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T H E L U PIZRCA L I A

H

A L BE RTA M I L d E D F R AN K LI N

Submitted in Partial Fulfi ent of the Req uirements

' for the De ree of Doc of Philoso h in the g q p y , Faculty of Philosoph1 Columbia U niversity

THE LU P E RCALI A

S ! NO PS I S OF CHAP TE RS

n r h I . New k owledge a bou t the eligi on of t e M editerra nea n ra ce

r offers a ne w ba s is fo a s tudy of the Lu perca lia . The cha ra cter is tic

e of e rra nea n ra ce wa s a n ea r - es n r d ity the Medit th godd s , i ca na te

in a ll na u ra o ec s t h e er of l e and of ea a n r t l bj t , giv if d th , d wo s hipped

r Th by orgia s tic ites . e cha ra cte ris tic de ity of the Arya ns wa s a

s k - od wh o wa s onore a ca m ra ona s c ce r m n a y g , h d by l , ti li ti e o i l,

h re m n r s of h L r I I . T e ce o ia l ite t e u pe ca lia we re com plex a nd h se e m ingly incohere n t . T e Roma ns h a d va gu e ide a s a bou t th e

res n od b u t r a r e th e u r ose of es a a s a r p idi g g , eg d d p p the f tiv l ( ) p o

tection rom r u a nd c u r f evil , (b) p od ctivity , ( ) p ifica tion .

h - f h r s II I . T e wolf de ity o t e G eek wa s Pela s gia n ; he re pres en ted . ou r n o r of th e u n e or a n a r the dev i g p we d rw ld , d w s wo s hipped by

rites of expia tion .

h - e es a m n L r . T e of a m u u s r a s IV wolf d iti It ly , o g the pe c , we e l o

r a n rs a a u d e ded chtho ic powe , nd h d c lts of the Mediterra nea n

h L r na a m n L . T e u ca a o o u r a ns a n a t type per li igi ted g the ig i , d

rs ns s e of th e s a cr c of a oa t Lu e r us r m n fi t co i t d ifi e g t o p c , a ce e o ia l

a s of en a s a n e ia r th e r s s a n a t ting the tr il , xp to y flight by p ie t , d

r a ere n s n r fea s t . It wa s a n a pot op ic c mo y de ig ed t o wa d off evil .

h a - t he r s a s e n V . T e go t god of G eek w a P la s gia fer tility god . His fer tilizing power wa s often appropr ia ted by a nthropom orphic

gods .

I n a oa - o w s a s o t h e e r e a n VI . It ly the g t g d a l giv of f rtility , d

ri L r ns gina ted a m ong the igu ia . J uno wa s clos ely a s s ocia te d with

3 n s m e f he r fe r r es e re a h e m n the goa t , a d o o tility it w dded by t Ro a s 3 t o the Lu perca lia : th e Lu perci girded them se lve s with goa t -s ki ns

a n a s e ra n a ou t h e a a ne s ruc om en oa d , th y b t P l ti , t k the w with g t

— 4 n r s kin thongs a s a fertility cha rm . He cefo th t he gift of fe rtility

m r r s s L r gwa s one of the i po ta n t pu po e of the u pe ca lia . I I Th - u s in r ce we r a s a n a n T a a n V . e d og c lt G ee e Pel gi , m i ly of hr ci

r r n o rigin ; a nd h a d e s pecia l potency fo pu ifica tio .

I - a ns s e m n r V I I . Th e d og cults of the It lia e t o ha ve bee bor owed I ”

r m r a a n . The a n s f o the Gree ks of Sou the n It ly d Sicily S bi e , who w J rr n m s h r a m a d opted m a ny Medite a nea cus to , w o we e f ilia r with

‘ ' C) 2 2 The Luperca lia

u rifi tor of a n h a o the p ca y power the dog , d w o exerted p werfu l

n n . r n m a r i flu e ce ove the religio of Ro e , proba bly dded the s a c ifice of a d og t o the Lu perca lia . Thus pu r ifica tion ca m e to be a n im L porta n t elemen t of the u percalia .

I - m n L ! . The blood cere o ia l of the u perca lia finds n o pa ra llel in m n s b u i s m a r a n s of es Ro a cu lt , t s i il r to ce t i rite the Orphi which s ou ght to a s s u re com plete u ni on with the de ity . It is proba ble tha t thes e Orphic elemen ts were a dded t o the Lu perca lia du ring

r n r r mm the wa with Ha nibal o the yea s i edia tely followin g , when m a ny o rgia s tic c u lts of the Greeks were brought i n to Rom e . Thus the Lu perca lia wa s s pi ritua lized by new r ites of clea ns ing a nd by the a s s u ra nce of kins hip with the de ity . h L a e m ! . I n it s devel opmen t t e upe rc lia reflect d the develop en t of the Rom a n people . CHAP TE R I

I NTRODUCTION

Within the las t few decades the work of th e a rcha eologis t a nd of

r a n za on a s us a n the a n th opologis t , reve li g the civili ti th t exi ted tho ds

h a s a a o u on in s u n n of yea rs a go, brou ght bou t rev l ti the t dy of A cie t

s . r m s c o a rs h a s o Hi tory Befo e this ti e h l w o de lt with the hi t ry , the

a a n r on of c a nd a r conc rn s oci l life , d the eligi Gree e of It ly we e e ed a n s n a n preem inen tly with the Ary people wh o i v ded th os e pe ins u las .

r a a r e s re a a s n m Th e ea lier s tock w s l g ly di g rded , bei g erely the a borigines wh o h ad been effaced by the conqu ering Hellenes a nd s o s h a s n a u n a m Ita lia ns . Th e fa l ity f thi view bee b d ntly de on s t ra ted by the dis covery of the m a rvellous civiliza tion of Crete a nd

r a s n m r s s e of Mycenae . Su ely people o u e ou , o pow rfu l , a nd s o

r re t c on one ou u n e rs a n cu ltu ed a o be re k ed with , if w ld d t d the

u a of os a n s . The o c n a a n s of a la ter pop l ce th e l d Ne lithi i h bit t It ly ,

u fa r m or r m a n ose of a n r too , tho gh e p i itive th th the Aege , we e poss es sed of a civiliza tion too clea rly m a rked t o be ignored . I n religion m ore tha n in a ny other rea lm the i nfluence of thes e

- n h s a p re Arya n peoples is of vita l s ig ifica nce . T e nctity a ttaching t o religiou s beliefs a nd r itual m a kes them pecu lia rly res is ta n t t o

h a r n a i s r m in h m cha nge . T e deity of ce ta i loc lity s u p e e is li ited

a m a his c m u s in m a n ca s es c e e r re l , nd ult t y be re eiv d , eith wh olly

- r i a he ne com rs . ons u n t h e o e o n p rt , by t w e C eq e tly divine bj cts of wors hip a nd the r itu a lis tic a cts of the p re - Arya ns ha ve bee n of la te yea rs increa s ingly em pha s ized in inves tiga ti ons dea ling with 1 the religi on of Greece or of Ita ly . This new m ethod of a pproa ch a rou s es a h ope tha t it m a y lead

zz r n r t o a s olu ti on of s ome of the pu ling p a ctices of Rom a itu a l . Pe rha ps the m os t i n tere s ting a nd the m os t perplexi ng of a ll the m i L e a a i s n re n n a n a Ro a n fes tiva l s s the u p rc li , with t i cohe t a d f t s tic

r n a i re r r a n t h e a r acc n s ce e m o i l , t s p his to ic o igin , d v ied ou t of it .

ns e en u u rca a h a s n a s u c of s ecu a Co qu tly , tho gh the L pe li bee bje t p l ’ o s n a ro s d a is wor now a a a e ti n i ce V r y , it th while , th t we h ve n w

o n of e a r u r t o t r onc m o r t o s o . p i t d p t e , y e e lve the riddle Ethnologis ts a re very ge nera lly a greed tha t the Pa laeolithic Age in r s m a e a a ra n f new rac kno n Eu ope wa ter in t d by the ppe ce o a e , w ' The Lupcrca h a

o r E u r- Afr a n I a s t h e Me d it e r ra ne a n ic . n phys iq ue t h e p eople of

w e re u n fo r m o ic oce a c of med iu m h e i h t his ra ce i l y d l h ph li , g t , and i At t h e t ime o f t e a a ra nce in o f s ligh t bu ld . h ir pp e E u ro p e they n a co n s d e ra b e d e ee o f c za n us in m h a d a t t a i ed i l gr ivili tio , g i p le ments

s s t o ne a nd s h ow n a s t ro n te nd e nc t o a n r i o f po li hed . i g g y ag cu ltu ral ,

- T e h a d d e e o ni non no m a d ic life . h y v l ped d efi te a nd e la bora te

s : he d ea we re u ed o t n in a a e ll fu ne ra ry ri te t d b ri , f e c r fu y co ns t ructed

w e re s u rrou nd d t he m men s wh i t om b . a nd e by i ple t ch t h e y had

T s u s e d w he n t he y w e re a liv e . hi pra ctice a rg ues a b e lie f in a f in w c t h e ea d co n t nue to e s t in t he ra v fu t u re li e hi h d i xi g e , kee ping s a nd n t e re s t s w c t y h on t he s a m e need i hi h he ad ea rt h . This Med ite rra ne a n s t ock gra d ua ll y s pre a d u n til it ha d occu p ied Meso m i h e Med te rra nea n a s n Wes te m E u t h B po t a a , t i b i , rop e , e ritis h I s le s a nd t h e l owla nd p o rt ions o f Ce n t ra l Eu rope as fa r ea s t as the 2 I t h a s e n c a ra cte r zed a s t m i u ppe r Da n u be . be h i he os t w d ely extend ' m o s t o u o u s a nd t he m o s t r m of E u e e d , t he p p l , p i itive rop a n races . Fo r t h e pre s e n t s t ud y o u r in t e re s t m us t be cen te re d in the bra nche s o f t he Medi te r ra nea n ra ce t ha t se ttled in th e Aegean To es na te t e se tw a n n n . o a rea a nd i I t a l y d ig h , cie t te rm s h a ve been

Th e ra nc t a t occu h l re s t o red t o u s e . b h h p ied t e a nds wh ich la ter s r m e d e a s d i re now n m o s t e t no o is s as e l i fo H ll k by h l g t P as g ans , ‘ t h e o ne occu py i ng I t a l y a s Lig u r ia ns . Along the Med it e rranean t h e ea s e of co m m u n i ca t i o n u n ited w i t h the racia l kins hip of t he

r e a i e v e o e a nd mo n pe ople t o p od uc h ghl y d l p d ho ge eou s civ iliza tion .

e s c t re ce n t e rs o f E a n r Fro m t h e old t ul u gy pt d C e te , civ iliza tion

i e t o t h e n r d b u t e s s a v a nce o l s r ad a t d ki d e , l d d , pe p e of As ia Minor, 5 e e T ra ce t h e D a n u a ea ta c a nd i Gr ec , h . be r . I ly , Si ily , Spa n . Th us t he re de v e l o pe d in t he peo ples d welli ng nea r the Med ite rra nea n

r o f c t u re c is re co n z ll h “ a s im ila it y ul whi h g i ed by a a u t o rit ies .

t h e e n n n o f t h e ro nze A e a no n c r u n By b gi i g B g ther eth i g o p , ge er

n w n a s ry a ns n o - u ro e a ns A n s E u r- a lly k o A . I d E p , lpi e , or As ia tics , h a d occu pied t h e Alpine be l t w hich e xte nd s t hrough E u rop e and T e a re e ne ra l e e v e t o a e h As ia . h y g l y b li d h v ad s ku lls of bra chy a r e r fra m e s t a n ce pha lic fo rm a nd l g h t h os e of the Med iterra nea ns .

- r The ir la ngu a ge wa s I ndo Eu o pea n . From v ery ea rly times they r s ua ll u r n cre m a t ed the i dea d . u y b yi g with the as hes little or no ’ n r T is ra c c is u s u a r fu ne ra l fu r it u e . h p ti e lly inte preted as indica ting

s o u u on ea t w a s a belie f t ha t t he l , p d h , sepa ra ted from t h e bod y

r re m o e rea m s e e re r m a nd de pa t ed t o a t l , v d f o all con tact wit h t he I ntrod u cti on 5

8 h n w r r m o re n ine m livi ng . T e Alpi e peo ple e e fa i cl d t o a no a dic 9 s ora fe a n w e re th e e erra ne a ns . e r ea r s ee m s pa t l li th M dit V y ly , it ,

n s a ns a n s ra in n reece ou a r n ba d of Ary beg t y g i to G , th gh , cco di g

s ew s e r n nc n m m r n t o m o t vi , th i i flue e did ot beco e a ked u til the

e r a r o f ronz A e . T e n r n se r e n r la tt p t the B e g h du i g ve a l c tu ies ,

he n n f ro n A e a se r e s r d ow n t o t begi ni g o the I g , i of Arya n t ibes

e rra n reece T ra ce t h e a n s l n s a nd s s f o v G , h , Aege I a d , the coa t o 1 0 s a nor . a l os e o m e n wa s a e r a n f A i Mi It y , wh e dev l p t l t th tha t o

re ece h a d u s n e re u on Br0nze A e e n a ra n G , j t e t d p the g wh b ch of

ne s m r e t h e P o a n e re es a s e n r t h e Alpi ig a t d t o v lley , a d th t bli h d u me

m s T r o u s s e ttle e nt which a re known a s terrema re . owa d the e nd

ronze a n s of e m m o s ou a r a n one r of the B Age b d th ved thw d , d g ou p

- e in La m . a a r r o m ro a ns s e ttl d ti u At l te pe i d the U b S bellia , wh o 1 1 e n n se a ra e om em occu e h a d be l o g p t d fr th , pi d the Apenn ines a nd ” t h e ne ighboring va lleys . From the fu s ion o f the M editerra nea n popula ce w ith t he inva ding

r h ree s n t he a ns s r m A rya ns a ose t e G k a d Ita li of hi to ica l ti es . I n

f s n he ra ce a h a s ro m a n e n u r e s s u ch a u io t th t , th ugh y c t i of ha bita

n om a u s e t o a r on is a m os s u re t o s ow re r ti o , bec e dj t d egi l t h the g a te “ a a nd in e nd t o a s or n ru n r T vit lity , the , b b the i t di g a ce . hu s ,

n h e ca se of t h e ree s a nd t h e a a ns ou m i t G k It li , th gh the ixed peoples

t he n o - u ro a n a n u a e s oon re e r e a dopted I d E pe l g ge , th y v t d t o the

f rr n n phys ica l type o the Medite a ea ns . Eve tod a y the s ou the rn Ita lia ns a re the phys ica l cou nter pa rt of the people who i n ha bited “ fo re t he a n n a s on . I n cu u r a n in re n a s Ita ly be Ary i v i lt e d ligio ,

e a s in s ca e rra ne a ns h w ll phy i l typ , the Medite , w o va s tly o u t

m e re t h e m m ra n s m u s a e h a e r n n u b d i ig t , t h v d a v ry g ea t i flue nce m n n in t h e deve lo p e t of the u ite d people s .

F o r r ea rl e s c u r of r on of e r ra nea n r e o u i t pi t e the eligi the Medit a c ,

r n n r n f n w e tu n t o the re m a ins of Mi oa C e te a d o Myce a e . The re we s e e tha t t h e chie f obj ect of wo rs hip a m ong t h e Pela s gia ns wa s a

— e s s h a s n a n ea r e . f e n a s s godd , w o w evide tly th d ity O t ocia ted with h r w a s ou fu m a e s ee m s a t ea s in s om ns n s e a y th l l , who , l t e i ta ce ,

s k - o s rs t o ha ve bee n a y g d . He a lwa y a ppea a s a s u bordina te ;

- th e godde s s wa s t h e a ll im porta n t divine be ing . She wa s em bodied

m a n form a nd re ue n h a d a o n a c o a s na e r s m in h u , f q tly li , l ve , k , o o e

u m r s r r n o the r a nim a l in a tte nda nce . N e ou e p e se ta tions of m on s r s u res a r u m a n a r a n m a ro a r ra t ou fig , p t h , p t i l , p b bly po t y the

e s s e r n u i na f w s n e rs l m o ood a d wa t . Fe tis h obj ects of es pe cial 4 The Luperca lia

rr n n r E r- r a s t h e Medite a ea o u Af ica n . I n phys ique t h e people o f

s ra c we re u n fo rm o c oce a c of m e u m a n thi e i ly d li h ph li , di height , d

h e n of s light bu ild . At t time o f the ir a ppe a ra ce in Eu rope they h a a a ne a cons era e e ree of c za on u s n m m d tt i d id bl d g ivili ti , i g i ple en ts

o s e s o ne a nd s o n a s ron e n e nc t n r of p li h d t , h wi g t g t d y o a a gricu ltu a l ,

- f h o n non n om a d ic li e . They ad devel pe d defi ite a nd e la bora te

n r r r es : t h e e e r u r e of e n in a re n fu e a y it d ad w e b i d , t ca fu lly co s tru cted

m a e re s u rr n e t he m e m e n s w to b , nd w ou d d by i pl t hich the y h a d

r u se d whe n they we re a live . This pra ctice a gues a belie f in a

re e in w t he ea con n e t e s in t he r n fu tu lif hich d d ti u o xi t g ave , kee pi g

m s n n res h the s a e need a d i te ts which the y a d on e a rth . This M edite rra nea n s tock gra du a lly s prea d un til it ha d occu pied Mes o

m e e rra nea n a s n Wes e rn u ro t h e r pota ia , the M dit b i , t E pe , B itis h I s le s a nd t h e low la nd portions of Ce n tra l Eu rope a s fa r ea s t a s the 2 s e n a ra e r z s h m u ppe r D a n u be . It h a be ch ct i ed a t e os t widely extend “ e t he m os o u u s a nd t he m os r m e r r d , t p p lo , t p i itiv of Eu opea n a ces . F or the pres en t s tudy ou r in te res t m u s t be ce nte red in the bra nches of the Mediterra nea n ra ce tha t s e ttled in the Ae gea n

a rea a n in a . To es na e ese two a nc e n rm s a e d It ly d ig t th , i t te h ve be n r re Th e r n es to d t o u s e . b a ch tha t occu pied t he la nds which la ter ’ f rm e e s afe kn w m s s s s ns o d H lla o n by o t e thnologi t a Pe la s gia , 4 t h e one occu pying Ita ly a s Ligu r ia ns . Along t h e M edite rra nea n t h e ea s e of com m u n ica ti on u nited w ith t h e ra cia l kins hip of the

e t r e e e a n m n i n p ople o p od u ce a highly d v lop d d ho oge eou s civ liza tio .

r m o es cu r c n e rs of a n re l z F o the ld t ltu e e t Egypt d C te , civi i a ti on r a e t o t h e n re b t es s a a nce e o es of s a n r adi t d ki d d , u l dv d , p pl A i M i o , D 5 n re T ra ce a nu a rea a c a d n . T G e ce , h , the be , It ly , Si ily , Spa i h u s the re devel oped in the peoples dwe llin g nea r th e M edite rra nea n 6 r f r is re l r a s im ila ity o cu ltu e which cognized by a l a u tho itie s .

he e nn n o f t he onze A e a no r n r u ene r By t b gi i g Br g the eth ic g o p , g

n w n s r a ns n o - u ro ea n s nes or E u r - s ia cs a lly k o a A y , I d E p , Alpi , A ti , h a d occu pied t h e Alpine belt which e xtends th rou gh Eu rope a nd

a re e ne ra e e a h s s ra As ia . They g lly beli v d t o h ve ad ku ll of b chy

rm n r e r r m es n rr ce pha lic fo a d la g f a tha thos e of the M edite a nea ns .

- r n m The i r la ngua ge wa s I ndo Eu opea . From ve ry ea rly ti es they

e r e u s ua u n s s e r cre m a ted th i d ad , lly b ryi g with the a he littl o no ’ T s r is s r fu ne ra l fu rnitu re . hi p a ctice u ua lly inte pre ted a s i ndica ting

h s ou u on a wa s s e a r rom h a belief tha t t e l , p de th , p a ted f t e body

n e r a re m o a m s re rom ll n c th e a d d pa ted t o te re l , eve d f a co ta t with I ntrod u cti on 5

8 l w m r m livin g . Th e Alpi ne peo p e ere fa r o e incli ned t o a no a dic 9 s fe a n e r t he e e rra ne a ns . e r ea r s ee m s pa tora l li th w e M dit V y ly , it ,

ns n s r n n r ce o a r n ba nds of Arya bega t a yi g i to G ee , th ugh , cco di g

m s ew s r n u en c n ot m e m a u n t o o t vi , thei i fl e did beco rked til the

r o ronz . T e n r n se n r la tte pa rt f the B e Age h du i g vera l ce tu ie s ,

o t he nn n o h e ron A e a se r e s o r down t begi i g f t I g , i f Arya n t ibes

a n ree c T ra c ea n s a n s a n c a s s overr G e , h e , the Aeg I l d , d the o t of 1 0 n r w se e m e w s a er n As ia Mi o . Ita ly , ho dev l op nt a l t tha tha t o f

ee ce h a u s e n e re u on B r nze A e w e n a r n Gr , d j t t d p the O g h b a ch of

ne s m ra e t o h e P o a a n e r es s the Alpi ig t d t v lley , d th e ta bli hed nu m e r

s n ou s s e ttlem ent which a re kn ow a s terrema re . Towa rd the e nd

ronze n s of e m m o s u a r a n n r of the B Age ba d th ved o thw d , d o e g ou p

- in La u m . a a r r o t he m ro a ns h s e ttled ti At l te pe i d U b S bellia , w o 1 1 e n on s e a ra rom e m occu n n h ad be l g p ted f th , pied the Apen i e s a nd ” t h e ne ighbo ring va lleys . From t he fus io n o f t h e M edi terra nea n popu la ce w ith t h e in va ding

ns a rose t he r s a nd a a ns s r m Arya G eek the It li of hi to ica l ti es . I n

s n h r a h a s ro m a n n s u ch a fu io t e ace th t , th ugh y ce tu ries of ha bita

n om a u s e t o a e on is a m os s u r t o s o r a e ti o , bec e dj t d r gi l t e h w the g e t r

i s r h n r “ n n e n a o t e u n ra ce . T s vita lity a d , the d , to b b i t di g hu ,

se o ree s a n t he a a ns ou t h e m in t h e ca f the G k d It li , th gh ixed peo ple s

e t he n o- u ro e a n a n ua e s oon r a dopt d I d E p l g g , they eve rted t o the

r phys ica l type of t h e M edite ra nea ns . Eve n toda y the s ou thern Ita lia ns a re the phys ica l cou n te rpa r t of the people wh o i nha bited M a fore r a n inv a s ion . I n cu u re a nd in re i n It ly be the A y lt lig o , a s

a s in s ca t he e rra nea ns wh o a s we ll phy i l type , Medit , v tly ou t

m re t h e m m ra n s m s a h r nu be d i ig t , u t h ve a d a very g ea t i nflue nce m in t h e develop en t of the u nited peoples .

For ou r ea r es c u re of t he re on of e erra ne n r li t pi t ligi the M dit a a ce ,

rn o re m a ns n n r n n we tu t the i of Mi oa C e te a d of Myce a e . The re we s ee tha t t he chie f o bj ect of wors hip a m on g the Pe la s gia ns wa s a

— e s s wh o wa s e n a n ea r . e n s s godd , evid tly th deity Oft a ocia ted with h e r wa s a ou u m a e wh o s ee m s a t ea s in s m ns n y thf l l , , l t o e i ta ces ,

- e r t o ha ve been a s ky god . H a lwa ys a ppea s a s a s u bordina te ;

- m r n the godde s s wa s the a ll i po ta t divi ne be ing . She wa s embodied i m a n fo r m a nd re uen h a d a on a o e a s n n hu , f q tly li , d v , a ke , or s ome

i n m r s r r other anim a l n a tte da nce . Nu e ou ep ese nta tions of m on

res r u m a n a r n m a r r s trous figu , pa t h , p t a i l , p oba bly po tra y the

i na f w r e s les s e r nu m o oods a nd wa te s . F ti h objects o f es pecia l 4 The Luperca lia

r r r r- a s th e M edite a nea n o E u Afr ica n . I n phys iq ue t h e people o f

s ra ce w e re u n o rm o c oce a ic of m e u m e a n thi if ly d li h ph l , di h ight , d

h m r n of s light bu ild . At t e ti e of the i a ppe a ra ce in Eu rope they h a a a ne a cons e ra e e ree of c za on u s n m m d tt i d id bl d g ivili ti , i g i ple en ts of o s e s one a nd s ow n a s ron e n e nc t o a n a r u r p li h d t , h i g t g t d y g ic ltu a l ,

- f h non nom a d ic li e . They a d develo pe d de fin ite a nd e la bora te

e r r r e s : t h e ea we r u r e n i a re fu n a y it d d e b i d , ofte n ca fu lly cons tru cted

m a n w ere s u rrou n e t h e m e m en s w to b , d d d by i pl t hich the y h a d

T s r r u se d w hen they we re a live . hi p a ctice a gu e s a belie f in a f re fe in w c t he a con nu e t e s i he ra e u tu li hi h de d ti o xi t n t g v , keepin g

m nee s a nd n e re s s c e h a n e r the s a e d i t t whi h th y d o a th . This Medite rra nea n s tock gra d ua lly s prea d u n til it h a d occu pied Mes o

m e e rra nea n a s in Wes e rn r e h pota ia , the M dit b , t Eu op , t e Br itis h I s les a nd th e low la nd portions of Cen tra l Eu rope a s fa r e a s t a s the 2 s n a ra r z s h u pper Da nu be . It h a bee ch cte i ed a t e m os t wide ly extend 8 h e m o s o u u s a n the m os r m e f u r e a r e t o d o o es . d , t p p l , t p i itiv E p n a c F or t h e pre se n t s tudy o u r i n te re s t m u s t be ce nte red in the bra nche s of th e Mediterra nea n ra ce tha t se ttle d in th e Ae gea n

rea a n in a . To es n es e two a nc e n e rm s e a d It ly d ig a te th , i t t ha ve b en

e Th n he s re s to r d t o u se . e bra ch tha t occu pied t la nd which la ter ’ orm e e a s afe n w n m os e no o s s a s e a a ns f d H ll k o by t th l gi t P l s gi , 4 t he one occu pyin g Ita ly a s Ligu ria ns . Along t h e M edite r ra nea n t h e ea se of com m u nica ti on u n ited w ith t h e ra cia l kins hip of the

t r u ce a e e o e a nd m o e ne u s i iz i n people o p od highly d v l p d ho g o civ l a t o .

r m t he e s u re e n e rs of a nd re e z F o old t cu lt c t Egypt C t , civili a ti on ra a e t o t h e n r b u t e s s a a nce e o e s o s a di t d ki d ed , l dv d , p pl f A i Minor , 5 re c T ra ce D a u rea a c a nd a G e e , h , the n be a , It ly , Si ily , Sp in . Th u s the re developed in the peoples dwe lli ng nea r t h e M edite r ra nea n

r i 6 a s im ila rity of cu ltu e which is recognized by a ll a u tho r ties .

n n n of t he onz A e a no e r e n c r u en r By the begi i g Br e g th th i g o p , g e

n ow n a s r a ns n o - u ro ea ns ne s o r E u r - s a i s a lly k A y , I d E p , Alpi , A i t c , h a d occu pied the Alpine belt which exte nds throu gh Eu ro pe a nd

r e r e h s s f ra As ia . They a e g ne a lly belie v d t o have a d ku ll o b chy

r fr m s h r n ce pha lic form a nd la rge a e tha n th ose of t e M edite r a ea ns .

