungan (environmental monitoring plan) SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment TMRC – Tanah Merah resettlement committee TNC – The Nature Conservancy TSS – total suspended solid UNDP – United Nations Development Programme USAID – United State
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
    Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reef Habitat Changing Assessment of Derawan Islands, East Kalimantan, Using Remote Sensing Data
    CORAL REEF HABITAT CHANGING ASSESSMENT OF DERAWAN ISLANDS, EAST KALIMANTAN, USING REMOTE SENSING DATA MARLINA NURLIDIASARI' AND SYARIF BUDHIMAN2 Abstract Coral reefs in Dcrawan Islands are astonishingly rich in the marine diversity. However, these reefs are threatened by humans. Destructive fishing methods, such as trawl, blasting and cyanide fishing practise, are found to be the main cause of this degradation. The coral reefs habitat reduction is also caused by tourism activities due to trampling over the reef and charging organic and anorganic wastes. The capabilities of satellite remote sensing techniques combined with field data collection have been assessed for the coral reef mapping and the change detection of Derawan Island. Multi-temporal Landsat TM & ETM images (1991 & 2002) have been used. Comparison of the classified images of 1991 and 2002 shows spatial changes of the habitat. The changes were in accordance with the known changes in the reef conditions. The analysis shows the decrease of the coral reef and patchy seagrass percentage, while the increase of the algae composite and patchy reef percentage. Keywords : Coral Reef, Change Detection, Landsat-TM, Derawan I. Introduction and storm events and a rise of the seawater temperature. The health of the world's coral reefs is Information on the health of coral reefs in serious decline. Approximately 11 status is crucial for their conservation and percent of coral reefs with a high level of sustainable utilization. Unfortunately, in marine diversity are under threat, including most cases only a small amount of this reefs in the Philippines, Indonesia, information is available. The International Tanzania, the Comoros, and the Lesser Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Framework for Antilles in the Caribbean (Bryant et.
    [Show full text]
  • Spearfishing in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
    · Great • Reef Marine Park Authoiity LAw Bu • Issue Number 18 SPEARFISHING IN GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK Where am I allowed to spearfish? Seasonal Closure Areas You may spearfish in all gerieral use zones in the Seasonal Closure Areas are areas closed to all access Marine Park, and in all non-zoned sections of the during the breeding or nesting periods of birds or Marine Park. You should note that some Queensland other marine life. The closure of these areas is waters are closed to spearfishing - there are details advertised. of those areas in the Queensland Harbours ahd What equipment can I use? Marine Tide Tables. You may only spearfish using a snorkel and a hand Where am I NOT allowed to spearfish? spear or speargun. You may not use any other You may not spearfish in Marine National Park 'A', underwater breathing equipment (such as scuba or Marine National Park Buffer and Marine National hookah) and you may only use a powerhead for Park 'B' Zones, nor in Scientific Research or protection against a shark attack. Preservation Zones. You also may not spearfish in areas where periodic restrictions are in operation. Can I sell fish I spear? These areas may be Replenishment Areas, Reef Spearfishing for the purpose of sale or trade is not Appreciation Areas, Reef Research Areas or Seasonal allowed in the Marine Park, with one exception, in Closure Areas. the Far Northern Section of the Marine Park it is permitted to spear crayfish for purposes of sale or Replenishment Areas trade (you can also use scuba or hookah in this A Replenishment Area is an area closed for a circumstance - but only for crayfish).
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Marine Tourism, Fishing Activities, and Conservation Efforts on Derawan Island, Indonesia
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2018 The Relationship of Marine Tourism, Fishing Activities, and Conservation Efforts on Derawan Island, Indonesia Heva Hayuqo Yumi University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Yumi, Heva Hayuqo, "The Relationship of Marine Tourism, Fishing Activities, and Conservation Efforts on Derawan Island, Indonesia" (2018). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1241. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1241 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARINE TOURISM, FISHING ACTIVITIES, AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS ON DERAWAN ISLAND, INDONESIA BY HEVA HAYUQO YUMI A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MARINE AFFAIRS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 MASTER OF ARTS IN MARINE AFFAIRS OF HEVA HAYUQO YUMI APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Amelia Moore Robert Thompson Austin Humphries Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 ABSTRACT Derawan Island in eastern Indonesia exemplifies how the designation of a new development category called a “Tourism Village” might not be optimal for a small island because of some issues which may be correctable. Derawan was historically a fishing village. Located in the Coral Triangle, the island is known for its unique biodiversity and world-class diving, and today the island relies on marine tourism as its primary livelihood.
