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So Manie Gallant Gentlemen': Imperial Humanists and Tudor Imperial Identity

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So Manie Gallant Gentlemen': Imperial Humanists and Tudor Imperial Identity UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-2009 'So manie gallant gentlemen': Imperial humanists and Tudor imperial identity Karin Alana Amundsen University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the European History Commons, and the Social History Commons Repository Citation Amundsen, Karin Alana, "'So manie gallant gentlemen': Imperial humanists and Tudor imperial identity" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/2529870 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 'SO MANIE GALLANT GENTLEMEN': IMPERIAL HUMANISTS AND TUDOR IMPERIAL IDENTITY by Karin Alana Amundsen Bachelor of Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2009 UMI Number: 1472395 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 1472395 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Thesis Approval The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas November 21 ,2008 The Thesis prepared by Karin A. Amundsen Entitled 'So Manie Gallant Gentlemen': Imperial Humanists and Tudor Imperial Identity is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Examination Committee Chair 1017-53 11 ABSTRACT 'So Manie Gallant Gentlemen': Imperial Humanists and Tudor Imperial Identity by Karin Alana Amundsen Dr. Michelle Tusan, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis examines the intersection of imperialism, humanism and gender to argue that the Elizabethan period enabled imperial humanists to develop an identity for England as an empire of liberation rather than conquest. A subset of the imperial faction at Court, imperial humanists sought to reconcile activist and pragmatist agendas by marrying civic humanism with chivalry. Imperial humanists deployed this humanist chivalry—with an emphasis on temperance, wisdom, and justice—to elaborate a national mythos of pious restraint that denied avarice and oppression were inherent to extending English dominion overseas and envisioned empire as a virtuous pursuit for gentlemen. With increasing unemployment, land scarcity, and social unrest, imperial humanists feared the beginnings of a cultural devolution into barbarism that would make their island nation subject to domination by Spain. The solution imperial humanists advocated was a curriculum of humanist education among the gentry, a commitment to state service through the vita activa, a civilizing mission, and new overseas outlets for commodities, excess population, and military outposts. in iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ; vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 IMPERIAL HUMANISTS 16 The Imperial Faction 17 Imperial Humanists 22 Conclusion 31 CHAPTER 2 GIUEN TO CIVILITIE & HUMANITIE: HUMANIST CHIVALRY AND THE ENGLISH WHITE LEGEND 35 The "New Learning" and Chivalry 38 The Virtue of Wise Leadership 47 Temperance and Justice 54 The VitaActiva 61 Conclusion 70 CHAPTER 3 RESPECTINGE THE PUBLIQUE PROFIT: REDEEMING THE PROFIT MOTIVE 72 The Profit Motive 74 Land Scarcity 76 Commercial Benefits 84 An English El Dorado 92 Enlarging the Royal Navy 101 Conclusion 108 CHAPTER 4 TO AWAKE OUT OF THAT DROWSIE DREAME: CIVILIZING ENGLISH BARBARIANS 110 "White Barbarians" in the Gentry 112 Unemployment and Idleness 119 Poverty 132 Crime and Disorder 134 Conclusion 142 CHAPTER 5 TO BE BROUGHT TO THE SHEEPFOLD OF CHRIST: IMPERIAL HUMANISTS AND THE CIVILIZING MISSION 143 The New World 145 v The Protestant Mission 148 The Protestant Possession Myth 155 Universalizing English Culture 158 Gender Difference and Civility 163 The Civilizing Mission in Practice 170 Conclusion 176 EPILOGUE 178 Conclusion 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 VITA 203 VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has taken several years and only completed with assistance from many sources. I'd first like to thank the Graduate College for endowing me with a Graduate Research Training Assistantship so that I could commence initial research for this project in England. I also owe a debt of gratitude to the staff at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University for pointing me in the right direction regarding primary sources. During the course of this project, the staff at the UNLV Library has proved indispensable; my especial thanks to those at Document Delivery Services who often went above and beyond to accommodate me in acquiring sources, going so far as to copy documents for me when they could not leave the library premises. Several professors at UNLV offered their guidance at various stages of this project, including Elspeth Whitney, Gregory Brown, and Kelly Mays. This project would have been the poorer without their comments. I am most indebted to Michelle Tusan, whose guidance, criticism, and support through the years has pushed me farther than I thought I could go. All I can say is "Thank you." I dedicate this project to my son, whose gift was to slow me down. vn INTRODUCTION On a cold November day in 1603, the former favorite of Queen Elizabeth—and one of England's most passionate advocates of colonization—sat disbelieving as a jury affirmed his guilt for treason. Though Sir Walter Ralegh's relationship with the new King started inauspiciously, he could not have predicted he would stand accused of treason. Could a jury really believe he petitioned the Spanish king to be a spy in return for a pension? That he would assist a Spanish invasion to depose the King in favor of Lady Arbella Stuart and return England to the Roman Church? The charges themselves must have seemed ludicrous to Ralegh, whose writings and personal exploits demonstrated contempt for the papacy, Hispanophobia, and devotion to a vita activa on behalf of the Crown. While searching for cosmographies on the West Indies in Lord Burghley's library, Ralegh had never imagined that taking the unpublished manuscript of Mary Stuart's trial would call his loyalty into question with the suggestion he was "against the most iust and royall title of the King."1 In hindsight, he probably considered, he should have informed Robert Cecil that he took the book, especially since Cecil had generously allowed Ralegh access to the library after Lord Burghley's death. Never known for his temperance, it seemed particularly ironic that a prodigious appetite for learning turned out to be his undoing. 1 Thomas Overbury, The Arraingment and Conviction of Sr Walter Rawleigh, at the Kings Bench- Barre at Winchester, on the 17. of November 1603, (London: Printed by William Wilson, for Abel Roper at the Sun over against St. Dunstons Church in Fleetstreet, 1648): 3, 8, 23; with a few notable exceptions, like A.L. Rowse, most historians believe Ralegh was innocent of the treason charges. 1 At turns smiling wryly, interrupting Master Attorney Sir Edward Coke, or refuting the credibility of the evidence against him, Ralegh must have found galling Coke's characterization of him as a "detestible Traytor" and "odious man" with a "spanish heart" and "whorish forehead." Despite the slanders, the author of his arraignment account recalled Ralegh was humble, yet not prostrate; dutifull, yet not dejected . And in such points wherin he would not yeeld unto them, he would crave pardon, and with reverence urge them, and answer them . towards the Jurie affable, but not fawning, not in dispaire nor believing, but hoping in them carefully perswading them with reasons, not distemperately importuning them with conjurations; rather shewing love of life then feare of death. Towards the Kings Councell patient, but not insensibly neglecting, not yielding to imputations layd against him in words.2 The author wondered at the heroism of a man so valiant in his suffering that he refused to indulge in an ill-tempered display. Ever the gentleman, Ralegh accused Coke of using him "basely, barbarously, and rigorously," turning him into a slave. After Ralegh's death, his trial and execution fifteen years later would symbolize the barbaric excesses of Stuart
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