- m The ir la ngua ge wa s I ndo Eu ropea n . From ve ry ea rly ti e s they

r s ua r n t h e a s es e r n crem a ted thei dea d , u lly bu yi g with h littl o o ’ r r r T s is s n e r re e s n fu ne a l fu nitu e . hi pra ctice u ua lly i t p t d a i dica tin g

s u on e a s se a ra e fr m th e a belie f tha t the o l , u p d a th , w p t d o body

e a r e a e o e a m s re rom a ll c n a c h a nd d p t d t o r m t re l , eve d f o t t with t e I ntrod u cti on 5

8 l n l we r r m r n ne n living . Th e A pi e peop e e fa o e i cli d t o a om a dic 9 r n we re ra nea ns . e r ea r s ee m s pa s to a l life tha the Mediter V y ly , it ,

r n n s a n o r ce a c r n ba nds of A ya s bega tr yi g in t G ee , though , co di g

s ew s e in ue nc not om m r u n t o m o t vi , th ir fl e did bec e a ked til the

r f he nz . T e n r n se ra n r la tte r pa t o t Bro e Age h du i g ve l ce tu ie s ,

n n o n A e a se r e s o f a n r down to the begi ni g of the Ir g , i Ary t ibes

r r T c e ea n s a n s a n c a s s f over a n G eece , hra e , the A g I l d , d the o t o 1 0 i n or . a w ose e o m n wa s a r a n a f As a Mi It ly , h dev l p e t l te th th t o

r e h a u s n e re u on Br0nze e n a ra n of G eec , d j t e t d p the Age wh b ch

s m r a n r es a is e n r the Alpine ig a ted t o the P o va lley , d the e t bl h d u me ou s s e ttlem e n ts which a re known a s terrema re . Towa rd t he e nd

ronze a n s of m m o s ou a r a n one r of the B Age b d the ved thw d , d g ou p

- in La u m . a a e r r o t he m ro a a ns s ettled ti At l t pe i d U b S belli , who 1 1 en n s e a e fr m m occu nn n h a d be l o g pa r t d o the , pied the Ape ines a d 1 2 the ne ighboring va lleys . From t h e fus ion o f the M edite rra nea n popu la ce w ith t he inva di ng

h s n n s r m s Arya ns a ros e t e Greek a d the Ita lia s of hi to ica l ti e . I n

s n ra c a h a s r u m a n c n u r e s a s u ch a fu io the e th t , th o gh y e t i of h bita

n om e a u s to a on is a m os s u re t o s o re e r ti o , bec dj ted regi l t h w the g a t ” n in e n t o a s or n ru n ra ce . s vita lity a d , the d , b b the i t di g Th u ,

se t he r s a nd a a ns ou th e m e e in t h e ca o f G eek the It li , th gh ix d p ople s

he n - ro a n a n ua e s oon re e r e adopted t I do Eu pe l g ge , th y v t d to the n phys ica l type of the Medite rra nea ns . Eve tod a y the s ou the rn Ita lia ns a re the phys ica l cou n ter pa rt of the people wh o i nha bited “ for r a n n a s on . I n cu u r a nd in re on a s Ita ly be e the A y i v i lt e ligi ,

a s in s a e r a n a ns wh a s we ll phy ic l type , the Medit r e , o v tly o u t

re t h e m m r n s m u s a h a r r n nu m be d i ig a t , t h ve d a ve y g ea t i fl ue nce

s in t he developm e nt of the u nited people .

F r ou r ea r e s c u r o f th e r o n of e rra nea n ra ce o li t pi t e eligi the Medit ,

m n r we tu rn t o the re a i ns o f Minoa C e te a nd of Mycenae . The re w e see tha t t h e chie f obj ect of wo rs hip a m o ng the Pela s gia ns wa s a

— s s h o wa s e n a n ea r . en a s s o a godde , w evid tly th deity Oft ci ted with

r wa s a ou u m a wh o s ee m s a t a s in s om e ns a n s h e y thf l le , , le t i t ce ,

- r to ha ve been a s ky god . He a lwa ys a ppea s a s a s u bo rdina te ;

- n the goddes s wa s t h e a ll im porta t divine be i ng . She wa s em bodied in m n fo rm a nd re u e n h a d a o n a c o e a s na r m hu a , f q tly li , l v , ke , o s o e

um r s r r se n other anim a l in a tte nda nce . N e ou e p e ta tions of m on

s r s u m a n a r a n m a r r s trou figu e , pa rt h , p t i l , p oba bly po tra y t he

n e r e s les s er nu mi na o f w oods a d wa t s . F ti h obj e cts of es pecia l 4 The Luperca li a

- I n s h a s t h e M edite rra nea n o r E u r Afr ica n . phy iqu e t e people of

r e we re u n form o c oce a c of m e u m e n this ac i ly d li h ph li , di h ight , a d

m f r r n r of s light bu ild . At t h e ti e o the i a ppea a ce in Eu ope they

ne a cons e ra e e ree of c za o n u s in im e m n t h ad a tta i d id bl d g ivili ti , g pl e s

f s e s one a nd s ow n a s ron e n e nc t o a n a ri u u r o poli h d t , h i g t g t d y g c lt a l ,

- T e e e e n n n on nom ad ic life . h y h a d d v l op d de fi ite a d e la bo ra te

r r e s : t h e ea e re u r e f e n in re f fu ne ra y it d d w b i d , o t a ca u lly cons tru cted

m a nd e re s u rrou n e t h e m e m e n s c e h a t o b , w d d by i pl t whi h th y d

i T r u s ed whe n they we re a l ve . his p a ctice a rgues a belief in a

f in c th e ea con n e t o e s in h e r e e n fu tu re li e whi h d d ti u xi t t g a v , ke pi g

m nee s a n n e res s i e h n a r t h e s a e d d i t t wh ch th y a d o e th . This Medite rra nea n s tock gradu a lly s pread u n til it h a d occu pied M es o

a m a th e ed e rra nea n a s n We s e rn u ro e t h e r s pot i , M it b i , t E p , B iti h I s les a nd t h e lowla nd portions of Ce n tra l Eu rope a s fa r ea s t a s t h e 2 h a s e n a ra e r ze a h m s u ppe r D a n u be . It be ch ct i d s t e o t w idely exte nd 3 m s o u u s a n the m s r m e f r r e t h e o d o u e n a es . d , o t p p l , t p i itiv o E op a c For t h e pres en t s tu dy o u r in te res t m u s t b e ce n te red in th e bra nches of t h e Medite rra nea n ra ce tha t s ettled in th e Aegea n

T n r re n in a . es a e es e two a nc e n e m s e ee n a a a d It ly o d ig t th , i t t ha v b

Th e ra nc a o u e th e a n s r re s tored t o u s e . b h th t cc pi d l d which la te

e e a s d ie n o n m o s e no o s s a s e a s a ns form d H ll k w by t th l gi t P l gi , ‘ t h e one occu pying Ita ly a s Ligu r ia ns . Along t h e M edite rra nea n the ea se of com m u nica ti on u nited with t h e ra cia l kins hip of t h e

e e e a n m n i pe ople t o produ ce a highly d v lop d d ho oge eou s civ liza tio n .

r m h e e s cu u re cen e rs of a nd re e i z io n F o t old t lt t Egypt C t , civ li a t

e t t h e n re b u t e s s a a nce e o e s o f s a ino r radia t d o ki d d , l dv d , p pl A i M , 5 re e T ra ce D a nu a rea a c a nd a n . T u s G ec , h , the be , It ly , Si ily , Sp i h the re developed in the pe ople s dwelling nea r th e M edite r ra nea n 6 r r is re n ze ll r a s im ila ity of cu ltu e which cog i d by a a u tho itie s .

h e nn n of t h e r nze A e a n o e r e n c r e ne r By t begi i g B o g th th i g ou p , g

no n a s r a ns n o - u ro a ns ne s or E u r - s ia ics a lly k w A y , I d E pe , Alpi , A t , h ad occu pied t h e Alpine belt which exte nds throu gh Eu ro pe a n d

T r ne r e e e h a s s f ra c As ia . he y a e ge a lly b liev d t o ha v d ku ll o b hy

e r ra n a n s ce pha lic fo rm a nd la rge r fra m es tha n th ose of th e M edit e .

- m e r ea r m es e The i r la ngu a ge wa s I ndo Eu rope a n . Fro v y ly ti th y

m e r u s u a u r n t h e a s es e o r no cre a t d the i dead , lly b yi g with h littl ’ r T r is s n e r re e a s n c n fu ne ra l fu rnitu e . his p actice u u a lly i t p t d i di a ti g

f h e s u u n ea wa s s e a ra e from th e o a belie tha t t o l , po d th , p t d b dy

r s e e re from a ll con ac t h e a nd de pa rted t o a rem ote ea lm , v d t t with I ntrod u cti on 5

8 h ne e l e re f r m re n ne n m living . T e Alpi p op e w a o i cli d t o a o a dic 9 r n w e re t h e e e rr nea ns . r ea r s m s pa s to a l life tha M dit a Ve y ly , it ee ,

r ns a n s ra n n re u a c r ba nds of A ya beg t yi g i to G ece , th o gh , co di ng

s w s e r n ence not com m a r e u n t o m o t vie , th i i flu did be e k d til the

r r of ronze . T e n u r n s r ce n u r es la tte pa t the B Age h d i g eve a l t i ,

n n ro n A e a se r e s o r n r s down t o the begi ni g of the I g , i f A ya t ibe

r n reece T r ce th e e ea n s a n s a d coa s s f ove r a G , h a , A g I l d , n the t o 1 0 l n r . a w ose e e m e n wa s a e r n a f As ia Mi o It ly , h d v l op t t tha th t o

r e h a d u s n e re u on ronze e n a r c o G ee c , j t e t d p the B Age wh b a n h f

nes m r e t t h e P o a a nd e r s a s e n m r the Alpi ig a t d o v lley , th e e t bli h d u e

r r ou s se ttlemen ts which a re kn own a s terrema e . Towa d the e nd

r nze a n s f e m m o e s u wa r a n n r of the B o Age b d o th v d o th d , d o e g ou p

- in La u m . a a e r e r o m ro a a s wh se ttled ti At l t p i d the U b S belli n , o 1 1 n n se a ra e fro o cu n n h a d bee l o g p t d m them , c pied the Ape ines a nd ” t h e ne ighboring va lleys . From t h e fu s ion of the M editer ra nea n popu la ce with the inva ding

r n h ns s r Arya ns a ros e t he G eeks a d t e Italia of hi to ica l tim es . I n

s n t he ra c h a s rou m a n c n u r es a a s u ch a fu io e tha t , th gh y e t i of h bit

n om a u s e t o a re on is a m os s u e to s o rea e r ti o , bec e dj t d gi l t r h w the g t i “ a nd e nd t o a s or n ru n ra ce . T u s vita lity , n the , b b the i t di g h ,

h e re s a nd t he a ns m e in the ca s e of t G ek It lia , th ou gh the ixed peopl s

n - u r a n a n a s on r e r a do pted the I do E ope l gu ge , they o ev ted t o the

rr n n phys ica l type of t h e M edite a ea s . Even toda y t he s o u the rn Ita lia ns a re the phys ica l cou n terpa r t of the pe ople wh o i nha bited 1 4 for th e r a n n a s on . I n cu u re a nd in re n a s Ita ly be e A y i v i lt ligi o ,

s in s ca e t h e e rra nea ns wh s we ll a phy i l typ , M dite , o va tly ou t

r t h e m m r n s m u s a e h a e r n nu m be ed i ig a t , t h v d a v ry g ea t i flu ence in t he developm e n t of t h e u nited pe ople s .

F r u r ea r e s c u re of t h e r o n f e r ra n a n r e o o li t pi t eligi o the Medit e ac ,

n n r n we tu rn t o t h e re m a i s of Minoa C e te a d of Mycena e . The re we s ee tha t t he chie f obj ect o f wo rs hip a m o ng the Pela s gia ns wa s a

- wh wa s e n a n ea r d e . f e n a s s oc a e goddes s , o evid tly th ity O t i t d with

wa s a ou fu m a wh o see m s a t ea s i s om e ns a nces h e r y th l le , , l t n i t ,

- He a a s a rs s r t o ha ve bee n a s ky god . lw y ppe a a a s u bo dina te ;

- the goddes s wa s t he a ll im po rta nt divine being . S he wa s e m bodied

m n o rm a nd re u en ha d a n a o a s na e m in hu a f , f q tly li o , d ve , k , or s o e

r r s othe r an im a l in a ttenda nce . Nu m e o u s rep e en ta tions of m on

r s u re s a r u m a n a r a n m a ro a r s t o u fig , p t h , p t i l , p b bly po tra y the

s n e r les s e r n u mi na of w ood a d wa t s . Fe tis h obj ects of es pe cia l 4 The Luperca lia

r r- r I n s i e he a s t he M ed ite rra nea n o E u Af ica n . phy qu t pe o ple of

i ra e e re u n form o c oce a c of m e u m e a n th s c w i ly d li h ph li , di h ight , d

h e m e f e r a ea r n in of s light bu ild . At t ti o th i pp a ce Eu ro pe the y

ne a cons e ra e e ree of c iza ion u s n m e m e n t s h a d a tta i d id bl d g ivil t , i g i pl

f s e s ne a nd s o n a s ron e n e nc t o a n a r cu u ra o poli h d to , h wi g t g t d y g i lt l ,

- n non nom a d ic life . They ha d deve loped de fi ite a nd ela bora te

r r es : th e ea re u r of e n in a ca refu ns r fu ne a y rit d d we b ied , t lly co t u cted

m a n e re s u rrou n t h e m e m e n s c e h to b , d w ded by i pl t whi h th y a d

i T s r r i u se d whe n they w e re a l ve . hi p a ctice a gu es a belie f n a

r f i w c t h e ea con nu e t o e s in t he ra e ee n fu tu e li e n hi h d d ti xi t g v , k pi g

n e res s e r T s the s a m e need s a nd i t t which th y h ad on ea th . hi Medite rra nea n s tock gra du a lly s pread u n til it h a d occu pied M es o

m a th e e erra nea n a s n Wes e rn u ro e t h e r s pota i , M dit b i , t E p , B iti h I s le s a nd t h e lowla nd portions of Ce ntra l Eu rope a s fa r ea s t a s t he 2 s n r e r z s h e m s u pper D a nu be . It h a bee cha a ct i ed a t o t w ide ly exte nd 3 m s m t h e s o u ou s a nd o r e of u ro ea n ra ces . ed , m o t p p l , the t p i itiv E p For t h e pre s en t s tu dy ou r inte re s t m u s t be ce n te red in t h e bra nches of the Mediterra nea n ra ce tha t s ettled in th e Ae gea n

in T es n a e ese two a nc e n m s a e e n a rea a nd Ita ly . o d ig t th , i t ter h v be res tored t o u s e . Th e bra nch tha t occu pied th e la nds which la te r

i n n m os e no o s s a s e a s ns formed He lla s d e k ow by t th l gi t P l gia , 4 h i the one occu pying Ita ly a s Ligu ria ns . Along t e M ed te rra nea n the ea s e of com m u n ica ti on u n ite d w ith t h e ra cia l kins hip of t h e

n m v i i people t o produ ce a highly developed a d h o oge ne ou s ci liza t on .

s u re n e rs of a nd re e c i za io n From the olde t c ltu ce t Egypt C t , iv li t

n re b u t s s a a nce o es of s a no r radia ted t o the ki d d , le dv d , pe pl A i Mi , “ T n a rea a c a nd a n . T u s Greece , hra ce , the Da u be , It ly , Si ily , Sp i h there develo ped in the peoples dwelling nea r t he M edite rra nea n “ r ll r a s im ila rity of cu ltu e which is recognized by a a u th o ities .

n n n of th e ronze A e a no e r e n c r u e ne r By the begi i g B g th th i g o p , g

n n a s r a ns n o - u ro e a ns ne s or E u r - s ia ics ally k ow A y , I d E p , Alpi , A t , ha d occu pied t h e Alpine belt which exte nds th rou gh Eu ro pe a nd

n r e e h f ra c As ia . They a re ge e a lly beli v d t o ha ve ad s ku lls o b hy

rr n n cepha lic fo rm a nd la rge r fra m e s tha n thos e of t he M edite a ea s .

- r m es e Thei r la ngu a ge w as I ndo Eu rope a n . From ve ry ea ly ti th y

r s u r n th e a s es e o r no crem a te d the i dea d , u u a lly b yi g with h littl ’ r r T r is s u a n e r r e a s n ica n fu ne a l fu nitu re . his p a ctice u lly i t p et d i d ti g

u on e wa s s e a ra e from t h e o a belief tha t the s ou l , p d a th , p t d b dy

a m o r a m s e re rom a ll con a c t h e a nd depa r ted t o re te e l , ve d f t t with I ntrod ucti on 5

8 Th n le e r fa r m re nc e n m a living . e Alpi e peop w e o i lin d t o a o dic 9 a n re t he e rra n a ns . e r a r s m s pa s tora l life th we Medit e V y e ly , it ee ,

s n r reec o a or n ba nds of Arya n bega s t a ying in to G e , th u gh , cc di g

s s e r n u nc not om m a r e u n t o m o t view , th i i fl e e did bec e k d til the

r f r z A e . T en r n se a e e s la tter pa t o the B on e g h du i g ver l c n tu ri , he n n ron A e a s r s o r n r down t o t begi ni g of the I g , e ie f A ya t ibes

r e c T ra c a n s a n s a nd coa s s of overra n G e e , h e , the Aege I l d , the t 1 0 n r . os o m n a s a a n a of As ia Mi o Ita ly , wh e devel p e t w l ter th th t

r e h a u s n e u o nze A e n a ra nc of G eec , d j t e t red p n the Bro g whe b h

ne s m ra P o a a n e r es a is nu m e the Alpi ig ted t o the v lley , d th e t bl hed r s r re T ou s s ettlements which a re known a ter ema . owa rd the e nd n m m a r n of the Bronze Age ba ds of the oved s ou thw d , a d one gro u p

- in La u m . a a e r r o he m ro a a ns wh se ttled ti At l t pe i d t U b S belli , o 1 1 n n s a a r m m occu nn e s n h ad bee l o g ep r ted f o the , pied the Ap e in a d “ the ne ighboring va lleys . From the fu s io n of t he M edite rra nea n popu la ce with the i nvading

r s r Arya ns a rose t h e G ee ks a nd the Ita lia ns of hi to ica l times . I n

s n he a ce a h a s rou m a n c n u r s a s u ch a fu io t r th t , th gh y e t ie of h bita

n o a u s t o a on is a m os s u re t o s o t h e rea e r ti o , bec me dj ted regi l t h w g t “ i n s n r n a n n e d t o a o u ra ce . T u s vita lity d , the , b rb the i t di g h , h e ee s a n a a ns h e m in the ca s e of t Gr k d the It li , thou gh t ixed pe oples

he n - ro a n a n ua s oon re e a dopted t I do Eu pe l g ge , they v rted t o the phys ica l typ e of the Mediterra nea ns . Even toda y th e s ou the rn Ita lia ns a re the phys ica l cou nterpa rt of the people wh o inha bited “ a n n a s on . I n cu e in Ita ly before the Ary i v i ltu r a nd religio n , a s s i s a rra ne a s well a n phy ic l type , the Medite n , who va s tly ou t

m m r n s m s a h a r nu m bered the i ig a t , u t h ve d a ve y grea t in flu ence in the developmen t of the u nited peoples .

F r r a r es c u of the on of n a n r o ou e li t pi t re religi the Mediterra e ace ,

m n n r n n we tu rn t o t h e re a i s of Minoa C e te a d of Myce ae . There we s ee tha t the chief o bject o f wo rs hip a m o ng the Pelas gia ns wa s a

- s s wh o wa s e e n a n ea d . n as s oc a godde , vid tly rth eity Ofte i ted with

e r w a s a ou u m a wh o se m s a t ea s in s om ns a nces h y thf l le , e , l t e i t ,

- t o ha ve been a s ky god . He a lwa ys a ppea rs a s a s ubordina te ;

- the godde s s wa s the a ll im porta nt divine be ing . S he wa s e mbodied i m a n o rm a nd fr u n h a d a o n a o e a s na e r m e n hu f , eq e tly li , d v , k , o s o

n m r other anim a l in a tte da nce . Nu e ou s repre s enta ti ons of mon s r u res a r u m a n a r a n m a ro a t ou s fig , p t h , p t i l , p b bly po rtra y t h e . n a r less e r nu mi na of woods a d w te s . Fe tis h obj ects of es pecia l 6 The Luperca lia

s n n s a s a n m n a ctity were s to e , pill r , trees , ima ls of a y kinds , and

s r - wea pons , s uch as the hield o the d ou ble hea ded a xe . Thes e cult objects typified s ometimes the va ried produ ctive power of the ’ r m m s m a n s m ans f n a hi ea th , s o eti e e o defe s e a g ins t s enem ies . I n primitive times they were proba bly rega rded a s inca rna tions of

. a n s s as a n ro m the deity L ter , whe the godde w fu lly th po orphized , h m s n n m t ey beca me her em ble or her a tte dan t a i als . Th e deity

wa s n s in a m b t u a m ou n a n in ot wor hipped te ple , u pon t i , a fo res t ,

s s m os u n l in a a h r be ide a pring , or, t freq e tly of a l , c ve . At e s hrine J m en offered sa crifices of a nim a ls or of fru its . Figu res of m en clad

i a n m a -s i ns c r u n a a on m s or on s a r n i l k , whi h f eq e tly ppe r ge e ls , a e n n s s n s rs h a r ofte ta ke a repre enti g the wor hippe , w o e s howing

n s honor t o the deity by wea ri g the kin of her s a cred a n ima l . The e c f n ora ua d ad , too , were obje ts o wo rs hip , a d ela b te rit l a cts were m “ perform ed a t their to bs . This Pelas gia n goddes s is believed to ha ve been clos ely s imila r in

r n n a cha acter a nd fu ctio s t o the Creta n Rhe , t o the Phrygia n n m m s n Cybele , to ma y fo r s of the Greek Arte i , a d to va rious “ other deities of th e Aegea n a rea . Each of thes e la ter deities

- n o e of a . n typifies the life givi g p w r the e rth Every livi g thing , a n a a n m a a m a n n r s whe ther it be a pl t , n i l , or hu bei g , de ive it s

exis tence from her . She likewis e ta kes them ba ck to he rs elf a t es is n m n a ' the e nd of life . This godd s o depa rt e t l deity , b u t ha s a n r power ove r every activity of m n or of the u ive s e . Each ma ni

s i r m m fes ta tion of na tu re is acred t o her or s her ve y e bodi en t . a s n n in s o e Thu s s h e m ay be a dored i ca r a te the t n , the tree , the n a cu a o m in ac oca in lio , or the goa t , her p rti l r f r e h l lity be g deter m ined by the phys ica l fea tu res of tha t place a nd the cha racter of Th e s n the people inha biting it . phere of actio of the goddes s is

n e n a nd m a n s a ns in ac n n i t s ely loca l , her power ife t tio e h regio bei g

ins epa ra bly a tta ched t o s ome defin ite pla ce . She is the goddes s

of o e a n is cons a n a s s oc a a or a s on a s s l v , d t tly i ted with lover , Atti , " n s r n s s . To him u is es c a sa c . Ado i , o Dio y u the b ll pe i lly red

T s is n m r a s s s a s na l c a n s hi m a le god ot im o t l , b u t ha re the e o h ge of

h a n n new i t h e s n ve ge ta tion , dying in t e fa ll d revivi g to life n pri g . Thes e occa s ions a re ce le bra ted by the wors hippers with extra va ga n t I n a nd r s u orgies of m ou rning a nd of j oy . the dea th the e rrection m m of th e deity the people find a s s u ra nce of hu ma n i o rt a lity . M uch of the hom a ge offered by this a gricu ltu ra l people to it s ea rth -ghd d es s

8 The Lupercal ia

‘

m t h a t of he r s o u s . Th r w as h e e ore a n s ligh t co p ar ed t o p e e e , t r f s e t o a of e rra nea n rel i on e m pha s is exa ctly op po it th t the M dite ig ,

- r a s s u r m h s k - h e r in w h ich the ea r t h m oth e w p e e , and t e y god ” s u bord ina te . For th e oldes t lite ra ry pictu re o f the religion of t he Helle nes w e

T r t u rn t o th e Hom e r ic Poe m s . hese ca nnot be a cce pted a s a p o ’ re l r a n r ion for om e r s c aea ns wh o h a d tra y a l of a p u y A y elig , H A h , n a rs h a s for se e ra c nt u es h a d b ee n in Greec e for ma y ye , p er p v l e ri ,

h o f t h e c za ion o f the as a ns and m u s al s o ad op ted m uc ivili t Pel gi , t

u e nce a s ian cu s . Bu t e n s o ha d ha ve been infl d by Pel g lt , ve , they a s ligh ter ad m ixtu re o f Pelas gia n blo od a nd idea s t han had t h e

r in a n o he a r r r Th r o it is Gree ks wh o a p pea y f t l te lite a tu e . e ef re rea s o na ble t o a ttr ibu te to Arya n influ ence t he Ach a ea n re ligiou s belie fs a nd cu lts which a re m a rkedly differen t from t hos e o f t h e

i s es c a s uc s a nd cu s a re t o ou nd a m n Pelas g a n , pe i lly if h belief lt be f o g other Arya n peoples when a t a bou t the s a m e s ta ge o f deve lopmen t . The re ligion which is po rtra yed in the Ho meric Poem s is p re

n on a s m . em inently ra tio a l , with ly n occa s iona l s u gges tion of m y ticis I ns tea d of a chthonic de ity a nd a hos t of va gue a nd na m eles s . c a a ns ors d a n o m o c s wh o nu mi na , the A h e w hippe thr po rphi god

c s on oun m u s n r n z n o a n lived in pa la e M t Oly p , a d we e orga i ed i t

m m on a e u s s k e r orde rly co we lth with Z , the god of the y , a t th i

T se e es r s c z ne a n s om hea d . he d iti we e highly pe ia li ed , ea ch O h vi g e 4 r nc a n u n 2 definite p ovi e d f ction of h is own . They h ad none of

s er c a a c r n n s r the m y t y whi h tt hed t o the Medite r a ea god , b u t we e n n ua a nd um a n n m b a ll s tro gly i divid l h , havi g the ight of gods , u t ” c s s on m n the wi ked pa i s of o rta ls . Me n trea ted them like hu ma

n s s om m s u a n m r n m a n s m bei g , eti e pbr idi g the , o eve ki g po rt of the , a s is done in the s tory told by Dem odocus a bou t Ares a nd Ap h ro “ e . The c a a n s h e e a s a n m in dit A h e god were not , like t P l gi , li ited their power to s om e s pecia l s pot ; they were the gods of the tribe ’ a n I ra ther th of the place . n their r itua l a cts Hom e r s peo ple did not r orm m s r u s or o r s r m n es nor r s or pe f y te io gia tic ce e o i , did they e t t o m a gic to s ecu re the grow th of crops or th e increa s e of their herds ;

ns a in ro s i te d , they prayed t o the gods a nd offered s a crifice deco u ” ’ a s on . T o a s f rm m n e u o f hi h se ct du ly per o ed , a s whol d ty t the o s w s i g d a done . He h ad in thei r pres ence no cons ciou s nes s of s n

or of n n m m a m u r r h e a s the eed of clea ns i g . If he ha d co itted de , w

not re u r a n t s u n s s n u r m a n q i ed to t o e o the god , le the i j ed were , I ntrod u cti on 9

28 i e s r s e s s c a r t o one of m l k the prie t Ch y , e pe i lly dea the , b u t he pa id a fine t o the nea res t kins ma n of h is victim . When he h a d s m a r n o r i thu de repa a tion , he did not eed t be pu ified , as n la ter

m s the r n n n r ea t h e r ti e , by s p i kli g of blood , o did he f r pu s u it of a ve n ge fu l ghos t . The dread of dem ons a nd the wors hip of heroes

is n a os u n n n in om r c oe m s . W n t he , i deed , lm t k ow the H e i P he body

m n h a n s m n n e his o f a a d bee con u ed u po the fu era l pyr , s ou l wa s b e lie v ed e a r t o a s a a u s a o s n to d p t H de , where he lived v g e h d w exi te ce , r em ote from the a ctivities of the living . Liba tions we re offered a s of u r a c m on s b w a s n a a pa rt the b i l ere ie , u t there o cu lt tta ched t o h ” a a s as o om s of a s a n ero . the gr ve , there w t the t b Pel gi es

I m r s n r ra n n r n r n co pa i o with the Medite ea eligio , the eligion of m e r c oem s as a n s c n a of cu a the Ho i P w r tio a li ti i s te d oc lt , wors hip

f ca m e s s ns ea of ecs as a m a a m m o a n r o l n i t d t y , ho ge p id to i rt l , a th o

m r h ic s c a z s a s k - a s r c n p o o p , pe i li ed god with y god thei hief , i s tead o f t o o s r m or a of s n of n of r m g d who we e t l , hifti g , te the i o o rphic ,

- rm a m n m a n a r m o r a s s u r m . fo , o g who e th the w the p e e deity I n the re ligion of cla s s ic Gree ce thes e two s tra ins s eem t o ha ve

n . T e a re o n ne a n h e m a n s n u ited h re , the o h d , t Oly pi god a d the

r i m s ta te r itu a l s u bs ta n tia lly a s they a e portra yed n Ho er . B u t a lon g with them a re m a ny cult -practice s which a re a ttes ted by 3 ° a rcha eology a nd by litera tu re tha t corres pond t o Pe la s gia n ins tead

of m e c n . Th e r of n u m a on s e m t o Ho ri religio ite i h ti , which e ed

m s u n n n in m e h a s a a n e om e omm n . Th a l o t k ow Ho r , g i b c c o e Homeric indiffe re nce t o chthonic deities a nd t o m ys ticis m h a s

s a a r a nd o rs of s of a r a n d e r di ppe ed , the w hip god the e th the p

form ance of m a gic r ites of the mos t prim itive kind is wides prea d .