    [Show full text]
  • Unite Republic of Tanzania
    インドネシア環境社会配慮 プロファイル 2011 年 9 月 独立行政法人 国際協力機構（JICA) 審査 CR(5) 11-001 インドネシア 環境社会配慮プロファイル 目 次 第１章 概況 ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1- 1 1.1 当該国の概況 ････････････････････････････････････････････ 1- 1 1.2 環境社会配慮関連法規及び政策 ････････････････････････････ 1-10 1.3 環境社会配慮関連行政組織及び実施能力 ････････････････････ 1-12 1.4 環境法規 ････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-15 1.5 援助機関の活動 ･･････････････････････････････････････････ 1-16 1.6 その他 ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 1-20 第２章 自然環境 ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････ 2- 1 2.1 概況 ････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 2- 1 2.2 野生生物種････････････････････････････････････････････････ 2- 2 2.3 重要な生態系・生息地 ････････････････････････････････････ 2- 2 2.4 その他 ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 2- 5 第３章 公害対策 ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････ 3- 1 3.1 概況 ････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 3- 1 3.2 大気汚染 ････････････････････････････････････････････････ 3- 2 3.3 水質汚濁 ････････････････････････････････････････････････ 3-11 3.4 廃棄物 ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････ 3-20 3.6 その他の公害問題の現状と取り組み ････････････････････････ 3-33 第４章 社会環境 ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････ 4- 1 4.1 概況･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････ 4- 1 4.2 社会環境面での主要なトピック･･････････････････････････････ 4- 5 4.3 文化遺産 ････････････････････････････････････････････････ 4-13 第５章 気候変動 ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････ 5- 1 5.1 気候変動による影響 ･･････････････････････････････････････ 5- 1 5.2 関連法制度 ･･････････････････････････････････････････････
    [Show full text]
  • SPEARFISHING Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident – Non-Resident
    Section III – S . 1 SPEARFISHING Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident – Non-Resident Alabama Game, Fish and Wildlife Law; Article 5; beginning with 9-11-170 PRIVILEGE: • Allows person completely submerged, to spear commercial or non-game fish in freshwater or saltwater state. NOTE: • Possession of speargun or spearing device in a boat or on the bank of a body of water is prima facie evidence of its use. • Appropriate freshwater and/or saltwater fishing license is also required for spearfishing in freshwater. • License not required to frog gig. COST: • Resident Annual ..................... $6.00 • Non-Resident Annual .............. $8.50 • Non-Resident 7-Day Trip ........ $3.50 HOW TO PURCHASE YOUR LICENSE: • Visit www.outdooralabama.com/alabama-license-information • Call 1-888-848-6887 (Immediate confirmation code is given. Processing fees apply) • Visit the Marine Resources Office o 999 Commerce Street, Gulf Shores, AL 36547 o 2 North Iberville, Dauphin Island, AL 36542 • Visit the Montgomery Office (64 North Union St., Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL 36104) o 64 N Union Street, Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL • Mail a completed application (download at www.outdooralabama.com/licenses) to Dept. of Conservation, Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries, Attn: License Sales: o PO Box 301456, Montgomery, AL 36130-1456 o 64 N Union St., Ste. 567, Montgomery, AL 36104 (overnight/express) Wildlife & Freshwater Fisheries Division – License Manual Revised: 09/17 Revised: 09/17 Section III – S. 2 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES WILDLIFE AND FRESHWATER FISHERIES DIVISION SPEARFISHING LICENSE Valid: Sept 1 – Aug 31 Resident LICENSE HOLDER: all information is required. PRINT OR TYPE ONLY INCOMPLETE APPLICATIONS WILL BE RETURNED Name: ____________________________________________________________ Sex: Male Female (1) Social Security #: - - Driver’s License # __________________ Wt.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quantitative Comparison of Recreational Spearwshing and Linewshing on the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for Management of Multi-Sector Coral Reef Wsheries
    Coral Reefs (2008) 27:85–95 DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0293-z REPORT A quantitative comparison of recreational spearWshing and lineWshing on the Great Barrier Reef: implications for management of multi-sector coral reef Wsheries A. J. Frisch · R. Baker · J-P. A. Hobbs · L. Nankervis Received: 3 May 2007 / Accepted: 6 August 2007 / Published online: 25 August 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract This study compared the catch composition, equitably across both Wshing sectors. A management strategy catch per unit eVort, and incidental impacts of spearWshers of this type will simplify enforcement of Wsheries regulations and lineWshers engaged in a structured Wshing program and avoid discrimination of particular Wshers in local whereby Wshing eVort was standardized across time, space communities where both Wshing methods are socially or and skill level. It was found that (1) the catch composition culturally important. of both groups of Wshers overlapped considerably, (2) the numbers of target Wsh caught by spearWshers (156) and Keywords SpearWshing · LineWshing · Catch per unit lineWshers (168) were not signiWcantly diVerent, (3) the eVort · Selectivity · Coral trout · Bycatch mean size of target Wsh caught by spearWshers (1.95 § 0.1 kg, §SE) was signiWcantly larger than the mean size of target Wsh caught by lineWshers (1.27 § 0.06 kg), and (4) spear- Introduction Wshers retained 43% more biomass of target species than did lineWshers (304 versus 213 kg, respectively). However, OverWshing is deemed to be one of the greatest threats to lineWshers used »1 kg of bait for every 3 kg of target Wsh the future of coral reefs (Jackson et al.
    [Show full text]