T ra r n a n s s a nc a a c he hom a ge pa id to the B u o i Artem i , the tity tt hing t h e e s n a n e es a n h e u m a n s a cr off r t o El u i i Mys t ri , d t h ifice e ed to

e s L s a ll s m fa r r m o e rom t h e s a n m a n Z u yca eu , ee e v d f ity of the Oly pi

i m s r a s re ligion . Not only n re ote place like A c dia did thes e relic of

rs s u e f u n a s ron o e e n in n e c u a sa va ge belief pe i t , b t th y o d t gh ld v i t lle t l

ns . r s m c o a s it s c e e on s u s a od Athe O phi , whi h t ok hi f d ity Di y , g ha ving a ll t he cha racteris tics of a n a tu re-s pirit of the Med ite r

ra ea ns a n d w c r it s r ua a c s rom t he m os r m m , hi h de ived it l t f t p i itive

s f re a e o o a w a s the o s ex pra ctice o C te , devel oped th l gy th t l ftie t

r r pres s i on of M editer ra nea n creeds . This O phic theology p ofou ndly “1 influ enced s ome of the grea te s t m inds of Gree ce . m m a c in a ou n n It se e s a n a no a ly th t a people whi h , b t the i th 1 0 The Luperca lia

n r r s wa s a m os rom occu s m ce tu y befo e Chri t , l t free f lti , witchcra ft ,

s s ou a a r r t o s a nd hero wor hip , h ld fterw rd eve t the belief of a remote n r a nd n a acc pa s t . The a tu a l the ge er lly epted expla na tion is found r n he r e s com os d as in the du a l o igi of t G e k , p e , they were , of Pelas n “2 n gia ns a nd of Arya s . The a s s u m ptio tha t the prese nce in Greek religion of chthon ic deities a nd of chthonic cu lts is d ue to the . as a n s tra in of the po pu lace s ee m s a lm os t i nesca pa ble in view ‘Pel gi of t h e fact tha t thes e cults were m os t m a r ked in the place s tha t n h ad the s malles t i fus ion of Arya n blood . These regions were

re e ose a s a n c za n was t oo - o o fa c C t , wh Pel gi ivili tio deep r oted t be ef ed s rc a os r a a s by the invader A adi , wh e people we e reg rded the m os t n f n e o a n typica lly Pela s gia o a y Gre k p pu lace , d whos e cu lts , the mos t i ll r s o a os a ffi n pr im itive n a G eece , h w cl e ity t o thos e of Minoa n “4 s e as a n s c wa s s s a u Crete ; At tica , who e P l gi to k le d ltera ted tha n “ tha t of a ny other la nd of con tinen ta l Greece except Arca dia ! a s n u nc m ore l r a n Boeotia , which w i fl e ed deep y by C ete th by the in re s or m s s m Lycia , which p hi t ic ti e ee s to ha ve been re a ns a n em n closely connected with the C t , d which r a i ed domina n tly n n i a ce a nd a nd n a ns f s a Medite rra ea n r the Io i o A i Minor , wh o h ad the la rges t i nfu s ion of Pelas gia n blood of a ny Hellenic “ 8 “ I n ll s a n s n w as s o n . s tock . a the e l d the religio tr ngly chtho ic From thes e fa cts Andrew La ng concl udes tha t the Achaea ns im

- “0 a n bri e lived s e t a s a n s om s . por ted a new , lofty , d f of ide d cu t n n he two re ons c m m s s i n I n the u i o of t . ligi , o pro i e of every k d

re ff . u n oca od wa s a s o or a we e ected Freq e tly the l l g b rbed by , w s

r e a s n ca e of m a n s . n rega d d ide ti l with , on the Oly pi deitie U der

s nc a s a n cu wa s n u r of its s s s thi in flu e e , the Pel gi lt ofte p ged wild exce e

i s . n t he a a nd t s cruel r ite O other h nd , the Mediterra nea n g od

n a n e i na m b u t not h is a ra r n n nu freque tly ch g d h s e , ch cte , a d co ti ed m t o receive t he s a m e primitive ho a ge a s before . Often the a nim a l in whom the ea r th - god was inca rna ted becam e a ttached t o the

r a n od . T s a a rs a t m s or in u se of A y g hi god ppe ti e , theref e , g i the

n m a r e n e . n s a n m a is t h e m s a c a i l , o a tt d d by it Ofte thi i l o t cepta ble

re s a crifice tha t ca n be offe d t o the god . I n eve ry pos s ible ma nner n t h e new idea s a re s een m i gle d with the old . I n the religion of the Roma ns it is va s tly ha rde r tha n in the religi on of the Greeks to dis e n ta ngle Medite rra nea n beliefs from

e r n n r Arya n creeds . Th e wa s o Ita lia Hom e r t o port a y the re ligiou s

ns n idea s of t h e La ti o r of the Um bria ns . The dom ina t pos ition of I ntrod uction 1 1

Rom e tended to sm ooth down the loca l differences in religious i practice which a re ofte n a va lua ble gu ide n Greek re ligi on . Archae

o s o a or n a s n ol gy tells u , h wever , th t bef e the i v io of the Aryans r wa s u L i ns s every pa t of Ita ly occ pied by the igu r a , who e civiliza tion

a s in es s n a s m a r s m a t a P e s i “l w the e ti l kedly i il r o th t of the la g ans , m n “ n h n n s ns m . a d ad bee , i deed , t o o e exte t i pired by the Traders

nd r c n s s r m a n s s a ns a , p e h a ps , olo i t f o the l d of the Pela gi ca u sed the Neolithic civiliza tion of Sou thern Ita ly a nd of Sicily to become m ore close ly ass ocia ted with Crete a nd the Aegea n wo rld tha n “ with Nor thern Ita ly. n s Whe n the Ligu ria ns were overru by the Arya n , a m ixtu re of ra ce a nd of cu ltu re s im ila r to the m ixtu re which we ha ve obs erved

r i in G ee ce seem s t o h a ve occu rred n Ita ly . I n m a ny loca lities

‘ of Ita ly a re fou nd inh u m a tion-tombs a nd crema tion -u rns belonging “ to the sa me period . I n this fus ion the terrama ra folk cou ld ha rdly ha ve fa iled to be profou ndly influenced by the ea rlier inha bita nts

s of the la nd . Profes s or Pinza hold tha t the civiliza tion of La tiu m o m on it e s it s n s i s b rrowed fro the St e Age s rit , tech ica l proces s e , t “ a a ons it m a c u r a nd it s a s s . r h bit ti , s to b r hitect e , rti tic ta te P ofes s or Mod es t ov goes s o fa r as to s a y tha t we m ight cons ider the popula tion s n t n l a n nu m n n n a o La ti a t a l , except for certai ber of i ci era tio

a s . s r o as n a ns gr ve He rega rd it , the ef re , wholly a tu ra l th t the La ti a nd the Rom a ns h ad in their religiou s beliefs been deeply in fluenced ‘6 by the Ligu ria ns . I n the religion of his torica l Rome a re fou nd two s tra ins tha t

a r s m a s o e on . T e on on e i il r to th o e f Gr ek religi here wer , the e

n s - u r a nd o s f th e s a cu ha d , the ky god J pite the ther god o t te lt , h o n u n r n u nc m r a n w , u til they fell der G eek i fl e e , were little o e th

s z s r ns a n n n n highly pecia li ed a b t actio , their power d a tu re bei g defi ed ins ta n tly by their na m e s . The I nd igita menta of the Rom a ns offer

‘ r one of the bes t exa m ples of the S ond ergotter of the A ya ns . The

r n m n r r n u n m a na religious ce e mo ia l of the Ro a s was o de ly a d i gi tive , i m n s m n o s . n e r a i ila r it s type t the Ho eric cu lt O the oth h d , there

r s os or n w a s s in a n u a n we e chthonic deitie , wh e igi lo t tiq ity , d whos e r itu a l cons is ted la rgely of fertility cha rm s a nd m a gic rites . There were m a ny cu lt - s u rviva ls tha t reca ll the cha racteris tic n n s n s fea tu res of th e Mediter ra nea n religio . Venera tio of pri g ,

s a n sa n m a a s s r a a n m on e s a tree , d cred a i ls w wide p e d , d ce re i to vert " evil a nd to secu re pu rifica tion were com m on . 1 2 The Luperca li a

This d u al s tra in in Rom a n religion s eem s m os t na tu ra lly in ter n a na o of e I n n i p re ted by a l gy with the religi on H lla s . Ita ly a d n s c s oc w a s e rra n a n h e s n Greece the ba i t k M dite e , t u bdivis io s tha t

n s n s e ttled in th e two pe in u la s bei g clos ely rela ted . I n both Greece

t h e a n n a e rs s owe s a m e s e e a s ru r a nd I ta ly Ary i v d h d the k l t l t ctu e , s am ra c m a n followed the e p cti e of cre ti o , s poke ki nd red dia lects “ n - a n a n u a a nd ors k - of the I do Eu rope l g ge , w hipped a s y god ca lle d m I n a c n a rc ae by the s a m e na e . e h la d h ology proves tha t a fu s ion

a n r h n r - of races took pl ce . I G eece t e ho o given to ea r th d eities m n a ra a e a s n n n se em s a l os t i e vit bly t ce ble t o the P l gia s . Co se qu e tly “ n s f r m e s m r n the pa ralle l co cl u ion o Ro ee s ea s o a ble . Th e Rom a ns

m s e s a c on c o s re a e n t o f r e the lve felt th t hth i g d we li them , o th y cons tan tly rem a rked on the a ffi nity of s u ch de ities t o s om e ea r th

h e re s or in m a n c s s e m n god of t G ek , , y a e , held th t o be a Pe la s gia “o n . u r rm r za n m im porta tio F the o e , the loca li tio of a ny of thechthonic cu lts of I ta ly gives ca us e for con necting them with t he a ncie nt n inha bita n ts of the la nd . If a cu lt is s tro gly a s s ocia ted with s ome

m n n na u ra o c s u c a s a m u n a n a r r pro i e t t l bje t , h o t i , ive , a ca ve , a s r n a we a a s ron r a s on for e n wa s p i g , or tree , h ve t g e beli vi g tha t it a product of the ra ce tha t h ad been longes t es ta blis hed in tha t

L r n a s find th e s r s pla ce . a te i v der pi its of the e pla ces exa lted by a

’ en n homa ge tha t ha s be de ve lopi g for ce nt u ries . I nevita bly they

r s e cu r th e a o r of s o s e new a n de s i e t o e f v the e g d of th ir bidi g pla ce , “ e r a nd s o they acc pt the es ta blis hed cu lt . M . Gom me s ays : Le t u s once clea rly u nde rs ta nd tha t th e loca l fe tis his m to be fou nd in Arya n cou n tries s im ply re pres en ts t h e u ndying fa iths of t he olde r

I n t h e es en s u of Lu rca a a e m e m e pr t t dy the pe li , the tt pt will b ad t o lea rn th e origin of it s va riou s cu lt-fea tu res by com pa ring them

a r c s r e s a m n t e n r with s imil ult o b lief o g h Rom a s a nd the G eeks .

I n s n es a on oca za on o f a cu — i h e thi i v tig ti the l li ti lt tha t s , t people

om wa s rs ra c s e a it s a s s a n s m r by wh it fi t p ti d , nd oci tio with o e na tu a l

a u f t he cou n r — is n fe t re o t y a poi t t o be ke pt cons ta n tly in m ind .

' re r fa r m m na n i n M o ove , ore ill u i tio s t o be obta i ed from Greek reli

n r m m T gion tha f o Ro a n . he individu a lity o f the Greek s ta tes offers in m a ny ca s e s a rea s ona ble de gree of ce r ta in ty fo r dis crim ina tion

e ee n cu s of r a ns a nd se f he e s . b tw the lt the A y tho o t P la gia ns When ,

r or we find a cu in r ec a is e a s a n n a s r the ef e , lt G e e th t P l gi , a d imila cu lt of Ita ly which h a s been from a ncien t tim e s close ly a tta ched I ntrod u cti on 1 3

m e m n n ec f a n s ca a n s t o s o pro i e t obj t o the l d pe , d which wa by the

m a ns em se es a s s n a non - om a n o u a c o Ro th lv ig ed to R p p l e , the l gica l concl u s ion is tha t the Ita lia n cu lt be lon ged t o the re ligion of t h e n Ligu ria s .

I s u of a s u ec t he Lu ca a o e ca nn n the t d v bj t like per li , n ot hope n T t o a rr ive a t a i ncon trove rtible conclu s ion . he a n tiqu ity of the fes tiva l a nd the s ca nty evide nce concer ning cer ta in pa rts of

e s o a m ou s a o e . We m u s cons u e n c n it precl u d biti h p t , eq tly , be o

im s r n ten t with th e modes t a of es ta bli hing a ea s o a ble theory .

NOTES TO CHAP TE R I

rs t time a book is cited t ti l is i v n i n l ( The fi , he t e g e ful ;

a ter tha t a n a bbrevia t on s us ed . f , i i )

Th s o nt is s t res sed b Sir Art h ur E va ns Mi noa n a nd M cenae a n E l men t 1 . i p i y , y e

i n Hellenic Li e in v ol . xxx 1 1 2 2 . See a lso Sch ra d er Die I nd o f , ii , 9 , 77 ,

erma nen 1 2 1 id . P rehis toric Anti u ities o the Ar a n P eo les iv F a rn ll g , 3 , 53 ; q f y p , ; e , ' ! a r s orki n las s ical S tud ies 1 0 La n The World o H r in The e W C 8 1 o 2 . , 9 , 7 ; g , f me ,

F or t he t heor es a b out t he Med t erra nea n ra ce see Ser The Med i terran a n 2 . i i gi , e ’ R ace 0— 0 2 —6 R le The Races o E u ro e 6 1 — 0 Kea ne The orld s , 3 4 , 47 5 ; ip y , f p , 4 7 ; , W — i M n P as t P r s nt - l r P o les 0 1 2 d . a a nd e e 6 Ta o The Ori i n o the e p , 3 7 ; , , 44 54; y , g f A r a ns — 2 — 1 0 1 M res The Da wn o Hi s tor — Me er s chi ch y , 5469 , 9 ; y , f y , 3 9 43 ; y , Ge te — Ha r he Forerun r o — — d es Altertu ms . 2 . 80 wes C ete T ne Greece 2 2 1 6 , i 9 3 4; , , f , 5 , 44 ; Ma kenz e M ths o Crete a nd P re-Helleni c E u ro e — 8 1 6 Feet The tone c i , y f p , 57 , 4; , S ' a nd B ronze A es i n I ta l 1 1 1 1 6 — Mod es t ov I ntrod u cti on a l hi s toi re roma i ne g y , , 3 77 ; , , — 1 1 0 1 3 .

R le 1 Kea ne W. P . 1 2 Gra nt The P as s i n o the Grea t Ra ce 1 . 3 . ip y , 45 ; , , 3 ; , g f , 49

- . Th es e t er ms as used b m od ern a ut h or t es nclud e a ll t he re Ar a ns 4 , y i i , i p y

S Sch ra d er Ar a n Reli i on in Has t n s E n c . Rel . v ol . Ha ll he ( ee , y g , i g , y , i , 3 5 ; , T ld es t ivili zati on o Greece 8 Th us M n ae Lele es Ca r a ns E t eocret a ns O C f , 3 i y , g , i , , a nd ot he r less m orta nt rou s a re now a ll known as P e la s a ns wh le u l i p g p gi ; i Sic i ,

us o n a ns a nd ot hers a re rou e t o t her as L ur a ns . A i , g p d ge ig i

m e a u hor es refe r o re a rd t he c v l za t on in t he Da nu e a rea as a n 5 . So t it i p t g i i i i b

ind e end ent nort hern d e ve lo m ent . See . Ha m el Neuere S tu di en fi ber d ie p p J p , ' — u erzei t in Z eits chr . ur E th v ol . xxv 1 8 6 1 . K pf , f iii , 9 , 57 9

le 1 0 Ha ll The Ancient His tor o the Nea r E as t 6 . S er 2 R gi , 75 ; ip y , 3 ; , y f , 5 ;

The Dawn o Med iterra nea n Ci viliza tion 62 . F or t he cha ra ct er is t cs of Mos s o , f , i

- Med t e rra nea n c v l za t on see Ha ll Ae ea n Archae ol o 2 id . 0 . C. G i i i i i , , g gy , 44 54; — — Ho r h Authorit a nd Archae olo S acred a nd P ro ane 1 0 id . N . E . 6 6 1 a t 83 4; , 5 ; g , y gy , f , 2 — 2 Mackenz e Crete 1 1 - 2 2 Burrows The Dis coveri es i n Crete 1 — 20 1 2 8 4 ; i , , 9 9 ; , , 97

— - Ha es 2 et as s im Ser 2 66 1 M res D . H . 2 Beloch Griechis che w , 7 45 , p ; gi , 3 5 ; y , , 4 ; ,

— — — — — M . 0 t Me er i . 2 . 6 eane P . P . 62 8 2 8 s chi ch e . 1 . 1 6 1 2 2 Ge , i 7 3 , 9 5 ; y , 7 9 4; K , 4 , 5 3 ;

- — ran 1 orsaa e The P rehis tor o the North 1 2 . G t , 53 5 : W , y f , 9 3 1 4 The Luperca lia

- — - . M . P . . Ri le 0 Kea ne W. P 6 id . P 0 1 6 Bed d o he 7 . p y , 47 5 ; , , 3 55 ; , 5 ; e , T olo ical His tor o E u ro e 1 Ser 2 — 6 26 — T lor 6 — Anthrop g y f p , 5 ; gi , 3 7 4 ; 3 5 ; ay , 9 9 2 0 Mackenz e Crete 1 1 Kret s chmer E i nlei tu n i n d ie Ges chi chte d e r P eet , 3 7 ; i , , 5 ; , g — is chen S rache . gri ech p , 59 75

Ho art h Auth . and Arch . 2 Cha d w ck The Heroic A e 2 2 2 8 . g , . 47 ; i , g , 4 , 4 5 ;

s n s E nc . R . 0 Ma kenz e r l h d r Ar . Rel . in Ha t el c C ete x v Ro d e Schra e , , i g , y , ii , 3 ; i , , ii ; ,

che S lencul t u nd Uns terblichkei ts la u be d er Grie che n 2 . P s y , ee g . i , 49 - Ma kenz e re l h . 1 . 80 a lor 8 1 6 c C te 1 1 2 . 9 . Be oc , i ; T y , 9 , 4 5 ; i , , 5 , 3 3 H es — urro s 0 — K 6 B w M . ll . G . 1 0 a w 2 2 1 2 ea ne P . P . 1 0 . Ha , 0 . C , 4; , 5 ; , ; , ,

— - — — Me er . 2 . 80 8 8 1 Cot t e r ll Ancient Greece 2 8 6 . 53 2 4; y , i 4 , 5 3 4; i , , , 3 4 — s t ov 2 0 . 1 1 . Mod e , 3 9 4

Munro P alaeolithi c Ma n a nd the Terra ma ra S ettlements i n E uro e 8- 1 2 . , p , 3 3 45 ,

' — Mod e st ov 1 0 1 — 2 8 P eet 1 — 1 6- P a n ol E s s ai s u r l es 41 3 29 ; , 3 , 43 5 ; , 3 3 7 , 3 9 9 ; ig i ,

— - — r M P . 2 d Rom 1 2 2 Se 1 6 Kea ne . P . 8 . Dr . Bed oe 1 origi nes d e e, 5 ; gi , 7 9 ; , , 5 9 ( 2 9) an a v es of m m ra t on la r el s ent t he mse lv es in t h e nor h sa y s t ha t t he Ary w i ig i g y p t . — — n i r t — lor Macke z e C e e 1 6 . 1 . R le 0 Ta 1 8 2 0 3 ip y , 3 3 ; y , 9 3 ; , , 4 7

- 1 Ri le 2 6 2 E va ns 1 . H . S v ol . m m 2 8 . 4. p y , 9 7 ; , , 7

- 1 ans M cena ea n Tree a nd P illa r Cult in J. H . S . v ol . xxi 1 0 1 2 0 5 . E v , y , , , 9 , 99 4

— H r h Ae ea n Reli i on in Has t n s E nc . Rel . 1 1 8 Dus s a ud Les civil i s a oga t , g g , i g , y , i , 4 ; ,

- - — ions i ues 2 1 Ha ll A . A . 1 id . 0 . C. . 2 02 Tsount a s t préhellén q , 3 7 4 3 ; , , 45 77 ; G , 93 3 ; n t M cenaea n A e 2 - 0 2 Gra illot Le Cul te d e C béle 1 - B u r a d Manat , y g , 94 3 ; , y , 4; r ows 1 1 2— 1 1 2 Ma ckenz e Crete xl v — xlv - 60 1 -62 2 — 1 2 Ha wes , 4, 7 ; i , , i ii , 59 , 59 , 93 3 ; ,

— — - r us Me er . 8 Bel h 1 1 0 Re nach O he 6 8 . 2 oc . . 1 1 Cot 1 3 9 43 ; i , p , 7 ; y , i 7 9 ; , i 3 ; - — terill 8 6 Kret schm er 1 . , 4 5 ; , 94 5

Mi noa 2 1 F a rnell The Cul ts o the Gr k S a t s 1 — 1 6 . E v a ns S cri ta ee t e 2 , p , 9 ; , f , iii , ,

- - ll N E . 2 Dr . Mackenz e Crete 6 1 M ths o Bab lonia a nd 29 1 2 ; Ha , . , 5 ; i ( , 9 , y f y As s ria 1 0 1 — not es t ha t t h s P elas a n od d es s wa s a lso a kin t o t he rea t ea rt h y , 4) i gi g g

es of Ba b lon a E t Germa n and t he Br t s h s les . See a lso G ra illot . d eit i y i , gy p , y , i i I , 5

n s s m s h ve or in d a s a n Ar a n d e B l h . 1 . Alt h ou h D o u see t o a a te t e o 7 g i y ig y i y ( c , i

1 6 n . he is be l eved t o ha v e a sor ed v er ea rl und er P ela s a n n fluence 1 . 5 i b b y y , gi i ,

- he h ra t er s t cs of an ea rt h od Ha ll N . E . 6 F a rnell Natu ral a nd t c a c i i g ( , , 47 ; ,

Com a rati ve Reli i on 1 8 Beloch . 1 . 1 6 Dussa ud 2 Ca m ell Reli ion i n p g , ; , i 5 ; , 3 9 ; pb , g r Greek Li teratu e, 2 69 )

1 Th ex s t en of h uman s acr ce in Crete ha s not bee n roven b he 8 . e i ce ifi p y t

x ons Ho rt h Ae . Rel . in Ha s t n s E nc . Rel . t hou h it m a be e ca v at i ( ga , g , i g , y , i , g y h d in h le end of t he v ct m s offered t o t h e M not a u r Ha rr son P role omena ec oe t e g i i i ( i , g to the S tud o Greek Reli ion 82 Cot t er ll 6 P a n ol I n Arca d ia y f g , 4 ; i , 5 ; ig i , , At t ca a nd ot h er t err t or es in wh ch t he o ulace was d om nant l Med it er i , i i i p p i y ra nea n ot h cult a nd le end v e nu me rous roofs of t h e ract ce of h u ma n , b g gi p p i W e m a k The Ori i n a nd Develo ment o the Moral I d eas s a cr e . Dr . es t r rc ific ( g p f ,

— not es t h at it is es ec a ll fre uent in a r cult ura l r t es . See a lso i , 443 54) p i y q g i i

Ma ke nz e B a b. 1 0 F a rnell . c i , , 4; , iii , 93

s on of h e cht hon c cu lt s of t h e Ae ea n eo le s see E v a ns 1 9 . F or a d e cript i t i g p p , , — - — M er 2 0 Ha ll . . . 0 s H . S . v ol . xxx 2 80 e . . 0 C G 2 2 D u J. , ii , 79 ; y , i 7 5 3 3 ; , , 93 3 ; 8 — ra illot - 2 Murra Fou r S ta es o Greek Reli ion 1 — sa ud , 3 5 93 ; G , 7 4; y , g f g , 5 53 Rohd e 2 0 — 1 2 — 0 L ert All emei ne Ges chichte d es P ries tertums , i , 4 5 ; 49 5 ; ipp , g , ii ,

1 6 The Luperca lia

0 . Th ese t wo s t ra ns a re noted b socrat es Or . . ccu lt s m h r 3 i y I ( , 5 O i , e o wors h fea r of hos t s m a c a nd rit es of ur ca t on are me n on ip , g , gi , p ifi i t i ed v ery fre uent l b Hes od t he C cl c P oet s P nd a r a nd t h e t ra c wr t ers es q y y i , y i , i , gi i , pecia lly H 0 - — h La n . A . 2 d W H . 1 0 a Aes c lus i . . 2 C m be ll 1 0 8 1 2 8 0 y ( g , , ; , , 5 ; p , 9 , 73 , 7 8 , 2 8 For t he ev id ence of a rch aeolo see Ha rr s on 1 66- 82 t as s i m 3 gy , i , , e p .

— 1 . F or t h es e t wo s t ra ns in Gree k rel on s ee Re na ch Or he us 3 i igi , i , p , 78 9 1 ; Rohd e 2 00 - 2 Ca m ell 1 2 — 6 2 8- 66 Ts ount as a nd Ma nat t 1 — 1 , i , ; pb , 7 3 , 3 ; , 3 3 4;

Cott er ll La n W. H . 1 1 Gr u e Griechis che M tholo ie u nd Reli ions i , 43 ; g , , 7 ; pp , y g g es chi chte 8- 0 8- 6 1 1 0 1 — et as s im F arnell 2 6 1 - 2 iv 1 - 8 1 1 2 - 1 t g , 4 5 , 5 , 4, p ; , i , , , , 3 , e

- - — a s s im Ha rr s on 1 6 1 1 et as s im . p ; i , 7 , 3 3 453 , 473 5 , p n Arch H l A 2 . Ho a rt h Auth . a d . 2 al . A . 8 id N E 2 L 3 g , , 43 ; , , 5 ; . . . , 5 0 ; ea f,

- 2 6 1 8 Beloch . 1 . 2 1 0 E va ns New Archaeolo ical Li ht on t r n 3 ; , i 9 , 5 ; , g g s he O igi of Civiliza ti on i n E u ro e in S mi ths onia n I ns ti tute Ann ual Re ort 1 1 p , p , 9 7 , 444; Mr L n h s r n M r D . 2 1 6 . . a ws o a t a d od rn es . H ce i m e Greek el on m n y , , r igi a y s urv va ls of P e las a n rel ion - 8 - et as sim and s h o — i gi ig (79 9 , 43 44, p ) , ws (5 52 ) t h a t t h ese element s ha d a fa r more v ita l h old u pon t he people t h a n h a d t h e Oly m pia n d e es Th e sa m e s urv va l of re-Ar a n elem ent s h a s n no ed in h l o it i . i p y bee t t e re igi n o Keane Abori i n s in Has n s n f nd a . Dr . e t E c . Rel . s ta t s ha h I i ( g , i g , y , i , 3 5) e t t t e Ar a n d e t es of t hat la nd a re a ll of t h e s k t ha t t h e a r on k n l y i i y , y e a i d y a nd fa milia r foot n w t h t h e r wors h ers a nd h a ve no ros s or cruel f rm o i g i i ipp , g o s f wors hip ; wh erea s t h e cht hon c d e t es of t he A or nes m us t be a eased b l I i i i b igi pp y b ood . n t he un on of t he t wo ra ces it is s t at ed t hes e lat t er od s lar el l i , , g g y re p aced t h e - d s o h ns h ea v en go f t e Arya .

H ll 0 . C. G. 20 . 3 3 . a , , 3

0 Ha ll N . E i H F a rnell 62 v . d . 0 . C. G 82 E va ns . . S . 3 4. , ii , , , 9 ; , , 59 ; ; , J ,

v ol . xxx 2 8 Gra illot . ii , 3 ; , 7

n W. H r F k l 0 La Me e . c V r . Ha l . C. G. 2 . 1 1 . 2 6 o 3 5 , 0 , 3 ; g , , 4 ; y , i 7 9 ; i , r 2 ra nt 1 60 g ie chis che Orts na men , 1 9 ; G , .

— 6 ll N E . G ru e 6 1 F ck . 3 . Ha , . , 59 ; pp , 59 ; i , 99

— — Ha ll N . E . 60 n . id . 0 . C. G. 8 1 Kret s ch m er 2 6 F ck 1 2 3 7 . , , i ; , 7 9 ; , 3 7 ; i , 5 .

— W H . 1 8 l E L n . ra t 1 60 . 3 . Ha l , N . . , 67 , 79 ; a g , , 43 9 ; G n ,

- - n . H S . v ol . xxx H ll H . 1 6 0 E va s 1 . 2 8 a 0 C. G . L n W a . . 3 9 g , , 57 ; , , ii , 77 7 ; ,

— - - - - 2 0 8 Ca m ell 2 2 8 2 Beloch . 1 . 1 6 Me er . 2 . 2 3 ; pb , 3 7 4 , 3 4 ; , i 44 7 ; y , i 7 4 3 4;

- — B urrows 1 1 1 6 Cot t er ll 1 8 80 . , 4 ; i , 3 , 7 H 1 0 . . . . 4 W , 53

Mod es t a s s im . 1 . t ov 2 2 4 , 5 , 2 54, e p — M M nt li D a s s i s che Chronolo ie I ta liens 1 6 Kea ne . P . P . 2 . o e us ie orkl 4 , v g , 49 5 ; , , ’ ’ 0 d Ar ois s remi ers ha bi ta nts d e l E u ro e 1 2 Mackenz e Crete 2 - 8 53 ; b , Le p p , i , 9 ; i , , 47 . H 2 M res D . . 2 1 P eet 6 1 2 8 . 43 . , 8 , 43 , 4; y , ,

M res D . H . 2 . 44. y , , 3 3

P nza B ulletti no d elta commi s s i one archeolo i ca comu nale d i Ronia 1 00 45 . i , g , 9 ,

20 1 .

M s v 2 S ee a ls o r 2 Ta lor 20 Re na ch Or heu s 6 . od e t o . Se 1 4 , 54 gi , 79 , 44; y , 4; i , p ,

r es D . H . 2 1 95 ; My , , 3 .

— h l - ra es n h e Rom a n Dr . P a n ol 1 not es m an s uc cu t ct c a mo t s . 47 . ig i (93 43 ) y p i g

h r 8 . Kret s c me 1 . 4 , 54 I ntrod uction 1 7

h h W rd e o ler a vo d s d s cr m natin et n Med t erra nea n 49 . T oug Dr . a F w i i i i g b wee i a nd Ar an ults he d e h er of The Rel i ious E x er nce o th Roma n y c , evot s t wo c a pt s g p ie f e ” — “ P eo le 2 6 t o wha t he ca lls s urv va ls . I n d s cuss n t h e m h e fre uent l p ( 4 7) i i i g , q y sa s of some uain or m l a ha it s ee ms un -Rom a n or t h at it m a ha ve y q t agica ct t t , y m h h b ee n t a ken ov er from a n ea rlier people . He a kes t is s t a t em ent a bout t e

Lu erca l a b d . Roma n Fes tivals Dr . Li er t as s ns a ll t h p i (i i 3 4; , pp (ii , 545) ig e cu lt s of t he m other- od d ess t o t he re - Rom a ns a nd t hose in h onor of Divus g p ,

- P a ter to t he Romans . Dr . P a n ol 1 cl as sim ma kes a s m lar d s t no ig i (93 43 , p ) i i i i t on t racin all ch h on cult s t o Med t erra nea n ns rat on . i , g t ic i i pi i

0 See a e . I n h e followin c t at ons Roma n cult s a re s a d t o e s m la r 5 . p g 5 7 t g i i , i b i i

t o G reek cult s or a re d er v ed from th em : Sa t urn Serv . ad Ver . Aen . 8 . 1 , i , g , , 3 9 ;

F a l s ca n uno D on s 1 . 2 1 . 2 uno Sos ta v d as t 2 . t he r t e of t h e i J , i y , ; J pi , O i , F , 55 ; i

Ar ei F es t . g , , 3 34.

1 . E thnolo i n Folklore 1 P rofes s or Rh s in h is s t ud of Celt c rel on 5 gy , 7 . y , y i igi , d iscriminat es in t his wa y bet ween t he grea t er d iv init ies of t he Aryan pa nt heon a nd t he n umerous enii locorum of t he re-Ar a n nha tan ts Cel tic Heathend om g p y i bi ( ,

54. CHAP TE R I I

THE CEREMONIAL OF THE LUPERCALIA

At the ou tse t of ou r s tu dy of the Lu perca lia we need a clea r pictu re of the cerem onia l a cts . Thou gh t he Lu perca lia was ve ry

n n w e rs r n frequ en tly m e ntioned by a cie t rit , Pl u ta ch a lo e gives a ll

His or a a e e r r u a . s th e de ta ils of the it l p tr y l , th r fo e , w ill s erve a a ge ne ra l s u rvey . “ ” l “ s P lu a r h rom m f i s ra n Th e Lu perca lia , sa y t c , f the ti e o t celeb ti o ,

a e r m on of ca on for is r m in m ight s eem t o be c e y pu rifi ti , it pe for ed

- a s m on of u a a r c a n the ill om e ned d y of the th Febr ry , pe iod whi h y o ne w ou ld interpret a s devoted t o expia tion ; fu r therm ore the very d a y of the Lu perca lia w a s in olden tim es ca lled The P u rifica ti on . s s a is s a m a s L a ea in r a n Bu t the na m e of thi fe tiv l the e y c G eek , d

' for this rea s on it s eem s t o be a very a ncien t fes tiva l of the Arca dia n

n B i m r he im m igra n ts wh o followed Eva de r . u t this s e ely t gene ra l

na n for na m e . m a in a c a e n r d rom expla tio , the y , f t , h v bee de ive f

- he om u u s n . And n e we e th e s he wolf !of t R l lege d! , i de d , beli ve

r n e a c a ou c a t s e tha t the Lu pe ci begi th ir r e b t the ity the pot wher ,

s om u u s wa s os . The c r m n a o e e r they tell u , R l exp ed e e o i l , h w v ,

, e a u es s . F or a s a r s n m a kes the origin of the rit h rd to g go t e la i ,

no e a n a re led u o m a n a s then tw o boys of bl r k p t the victi , d word

n n o oo is r s s u n r o a s which h a s bee dipped i t bl d p e ed po thei f rehe d , a fter which t he blood is im m edia tely wiped off with a bit of wool

i Th n n re m a s m m o is tened n m ilk . e blood ha vi g bee oved , the l d u s t

s he L r u es of he oa s la u gh . After thi !t u pe ci! c t the hid t g t in to e for a r ru n a u a a n s trips a nd , na ked xcept gi dle , they bo t !the P l ti e!, s triking with th e thongs eve ryone whom they m ee t . Th e you ng

s o s s nce e e e e a e women do not hu n the bl w , i th y b li v th t th y will

r n a va il for the conception a nd t h e ea s y de live ry of child e . A pecu lia r ” i L r r fea tu re of the fes tiva l s tha t the u pe ci a ls o s a c ifice a dog . I n this pa s s a ge it is s ign ifica n t tha t Pl u ta rch does not na nfethe

in w ose ono Lu rca a wa s ce ra . The m a ns god h h r the pe li leb ted Ro , in a s s oc a e m a n es Lu rca a : Lu cu s fa ct , i t d y deiti with the pe li per ,

n nnu s Feb ru u s a nd m ore re u e n a n a n om a n Fa u u s , I , , , f q tly th y R “ a n o r P a n L ca u s . T e s e em u r rm or t o a e god , P , y e h y , f the e , h v

n e t h e es a w u no s n ce s s c co nect d f tiv l ith J , i the trip with whi h the The Ceremonial of the Luperca li a 1 9

u I u ‘ Lu perci s m ote t h e wom en were ca lled a mic la noni s . Thu s the Rom a ns s ee m t o ha ve had no de fin ite idea of the pa tron god

r a . e o a o na of the Lu pe ca li To decid , if p s s ible , wh t god was rigi lly ’ h n in wors hipped a t. t e wolf s ca ve will be a n im portan t poi t ou r s tudy . n s rca a Though they k ew o little of the deit y of the Lu pe li , the

Rom a ns had definite idea s a bou t it s pu rpos e . Very frequ e n tly the blows dea lt by th e Lu perci a re men tioned as a s s u ring t o wom e n n prod u ctivity . I n la te r times this idea of propa ga tion was exte ded '5 n f a ls o to the cr0 ps . I the m inds o the a ncients fertility wa s clos ely

a u ca n w s u r ca n om o r rel ted to p rifi tio , for it a by p ifi tio fr evil p we s “ n e tha t the forces of life beca me active . Co s equ n tly by the time of Va rro the Lu perca lia was rega rded a s one of the m os t importa n t ’ l us tra tions of th e s ta te . The idea tha t the Lu perca lia wou ld keep a a m s o u n of a ll s or s s uc a s s i e nc b nnes s a m ne w y i f rt e t , h pe t l e , ag , f i , ' w a r ou a a nd m s wa s s s s d ur i n Ta te r ea rs , dr ght , h il , te pe t , tre ed g y fi Aga in a nd a ga in Po pe Gelas ius chided the people for a ttribu ting 8 s r a ll thes e disa ters t o the ces s a tion of the Lu pe ca lia . These in ter

re a io ns r s a n om a ns a re s s n a ns s p t t of the G eek d the R e e ti lly co i tent , n m ff r n s a ea r o r bei g erely di e e t vers i ons of the me id , fo the a p t opa ic

' rite which s erve s to ba nis h evil or to re nde r it inact ive Tt-‘Esfil ts iii l n fi n the freeing o f a l be e ce t forces . The Lu perca lia wa s proba bly fou nded eve n before the Rom a ns “ s l a nu n A . D n a ne n n u . ett ed on the P l ti , a d it co ti ed til 495 , whe it o l i l s n w a s a bolis hed by the edict of Pope Ge a s u s . This long exi te ce gives the na tu ra l expla na tion both o f the incongru ous ritua l a cts

m os e r n a n f no a nc f ma ns which co p ed the c em o ia l , d o the ig r e o the Ro co n n n T u s s u e cer i g the pres iding deity . he L perca lia hou ld be t di d ,

- " not a s b u t a s u t m . the produ ct of a particu la r period , a c l co plex

a s in a m s u r a e o us n It w , ea e , n epitome of the r ligi experie ce of the Roma ns a nd a a o a n s m e e o now one s , , like vit l rg i , it d v l p ed ide , L n ow n a n o n d s a o a s s d r m a other , cco rdi g t the ee of pe ple th t pa e f o

r t he s ta te of s im ple s he pherds t o tha t of the m as ters of the wo ld .

NOTES TO CHAPTE R II

1 lut Rom . 1 . 1 . . P . , , 2 3

- 2 . I n ad d t on t o t h e a ove cult feat ures t h ere were offered at t h e Lu erca l a i i b , p i t he mola s al s a or s a lt a kes wh ch were mad e b t he Ves ta l V r ns from th e rs t , c , i y i gi fi 20 The Luperca lia

a lso off h gra in of t he ha rves t . Thes e c kes were a ered at t e Ves t a lia and on t h e

o t em r erv ad Ver . Bcl . 8 . h s is o v ous l a m on Id es f Sep be (S . g , , T i b i y cere y t hat is a s s ocia t ed prima rily wit h t he r it ua l of t he Ves t a l Virgins rat her t ha n wit h h L er a l a and a n ad e ua te ex la na t on of it would nv olve a s urve o h t e u p c i , q p i i y f t e H n i nnot be n lud ed in h res en s cult of Vesta . e ce t ca i c t e p t t ud y .

v d Fes t. 2 . 2 82 sa s t hat t h e la men Dia lis offi c a ted a t th e u erca l a O i ( , ) y F i L p i ;

F ler R . F . 1 o n s ou t h m os s l t of his h a n f b ut Dr . ow ( , 3 3 ) p i t t e i p ibi i y v i g per orm e d

h sa cr e s nce it was unla wful for him t o t ouch e t h er a oat or a d o . I is t e ific , i i g g t im pos s ible t o expla in t h e pres ence of th e F lam en B ia lis a t the Luperca lia with out a n o t he h s r a nd t he s n ca n e of ha o s ur min n a n exa min t io f i to y ig ifi c t t b c e is ter . He ce oo l ke th e offerin of t he meta s als a l es out s d e t he s o e of h rese n t ha t t , i g , i i c p t e p t

s t ud y .

- F or h e d is cuss on of t h es e va r ous d e t es s ee . 6 8 2 n . 3 . t i i i i , p p 3 , 8 55 . 6 4. See p . 2 .

M ns . 2 . L . d e e . 5 . y d , , 4 5

’ Rohd e i 2 S a m er Die Familien es ten d er Griechen u nd R mer 1 6. , , 47 : t , f o , 2 .

ar L . L . 6. . 7 . V ., , 3 4

l . ad v. And om . 1 2 1 2 et al . 8 . Ge as , r , 3 , , 4,

- 9 . See pp . 3 8 9 .

Ba r ni s Annal . E ccles . v 60 fol . 1 0 . o u , , iii ,

s h eor is ad v oca t ed b Dr . e ub ner Lu ercal ia in A chie 1 1 . Th i t y y D , p , r fu r

s wis s s cha t v ol . x 1 1 0 8 1 et as sim . Religion en f , iii , 9 , 4 , p CHAP TE R 1 1 1

THE WOLF-D EITY I N GREECE

I m n n se a r r n exa i i g the p a te deta ils of the Lu perca lia , the fi s t “ n is h q u es tio tha t a rise s , Wha t did t e wolf have to do with the ” fe s tiva l ! An overwhelm ing nu mber of schola rs fe el tha t the na m s Lu erca l Lu erca lia a d Lu erci a re a ll e r m e p , p , n p d rived f o l u h e e L e is l u s . r o t ca th u s a s s c a e p Mo e ver , ve of p rca l too clo ely o i t d ’ om s s a cr d s m o of m u u s n m s with R e e wolf , the fo ter ther Ro l a d Re u , f r a na m e a t ea s r om n n b l o th t , l t , to be de ived fr a ythi g u t upus . It w a s a a L ff s a m r a t th t ca ve th t the u perci o ered crifice , and fro the e “ s a d n ou s a ou . s s u n n they t rte o their c r e b t the city A m i g , co s e n he ha s m in L qu e tly , tha t t wolf d o e pa rt the u perca lia , le t u s cons ide r t he role tha t the wolf played in t he religion of ea rly

Greece . We have evidence tha t the wolf wa s rega rded as a s a cred a n ima l

n m e r s a m o g the Pela s gia ns . N u ou s ea ls of Minoa n Crete bea r t he 8 u u n s u m n e fig re of a wolf , tho gh it h ad o ch i porta t pa rt in Cr ta n

s s n r cu lts a ha d the a ke a nd the bu ll . Yet a Mycena ea n sea l po tra ys tw o o s s a n n in a c as on on a c s o a r w lve t di g her ldi f hi e h ide f a pill , ’ in s m a ns n ‘ a pos ition i ila r to th t of the li o over Myce a e s ga te .

I n s a nc in n n view of the tity of the pilla r Myce aea cu lts , a nd the “ ue n e re s n a n of a c a n s l e freq t r p e t tio it with her ldi ima l , the wo v s a s a n n a s s m u s e s th t t d o e ch ide of thi pilla r t be a cc pted a s a cred . Throughou t the Peloponnes u s the wolf-god Lyca eus was highly r Th e n m L ca eu i r ven e a ted . a e y s s gene ally a ccepted as mea nin g “ wol . om m L ca eus i u n m r f S eti es y s s ed a lo e , b ut o e frequently it becom es a n epithet a ttached to the nam e of one of the m ore familia r e s as Z eus L ca eu P a n L ca eus or A ollo L c d itie , y s , y , p y a eu s . I n

a a o ll o f - Arca di , b ve a other places , the c ult this god was deep rooted

- - nd a . T r on o c L a wide s pre d he e , M unt Ly a eus , the y caea was held

i n n u in h s ho or every ine yea rs. O n this m o nta in was the city of ’ L co u ra o s a n in ll r y s , the lde t , s a ys P us a ias , a G eece . Both the c a n s a r s a a n o n ity d the fe tiv l we e id to h ve bee f u ded by Lyca on , “ n m the s on of Pela s gus . I this ythologica l fas hion th e Greeks expres s ed their belie f tha t the Ly ca ea was a religious cerem on y f n L o the Pela s gia s . As the y ca ea was by m os t a ncien t a u thorities 2 2 The Lu perca lia

a a s o of l m u reg rded the prot type the Lu perca ia , it s t be ca refully n exa m i ed . The god in whos e honor t h e Ly caea was celebra ted was a dread

a n m s ou s c a u . Hi s n c o n n d y teri re t re s hri e was s a r s a nc t , a d a ll m e

r n o n n n were fo bidde t e ter it . A yo e who dis rega rded this prohibition

u u wa s e n . n wo ld s rely die , it b lieved , withi the yea r Co s equ en tly

c nc L a u a for a n m a e the pre i t of yc e s w s i ls a pla c of refuge , s ince no n m i T h u ter wou ld pu rs u e the within ts lim its . he u nca nny na tu re o f the s hrine is s hown by the belief tha t within it all crea tu res “ nc u m los t their s hadow s . Clos e by the s a t a ry there s ee s t o ha ve n o a n a n o k e in m u bee a po l d a tree , wh re , t i es of dro ght , the pries t

f e L e n a a nc he k r o Z us yca u s was wo t t o t ke a br h of t oa t ee , s tir l o a n s r a n . the w ter with it , a d thu s ecu re the des i ed r i Lyca eu s wa s for m e n a des tructive power t o be s hu nned ; b u t n n f h h e was the protector of a im a ls . He was a ls o the s e der o t e n hi n u hi n . n n o a ca s a ra i Si ce o s had w w s t withi s s ct a ry , s rea lm ’ ne e n r s eem s to ha ve been be a th the a r th , where the s u s a ys m ight 1 1 l m n not penetra te . I n a l thes e ele e ts we s ee t he cha racter is tic

- fea tu res of the ea rth god . f Th e Ly ca ea h ad the s a va ge rites o m a ny chthonic fes tivals .

n u a n in his a h c his Pa u s a ia s tells s th t eve d y a c ild was s a rificed ,

n a a n hi n r i r m n blood s prinkled u po the lt r , a d s e t a ls tas ted s ac a e tally n f r e . T u s a n s h a o by the p i s t here po , y the lege d , he who ad t s ted the en trails was tra ns fo rmed into a werwolf for the period of nine 12 n n o f a a n D em aene h n yea rs . O e accou t tells cert i tu s w o , ha vi g

n f c a n n c a n e n o a o o pa rta ke o the s acrifi e d bee h g d i t w lf, s wam acr s s

r one n a n of L ca u s n n r a pool (p obably the e r the s hri e y e ) , a d e te ed

n - h n f h u pon his ni e yea r exile . At t e e d o tha t tim e e was res tored 1 3 to hu m a n form and retu rned to Mou nt Lycaeus . h n o f T e s acrifice a t the Ly caea w as evide tly the expia to ry type , the child being offered to a ppeas e the s a va ge wolf- god a nd to diver t i n m n his m aligna nt power from the people . This s a es pecia lly com o

f m n a cr ce a n of u n ccu e nc in c o f type o h u a s ifi , d freq e t o rr e the ults “ n n r m n r chtho ic deities . I ce e o ies of this s ort , the whole o a pa rt

f m i om m es a e n a n n n o the victi s s eti e t , the ide bei g tha t , ha vi g bee

ff f hi n r o ered to the god , it pa rta kes o s divinity ; a d s o the p ies t , m f 1 5 n c m ecu e a c ow r m el . u pon ea ti g the vi ti , s r s this gi p er o hi s f

u e a ce is in a m as u n w Yet , beca s the s crifi , e re , ide tified ith the god , i a n o e i n u it becom es a s n to s la y it d t a t of t s fles h , eve tho gh thos e

24 The Luperca lia

” - s a s of ou n L s . s s wolf h ped pirit M t yca eu Zeu , a us u a l , u s u rped the a ce n r a nd na m L pl of ho o , the e of yca eu s wa s red uced to a mere a i a ppell tive . Bu t n a ll except the nam e Lyca eus rem a ined u n

c a n ed wa s s - od d em a his t rib ute of um a n h g , he till the wol fg hdihg , h s fles h . Of the truggle tha t ens ued between the riva l cu lts of Zeu s e n s u s a c : n f n l ge d give lea r pictu re the s o s o Lyca o , s n o a eu s i de iri g to pr piti te Z , sa crifice d to h m a child a nd s erve d the en tra ils t o his pries t ; b u t Zeus in wra th des troyed by lightn ing ” L a n a n a ll his n ex yc o d s o s cept the younges t . This m yt h expres s es orr e e - the h or which the H ll nes had for a b a tha rm . The y s o a o s u trove t b li h it , b t the lightn ings of Zeu s had only tem po ra ry

o e . ma o u u p w r Ulti tely the lder c lt preva iled , a nd Ze s a ccepted r the s tra nge sa c ifice offered to him .

P a n a n ca an a s o s s c u . , other Ar di god , l beca me a o ia ted with Lycae s This s eem s to ha ve been n o thing m ore tha n the na tu ra l u nion of

two e s s i in a e a f a n t o his d itie wor h pped the s m loc lity , o r P , o , h ad ” s ne a nd sac e o o n L u . a r e rs hri red grov n M u t ycae s By l ter w it ,

s c a a m on om a n s u s w a os e pe i lly g the R s , Zeu Lyca e as lm t wholly

dis pla ced by P a n Lyca eu s . This wa s n ot s tra nge . The wolf

w a s i m o s u a n his na a m m r a ec god n ti e b c red , d me bec e e ely n ad j

. n s c a s n n a a na m r tive Ancie t hol r , whe tryi g to expl in th t e , in te “ p reted it a s he wh o keeps the wolves from the herds This a m n n a e s e s a e title w s ean i gles s whe p pli d t o Zeu , b u t expr s ed v ry ’ e na tu ra l pa rt of Pa n s fu nctions . Thus in tim , thou gh th ou ghtfu l

n a s a s ne a ea s tuden ts like Va rro , Pli y , or P u a ni k w tha t the Ly c

in L s u s L e u s s s c ca on s a r e wa s ho nor of ycaeu or Ze yca , le riti l e tt ibu t d

a a E m re it t o P a n Lyca e u s . I n view of the f ct th t writers of the pi

a a is m r rega rded P an Lyca eu s a s the god of the Lu perc li , it i po ta n t a n e s t o unde rs ta nd him a s merely the poetic equ iv le t of Z u Lyca e u s .

a u s wa s a s o . I n other pa r ts of Hella s , Lyc e b rbed by Apollo Th e 2“ Pela s gia n city of Argos venera ted its s hrine of Apollo Lyca e u s ” o f a ll n as the mos t a ncien t a nd m os t notew rthy o , a d s ta m ped it s “0 L ca e us . T r we a coins with th e im a ge of Apollo y he e , re told a “ ” “1 wolf wa s s a crificed t o Apollo the wolf s la yer . Porphyri u s s eem s t o indica te tha t a t times a wolf wa s e a ten s a cram en ta lly ;

m a s sa c to ff r n s a m n e m for h e cites va riou s a ni l red di e e t deitie , o g th , “ s e n h e o s on : An e the wolf t o Apollo Lycae u . Th g e d wh n pers on s s a oo s r a s on s acrifice a nd ea t thes e a n im a l , they give f li h e Very a n m a n s a cr ce in “ ra re ly d o we hea r of a wild i l bei g ifi d Greece . The Wolf-D eity i n Greece 2 5

i a s a s I t s often interpreted relic of totem i m , the a nima l em bodimen t ’ o f t he od n s a c c as s m os a c a g bei g rifi ed the god t c ept ble victim , a nd “ n s a c a m n a r b e ing ea te r e t lly by the wo s hippers . ’ I n Athens tra ces of the wolf s sa cred cha racter rema ined in the l aw tha t a nyone wh o killed a wolf m u s t erect a t his own e xpense “ a tom b in its honor . There wa s als o a cult of Apollo Lyca eus “ s hi i a nd a prie t devoted to s s ervice . H s a bode wa s the ca ve a t t he foot of the Acropolis ; a nd it con tinu ed in the his torica l per iod ” t o be s acred to Apollo . I n time the sa cred wolf s eem s to ha ve b uce a ca u s s een red d to lo l hero , Lyc , who e s ta tue was of wolf “8 i form . It s eas y to trace in this m a teria l the developm ent o f r us . s as u o n eligio belief Fir t , the deity w p re w lf , Lycaeus ; the , a n m a n g r fted upo the Oly pi god , he beca me Apollo Lycaeus ; u lti m a tely legend expla ined the honor s hown to t he wolf by crea ti ng a hero , Ly cu s . At Delphi one of the months was na m ed a nd close ’ s a a s o a a nze s a u of' b y Ap ollo lt r t od gre t bro t t e a wolf , which was s a id to ha ve sa ved the tem ple trea s u res from a thief The wolf s a s ra n u r a t a n ac in o e a s t w a not t ge fig e or le ; th r pl ce , oo , it was ‘1 b e lieved to have o racu la r power . I n As ia Minor a nd on the Aegea n is la nds we find s u rviva ls of

- o od . L se na Apollo , the w lf g ycia , who me is believed to ha ve been ‘2 m ca eu s o n d erived fro Ly , wa s the center f the wors hip , a d there “ - r e r Apollo kep t his primitive wolf form . La te he wa s r ga ded a s a s a nd his s n in L a n t h e god who drove aw y the wolve , hri e yci ga i ed “ T s ns m g rea t fa me on this a ccou nt . I n a r u s coi s i ila r to the My “ cena ea n s ea l m en tioned a bove portra yed Apollo s ta nding between “ e a s i his a n s . on tw o wolv s a nd holding their p w n h d La t a , when m n a s o s L c a D s n fleeing fro J u o , w gu ided by w lve to y i , or to elo , a d , " s h a s u m e m f . I n to es ca pe detecti on , e hers elf s d the for o a wolf 48 Crete Apollo on va rious occa s ions dis gu is ed him self a s a wolf . a n his an s n e There he em ployed wolves to protect d feed inf t o Mil tus , “ i f rs who ha d been exposed n the woods . This s tory o fe a close - s pa ra llel to the ta le of the wolf nu rs e of Rom u l us a nd Rem u . n a one of I n the m a j ority of ca ses Lyca eus , whe bs orbed by the

n ou s . n Tem esa higher gods , beca me kindly a d graci A lege d of

in Sou the rn Ita ly s hows him in h is tru e cha racter . A dru nken

s s uns h a d a s e a m a n of Tem es a sa ilor of Ulys s e , the tory r , r vi h d ide , m and was in pu nis hm en t s toned t o dea th by the people . He beca e 2 6 The Luperca lia

a e n u os r n u e v gef l gh t , p eyi g pon the in ha bita n ts of tha t pla ce . Th y

a a a n ora n r s e t he ppe led to the Pythi cle , a d we e directed t o a ppea crea tu re by giving him e very yea r the fa ires t m a iden of Te m es a fo r Bu t n his wife . o e yea r the m a ide n t o be s a cr ificed h a d a l ove r

w h o ou h ost a i I n a n f ght with the g T j d drove him in to t he sea . L s is o a as a c a nd y ca , p rtr yed bl k I n this ta le the wolf-g od is fra n kly a crea tu re of t h e u n e o wh o e d rw rld , d vou rs m e n a s h is prey . Thm t TOn a pp ea rs in a lege nd of Ap o llo Lyca eus 1 h i “ s w ich s told by Phlegon . A Rom an com m a nder a t Na u pa e t u

r s a h e w ou a n a e p ophe ied th t ld be devou red by a red wo lf , d b d hi o r h a m e a nd s foll wers offe the beas t no res is ta nce . T e w olf c u d om a n n n o e devo re the R , leavi g o ly h is he ad . When the pe pl a roa c e u m c a n pp h d to b ry it , the hea d forbade the to tou h it , s yi g

a lo r u t h e o i h l he e a m a n th t Apol th o gh w lf , h s m inis ter , a d ed t d d

to s ea of h r a r n the ts t e bles s ed . The reu p on the people e ected s h i e

t o o o L ca . T ou i D r . nac e e s Ap ll y eus h gh this ta le s la te , Rei h b liev

a c s r a nc n . Th h e s a s es th t it refle t ve y ie t beliefs e wolf , y , typifi h e r a n m n nc t he dea t ; he was a pow th t one ight withs ta d , he e com m a nd o f the Rom a n t o his s oldie rs tha t they witnes s h is dea th ” in i n e r a o n pas s ive a cqu ies cence . It is n a ccord w ith this i t rp et ti “ n f- in c n s tha t Ha des a ppea red a t tim es cla d i a w ol s k , whi h i dica te “ f- tha t he wa s o nce thou ght of a s wo l s ha ped . Th e cult of the wolf- god in Greece h ad it s oldes t cen ter s in

i n c m n d b u s l w r s reg ons whos e Pe las gia s to k i gle t light y ith the A ya n ,

i r a a n L c a . I n o e r aces a na c o u s l tha t s , A ca di d y i th pl th t held te i y

he r - cu a s r os ca a nd D e t he w o - o d to t i ea rth lts , A g , Atti , lphi , lf g h s o f n m od i o r a s o e a n m rem a ined , thou gh e w a te fied b rb d by Oly

m e s h e w a s r u c to t h e w f- o m ed s r t p ia n god . So tim e ed ed ol f r pi i Bu in tha t kept the wolves from the fold . t m o re prim itive tim es

f ow n in a ne s s a nd r n u n m en a nd ca . the wol , p r li g d rk p eyi g po ttle h e es u c e o o f e wa s a n em bodim e n t o f t d tr tiv p wer the a rth . His

r f r e a r l om f a r a nd s acr ce wors hip , the e ore , a os l ge y fr e ; ifi s w er e

s him a m offered t o him in o rder t o a ppea e , th t he ight no t s la y t h e

e h e wa s a c a ra c e s c ea r - of a s peopl . Thus h t ri ti th god the Pel gia n s . The Wolf-D eity i n Greece 2 7

NOTES To CHAPTE R 1 1 1

- I . See 6 n 6 n an 3 7. 45 3 . 64: 46 . 69 .

2 . Var . L . L . . 8 S erv . a d Ver . Aen . 8 . . , , 5 5 ; g , , 3 43 r Mi n E v a ns S c . . 2 0 3 . , , 9 .

arn ll iv 1 1 6 n . 6 4. F e , , .

‘ - . E va ns . H S . v ol xxi 1 6 . 5 , J . , . , 53 3

6 arnell iv 1 1 Wern cke in a ul -Wiss owa 1 1 . F , , 3 ; i , P y , , 59 .

a . 8 2 8 . 8 7 . P us , . . 1 ; 3 . 1 . 8 8 . Pa us . , .

. a us . 6 ol h . 1 6 . Schol . a d Ca llim H m i n ov. 1 9 P , ; P y , ., y . I , 3 .

1 0 a us . A . iv Dei . P , 4; ug , d e C . , I mm rwa h r Di e Kulte M then A kad i ens 1 8 1 1 . e und r k 1 2 , y , ; Fic , 3 .

1 2 . a us . 8 . 2 . 6 8 . 8 l . d e Re . 6 i M . : at d d . i nos 1 Th o P , 3 , ; 3 7 P , p , 5 5 ; , 3 5 ; e p h r . h r r d e Abs t . 2 2 a p . Po p y . , , . 7 .

Plin . N . H . 8 . 82 A . d e iv D i 1 8 1 . 1 3 . , , ; ug , C . e , . 7 h s s ta t e me n s a re s on h a na l s f h 1 4. T e e t ba ed up t e y is o u ma n sacrifice ma d e b y

— - D r . Wes t erma rck 6 0 2 . , i , 5 7 , 43 7 7

- 1 W s t rma r k 6 62 . 5 . e e c , i , 3 , ii , 5 4

- 1 6 . a rnell iii Ha rr s on 1 1 1 n . 1 1 1 2 1 . F , , 93 ; i , , 4

— 1 . P lut . d e De ect . Orac. 1 Ael . Var . His t. . 1 . See a lso Ha rr son 1 1 7 , f , 4; , , 3 i , 3 1 4.

1 8 . P or h r . d e Abs t. 2 . 2 fol . Ael . Var . His t 8 . . See lso S m h p y , , 9 ; , , 3 a it , The

- R eli i on o the S emites 0 6 a rr son 1 1 1 . g f , 3 4 ; H i ,

l N A . 1 9 . Ae ., . ,

2 0 . lss on Griechi s che Fes te 1 o. Ni , ,

. raze r he old en B ou h iv 8 Re na ch Cultes F , T G g , , 3 ; i , ,

2 2 . See p . 6 .

2 Va r . a . Au . d e Civ. Dei 1 8 . 1 s d . Ori . 8 . 3 . , p g , , 7 ; I i g , 9 . 5 .

2 . la u n Aeneas und d ie P ena ten 1 2 2 . F or f ll 4 K s e , , ii , 3 a u s urvey of Z e us

- - B . Coo k Z eus 6 I mm erwa h r 1 2 Ly ca eus , see A. , , 3 99 ; , 4.

2 . A llod . Bibl . . 8 . 1 . 5 po , , 3

r n h s or of a n s ee . . 2 6 . F or t h e ch a ra ct e a d i t y P , p 49

d V r . Aen . 8 . . 2 7 . Serv . a e g , , 3 43

2 S m h Dictiona r o Geo ra h 2 02 . 8 . it , y f g p y , i ,

2 s . 2 1 . Schol a So h . Elec. 6 . 9 . Pa u , . 9 3 ; . d p , ,

0 C. I . 1 1 1 . 2 . 3 . . G , i . 9

S h ol a d So h . Elec. 6 . 3 1 . c . p , ,

2 or h r . d e Abs t. . 1 . 3 . P p y , , 3 7 h i 0 At Bra u ron a bea r wa s sa cr ced t o Art e m s Sc ol . a d Ar s t h . L s is t. 3 3 . ifi i ( p , y , At P a t ra e in h onor of Art emis La ph ria wild a nima ls of ma ny kind s were

ca s t a l v e u on t h e a lt a r fire a us . . 1 8 . i p (P , 7 - h s is h v w of D r . ra zer v i 1 0 1 2 a nd of Dr . Fa rnell Th e 3 4. T i t e ie F ( ii , 3 ) (i , lim it ed com pa ss of t he prese nt s t ud y ma kes it nece s s a ry to omit a ny co ns id era t ion h v x ues t on of o m s m na s m uch a s it wa s os s le for t he wolf t o of t e e ed q i t t e i , i p ib ’ r h d s a od w hout it s e n a t ot e m a n ma l Fa rnell in ! ea r s b e wo s ippe a g it b i g i ( , s s ica l tud ies 1 08 Work i n Cla S , 9 ,

hol . a d A . Rhod . 2 . 1 2 . 3 5 . Sc p , 4 2 8 The Lu perca lia

A h M h . 2 I A . 1 2 2 6 t . itt 1 0 1 1 C. . . . . 3 . , 9 , 3 ; , iii 9

E ur . I on 1 0 . 3 7 . , ,

is h . Ves . 8 . 8 P s . 1 Ar 0 3 . a u , . t p , p , 3 9

B ull . Hell . v 1 88 1 2 . ns et . . 3 9 . , , , 4 9 5 , I 43

- 0 P r A H A . 1 2 o. P a us . 1 . 1 . P l t . e ic . 2 1 el . . 0 . 6 . 4 , 4 7 ; u , l , ; , ,

1 a rnell iv 1 1 F urt wan ler in Ros ch er . 4 . F , , 7 ; g , , i , 443 2 F a rn ll iv 1 1 2 4 . e , , .

. Bod e S cri tores rer um m thi carum Cellis 1 8 1 6 a e 2 0 . 43 , p y , 3 4, iii , , p g 9

P a u l . x. F s 1 1 . 44. e e t . , 9 2 45 . See p. 1 .

6 . F a rnell iv 4 , , 3 09 .

H t Anim . 6 . A h 2 Ael . H A 1 0 . 2 6 Ar s t ot . i s . R od . 2 . 1 An on 47 . , . . , ; i , , 3 5 ; p . , 4; t .

L e r . . ib , 3 5

8 . S rv . ad Ver . Aen . . . 4 e g , , 4 3 77

An on . L r . 0 . 49 . t ibe , 3

— 0 P a s . 6 6 1 1 S t ra b . 6 1 . 5 . u , . . 7 ; , . . 5 Mi h 1 a b. c . . 5 . r 3

2 Re na ch Cultes 2 6 n . . 5 . i , , i , 9 4

I n t h e t omb - a nt n s of E t ru r a Ha d es wea rs a wolf- s k n helmet Cook 53 . p i i g i , i ( ,

Z e F i . 2 us , g 7 ,

Re na ch Cu tes 2 . 54. i , l , i , 95 CHAP TE R I V

THE WOLF- D EITY IN ITALY

Th e wolf- cults of Ita ly pres e nt the a ppea ra nce of a religio us

- i a m m o m e . a n a c u a w o o n f s u rv v l fro a re te ti Of t l lf g d , we fi d a r

n e on a n in c . in e fewer m a if s ta ti s th Gree e Yet the r a lm of m a gic , a u a n a s s on wa s m o r c n o g u ry , d popul r u per titi , the wolf e o s picu u s 1 n r n in a a n w a a n n a d m o e highly ve era ted It ly th s y other a im a l .

n n r ion l n e n r n Si ce a n ou tgrow ehg regu la rly i g rs , ofte th ough m a y

n u r r on or m c a c c ce t ies , as a s u pe s titi a agi pr ti e , the wides prea d be lief in the u nca nny pow e r of wolves indica tes tha t a t s om e tim e n n the wolf was im porta t in Ita lia n religio . Th e actu a l cu lts con n e c o a re os of s c r o n ted with the w lf th e the ob u e deity S ra us , of

M a n - n n Lu c or Lu e r h a rs , d of the little k ow per us p ca , w o wa s na m ed 2 n n of u r by s om e a cie t s chola rs as the deity the L pe ca lia . I n s tudy i n e o - cu s s a t o ea r e g thes w lf lt , we h ll s eek l n wh ther they origina ted a m on L u a ns o r r a n of n g the ig ri the A y s Ita ly , a d whether the c erem onia l a cts were s im ila r to thos e perfo rm ed in Greece in honor

f n c o o r a n of o the chtho i w lf , ki to the rites Olym pi a n gods . Tha t wi u a a s s to n e r u a of th e L i ll give s b i i t rpret the it l upe rcal a .

m i n c u n o f t he al1 c n - Nea r Ro e , the o try F s a s , wa s a wolf cult tha t w a a s s oc a o a nu o o f u n s i ted with S r s , the g d M o t S ora cte . Th e r u a com n d a u re of a fire -cu a l - it l bi e the fe t s lt nd a wo f cu lt . Eve ry yea r the pries ts perform ed a rite in which they wa lked throu gh “ - b az n coa s a n e r n u rn . l i g l , d y t we e ot b ed Fire cu lts were ra re in

on r o r the religi of either the G eeks the Rom a ns . This pa rticula r o ne s m h e na u a o u o n a f ee s t t r l pr d ct of the l ca tio , for th e l nd o the

a s ca ns wa s ca n c nu m ro n F li vol i , with e u s chas m s whe ce is s u ed 4 s ous m s . I n s e on con n p e tifer fu e thi r gi , s equ e tly , fire was the prim e m a n n f h - H s a o o t e a s . e ha i ife t ti e rth pirit p s t u s , too , the product o f or e a c on c like f c s , was hth i god , em bodying the s ubterra nea n 5 - n f fi re . Th e wolf eleme t o t he cult a ppea rs in the na m e of the

s s Hi r i S ora ni hi r i n n m f prie t , p , p bei g the Sa bi e na e o r wolves . It “ a ppea r s a ls o in the following lege nd z At one time when the Hirp i r s ac c n w o n r n n we e rifi i g , lves s udde ly a ppea ed a d s a tched from the

n a o f r ce r fire the e tr ils the s a c ifi . Shephe ds pu rs ued the wolves

a ca f om c e em e c to ve , r whi h wer itt d s u h deadly fum es tha t thos e 3 0 The Luperca lia

n f s ta nding nea r were killed . A pes tile ce ollowed beca u s e t h e

w o h n m o . T s cou e a a Hi i r n lves ad bee les ted hi ld b ll yed , the rp lea ed

r a n cle if o u imi ta te the wolves . T n f om ora , they w ld his im ita tio

n v “ of the wolve s Se rviu s i terpre ted a s rapto vi ere . Bu t a etio logica l m yths like thi s one reg u la rly t ry t o expla in the deta ils of t h e cere Hir i f m on . T r n in n o y hu s the s to y i dica tes tha t the p , im ita tio ’ w o u t on o - n a a ce m n a u r lves , p w lf s ki s s re o ia l g rb , devo ed the

r f vi c m n n o o e in ent a ils o the ti , a d the to k t flight with the p ople

rs . Th e e s o s r r s n s m o L pu u it rit h w , the efo e , tro g i ila rity t the y ca ea in ac s a s s r a s c a in -s ns a oo e h fe tiv l the prie t , pe h p l d wolf ki , p rt k

r n f c n n ce em o ia lly o the s a cr ificia l vi tim , a d the fled to es ca pe poll u tion fo r their s acrile ge ; ea ch ba nd of pries ts u nderwent a n expia to r y e e n in one s o e in h e u xperi ce , the ca e thr u gh xile , t other thro gh n n flight a nd throu gh brea thi g the fum es from the caver .

Th f n ra t a o - n e s pirit o Mou t S o c e w s , perha ps , w lf s haped , a d m a nifes ted him s elf in volca nic fire a nd pes tile n tia l va po rs . His

o e r n enefice n u r u e p w r exp es s ed , ot the b t , b t the des t ctiv , a ctivity “ “ - Hi n o f a r : as a o . m m n n od the e th he w a de th g d s a e , ea i g the g

f r r om m n n n e o So a ct e , was de ived fr the ou ta i tha t he i ha bit d , a nd wa s in la te r tim es fe lt to be nothing m ore tha n a va gu e d es cr ip l o n a n n s o a o r n hi o tio . Som e cie t ch l rs , theref e , ide tified m with Apoll ,

t om a l o w as a c . n a n n th e o wh s o the w lf s red Serviu s , u ders t di g

n r of a n u s a D i nce tru e a tu e So r , s a id th t he wa s a ls o ca lled s , s i M ou nt S ora cte wa s cons ecra ted to the Di Ma nes Th e Hirp i Sora n i were a very s m a ll grou p o f fa m ilies living a bo u t 12 n c n r n n M ou t So ra ct e . Su h ve e a tio a tta ched to their s a cred fu nctio tha t they were freed by decree of the s ena te from all m ilita ry o r 12 f Hi i e e r c . Th e o om or a h e r othe s ervi e view s e a u th ities , th t t p w r “ n m o m m s m o a . u n So r c e w as Sa bi es , s ee s t e o t i pr b ble Mo t a t loca ted in t he la nd of the Fa lis ca ns ; a nd the cult was obviou s ly

r c o f ou n a n - n s an x n ea a p od u t the m t i , wolf i fe ted , d e pres s i g the d dly f n n n a on powe r o the u derworld by volca ic fire a nd by oxious exha l ti s . n n Su ch a cult s u re ly cou ld ot ha ve bee n im ported . Nor is it reas o

os a a n s om of m e am on th e a ble t o s u pp e th t the S bi es , e who s ttled g “ l o cu a a r h Fa is ca ns , devel ped the lt fter t heir riva l . T e w o rs hip of Sora nu s h as a ll the m a rks of hoa r a n tiqu ity ; it is intens e ly

n a r in no o e on of a n loca l , a d appe s ther r gi It ly . Co tras ted with

re ns a a ns s u os n a o ra nu a a a ne thes e as o g i t pp i g th t S s w s S b i god , we have on the p os itive s ide only the fa ct tha t hi rpu s w as the

3 2 The Lu perca lia

n n s u bs titu tion of a n a nim a l victim . Iphige ia is u s ua lly i ter preted

- r m s or a n a r s s wh o w s a e r a s a cu lt title of A te i , as e ly godde a l t ” Th f ide ntified with Artem is . e s to ry o her es ca pe from dea th s ee m s a recollection of the time when hu ma n s acrifice was a bolis h e d

Th a m a n on is n u r a l a nd a n a nima l s u bs titu ted . e s e expl a ti a a t

L r n e r one for the s tory of Va leria u pe ca . J u s t as Iphige ia wa s la t

n r o e rca repla ced by Ar temis a d ed uced t a pries tes s , s o Va leria Lu p

r m n was s u bo rdina ted to J u no . Nowhe e els e d o we hea r o f a hu a victim being offered t o J u no ; therefore we ca n ha rdly believe th a t

r r n h e s he was the original de ity hono ed in this ce emo y . T e godd s s

r e ose na m is m os as ona d ro m Lup e ca , how ver , wh e t re bly derive f ” lu o ou o - s c na u a pa , a w lf , w ld , like the w lf god of Gree e , very t r lly n ha ve bee n honored by a hu m an s acrifice . Th e rite eviden tly a te a a n da ted the com ing of the terr ma r falk , for the m a ide was s a ved

h f n Th e e n n ca re by a n ea gle , t e bird o the Roma s . leg d i di tes , the

e s n no e n m m ra n s . fore , a ba rba rous rit tha t wa e ded by the rth r i ig t n Th e im po rta nce of the ha mm e r in the lege d lea ds u s , as do e s

n f r e e o Va le rii a ns wh o n e a the am e o the p i s t s s , t the , ge lived r

l n for e a o ed Aci culus as a co n m n a n the Fa is ca s , th y d pt s g o e , d 4 m f n m n f n 2 em ployed the em ble o the hamm er o a y o their co i s . This s acred hamm er rem inds u s of the wea pon -cu lt which w a s ” h r l n f n n r s n ni n prom inent in t e e igio o Mi oa C ete , th us tre gthe g

r f n the view tha t Va leria Lu p e ca was a goddes s o the Liguria s . n L r We m a y recons truct the lege d as follows . upe ca w as a loc a l

h n r i Th n goddes s of t e Ligu ria ns livi g nea r Fa le i . e Valeria ge n s

h r s a c c of u m n c c took over e cu lt , b u t a boli hed the pr ti e h a s a rifi e . ” I n m Hence forth the godde s s w as known as Va ler ia Lu perca . ti e this loca l deity wa s a bs orbed by J u no ; a nd only a n o bs cu re le gen d and the s acred ha m mer which was the em blem of the Valer ii s howed

tha t s h e h ad e ver exis ted . Tha t the wo lf was known throughou t Italy as the sa cred a n im a l n n o f M a rs is a lite ra ry com m on place tha t needs o am plifica tio he re .

n m f a s com om t he n o— u r n Since the a e o M r , which es fr I d E op ea ” n n a a in m n of c roo t ma r m ea i g b rightness, ppe rs a y the I ta li

“ n t h e or of a s was m a n in a ll he dia lects , a nd s i ce w s hip M r i port t t "8 r n n ar i ne cce la nds occu pied by the A ya i vaders , M s s ge ra lly a pted a s the chief god whom th e terra ma ra folk brou ght wit h them in to ” i n h e n en cu a n c r Italy . Yet there s m uch i t a ci t lts d the ha rac te o f M a rs tha t is like the Mediterra nea n na tu re- s pirits ra ther th a n The Wolf-D ei ty i n I ta ly 3 3

n f r in n n t h e Aryan gods . Th e im po rta ce o M a s l us tral a d a gra ria r i c o the s n a n hi s o a on tes , es pe ia lly th s e of pri g , d s as ci ti with the

n i R he r h o h m a e a ncie t D ea D a , leads os c , w as d the m os t exha us tive “0 n n f cu of o conc e xa m i a tio o the lts M a rs , t lude tha t M a rs w as m a gom i w w h o was closel connected with the

h n s c n s s . . o ho c ro ps , t e cattle hea l th , a d i k e Dr F wler , w accepts

e n u n o f os cher s a s o f t h m o n na m f t h co cl s io s R , y e th tha t was ed or

“ ‘ : om e a numen s a o u c n n a n n M a rs S gre t i t w rk , q i ke i g veget tio , a d

n f o f re r u on in m n n n ca lling i to li e the p wers o p od cti a a d the a im a ls . n u L n It was this Power, we ca ha rdly do bt , tha t the a ti s knew b na m of a s t he s e cu 18 s o om n n ou ou y the e M r , god who lt pr i e t thr gh t ” 3 ‘ f n n t h e critica l period o the quicke i g proces s es . Such a god corres in ll t e - of d ne n p o nds a res pects o the a rth god the Me iterra a ra ce . e a s f As a res u lt , w m us t believe tha t the M r o his torica l tim es was n n o f a com pos ite deity , the Arya god ha vi g abs rbed m uch o the n a tu re and the ritua l of the Mediterra nea n deitie s who were al ready

T u on i s ow n in e f in pos s es s ion of the la nd . his f s i s h th eas e o tw o

o ca s of Li u ria who a re ca s c Ce m e nelu s o r l l deitie g , lled re pe tively “2 lu r I n nn M a rs Cem ene s , a nd M a s like m a er it o e u m o o is reas ona ble t believ , tho gh i p s s ible t prove , tha t M a rs

o - h e L u a n a n a n a b s o rbed a w lf de ity of t ig ri s , d th t the w olf wa s i

t o h i e n a n an m a . I n as s oc on tim e red u ced s a tt d t i l ia ti with M a rs ,

u f h i s a a c a a c a nd ca t h e wolf los t m ch o s v ge h r ter , be me a helpful 34 u n s n e a a nd e a n im a l th a t g ided colo is t o th ir w y , r s cued Rom u lu s “5 n a n s ons of a s . u e n a n d Rem us , the i f t M r J s t s o , wh as s ocia ted

L a us o n . with Apollo , did yc e gr w ge tle n n n f in n h We com e ow to the m ai poi t o this ves tiga tio , t e pa rt

r n n o f the wolf in the Lu pe ca lia . Was there i the eighborhood of Ro m e before the a rriva l of the terrama ra i nvaders a Ligu ria n p op u

h o m n u o of a o -cu ! r o la c e w ight have bee the a th rs w lf lt A chae logy ,

f n u on ea e r e in h e u n ortu a tely , gives s ly m g h lp this problem . T hills o f Rom e ha ve been dens ely popu la ted for s o long a tim e tha t it is ve r y d ifli cult t o find a ny rem a ins tha t u nques tiona bly da te ba ck “ W n e n to h e a . e o ow o e a he m m e e v t reg l period d k , h wev r , th t t i dia te neighborhood was inha bited from re m ote tim es ; for in the gr a vels of the Tiber a nd the Anio ha ve been fou nd h ints belongi ng 37 e n l i t o the Palaeolithic Age . Ev a s close to Rom e as the Mu vra n u n a c co on of e e n n B r idge was fo d ri h llecti v ry a rly s to e im plem e ts , n of nc n m “8 i to gether with bo es exti t a i a ls . Bu t n the types of tom bs 34 The Luperca lia

fou nd in Rom e its elf we ha ve the clea res t evidence . I n the a n cie n t n n n in in n h cem eteries o the Es qu ili e a d the Foru m , h um a tio was t e

r n o m of r n u n in m o e comm o f r bu ia l , a d the s k lls fou d the s e grav e s “ were dom ina ntly dolichoce pha lic . M a ny traditions tell tha t before the a rriva l of the Rom a n s the re 0 n i n n m ‘ T were pers o s l vi g u po the s ite of Ro e . hes e s ettlers a re

n n L r n n n n k ow as igu ia s , Siculi , or Pelas gia s ; Dio ys iu s d es ig a te s m u ono n a not a f the as a tochth u s , a d s a ys th t few tra ces o the m n n hi i ‘1 n con ti nu ed there eve i s t me . Tes tifyi g to the tru th o f the s e n h traditions a re va rious a ncient s hr ines . O t e lower s lope of t h e

Cerm a lus was c os Lu e ca s a c e fi - r there , l e by the p r l , the r d g t ee , ‘2 n um na o s of u n n a em blem of R i , g dde s fec dity ; a d , a t the foo t o f th e in Velab rum s n or om cca La r n hill the , the hri e , t b , of A e tia , “ f n n n - n which w as the s ea t o a a cie t grave cu lt . O the Ave n ti ne

r c o on D a u nu s cus n n we e places s a red t B a ea , F , Pi , a d Eva de r ;

n a t o of t h e th e ne of u c a e a d , the fo t hill , s hri s M r i Heracl s , a nd

‘ n “ o o n i n Co s u s . Ca cus was l ca lized b th o the Avent e a nd o n the “ “ n n n r Pa la ti e . O the Ca pitoli e we e the gra ve of Ta rp eia , the “7 4 r r nu a n n a s r n 8 a lta to Sa tu s , d , e r the foot , the h i e to Ca rm e nta . i All thes e de ties a nd their cu lts were dis tinctly chthon ic . Th e go d s

r o fe r o c o r e n ll n p es ided ver tility , pr phe y , d a th , a d a , a ccordi g t o

s a n a d ou n n m . d , ted te the f di g of Ro e

rom s nc of a c a o of e n a n of F thi evide e r h e logy , l ge d , d cu lt , w e a re j u s tified in believing tha t when the Rom a ns s ettled o n t h e Pa la tine they fou nd the Ligu rians a lready es tablis hed in th e

n or oo nd e a o f m L n n eighb h d , a tha t th y d pted ro thes e igu ria s m a y of the cu lts tha t were i ns e pa ra bly a ttached t o pla ce s la te r include d “ withi n the Rom a n city . O ne of the prom inen t na tu ra l objects of t h e Pa la tine wa s the

u rca a a r e ca n a s n s s u n rom L pe l , l g ver , with pri g i i g f it , with the

r Fi cu s Rumi na li s c os a n ens oo a ll 5 0 s a c ed l e by , d with d e w ds a bou t .

nc a s a a s in s of a r m e o Si e ite like th t w , the eye p i itiv pe ple , a p a r i la rl n u r l fo r a e of a e t cu y a t a l p a ce the bod d ity , the proba bilities a re a ll in favo r o f a cu lt ha vi ng bee n e s ta blis hed a t the Lu pe rca l h “1 h e o e e r in t e re on . o e r n by t ld s t s ttle s gi M reov , the ve era tion

s o n to the Ficu s R umi na li s is ev id en tl D r . a n h w y , Ev s believes , o f

e rr n n n nce h e fi - re M dite a ea or igi , s i t g t e w a s devou tly wors hipped

r h n n ar t h e e r r n n th oughou t t e la ds e M dite a ea , bu t w a s a lm os t u h n n “2 known i Ce t ra l Eu rop e . The Wolf-Deity i n I ta ly 3 5

As s ocia ted with this ca ve was the well- known ta le o f the wolf - i wh o was fos ter mother to Rom u l us a nd Rem u s . It s s ignifica n t t ha t in the oldes t vers ions of tha t ta le the wolf was th e a ll- importa n t

on s us s how for n actor. Di y i tell the wolf ca red the ba bes , a d then ,

r u pon the a rriva l of the s hephe ds , retired to the Lu pe rcal with s uch delibera tion a nd d ignity tha t the s hepherds believed her t o u n m “ I n be u nder the g id a ce of s o e god . this vers ion the hum a n bei ngs h ad a s econda ry pa rt in the pres erva tion of the twins ; n n t n i F a u s t ulu s was o t pres e t a the res cue , a d h s wife was nam eles s

a nd ins ign ifica n t . D ionys ius s uppo rts his ta le with a long lis t o f in i i a u thorities : Fa bius Picto r , C c us Al m en t us , Ca to; Calp urnius

n nu ous s . T s s on a u Pis o , a d mer other hi ver i , th t the res c e was d ue i “ n n a n n i . t o a rea l wo lf , co s ta tly ppea rs his tory a d n epic ’ Since the wolf a cted u nder M a rs s direction for the res cue o f

i n h on th e o o f f r hi h s s o s , s e bel gs with w lves Apollo who ca red o s “ n Th e m a n s e n u n n s o . Ro tory , like the Gr ek o e , s gges ts a a ima l W e o a ac um n . g od wh was l ter repl ed by a h a one e m ay beli ve , of Lu in n t h en , tha t the wolf the perca l , orig ally ho ored as a deity ,

s e ou s a m e e m n as c u s n as p as d thr gh the d velop e t did Ly ae , a d w , n m a of r n re du ced to the s acred a i l Ma s . Bu t the wolf could ot be n w holly banis hed from her a cient s ea t . Therefore , when s tory n f te llers po rtra yed the origi o Rome , they accou nted fo r the hom a ge w hich the Rom ans ga ve to the wolf-deity by m aking h er the fos ter ’ n “ m other of Rom e s fou der . La ter ra tiona lis ts s ought to remove t h e wolf from the s to ry u a na n a lu a c a s m n e n th ro gh the expl tio th t p , whi h w the co mo d s ig a h tio n of a meretrix, was a term tha t ad been a pplied to th e wife of " T Fa u s t ulus . o prov ide her with a name , they identified her with L n n n n h Ln Acca a rentia , a n a cie t goddes s whos e s hri e was ear t e “ n no n pe rca l . This identifica tio wa s t ece s s a rily a n arbitra ry n u n o m f n cca as s um ptio , ba s ed po the pr xi ity o tw o s hri es . A n f La ren tia was , as h as bee n s how by Profes so r Pa is , a form o the

r - ho no n to m a ns a a nam s : ea th deity , w was k w the Ro by v riety of e

T r s a on Dea au n a ua Dea Dia Te llu s , e ra , O p , M ia , B a , F a , F t , , “ h e a c a n h c n o . a nd Ce res . Thus s w s los ely ki to t e htho ic w lf Profes s o r Pa is even goe s s o fa r a s to s ugges t tha t s h e was origina lly hono red as a rea l wo lf n i - n r O u r next ques tio s whether this wolf deity , ve e a ted through ’ n n in Lu ca a n m n n i ou t Ita ly , e s hri ed the per l , d pro i e t n Rome s 3 6 The Lu perca lia

a r e n s as the d in os no r Lu r i e ly leg d , w go wh e ho the pe ca l a w as T w i celebra ted . ha t fes tiva l as as s oc a ted with va rious d eities . Can a ny one of them be i nterpreted as the w olf-god ! I n a ns w er

s u s o n one na ura n s Lu rcu s w h o to thi q e ti , t lly thi k of pe , was occa n l f i s io a ly na m ed as the god o the fes t val . The exa ct m ea n ing of the nam e Lu percus h as been s ince the da ys m f of Rom a n schola rs hip a a tter o dis pu te . Servius s u gges ts a “z n Th on m n va rie ty o f in terpre ta tio s . e e os t ge erally a ccep ted

m rn u ri i s is a Lu ercus ca m rom lu u s a rceo by ode a tho t e th t p e f p + , “ n n e s off th e i L r a d so m ea t he who ke p th a t s , the u p e ci “ ” - To ea t h e i h were the w olf a verters . this id we ghty o bjectio n as been ra is ed tha t a wo lf- a ve r ti ng fe s tiva l w as s tra ngely loca li zed ’ n fice nt w f a t the la ir of t h e be e olf who res cued Rome s ou n der,

ff or o e r no a na n n a nd tha t it o e red , m e v , expl tio of th e a bidi g h old “ ha u on he u r which th e Lup e rca li a d p t ba n popu lace o f Rom e . “ na on off r d r iu s an d v Another e xpla ti e e by Se v , d s uppo rte by O id , is tha t t h e Lu perca l was na med in hono r of the w olf which res c u ed I n m n Rom u lu s a nd Rem u s . a gree e t with this view is the s ta tem ent a Lu a t he nu r f of La cta ntius , th t p , s e o Rom u lu s , was accord ed “ n n s . a o a m o a u a u o n divi e ho o r V rr , re v l ble a th rity , act ually ide “ “ ” h e T v ifi o t s s Lu e rca . h t ed the w lf with godde p e s a a ge w o lf , “ h e s a s for n n s a s was na m d d s s y , her ki d es to the b be , e the go de ” i no e o a n Lupe rca . It s t w rthy th t Va rro us es the fem i ni e fo rm of

h n e : a is a roo of it s a n fo in n t e a m th t dded p f tiqu ity , r m a y cas es

m a e w as m one th e fe le d ity the pri itive , b u t was la ter dis pla ced ’ by h er m a le do u ble . Va rro s s ta tem e n t s ee m s to controvert t h e h n a a n e “8 L view which as bee dv c d , tha t u percu s was m erely a la t e

n m a nu a c u rom e . a bs tra ctio f t red f the f s tiva l We s eem j us tified ,

r r in n a r as - r f h the e fo e , believi g th t the e w a wolf fo m ed s pirit o t e

L e ca h o wa s no n as Lu a Lu erc o r L u ercus . u p r l , w k w p , p a , p

As m a of fa c t h e tw o a na ns o n m u r a tter t , expl tio f the a e L pe cu s w hich a re offe red by Serviu s s eem t o reflect t wo diffe re n t s ta ge s in t h e his to ry of t he g od . These two s ta ges a ppea r very clea r ly i n

h - t h e na m e s of t e w olf god of Gree ce . I n Arcadia he was ca lled “ ” L ca eu s th e w o f- e in r s e e h e w y , l lik ; A go , wh r a s iden tified wit h com u n na m s A ollo L Apollo . the po d e wa p y ca eu s . B u t the w ol f “ ” wa s a r e a ne a s h o e s r god l te xpl i d he w d t oys the wolves , t here ’ “ ” 7 r o o s a n a m e Av - ° fo e Ap ll ppella tio bec xoxr avos , the wolf s la yer . nn I n like m a er , the De lphia n Apollo w a s ca lled bo th nww s The Wolf-D eity i n I ta ly 3 7

” . r illo e ns a n d Hud oxr bvos . Dr G a t xpla i this by sa ying tha t

o w s s n on se n a Ap oll a fir t ide tified with the chth ic rpe t , nd la ter " re s i s s a . m a r m s w s ga rded a t l yer Si il ly , Arte i a ca lled both a nd This is a develo pment tha t con

l rs in a n n r i n for n m s t a nt y a ppea cie t elig o , whe a pri itive a n im a l h ad ad ed n m of a n a n m c deity f i to the ere epithet thropo orp hi god , s s a a s s t a u n for s n n o i i c hola r , t lo o cco t the ig ifica ce f the a n m a l n t h e a n in ca s a n ma wa s n r s cu lt , expl i ed it , e the i l da ge ou , by m a king

i s f or a n i the god t specia l oe , if the ima l was u s efu l , ts protecto r . A s this expla na tion entirely dis re ga rded the s u pers titiou s vene ra ti on a n m m s tha t regu la rly a tta ched t o the i a l , odern chola rs u s u a lly ra te it no m ore highly tha n mos t of the etymologica l a tte m pts " n r o f the a ncien ts . I n like m a ne , the deity of the Lu perca l was

ro a n wn in a r s m s as Lu a Lu us . La e r p b bly k o the e lie t ti e p or p t ,

n n m - h os res i w he the a i a l god ad l t p t ge , the u s ua l expla na tion wa s

e m he as a wol -a v rter n ployed , tha t t god w f e ; a d the na me was a ltered er n t o L uperca or Lup cus . This expla a tion obvia tes all the d ifficu lties a ris i ng from t h e nam e : it is in ha rm ony with the rev ere nce s hown to t h e wolf-god a nd t o his fes tiva l ; it a dopts a n etym ology tha t see m s u na ss a ila ble a nd it is in accord with the developme n t

“ n in m a n r u i m s ee y o the c lts , n which the ho a ge firs t given t o t h e

a n m a - wa s a i n e t wh o s i l god l ter g ve to the d i y de troyed tha t a nima l .

The na m e od wa s n e n d t o his es s n of the g the xte de pri t , a d they

w e re known a s Lu perci . Med iter ra nea n wors hippers ofte n s ou ght ” s n i i in thi way t o ide t fy them s elve s w th the ir deity . Th u s the e s of a cc u s m s s a d votee B h ca lled the elve B ccha e , a nd thos e of " a az s a s S a ba zi i i . S b io or S ho , o or Sa bo

a n e s n of o - Lu r a i m If we gr t the xi te ce the w lf deity pe c , t s ee s n a a th e Lu rca a c was c ra e a t h r e i evit ble th t pe li , whi h eleb t d e ca v ,

s i w a he ld n her honor . Bu t t he Rom a ns a ls o a s s ocia ted the fes tiva l

P a n P a n L ae u s u n s a n n u s . s in s w ith , yc , Fa u , d I n J u t give u s the

r H r s c l u e to this va iet y of na m es . e s ta tes tha t the e wa a t the foo t

f a a n a s h rihe L ca u s om r e s l P a o the P l ti e to y e , wh the G e k ca l n , " h e ma ns Lu ercus . I n s Lu cus wa s e a t Ro p other word , per r g rded

s m t he om a n ou of L a u s . a u r no u a erely R d ble yc e N t a lly e gh the n ,

u u s was a s n P n L u s h L perc l o ide tified with a yca e , who ad la rgely i "0 d i s placed Lyca eu s n Arca dia . Conse qu ently the god of the

u ca a ca m t o s o n of m os re u e n as P a n L ca e L per li e be p ke t f q tly y u s , .

- 81 o n e n r a s s m P n . o r , the wolf g d bei g crowded ou t ti ely , i ply a The Luperca lia

a ne am s u n s s th e t he Ovid , who lo n e Fa u a god of fes tiva l , s h ow s cl a s es a na me s m a n ea rly th t he u th t a the Ro eq u iva len t of P a n . ns a n Lu ca a s a of Fa u nu s He begi by c lli g the per li the fe tiv l ; then ,

e i r n s a P a s s to xpla in ts o igi , ays th t beca us e n wa e pecially honored n n a s i e by the a cie t Arcadi n , h s woodland rites w re es ta blis hed i n ” om n . T u s n n R e by Eva der h Ovid , followi g the co ven tion of h is

a u s n m s Fa u nu s a nd P a n n c a n a B d y , ed the a e i ter h ge bly . ut h e

n n one s u a nd n Fa u nus a nd P a n L eu s the we t tep f rther ide tified yca , “ a s king : Who den ies tha t the Lu perci ha ve their na me fr om t h e m ou n ta in of Arca dia ! I n Arca dia the Ly ca ea n Fa unus h a s a

T s is a n as ns on for a t o m a e : n s hi e y exte i poet k Fa u u , n n ca P a n is a s o n ca P a n L ca s n bei g ide ti l with , l ide ti l with y eu , a d , L a s m P a n cons e quen tly, with yc eu , the god who h ad dis pla ced . Thu s Ovid rea lly a ccepted the genera l view tha t P an Lycaeu s wa s god of the Lu perca lia ; b u t he tra ns la ted P a n Lycaeus into a s till “ m u n s . more fam ilia r na e , Fa u The expla na tion of I nnu s a s the pa tron deity of th e Lu pe rca lia L ne h is s till eas ier to es ta blis h . ivy , the only o w o as s ocia tes I nn us s s s e i with tha t fes tiva l , a y tha t the rite wa celebra t d n honor of “5 n a eus m ma ns a ca e I n ns . P a Lyc , who the Ro l ter ll d u Probus s um s u p the whole thi ng by s ta ting tha t certa in pers ons “ r nnus a n a u nus a s s a m . W n r he rega d P an , I , d F the e he , therefo e , t th L s L Rom a ns s poke of the deity of e uperca lia a Lu percus , y ca ea n n nus or n us a n n r P a n , P a , Fa u , I n , they were merely pplyi g o e o

m s a m e Lu cus L r a nother na e to the god , per , the igu ria n b o the r

of the Pela s gia n Lyca eus . Th e cu lt of Lu pe rcus wa s wholly different from the u s ua l religious ns a s in s an n cerem on ies of t he Rom a . It w type Pela gi , a d Ovid “ n - na med it Pelas gia n . Beca use of the on Rom an cha racter of

s m a of Lu cu s L ca us he a r the ritua l a nd the i il rity per to y e , t m jo ity of t h e legends a bou t the Lu perca lia s a id tha t it was fo u nd ed by “8 T the Arca dia n exile Eva nder . h e a ncien ts frequen tly de rived

n o ac in a ous a s of a om n the Ligu ria p pul e v ri p rt It ly fr the Pela s gia s , 89 m a a a s or na om e of s s rs often na ing Arc di the igi l h the e ettle , s ince in his torica l times Arca dia wa s the m os t m a r kedly Pelas gia n " 0 T e n e e o of a ny cou n try of Greece . h ge era l b li f f the oldes t wr iters "1 e s e e re om wa s ou n s tha t the Lu perca lia xi t d b fo R e f ded , hows tha t

- they recognized it a s th e cu lt of a pre Rom a n people . Cons equently the germ of tru th t o be e xtracted from the legend of the Arca dia n

40 The Luperca lia

- r w e re m n oned sa crifice of the dog a nd the blood itua l , hich w e ti

n r a s ona s m a e n a a o by Plu ta rch o ly , e bly ee to h v bee l ter devel p

s r o he - o ns we Of the cere m onia l which wa as c ibed t t pre R ma ,

r n u o a u o es a s ha ve a fa irly cohe e t pict re , th ugh th riti v ry lightly n n t o he in a a bou t the de ta ils . At the e tra ce t ca ve , where l ter

- 1 06 e f e s f s a c c wa s ff r . I n tim e s s to od the s ta tu o th he wol , a rifi e o e ed a th e ea rlies t da ys this wa s pres u m a bly a fema le goa t ; la ter , prob bly

r a n m e r n o Lu cus a m a e a s m s w he n Lu pe ca h d bee ged i t per , l go t ee t o ha ve bee n After the s a crifice a ritu a lis tic ra ce wa s i e s perform ed by the Lu perci , w h o n the ea rlies t tim were evi d en tly wholly Mos t writers pla ce the s a crificia l fea s t 1 08 ro r b t in h is a fter the re tu rn o f t he Lu perci f m their a ce , u Ovid , L h s a s — exi ua lengthy a ccoun t , s a ys tha t the u perci ad a light rep t g

— n s a r The na u a n e r d a pes befo re the ra ce , a d a fea t fte t r l i t r i n is mm a a e s c Lu rc p eta t o tha t , i edi tely ft r the a rifice , the pe i e f e n s s he s of L ae u s d id ta s ted cer m onia lly o t h e tra il , a t prie t yc 1 1 0 ' fi e . n v s r i ua a fter he ha d s a cri c d Su ch a rite e xpla i s O id wo ds , ex g

h e es d a s . T e n a t s of ra m f as u n t pe h , the clo e the ce , ca e the e t po fl h

of the victim . The descripti ons of the Lu perca lia a ss ign a differe n t role t o t h e

il i r Fa bii a nd t o the Qu in t i . The tw o g o u ps of pries ts eviden tly n r s d is rs r n u a n is did not ru togethe , a the word cu us o a eq iv le t 1 1 1 T e r s a s re gu la rly u s ed t o des cribe their cou rs e . u b o y tha t the 1 1 3 m s . . e h e a ii r n s n n r ba nd of Re u (i . t F b ) a fir t ; a d , whe they we e

s t he n ne e a e s e r s o u m ito r oppo ite Ave ti , wer a tt ck d by heph d f N ,

e a t m s on s s rs a n n n cou la who thr w the t e , pea , d a ythi g they ld y n a n na r m e om s ha nds o , d fi lly ca ptu ed th e ; t h followers of R u lu ” did not s ha re in the s e e xperiences . They were a ls o eviden tly

r om he sa e s r vi s in ra ce de ba red fr t crificia l f a t , fo O d tell tha t the

e re ou s a ii a n u on e a rr a a t t he they w t tripped by the F b , d , p th ir iv l

e s u n s a n re ns u m on n s m a n f a t , fo d the crifice e ti ly co ed , ly the bo e re i 1 1 4 is n n n m n ing . It s ig ifica t tha t o tha t occa s i on Ro ul u s did ot s how his u s u a l s e lf- a s s e rtion ; he merely la ughed a nd regretted

hi rs h n m tha t s followe a d bee ou tdone by the Fa bii . A s i ila r ta le

o P i ii n P in ii s : is told a b u t the ot t a d t he a r , the prie ts of He rcu le s h m e a rs n a m t e fo r r rrived fi t a d te the exta of the victi , b u t the i P ina ri rea ched the re only in tim e t o s ha re in the res t of the fea s t . For this rea s on the cu s tom continu ed tha t the P ina rii s hou ld not The Wolf- D ei ty i n I ta ly 41

“ r s m ea t o f the en t a ils . A i ila r dis tinction betwee n t h e Qu in tilu i ’ a nd a bi see m s na u a ba s s of v s s o . We m a the F the t r l i O id t ry y , h n v a e n t he o n ri s t e , belie e th t , wh R m a p es t were a dm itted t o the

u r a n e s a r r ro Lig i f tiv l , they we e deba red f m the m os t s ignifica n t

r e s t he a n a s . it , flight d the fe t Properti u s seems t o rega rd th e

a bii a s a ll- m r a n m e m s r s o r F the i po t t ber of the p ie th od , fo , in s pea k “ in of Lu r m n o ns th e F ii n g the pe ci , he e ti a b o ly . Th e fact tha t the Lu perci a re inva ria bly s poke n of a s ru nni ng o n their cou rse s h ows tha t their s peed wa s a n es s e n tia l fea tu re of

the ce re mony . This s eem s t o ha ve been ove rlooked in previou s

e na ons of t he es . u m r r xpla ti f tiva l F rther o e , the y we e s a id to ha ve

r u n na in t o a n Th e na n s s ma i ked order g i ked e y , n

s a e n ua s c a n n i t elf , h ve b e of rit li ti yet , cert i ly , whe Lu mm a the perci , i edia tely fter the s a crifice a nd the tas ting of

n a s ca s a s a rm n s a nd ra n or a t t o s the e tr il , t ide their g e t f th p peed , n w e ha ve every i dica tion of a ritua lis tic flight . The legends give n o e nce a o ina a c wa s a oun a vide th t the rig l r e r d the Pal tine , a s it ” w a s in la ter tim es ) Th e ta le of the pu rs u it of the ca ttle-thieves s u s s a cou s awa om n gge t r e y fr the villa ge , ra ther tha n a rou d

' it . u a c sc s s c ase r éxa a tv Pl t r h de ribe thi h by the wo d p p e , while h e u s e s n ep tr péxew of the cou rse ru n by the Lu perci in h is ow n

! e t Lu e rc in e u n n t f r the p i , r t r i g o the ca ve o the fea s t , m a y well ha ve encircled the hill i ns tea d of go ing back by the sa m e

r o u . I n a act o e r d o n t s m te th t , h wev , we o ee the cere onia l s ig n ifica nce which a tta ched in la ter time s t o t he e ncircling of the

P n e e L r - a la ti e , wh n th u pe ci by their goa t s kin thongs a s s u red n p roductivity t o the wome of Rom e . u a s a s e n wa s a e n n A rit li tic flight , we h ve e , frequ t a d s ignifica n t Th fe a tu re of expia to ry rites . e de ta ils of the Lu pe rca lia corre s pond t o the other ceremonies of tha t type which ha ve a lrea dy been ” ‘ e xa m ne ) As Lu rc r w s s i d they fled , the pe i we e pelted ith m i iles , m s s e r s s s a e T j u t a w re the p ie t who crific d the ca lf a t e ned os . Th e Lu perca lia cu lm ina ted in a fea s t which is pa ra lleled by the o ne s e rved to the boys in th e Ste pte r ia whe n they w e re retu rn ing from m th eir exile An expia tory s a cr ifice is the m os t frequ en t type in t h e wors hip of a god wh o is embodied in a da nge rou s a n im a l like 1 34 m t h e wolf . There fore we a y explai n the Lu perca lia in it s ea rlies t

fo rm a s follow s . The Lu perci endea vo re d t o a vert from the people ’ m ff the de ity s a ligna n t power by o ering it s a crifice . They s ought 42 The Luper ca li d to s ha re the m ys teriou s potency of the sa crificia l a n im a l by ea ting of its e n tra ils . ! e t they felt tha t th e a ct of s la ying a n a n im a l

od wa s a s a e o m “ cons ecra ted to the g crilege ; ther f re they fled , a s fro

a u n s on . a n n a crim e , a nd expi ted; their g ilt by bei g t ed H vi g bee

t he Lu ca n a e in s r m n thu s pu rified , they retu rned to per l , a d t ac a e ta l fa s hion the fles h of th e s a crifice . The m ys tic s ignifica nce of th e s ton ing a nd t he s a cra men ta l na tu re of t he m ea l is s hown by the

F ii s r i i i refus a l of the a b to ha e those rites with the Qu n t l i . Su ch a ce rem ony wa s na tu ra lly r ega rded by a ncien t s chola rs I a s a Rom a n dou ble o f the Ly caea . n each fes tiva l the s a crifice

e o n offe e t o a a s a - Th s was xpia t ry , bei g r d ppe e wolf god . e pries t fi incu rred gu ilt by s la ying th e victim , a nd fled . After a p u ri ca t ory n experie nce they retu rned . I deta ils the ritua lis tic a cts of t he ffe r n u n m h two fes tiva ls were di e t , b t the u derlying eaning wa s t e s a me . This like nes s be tween the fes tiva ls ha s ca us ed s ome a u thorities

s nd t o o o r na s a c t o go till further , a h ld tha t the igi l crifi e a t the a m n a s is e Luperca lia w s a h u a If th t were o , it v ry s tra nge a re en s a s o n n tha t there no leg d , a b u t the Ly caea , remi is ce t o f a loa ths om e rite . The s to ry of h u m a n s a crifice tha t wa s connected with the cu lt of Va le ria Lu perca m a kes m o re noticea ble the fa ct

am on th e nu m ou s s of Lu n t n s tha t , g er legend the percalia , o o e h a

s n s n the lea s t ugges tio tha t a hu man being wa o ce the victim . Yet i n a m a s a e m s s n n i tha t s a thi g th t ke d ep i pre io , a d s m o re lia ble n n r ua a t t o o uc a a s tha a y other it l c pr d e t le . Al o , the rites of t he

a t o s u s a n a a e a m . r Lu perca lia f il gge t e rlie r s l ught r of a n If , fo ’ m a m n s o is s rm kl o exa ple , a blo d p ed u p n the the s ymbolis m is c a : e n o f h is a cu s om sa cr ce le r the d ity , bei g deprived c t ed ifi ,

o e es in s u s u on a few r s . s rec iv b tit ti d op of blood Al o , if the s w ord a a t o of n m e n m were pl ced the thr a t the you g , it wou ld be e blem a tic of their dea th . Such a r ite wa s perfo rmed a t Ha lae in mem o ry

f n ea e u m a n a r ce r s i h i o a rli r h s c ifi , the p ie t going s o fa r n s rea lis m ’ 1 ” a s t o draw blood from the m a n s throa t . B u t the placing of the s wo rd a gains t t he fo re hea ds of the you ths is cer ta inly no t a

a m m e f cr i T na tu r l panto i o s a ficia l s la u ghter . he ritu a l of the Lu perca lia involved a ls o the wiping a wa y of t he blood by wo ol i e n m . T a t i ffi dipp d ilk ha t c , which s di cu lt t o expla in on the the o ry 1 28 m a n s ac ce is a s s a s e n e s s n of hu rifi , , we h ll e , a e tia l part of the

o -ce r m n a s a n n bl od e o y expl i ed u po a nother ba s is . The Wolf-D eity i n I ta ly 43

The pa ra lle lis m between Lu percu s a nd Lycaeu s s u gges ts a nother

o s s c m wa s a r a for a o f- a is o p ible vi ti tha t pp opri te w l god , th t , a w lf B u t a n m a s r r s acr c in a not a s of , if wild i l we e eve ifi ed It ly , ve tige s n i n m u ch a rite h as com e dow n t o us . He ce it s u s a fe t o a ss u e tha t a t s ome remote time a wo lf was the sa crificia l victim of the Lupe r ca lia . I xa m na n o th e oa -cu s r e e s se n the e i tio f g t lt of G eec , w ha ll e tha t a h u m a n or a wild a n im a l victim wa s o ften repla ced in la ter i s tim e s by a goa t . I t s poss ible tha t s uch a s u b titu ti on took place i r i e s ou n n the Lupe ca lia n v ry ea rly day , th gh the lack of evide ce m a kes it s a fer to accept the goa t a s the original s a crifice . D r . Fa rnell s hows tha t the the o ry of sa cramen ta l u ni on with a deity throu gh s acrifice does n ot dema nd the belief tha t t he de ity wa s m n i ca rna te in t he s a crificia l a nima l . He notes tha t in the Thes m h ri s m r op o a pigs were ca s t into a cha , a nd devou ed by s na kes

' m n o - tha t s eem t o ha ve been the em bodi e t f the ea rth de ity . I n the s a m e wa y a goa t m a y well ha ve been s acr ificed to th e chth onic

- o . a ous ins a nc s of oa sacr ifice s ow a e e n en w lf V ri t e g t , h th t , v wh

ha a nim - the goa t d not the cha racter of a n a l god , it wa s a s a crificia l ml victim tha t poss es sed a s pecia l sa nctity . n n s e Lu a a a s a n a n When the a cie t ca ll d the perca li Pel gi rite , d

m a Lu cu s u f L ca u s e n u . de per a do ble o y e , they w re telli g the tr th Those god s were the Gree k a nd the Rom a n expres s ion re s pectively

r s m m of the s a m e power . Both we e evo lved by h un t en or by pri itive s e in o m in c s hepherds , wh o s ha ped th ir deity the f r whi h u per

r A i s hum a n m ight wa s m os t clea ly m a nife s ted t o them . s n A ia

n s r a s a in n a n in in Mi o r thi powe w incorpo r te the lio , d Crete the

u s o i rca a n in a o f c wa s a n m a b ll , n A dia d It ly the w l , whi h the i l m m o s n m s s s e m m n os t nu er u a d o t dreaded , wa accepted a the bodi e t

. w s r os a u e o of the god He a a pitiles s c ea tu re , wh e b lef l pow r b th

Pela s gia ns a nd Ligu r ia n s s ou ght t o a ve r t by rites of expia tion .

NOTE S TO CHAPTE R I V

1 eller Thiere d es klas s is chen Alterthums 1 1 6 P reller Romis che . K , , i , 59 , 3 ; , M 1 1 6 n h tholo i e Re a c Or he us . y g , i , ; i , p , 97 2 . See p . 3 6 .

H r o lon . 2 2 6 a s r s V r . Aen . 1 1 . 8 P lin . N . . . 1 . St a b a e . . c e 3 . e g , , 7 5 ; , , 7 9 (5 9 p ) ib h n h f Mou nt Sora ct th s r o F ron a wh o h a d h er s r e a t t e oot of e . i it e t e i , i

. Deecke Die P oli s her P reller 2 68 . 4 , , 4, 53 ; , i , 44 The Luperca lia

- - Fa rne ll v 6 88 0 Rh s 6 8 . 5 . , , 3 75 , 3 9 ; y , 3

e v V r Aen . 1 1 . 8 . 6 . S r . a d e g . , , 7 5

f n Kriti che i r h h o n o Dr . ord a ( s Be t . T s is t e s u es t a e 7 i gg i J g ,

' M nnha l li al d u nd Feld kulte 2 nores t h 8 . Dr . a rd t is s mila r t t hou h , ii , 34 ) i i y , g h h f v l l ra t d t he s u m m r s ol h e be lie v es t a t t e es t i a s ce e b e e s t ice . Wis s owa R li ion a nd K ul tus d er Rainer 2 8 Re na h . e c 9 , g , 3 ; i , Cultes , i , 296

— ck 2 . Dee e , 9 4 l n 2 2 lin . 1 So . 6 . Aen . 1 1 . 8 P . . 1 0 . , 7 5 ; , 7 9 ; i , h w . Ha d s w o a s v m 1 1 Ad Ve r . Aen . 1 1 . 8 e er s la r t o D is C k . g , , 7 5 , y i i ( oo ,

- Z eus a t t mes wore a wolf s k n he lme t . S ee . 2 8 n . , 99 ) , i i ( p

l . 2 2 . I I . So n . 6 1 2 Plin . 1 . , 7 9 : i ,

- Mull r Die Etr us ker 68 Deecke Ke ller Thiere Kl . AI L 1 . e 1 2 3 , , ii , ; , 94 5 ; , , i , 7 ;

W F . K 2 . n n . Ma ha rd t , . , 3 7

M s v 2 2 . 1 4. od e t o , 9

F . 1 0 6 . Pa u l . e x es t 1 5 . ,

h H r i S ora n s hou ld not be confus ed w t h t h e Sa ll n 1 6 . T i e a r t h e p i i b i t ibe , e Hir in i who o u rne ed t o Sout h ern Sa m n u m u nd er t he u d a n o f a wolf p , j y i g i ce ra (S t b . , 4.

1 od s o v 1 . 7 . M e t , 3

- Mont e liu s La civil is a tion rimitive en I ta lic 1 1 Pl . 0 1 1 8 . ecoke , p , , 3 7 33 ; D , 34.

S r b . . . 1 D o n s . 1 . 2 1 t a 9 . i y , ; , 5 9 H Bun ur in S m t h See a lso E . . Diet . r 2 0 . D on s . 1 . 2 1 . . 8 1 . i y , b y , i , n , i , 9

r l . 2 1 . P se ud . Pl ut . P a alle , 3 5 .

2 2 Fa rne ll 1 S t oll in Ros cher 1 1 0 . . , ii , 44 ; , , , 3 4

— 2 . . 3 . See pp 3 6 7

- 2 B lon Mon na ies d e la ré ubli ue roma i ne 1 1 1 2 1 . 4. a be , p q , , 5 5

2 . 5 . S ee p . 6

2 6 h uble na m e Va le r a Lu e rca ca nnot h a v e ee n t h e a nc e n form . T e d o i p b i t , t h r for h a d ect v e Va ler a m us t be a la t er ad d t on Mom ms e n Romi s che e e e t e j i i i i ( ,

Fors chu n en g , i ,

h r 2 . 2 . Ros c e 7 , ii , 43 7

— 2 8 Ros cher 2 8 . . , ii , 3 5 9 5 Mom m n The Hi s tor o Rome 2 w R . K 1 1 se 1 P l 9 . Wis s o a , 4 ; , y f , i , 75 ; re l er , i, I I 5 . 3 3 3

— M r See es a ll 2 2 1 . 0 Lex. 1 1 a rt . a s . ec 3 . , p i y 3 99 4 5

- n h r mon w t h t h s v ew a re Ros ch er 11 2 2 — 1 . R F . . I a 3 . , 3 4 5 y i i i , , 4 9 34; Schweg ler Komi s che Ges cht chte 1 2 2 8 - 1 De Sa nct s S toria d ei Rama ni 2 — , , 3 5 ; i , , i , 68 9

— - P re ller 2 6 F ra zer i x 2 2 P a n ol 1 1 . , i , 3 3 4 ; , , 9 3 4; ig i , 5

2 . C. I . L . 8 1 . 3 , ii , 7 7

. C. I . L . 1 1 862 . For t h es e t wo L u r a n d t es s ee a lso Conw n 3 3 , , 7 ig i ei i , ay , Liguria R Re i i on in Ha s n E nc . el v l t s . 6 . g , i g , y , iii , 9

P a ul . ex F es t . 1 06 . 3 4. ,

Liv 1 3 5 . . , . 5 .

6 Mod ov 2 es t . 3 . , 4

P 2 n M o . ee t . S ee a lso O s or en the ld S tone A e 3 7 , 3 b , f O g , 434.

8 Mod s ov 2 3 . e t , , 3 . The Wolf-D ei ty i n I ta ly 45

Mod es t ov 2 2 - 3 9 . , 5 5 . — 0 a r . L . . . 1 0 1 Ver . Aen . . 1 6 i V L L v . . . 8 D on . 2 8 1 s . 4 , , 5 4 , 53 , ; g , , 5 , 97 ; , 7 ; i y ,

1 . 2 2 0 2 . 1 Fes t . 2 1 S erv . ad Ver . Aen . 1 2 00 9 , , 3 9 , 4 ; ; , 3 ; g , , . 73 ; 3 . 5 ; 7 . 795 ; 8 . 5 1 ;

Ma . 0 1 . 1 ol n . . 1 cr 1 . . 1 3 7 ; S i , 1 3 ; , 7 3 ;

1 . D on s . 2 . 1 . 1 2 . 4 i y , ,

Va r . R . R 2 . 1 1 . . 42 . , 5 L er ii 43 ipp t , . 549 F or a s of he anc ent cult s of t he Avent ne a nd o l 44. urv ey t i i f t he va l ey a t it s ’ ’ — foot s ee Merl n L Aventi n d a ns l anti ui té 2 . , i , q , 45 5 Li V r Aen . 8 . 2 0 O v . Fa s t. 1 . 1 6 . 82 v 1 . . 45 . e g . , , 3 ; , , 55 ; ; 7

6 . Liv . 1 1 1 on s . 2 . 8 0 . 4 , . ; Di y , 3 , 4 Ma r . 1 . 8 . 2 . 47 . c ,

8 . D on s . S e rv . ad Ve r . Aen . 8 . S oun 1 . 1 . 4 i y , 1 . 3 2 ; g , , 3 3 7 ; 3 M G l er Ges chichte u nd To o ra h . od es t ov 2 2 t e d er S tad t Ro i 49 , 5 ; i b , p g p i m rn lt urn 1 A e rt , . 67 .

0 . on s . 1 . 2 . 1 . . 8 . 5 Di y , 3 4, 5 ; 79 1 S m t h S emites 1 1 evons An I ntrod uction to the His tor o Reli ion 5 . i , , 5 ; J , y f g ,

— - 2 . G l ert not es t h e e v d ences of an a nc ent cult enter on h r 3 7 i b (i , 53 7) i i c t e Ce

- m a lu s . L r 6 a scr es t h e ult a t t h e Lu erca l to th e ippe t (ii , 5 4) ib c p p re Rom an

i n ha bitant s of t he Pa lat ine .

2 . . H S . xxi 1 2 . 5 J . , , 9

D on s . . 53 . i y , 1 . 79

. Ver . Aen . 8 . 6 0 Liv . 1 . lu t . Rom . 2 . id . d e Fort. Rom 8 54 g , , 3 ; , 5 ; P , , 4; , . D , E ; n i d . . R . 2 1 Serv . ad Ver . Ae . 8 . ; us t . . 2 . ; Arnob . ad v. Gent. . . Q , ; g , , 3 43 J , 43 7 , , 4 3

55 . See p . 2 5 .

6 . Dr . a s in a n ela ora te s t ud a d v a nces t he v ew t ha t t he wolf in a l 5 P i , b y , i It y a s t he a nim a l nca rnat on of t he ea rt h -s r t Ancient Le end s o Roma n His tor w i i pi i ( g f y ,

0 See a lso nach Cul tes 1 2 . 6 Rei , , , 95

Liv . 1 . . . 57 . , 4 7

lu . Rom . . . 58 . P t , , 5 4

— Anc Le 6 . Th s nter reta t on of Acca Larent is s or e b 59 . . g. , 4 9 5 i i p i ia upp t d y — a n a t hor es : P relle r 8 00 2 6 L e rt F owler R F . m y u it i , i , 3 9 4 , ii , ; ipp , ii , 547 ; , . . , 74

A a . . 60 . n . Leg , 84

6 1 . us t . . 1 . J , 43 7.

r . n . . 62 . Ad Ve g , Ae . , 8 3 43

h is fa v or a l Ma r ua r K s che 63 . T is et y m ology ed by W d e by q d t ( omi

taa ts ven valtun iii n . b De ub ner Arch . . Rel . vol . x a nd b S g, , 43 9 y ( f iii , y n Mus o L i rt Th e s u es t on of n er Die Lu ercalien in Rhei . . v l . ppe (ii , gg i U g ( p , , v t ha t Lu rcus comes from lues and a rco has won no acce t a nce Ma r xxx i , 64) pe p p (

ua rd t 8 n . 1 0 G l e rt 1 n . 2 Pre ller 80 n . q , iii , 43 ; i b , i , 45 ; , i , 3

. For t h s reas on S chwe ler s u es t s t he et molo lu us hi rcu s wol 64 i g gg y gy p , f oats sa in 6 1 t ha t he t wo and s of t he Lu erci re res ent res ect v el t h e g , y g (i , 3 ) t b p p p i y

n m a l d emons t he wolf and t he oa t . Th s et molo is acce t ed unres erved l a i a , g i y gy p y Ma nnha rd t M tholo is che Fors chun en a nd t enta t vel b H ld b y ( y g g , i y y i a rember -Sa lio ( D g g , iii ,

65 . Fas t 2 . 42 1 . 46 The Luperca lia

n t 1 . 2 0 . 1 . 66 . La ct . , I s . ,

A Arnob . . . 67 . p . , 4 3

68 . owler R . .F , 1 2 . F , , 3 0 — l s h u r a m e l an ex d ed ord a n K rit . Beitr . 1 6 b e ev e t a t L e c was re a n 69 . J ( , 4 5) i p y p

r f lu be n d ev e lo ed from it on t h e a na lo of w a rm a nd t h us m ea n n fo m o pa , i g p gy , i g h s is s o o in P a u l Wiss owa v i or ha n wol . T vie w u rt ed b O tt not hing m e t f i pp y ( y , ,

n Momm sen . R . l r 0 n . b G lb ert 1 . a nd b H by P rel e (i , 3 8 y i (i , 45 y ( , Wa ld e howev er d oes n ot cons d e r it roba le in v ew of t h e form i , , i p b , i of t he word .

H s ch . Avxoxr é vos . 70 . e y

Ham . H m . i n A ol . . 7 1 . y p , 3 73

H m . or h . . . 72 . y p , 3 3 4 éle 73 . Cyb . 7

S t ra . 8 . 2 8 . 74. b , 5 ’ t mol Ma . E h a oh iwv . 75 . E y . g , ¢nfi

Re na ch Culte s 8 Aus t Die Reli i on d er Romer F owle r R . E . 1 6 . 76 . i , , i , 5 ; , g , 4; , , 3 r Cook Z eu s 1 — c t es a n um ber of ns ta nces in wh ch t he wors h 77 . D . ( 44 4) i i i ip l~ pers t ook t h e na m e of a n anima god .

u B a 8 P h ot . Lex. s . v. 78 . E r . , a , 3 ; , ,

us t . . 1 . . 79 . J , 43 7

80 . See p . 2 4. a n L ca eu s is na m ed t he od of t h e Lu e rca l a in t he follow n 8 1 . Pa n or P y g p i i g l R a ss a es : Ver . Aen . 8 . D on s . 1 . 2 . ; P ut . . . 68 ; Se rv . a d Ver . p g g , , 344; i y , 3 3 , Q , g ,

Cha r s Gra m . La t . 0 . 1 0 Ant on . Gra m . Lat . v 00 . . Aen . , 8 . 3 43 , 663 ; i , , i , 55 ; , , , 5 3 5

— 82 . Fas t. 2 . 2 67 7 . , 9

Fas t . . 2 . 83 . , 2 4 3

he ot her rea sons wh ch ha v e led ersons t o re a rd Fa unus a s t h e od of 84. T i p g g — r ons d ered on . t he Luperca lia a e c i pp 54 7 .

Liv . 1 . . 2 . 85 . , 5

Ad Ve r . Geor 1 . 1 0 . See a ls o Serv . a d Ver . Aen . 6 . a nd Cled n 86 . g , g , g , , 775 , o . ,

La t. v . Gram . , , 3 5

Fas t. 2 . 2 8 1 . 87 . ,

0 Fas t . Liv . 1 . . 1 l Ro on s . 1 . 8 O v . . 2 2 2 P ut r . 88 . Di y , ; , 79 ; , 5 , ; n , 2 1 ; id .

° s 1 Serv . a d Ver . Aen 8 . . See a lso N ls son n . 2 . Cae . , 6 g , 3 43 i , 444

. P h r ra . D10 n s . 1 . 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 e ec . r . 8 S t b 6 . . 8 . 89 . y , , 3 , ; ; f 5 ; , 3

Se . 1 0 . 90 . e p

1 . E v a nd er wa s re a rd ed a s t h e found e r of t h e Lu erca l a b Fa us P ct o 9 g p i y bi i r , s lim n us Ca to a nd Ca l urnius P s o on s Cinciu A e t . 1 . See a lso Liv , , p i (Di y , . , 1 .

Ver . Am 8 . . Ac l us G la b r o followed t h e om mon Roma h 5 ; g , 3 44 i i i c n fa s ion of ma king Rom ulus t he found er of Roma n ins t it ut io ns : be fore Rome wa s es ta b lis h ed h e sa s a . Plu t . Rom ulus h a v n h a d his ca t t le s t olen , y ( p , , i g , s a cr ced a oa t an d urs ued t he t h ev es t h e Lu erca l a comm emorat s t ha r ifi g p i ; p i e t a ce . Var a nt s of t h s a cco unt t ell th a t Rom ulus a nd Rem us a ft er t he ha d on i i , y c q uered

Am ul us P lu t . Rom . or a ft er N u mit or h a d iv n t he m r m s s n o i ( , , g e pe i io t fou nd a

new c t Va l . Max. 2 . 2 . ra n in o t o t h e la ce where t he had bee n rea red i y ( , j y p y .

All t hes e accou nt s h a rm onize w t h t hos e t ha t a s cr e t he fes t va l t o E v a nd er in h i ib i , t e

48 The Luperca lia

2 hw h rs r Ma r u r t no 1 - 1 . Sc e ler 6 . t e a e c t ed b a d tes 1 5 g , i , 3 3 O i y q , iii , 443 , 3 .

1 2 6 . Theo h ras t us a . P r0 h r . d e Abs t. 2 . 2 not es a n ns t a nce of th s sort p ( p p y , , 7) i i .

1 2 E ur . I h . Ta u 8 7 . , p n , 1 45 .

— 1 2 8 . S ee pp . 84 7.

1 2 . S 2 9 ee p . 4.

1 0 . h 3 See c a p . V .

1 1 . F a rnell 0 id . S a cr ci al ommu ni in 3 , iii , 9 ; ifi C on ,

— 3 1 9 2 1 . 1 2 3 . See p . 5 1 . CHAP TE R V

THE SACRED GOAT IN GREECE

Th e venera tion of a wild a nim a l tends to be crowded in to th e n i ba ckgrou nd as a people a dva ce s n civiliza tion . When life becom es

n s a a ts a re no on r n na m o r e s et tled , a d v ge beas l ge a co s tant m e ce , me n a re lia ble t o em body thei r god in the form of one of the a nim a ls

u n m r s nc a r e n s : ram or po who thei exi te e l g ly depe d the , the bull ,

I n a n a s s m o n a r n or the goa t . m y c s e thi re ki dly god bs o bs , e tirely

in a r s a a . I n o r ns a nces t wo s s p t , the v ge deity the i t the god exi t

c of s a a o is o f sid e by s ide , b u t the ult the v ge g d m od ified by tha t h the m ore civilized one . T e god of the pas tora l s tage wh o m ade his way m os t frequen tly i n to the cults of other deities was the

- oa ca n on o a rr n hi goa t god . As the g t thrive the m s t b e hills ide , s n m r in cu lt was wides prea d a d i po ta n t Greece in very ea rly times . I n the Lu percalia the blows which were dea lt by goa t-s ki n thongs n fo rmed the m os t prom ine t fea tu re of the r itu a l . To i nterpret this

m r n f o in a o - s n i po ta ce o the g a t w lf fe tiva l , we tu r to the cu lts of h t e goa t in Greece . I n Crete the s acred goa t w as frequently portra yed by Minoa n 1 ar I n r tists as a fertility fetis h . la te tim es it took the form o f the oa ho r n a nc o f g t Am a ltheia , w exp es s ed the ge er l co eption the ea r th ” owe r f r n o r p r, bei ng a give o fe tility a d a protect from evil . Her

fer iz n n o es s in rn til i g pote cy ca m e t be expr ed the co ucopia , which ’ was o o rom or na oa orn n pr ba bly devel ped f the igi l g t s h , a d which

cons an a a r in s s s s on of a r - c t tly ppe s the po e i e th deities , s u h as 3 H - ad es a r r r . , Ga i , o the ive gods ‘ Pan was ra n a oa - n on in hi a - m a n f kly g t god , ot ly s h lf hu fo rm , but a in h i n ls o s i s tincts . As the goa t was to the a ncients the s ym bol of u n f n 5 s P a n a na on o o . l t , s o was the i c r ti l us tfu l pas s i He wa s ,

here o a n m m en o f cr a a nd - n f t f re , e bodi t the e tive life givi g power o ’

na ur . n or n in r e n t e Pa s cu lt igi a ted A ca dia , wh re Mou t Lyca e us 6 was sa o - T n h i r cred to him a s well a s t o the w lf god . he ce s wo s hip 7 S rea ou o ree o r o n a r c a p d thr gh u t the G k w ld , devel pi g with p ti ul r 8 s ren n n n i n h t gth am o g the Athe ia s . Thu s h s cha ra cter a d t e

eo h i n p ple who venera ted m m a rk P a a s a Pela s gia n deity .

Ano r m na u r - D on a m es a s s oc a ther p i itive t e god , i ys u s , w a s t ti i ted 50 The Lupercalia

’ ’ oa . uc e s as E v o r i o with the g t S h titl p l¢ws , Mekd a wt s , A y lfi kos , 1 0 in c D n u o a n a ls o the m yths whi h io ys s was dis gu is ed as a g t , i dica te

s i - n ni tha t a t times he was wor hipped n goa t form . A lege d of P ot ae , in o a o n o n D o n Boe tia , tells th t the pe ple , ha vi g ffe ded i ys u s , were

n e n s u fferi g from a frightfu l p s tile ce . I n obedience to the Delphic

ra c a as s acr c th e n not m a n o le , boy w ifi ed to a gry god ; b u t y yea rs 1 1 m s e a fterwa rd D ionys u s hi lf s u bs titu ted a goa t for the boy . A goa t was s ometim es re n t as u nder in the wild orgy to Dionys u s " a a i known as the Omoph gi , n which the wors hippers devou red the e a r a n m a a n i n raw fl s h of a s c ed i l d dra nk t s blood , thu s pa rtaki g i 1 8 of t s divinity . T m was r m n n f n hou gh Arte is p ee i e tly the goddes s o the wild thi gs , “ h o e Al ’ w a i n m n he r a n s n s e b r the title y a s , a d a o g t Spa t a d the a a h e m us h e r m ou Athenia ns received go t as r u s ua l victi . At fa s a nd a ncient s hrine a t Bra u ron a cu r iou s r ite w a s performed

n n n a s bea rs n n f n r c a m a ide s , k ow , a d wea ri g s a fro obes whi h perh ps 1 6 - n n r - n n no r f r im ita ted a bea r s ki , da ced a bea da ce i ho o the bea " m n n f . goddes s Artem is , the cere o y e ding with the s acrifice o a bea r 1 8 in m oa as u acrificed in s u s u n ! e t his torica l ti e s a g t w u s ally s , b tit tio ,

- “ n a n m a m . n n n ca evide tly , for the wild i l victi A other lege d i di tes tha t a hu m an being wa s a t one tim e s acrificed : the Athenia ns were s a id to have s u ffered from a pes tilence beca u s e they h ad inj u red a

r a m a n a m a n d in a o s a cr c u n bea , nd a ide w s de de expi t ry ifi e ; where po i e in a m n s a n a m a n concea led h s da u ght r , dres s ed a goa t her g r e t , d in 20 s a crificed it her s tead .

in r of o ho as v en Th e goa t was im porta n t the wo s hip Apoll , w w 21 n n cra ted in m a ny pla ce s a s a pas tora l god . I Crete lege d told n n o n o n tha t a goa t h ad s uckled the twi s o s of Ap llo . A Creta t w , n D onz of a a n a a ccordingly , s e t to elphi a br e grou p the go t d the b bes ”2 n D n h a s a votive offeri g . At elphi the Pytho , w o w as the firs t

o acu a r s r n nd h o a s la in o was p os s es s or of the r l h i e , a w w s by Ap llo , ” r o hi on l . Th m to n a bu ied , we are t ld , by s s A f a t s ee s i dica te th t a t D elphi the a u tochthonou s s erpen t- cu lt w a s dis placed by the

- n in u r n n m r . oa s goa t cu lt , a d tha t , t , by the a thropo o phic deity G t “ o e r D el n were believed t o ha ve dis c v ed the oracula r ca ve a t phi , a d were the u s u a l s acr ificia l victim s there . The o racle frequen tly 25 enjoined u pon its devotees the s acrifice of a goa t .

h r f h e a - n m a nc in T e m a gic powe o t go t s ki , of s uch i po rt e the

L r a ro m rea e s u pe ca lia , was pp pria ted by s o e of the g t r deitie of The Sa cred Goat i n Greece 5 1

n inv i in - s n Greece . Athe a a ppea rs almos t a r ab ea r g the goa t ki , ly‘ x “ a e i s ac os s he r . o a a n r a s the g , r breas t Apoll , h s , d Zeus we e l o ” f h e . n wea rers o t a egi s By putti g on the s kin of the goa t , the an thropomorphic gods s ought to tra ns fer to thems elves the power

- h o f the a nim al god . T e m agic po tency which the goa t was s u pposed s i n r n to pos se s s s how very clea rly in a ce em ony of Athens , i which

- - 28 a pries tes s bore a goa t s ki n to the hom es of newly m a rried wom en . ” n n This is a tu rally inter preted as being des igned to s ecu re offs pri g .

a r n It offers , cco di gly , a n illu mina ti ng pa rallel to the u se of the

- i L goa t s ki n n the u perca lia . A a s a c a in o m n s rifici l victim , the goa t was used va rious s le cu a in ’o rites , pa rti l rly thos e of the expia to ry ty pe . Thus a goa t was ” e o sa crific d t Apollo Ap ot ropaios a t M a ra thon . When the people f na e r o Kleo e w e threa tened with pes tilence , they s a crificed a goa t n an n o n 82 at s u ris e , d s e t a bronze goa t as a v tive offeri g to Delphi . I n the acon an c m n on L i ere o y of the M M , the goa t was the ly an h a m a n in imal t t ight be s a crificed , d the people a te its fles h ’8 n on r n h sacram e tal fas hi , together with a ce ta i ki nd of brea d . T es e ins tances of goa t-s acrifice may well be pa ra llel to tha t of the T Luperca lia . here is no evidence in these rites tha t the goa t was sacrificed as an a nima l -god ; yet it was a victim tha t was es pecia lly n pote t to wa rd off e vil . I n e c cul t of a c a in n n Gre e the the go t , whi h ppea red Mi oa Crete , n z in n rm o n n n was ce tra li ed Arca dia , a d wa ly welc med i Athe s a d i i n n Boeotia : tha t s , it was es pecia lly ve era ted a mong the Pelas

i . h a n n g ans T e go t was ot a n object of dread , as the wolf s o ofte

e n e n — - r h was , bu t was lov d as the bri ger of bl s s i gs the life give . T e

n n i . h r n i u goa t was o frie dly terms w th ot e deities , s ha ri g w th Lycae s i n n A h s s hri e , and being received a t Delphi as the s on of Py tho . s a

i r n s acrificia l victim the goa t was es pecia lly m po ta t . Often it s ee m s to ha ve been s ubs titu ted for a wild a nimal or for a h um an being ; a t other tim es it h ad a ma gic potency t o wa rd off evil . Even n n a fo r o n Olympia deities were i fluenced by the go t , they were fte

i n a hi c a . glad to wea r h s s ki n , a d thus t o a ppropri te s re tive power 5 2 The Luperca lia

NOTE S TO CHAP TE R V

n H 1 M k n 1 . E v a s . . S . 1111 1 1 82 a c e z e Crete 1 88 0 F i k 1 Ho a rt h , J , , ; i , , , 3 7 ; c , 47 ; g ,

— - k o a i n n H . S v o xx 1 2 . . The Z a r S e l s i . . l . 0 Fi 1 1 2 6 et al . g , J , ii , 9 , p 3 4 7 , g 5 l im H m n 8 l 2 Ca l . . i A o lod . Bi b . 1 . n A . o . , y 4 ; p , l . , 1 7 ; Hygi . , s tr P et

- 2 . 1 Wer necke in P a l Wis s ow 1 2 1 h n u a . T e u rs of Z e us Am a lt h 3 ; , y , i , 7 ing by e ia is t old onl b Alexa nd r a n wr t ers he nce see m s t o h a v bee n a la t e d v elo m n y y i i , e e p e t F a rnell ( , i ,

- - . Sa lio in Da re mber S a lio 2 2 0 S t oll in Ros ch er 2 6 3 g , g g , i , ; , , i , 3 5 .

Wern cke in Ros ch er 1 0 . 4. i , , iii , 4 7

. Au . d e Civ. D ei 1 . 2 The Sa t rs of h s a m for m n h r 5 g , , 5 3 ; y , t e e a d c a a ct e r a s

P a n are t o be reco n zed a s m ere l t h e d u l ca t es of P a n E . K h nert in Ros ch e r , g i y p i ( ii , ,

- - iv 1 6 1 G . N cole in Da re mber Sa lio iv 1 0 0 , 5 3 ; i , g g , , 9 . 2 6 . S ee p . 4.

— W rn cke in Ros cher 1 . . e 7 i , , iii , 3 49 79

8 . Luc a n Bi s . Accus . 1 0 id . D eor . Dial . 2 2 . 2 . i , , ; , ,

' H h . P a us 2 . . 1 es c E t to h ol . d Ar is t 0 h Acha rn . 6 9 . 3 5 ; y , p ¢ s ; Sc a p . , , 1 4 .

d . Ms kava t t é v o . M . . 1 0 . S u s A vo O v et . 2 A ollod Bi bl . . i , w s ; , , 5 3 9 ; p . , , 3 4 3

1 1 . P a us 9 . 8 . 2 .

1 2 H ch . r a é c E u r . B a a 1 Arn . es o ob . 1 . . y , p y qo p ; , , 3 9 ; , 5 9

1 Ha rr s on 82 . 3 . i , 4 2 1 4. P a us . , 3 . 1 4. .

Hi s t 2 . 2 ! n . An 1 . Ael . Va r . e a b. . 2 . 1 2 1 id . . 2 . 2 5 , , 5 ; , , 3 , 3 ; , 4 0 ;

P u c r . 2 2 . l t . , Ly u g ,

1 6 F a rnell . . , ii , 43 7

1 Ari 0 h . L s i s tr . 6 a nd Sch ol . ad l 7 . s t p , y , 45 , oc.

s h . B a vlor . 1 8. He y c , p v s

1 F rnell . 9 . a , ii , 43 7 " 2 0 . S d . E a os . ui , ufi p n l 1 2 2 2 1 . F a r el , iv , 3 , 54.

0 . 1 6 . . 2 2 . P a us . , 1 5

2 . P lut . . G . 1 2 . 3 , Q ,

2 Dio or . 1 6 . 2 6 . 1 2 . 4. d , ,

— D ls S i b lli nis che Bl a tter 1 Fa rnell iv 2 . ie , y , 5 ; , , 54 5

Di d or . 0 . F a rnell 1 00 . 2 6 . o . , 3 7 5 ; , i ,

- 2 . Sa lio in Da re mb er S a lio 1 0 1 F a rnell 1 00 iv 2 . 7 g , g g , i , ; , i , , , 55

' 2 8 . S u d . a l ls . i , y

2 F arn ll 1 00 . 9 . e , i , o s u r ve of h e v a r ous cu lt s in wh h h w r o 3 0 . F r a y t i ic t e goa t a s a ce e m nia l

v m s F a rnell iv 2 . ict i , ee , , 55

1 ne ll iv 2 . 3 . Fa r , , 55

2 P a us . 1 0 . 1 1 . . 3 . , 5

h 8 f. 3 3 . At en . , 1 3 CHA PTE R V I

THE SACRED GOAT IN ITALY

I n Ita ly the deities a ffilia ted with the goa t a re fa r les s nu merous

a n in r e . u s u of o scu r s f F n u s th G e ce O t ide the c lt the b e Vei ovi , o a u , a n n a ina a n n r d of J u o C p rot , the go t pla ys o ly a ins ignifica n t pa t . Conse qu en tly the im por ta nce of the goa t-s ki n a s em ployed by the

- Lu pe rci is the m ore rem a rka ble . As we review the goa t cults of “ a u s on s of he i It ly , the q e ti before u will be , Did the cu lt t goa t n I ta ly ha ve a s imila r his to ry a nd s ignifica nce to tha t which it had in ” Greece ! Th a as s r t o s ri tu hu ma no a n s e go t w ac ificed Veiovi , d the ta tu e of i 1 Ve iovis had a goa t s ta nding by h s s ide . The expres s ion ri tu hu ma no is often ta ken to mea n tha t a n a nima l victim wa s s u bs titu ted fo r a

n s a . s is e r huma crifice If thi t ru , the s ac ifice to Veiovis pa s s ed throu gh the pha s es which we s a w in t h e Gree k cu lts . Very little is kn n u s b u is r a as n s na n ow a bo t Veiovi , t he eg rded u qu e tio bly a ” underworld deity . n f r o n m a r a on the oa n A god ha vi g a a m re i ti te el ti to g t , a d a ls o m n n wa s F nus a n n n h uch be tter k ow , au , a cie t deity of La tium , w o i ’ is consta n tly m en tioned with the a borig nes of Ita ly . Th e a n tiqu ity

rac o Fa un s com s ou t m s c a r in h is o and cha ter f u e o t le ly d u ble ,

n o a u nu s a s . Fa u a , the older deity , wh m F l ter di placed She wa s

no n m an scr s : Fen a Fa ua T us O s k w by y de iptive epithet t t , ell , p , ‘ n D r Dea Dia . The ns o s o es s Ma ia , Bo a ea , o ki hip f thi g dd to o ther

- r r o a cr s h o s ea rth mothe s wa s ec gnized by M obiu , w o c n idered her ls e s r na ca e m a nd C bele . a id n tica l with Pro e pi , He t , Se ele , y She w s , e ne ou s o m s of th e c on c therefor , o of the nu mer f r hth i deity of the n Mediterra ean people . Fa unu s wa s a god whose im porta nce beca m e s ha dowy a s civili um rous n s of Fa u nu s o 6 za tion a dva nced . The n e lege d , g d of oracles , ’ r f s s o h ow m and m ys teriou s crea tu e o the wild , h w i porta n t a place he had in ea rly da ys a m ong the gods of Ita ly . Bu t t o the people his m s c o a nd of la ter times he los t m u ch of y ti p wer , wa s m erely a in he cou n s r c s s a c god of the herds . O u t t try di t i t rifice con tinued 8 to be offered to him yet even there the a lm os t tota l la ck of votive inscriptions t o Fa u nu s s hows h ow little rea l hold he h ad u pon the 54 The Lu perca lia

9 n w s i n a e h e people by the time writi g a n ge era l u se . Ultim t ly

m r a n a . r in s e n t o ca me to be little o e th mythica l king Va ro , e ki g

a him s o r er o f o m n s a n a a u n u s expl in , rever ed the d devel p e t , yi g th t F

n h e c s s f o s h o o na m r a s r e e belo ged t o t la o g d w , rigi lly o t l , we e d ifi d m ’ h e m r s afte r dea th . This s hows h ow va gue he ad b co e by Va r o 1 1 s h e oes n t n a t ll n s is . I n d a y . Cicero s a y tha t d o k ow a wha t Fa u u h Rom e Fa u nu s wo n s ca n t recogn iti o n ; it wa s not u ntil 1 94B . C . t a t

e n w s n m h n a te m ple was erec ted t o him . Even th he a ot ad itted wit i 1 2 m t a e s a s o n T s a n . Th t he Pom oeriu , b u w s t bli hed the iber I l d e " we ea r no n m o r o f . a u nu s o es m o s tem ple once bu ilt , h thi g e it F w t h i “ n r a n e s w n h m n . of his fame to the Alexa d i po t , o ide tified with P a Fa u nu s is the god whom m a ny m ode rn s cho la rs believe to ha ve “ been th e deity of the Lu perca lia . They expla in his lack o f a tem p le s n h hi within the Pom oeriu m by a yi g tha t t e Lu perca l wa s s s hr i ne .

r e r s o n th e od na a n r a The s ta tu e e ected th e , h wi g g ked d gi ded with

- “ s n r a r a s a re res n a o n o f a u n u s . Bu t t h e goa t ki , they eg d p e t ti F goa t - s kin girdle is no t e no u gh t o s how tha t Fa u nus was the de i t y

h r m r r r . Th e a s w o ca a s e t u a Lu ca po t ayed rti t ved the i ge p t the pe l , se n a od h o wa s t e no n m e h being obliged t o repre t g w b u littl k w , t t e i difficu lty by m a ki ng h im like th e pries ts wh o bore h s name . J u s ti n

r ea r o r s a s a s a of Lu e s m a kes this pe fectly cl , f he t te th t the t tue p rcu a t the foot o f the Pa la tine repres ented the god in the ga rb which " the Lu perci wore .

‘ Ano ther rea s on which is offered for rega rding Fa u nu s a s the god of the Lu perca lia is tha t the tem ple of Fa u nus on the Tiber I s la nd 1 8 r a 1 o a s o re L a T s wa s dedica ted Feb u ry 3 , tw d y bef the u perca li . hi na tu ra lly s eem s t o i ndica te a con nection between the god a nd th e

n m a n a s u a r s s c os fes tiva l ; a d it y , i deed , e ily be tr e th t the p ie t h e t o

- r e n od om h a e as s ocia te this half fo go tt g , t o wh they d j us t erect d a

m e a s a a wa s a s a nc e n as was a nd in ch te pl , with fe tiv l th t i t he , whi

r s i t he goa t h ad a prom inen t pa t . Such yncre tis m s common enou gh

B s i n Rom a n religi on . u t thi la te a s s ocia ti on does not prove tha t Fa u nu s wa s the o rigi na l de ity of the Lu pe rca lia ; a nd th e com m on “ r people s eem never t o ha ve re ga ded him a s s u ch .

s r s a n u s wa s n in e u I n the cou n try di t ict F u ot wors hipped F br a ry ,

nes Dece m e r a nd in his er a s no n b u t o n the No of b , rites th e ppea r thi g

i n Lu rca a . a ewe o r a a m wa s fl re tha t s a ki t o the pe li A kid , l b o e d t o “ i th e s e r s a nce in t r1 le m a s u r . wa s a h m , then heph d d d p e e It cheery

s c e ra on r c e owa c n a n ecu n t ru ti cel b ti , di e t d t rd the prote tio d the f di y

56 The Luperca lia

wa s ns u in o no f a u n s . s s ns s i tit ted h r o F u He a y , i tea d , tha t , beca u e

om u u s s s his a rm n s t o a n s in u nn n R l ca t a ide g e t g i peed r i g , the

r r Lu pe ci a e now na ked when they ra ce a bou t the city . The po in t

f s r r is n r n n it s o the tory , the efo e , to expla i the o igi of the race a d r itu a lis tic na kednes s . Fa u n us s eem s t o be men tioned m erely i beca u s e he wa s a na tu ra l god t o invoke n s ee king the los t ca ttle . Th e Lu perca lia cer ta inly m us t ha ve m ean t m o re to the people th a n s a fes tiva l fo r the protection o f the flock . Cen tu ries a fter the u rba n popu la ce of Rom e h a d los t a ll i n teres t in the ra is ing of ca ttle; t h e T Lu perca lia continu ed . he im pa s s ioned den u ncia tion of Po pe n Gela s iu s s h ows how vita l it wa s a s la te a s 450 A . D .

As f e s a n n a rna i h e o a n s e r god o the h rd d i c te n t g a t , F u u , tog the ” 33 h is n I n s f r with dou bles I ncubo a d u u s , w a the giver o fe tility . Tha t is a nother rea s on frequ en tly offered for a ss ocia ting him with

r i the Lu pe ca lia . Bu t the re s no s ugges tion tha t Fa u nus ga ve t o

- the thongs ca rried by the Lu perci thei r life givi ng potency . Tha t wa s d u e a co n t o e n a n e r a - orm , c rdi g l ge d , to oth deity of go t f , “ J u no . M a ny s chola rs connect Fa u nus with the Lu perca lia throu gh the m e u m of a n r om h a r a s a n z a u nu s di Ev de , wh t ey reg d Helle i ed F , m a nu fa ctu red by a ncien t s chola rs to expla in the exis tence in Rom e 35 B e e m of a cu lt very like tha t of Ly ca ean P a n . u t Eva nd r s e s t o b e

l rl r He is s r n l ize s omething m ore tha n a s ch o a y fa b ica tion . t o gly oca l d in a a a a r n in T a in P a rrh as ion in P hen s ne r Arc di , ppe i g ege , , eo , a

es se n a n m os u n all in P a lla nte m r e re M i , a d , t freq e tly of , u , whe e th “ D e me e s wa s in the tem ple of t r a ta tu e of Eva nder . Thu s Eva nde r i s eem s t o have bee n a loca l de ity . H s cu lt in Arca dia is believed t o n “ ha ve a nteda ted Roma tim es . Th e cons ta n t a s s ocia tion o f

a n e P a n a nd f a an e r e s h Ev d r with , the belie th t Ev d , lik P a n , wa t e 3 8 ’ ” s n of rm s n ca es a on t o a n s e . o He e , i di t th t he bel ged P circl

n e r m a a e n a n o s cu oca od a a s o Eva d y h ve be b re l l g , l ter b rbed by

a n o r his na m e m a a e n a cu - n P , y h v bee lt title which a tta i ed a va gu e

n a . wa s reco n ze o a ns s r i dividu lity He g i d by the R m a a deity , fo we hea r of s a crifices offered t o him a nd a s h rine in h is h onor on th e “ n n . m u s e n n Av e ti e We t , th refore , a ccou t for Eva der a nd h is connection with th e Lu perca lia on other grou nds than a s a m e re dou ble of Fa u nu s . Eva nde r s ee m s to have been tra ns plan ted in to Ita ly throu gh the

r a s a ctivity of Alexa nd i n s chola r . When they h ad iden tified P a n The S a cred Goa t i n I ta ly 5 7

n s n r with Fau u , they ra tio alized Eva nde into the exile who es ta b i lis h cu P a n in r o r s of au nu s n a . I n ed the lt of , or , othe w d , F , It ly ‘1 T this wa y on ly was h e known to the ea rlies t a nnalis ts . here we “ r have the germ of the Eva nde legend . Other deta ils were s oon a dded : Eva nder a nd his Arca dia ns offered a n eas y expla na tion of

h r n - h “ t e Ligu ia s who ad dwelt in the vicinity of Rome . the cha nce likenes s of t he na mes Pa la tiu m a nd P allante um giving s u pport t o i th s idea . Consequently a s ea rly a s Fa bi us Pictor we find the ta le ’ m “ o f Eva nd er s ha le t on the Pa la tine . Ultima tely Eva nder wa s m a e s am r za n c a s de to t ypify the whol tre of G eek civili tio whi h , e ar s he a n s ly a t reg l peri od , i fluenced Rome o profou ndly . He was a ccordingly s a id t o ha ve been the one wh o h ad brou ght t o the “ Rom a ns the a lpha bet a nd the a rts of civiliza tio n . Pliny wa s s r “ con ten t to say tha t the ervice was pe formed by the Pela s gia ns .

Th m n n of a a a s ou r en on a t on o um e e tio the lph bet dr w a tt ti ce t C a e , whence in a ll proba bility the knowledge of writing wa s brou ght to

m u h m a n s s a t o a m e h e o s Ro e . F rt er ore , Ev der wa id h ve i port d t g d whom the tra ders of Cuma e a nd of s ou thern Ita ly in trodu ced into

m in a a s es m e me s as r n Ro e e rly d y , Heracl , De et r , Her , C to a d ‘7 ‘8 Pollux . The ta le tha t Eva nder wa s gu ide d to Rom e by Apollo ’ a n t o u m a sea of o o s o s n h e po ints a g i C e , the t Ap ll w r hip , a d t a ctive fo rce in the Hellenizing of Rom a n religion . Eva nder is the poetic “ figu re typifying tha t a ctivity . An cient schola rs wen t s till fu rther a nd m a de Eva nder th e fou nde r

f r n om a n cu s os of c o ns u s a nd a rm e n a o ce ta i R lt , th e Vi t ry , Co , C t .

r n m n es s o he wa s a s m a Th e la tte , a cien t Ro a god d th ugh s , w de the "o r n E n er n r ze a s h e r e r m o ther o f A ca dia v a d . O ce ecogni d t b ing of s m s n a ca m u n o a n cien t cu lt , Eva nder a l o t i evit bly be e the fo der f the “l L a a a a s as t o ca an L caea . B u a n u perc li , kin it w the Ar di y t Ev der a a n wa s sa id t o ha ve es ta blis hed the Lu perc li , ot beca use he wa s a

s u s e t o o no h is na d o u ble of Fa unu , b u t beca s e he wi h d h r tive god “2 r ma s . P a n Lycae us . All the write s ke thi explicit

in t h e cu o r t h e a u s a nu s We d o not find , therefo re , lt ttrib te of F u ,

a n r a a rea s n o r e n n o r yet in his connectio n with Ev de , v lid o f a cc pti g h im a s the god of t he Lu perca lia . The goa t-J uno had a fa r m ore vita l a s s ocia tion with the Lu per e a u nu s wa s m a ca lia tha n h a d Fa u nu s . She , lik F , pri rily the giver

u s ffe of fertility . Bu t s he wa s honored by c lt which o red a m a rked

or s n nc t o Lu ca a a nd s he was n conn c c re p o de e the per li , eve e ted with 58 The Luperca lia

53 a e n a nd e . I n s o f u he tha t fe s tiv l by l ge d by titl the tudy J no , t refore.

e s a see a n e a na on o f oa -e m e n in Lu a w h ll k xpl ti the g t le t the perca li ,

e r s n ca n fo r ou r u r os e is cu of u no o s V y ig ifi t p p the lt J S pita , of

i m . a o n c wa s a La nu v u Th t t w , whi h devoted t o religion of the m ost a n ra u n os a a s o s l ncient type , ve e ted J o S pit the lde t of a l it s deities .

s i a th e m os a m a ll - He r cu lt wa , n f ct , t f ous of the J u no cu lts in

“ no os a wa s a a rr or s s a s a La tiu m . J u S pit w i god de , w s the ea rth 55 ' r Th re m o the r o f C e te . e goa t gu la rly fu rnis hed a pa r t o f J u no s m m e n a o rns s e a rtia l equ ip t ; the he d , with the h till a ttach d , fo rm ed h e r e m e a nd th e s n ow n h er ac or s om m s r h l t , ki fell d b k , eti e ove her “6 brea s t like the a egi s worn by Athena ) We m a y na tu ra lly believe tha t t h e goa t- s kin endowed J u no with its m a gic power o f pr o tection

T n o n v i m from ha rm . his J u o f La u u wa s s a id by Cicero t o be “ dis tinctly differen t from t he Rom a n J u no . Her Ligu ria n origin is

n ca e h er a n th e fi u re -e s r i di t d by be ri g g ight hield , a fo m which is “8 r cha ra cte r is tica lly Medite r a nea n . It is fo r o u r pu rpos e worthy of no te tha t J u no Sos pita was

r na m o in or a t ea s as s oc a se r o igi lly e b died , l t i ted with , the pen t , a crea tu re belo ngi ng t o a s till m ore a ncie nt religiou s s tra tum tha n the “ n s s is a n a s n goa t . Co s ta ntly the god de tte ded by erpe t , which , in

- a s r u is a ll m o r a n . The u a r a n to ry told by P operti s , i p t t g di of a ncient

a n u v i h e s a a s a se n . nc a ea a ma n s e L u m , ys , w rpe t O e y r ide de c nded

re o a es m a n e e c a u r t m bli ng t the w o e c ver wh r the re t e dwelt , a nd

r rin a s . t h e ma e re s bo e t o it a n offe g of c ke If id w u ncha te , s he was ns a n e u r m ons e r b u t s he i t tly d vo ed by the t if were pu re , the s e n e e a nd a t wh 1 h s he o rpe t a cc pt d e the gift c br ught , an a ct which “ s m rs a s om n r 0 wa ha iled by the fa r e the e of a f u itfu l yea r . This

on s e r n a n o a cu a r o e r m r chth ic pe t , h vi g r l p w , e ciles s , yet g iv ing a r es s 1s a ca o m of r n n bou n tifu l h v t , typi l f r the Mediter a ea ea rth

e n s a e n th e o es m o m en no d ity , a d m u t h ve be ld t e b di t of J u Sos pita . The s cene des cr ibed by Prope rtiu s is por tra yed on a coin which " a rs on th e o e rs the ea of u no a r n h er oa - s n e be bv e h d J we i g g t ki h lm et ,

u s s n u n on o f t he two co nce ns th howi g the i ptio of the god des s . The cu lt of J u no Sos pita gives us a pa ra lle l of wha t m a y ha ve r occu rred in t h e evolu tio n of t he Lu pe ca lia . I n the o ne fe s tiva l

h e o in h o r t he r m e s r n wa s r t w lf , t e the equ a lly p i itiv e pe t wo s hipped b u t a s the goa t- god ga ined influ e nce a m ong the s hephe rd fo lk of

La u m o n r n r n k ti , b th wolf a d s e pe t we re th u s t i to the bac grou nd . ' J u n o Sos pita a rroga ted t o he rse lf a s ha re of the goa t s power by The S a cred Goa t i n I ta ly 59

wea ring its s ki n ; in the Lu perca lia th e pries ts of t h e wolf-god

n s rr e r s oa -s n c con d id the s a me , a d a l o ca i d s t ip of the g t ki , whi h i s h veyed to the people its ma gic po tency . Th us n each ca e t e goa t r n r cult s eem s to ha ve bee n gra fted u pon a mo e a ncie t wo s hip . n e m a n in om e n The venera tion of J u o Sos pita beca m i port t R e wh ,

n r o s a a s h e s ou at the clos e o f the La ti Wa , R me tipul ted th t h ld “2 i m e m t o u no share o n eq ua l term s in the cu lt a t La nuv u . A t ple J i s s in m in 1 . C . s a m a r n So pita wa bu ilt Ro e 94 B , the e ye which

r a - u n temples were ded ica ted t o two othe go t deities , Fa un s a d “ T n in a - od s is c a c e s c Veiovis . his i teres t the primitive go t g ha r t ri ti

r or n a r a nn a a nd ea s of tha t pe i od , f du ri g the w with H ib l the y r immed ia tely a fter wa rd t he te rror of the peo ple ca u s ed them t o “ turn t o m a ny chthonic god s a s a me a ns of s u ccor .

s n r a - u a of u n a Rome its elf wa the s ite of a o the go t c lt , th t J o C pro

n s a s om n n . As tina . I n her ritu a l the eleme t of blow w very pr i e t the blows dea lt by the Lu perci were th e m os t noted fea tu re of t h e

L a e s nn n h e s u o u no Ca rotina u pe rca li , w ha ll , before begi i g t t dy f J p , exam in e the u s e of blows in other cu lts of Greece a nd of Rome . I n Greece the re ligi ou s s tra tu m t o which tha t rite belongs is s hown by the fact tha t Arcadia a ffords t he grea tes t nu m be r of “ h m e ins ta nces . A deta iled s tudy of the use of blows a s been ad n “ m i s by D r . M a n ha rdt ; he cites nu erou s case s n which the blow , being dire cted a ga ins t a pers on or a s ta tu e which repres en ts eithe r a r s om r l r s n t o r de it y o e power of fe ti ity or of evil , a e de ig ed d ive ou t evil or t o rou s e the la tent power of a god by freeing him from T s ome n u llifying in fl ue nce . hou gh s im ila r t o t h e blows which “ s m s a u a u na r n o f s e e r ote the t t e of F , they a e ot typica l tho e d liv ed

in t he Lu a r wa s s rs wh o s u . perca li , whe e it the wor hippe were tr ck Othe r rites a fford a close r pa ra llel : a t a n Arca dia n fes tiva l to “7 Dionys u s the women ce lebra ting it were s m itten a t a nother

‘ r n c em n in on r f D em e s s s u A ca dia er o y , h o o et r , the wor hipper tr ck °3 ne n s e a th e m s e r e s f e u s s nc u e o a o ther with tw i t d b rk ; y t i o El i i l d d , as a m a ns o f u ca n a m o in c ra n s e p rifi ti o , ck fight whi h the celeb t “ r e s n a n r n t h e a r ns i on hu l d s tone a t o e o the ; a d Sp ta , n h or of

Ar s a r n en n e r tem i Orthi , p a cticed a rite i which you ths oft died u d 7 0 e e th e las h . Th de ities of a ll th se ce re m o nie s were chthonic . I n e r s ro s s r e na c es h e o s s e u ve y ca e , P fe o R i h believ , t bl w rved to p rify 71 r - r the wors hipper a nd t o a ct a s a fe tility cha m . We a re now ready t o interpret the ritu a lis tic s ign ifica nce of the 60 The Luperca li a

h e es a of u no Ca ro tina c n h blows in t f tiv l J p , whi h occu rred o t e

f . a a a u s in a m s u s None s o J u ly At the C pr e P l , the C pu M a rti ,

m e n f La u m e m a s a es c a n e d t he wo o ti , tog ther with the fe le l v , ex h g i ta u n ts a nd threw s tones a t one a no the r n a s or t of m ock ba ttle .

n r a fi - e — o r oa - fi t h e ca ri cu — as e Then , u de wild g tre g t g , p fi s they fe t d m a e t o no Ca rotina o ffe r n h e r m a nd pa id ho g J u p , i g the ilky j u i ce "2 73 ee . a r s a s a cu t ra nc s rom s re of the tr V r o y th t they b he f thi t e , is em n t o a s s o a s a m a a s ta tem en t which it t pti g ci te with the h b ttle , a s indica ting tha t the women bela bored one a nother with thes e " r s witches a s a fe rtility cha m . We ha ve no direct s ta te men t t o this effect ; y e t the pro m inence in the cerem ony o f the goa t a n d 75 ca i cus c a s a s a n m m r u s o the pr fi , whi h w l o e ble of fe tility , give g od rea s on t o be lieve tha t the pu rpose of t h e r ite wa s t o increas e p ro d uctiv ity . s e wa s he li c r Prelimina ry t o thi f s tiva l t P op fugia , which o cu r ed “ I r e ither o n the s a me d a y or two da ys ea rlier . t s dis tinctive fea tu e wa s a ha s ty a nd dis o rde rly flight of the people awa y from the Ca pra e " 7 in a na n f s e a e n Pa lus . Legend told , expl tio o thi rit , th t , wh

o n lus tra tio of c z n r Rom u lu s wa s h ldi g a the iti e s , he dis a ppea ed "8 n r n e in r . n du ring a s udde s to m , a d the peopl fled ter or Followi g n i the s ugges tion o f this lege d , Schwegler i nte rpre ted th e P op l fu gia ” 80 h n . a s a lu s tra l rite . This view as wo cons idera ble fa vor As

r e a o c m on P o lifu ia is o in elli a lu s tra l , o xpi t ry ere y , the p g wh lly t

l D . o c m a s ou on a c a gib e . r F wler o p re it with the B ph i , whi h we h ve 81 n n n ec es a h e e n t h e a lready exam i ed , a d co j tu r th t t pri s t a d people

e a r s om s m s a r e a n for h e a t Rom e m ay hav fled fte e i ila r c ific , d t

n . a no s was s c a a r a s am e reas o Su ch rite , he te , e pe i lly pprop i te nn n o f u n a n n o in J u ly , a t the begi i g the he lthy s eas o , whe the pe ple m 82 were s ee ki ng to pro tect the s e lves from ev il powers . Tha t in e e a to c f pro tection ga ed , th y w re re dy re eive the gift o fertility

r i n by the celebra tio n o f th e Ca p ot ne No es .

r n i rr c P o lif i n n C If this in terp e ta tio s co e t , the p ug a a d No ae a p rotinae a re s im ila r to the Lu pe rcalia bo th in mea ning a nd in ritua l

83 r r a m e f e n o s acts . Ea ch fes tival occu ed a t ti o y a r whe the p wer of evil were a broad ; ea ch h a d a ritu a l flight a nd blows as a prom i

L c a s c o a s nent fea tu re . At t h e u per a lia w s a rificed a g a t , which w h o No n the s a cred a nim a l o f J u no Ca p rotina . T e r ite f the a e Ca p rotinae wa s celebra ted u nde r a ca prifi cu s ; a nd ha rd by the

r nc e n a nd n a e fi - r Fi cu s Lup erca l was a nothe a i t ve er t d g t ee , the The S a cred Goat i n I ta ly 61

I - s h Lu a a Rumi na li s . s it poss ible tha t any of the cu lt act of t e perc li were s u gges ted by the a ncien t fes tiva l of J uno a t the Ca prae Pa lu s !

n n o f oa -s n d id no t Accordi g to the lege ds , the blows the g t ki becom e a pa rt of the Lu percalia u nt il after the Rom a ns h ad u nited n n n on w m a c em n with the Sa bi es , whe a additi as de to the er o y n n e n L n no rotina u der the i flu ce of J u no uci a . She , like J u Cap , f “ n t e u n was a god des s o fecu ndity . Her s acred grove o h Es q ili e was one of the oldes t a nd mos t venera ted s hrines in the whole 85 To m u u n hi r city . this grove , Ov id s a ys , Ro l s a d s people repa i ed n for help when th e ir Sa bine wives proved u nfr u itful . As they be t n l n i s u pp ica tio before the s hrine , there ca me from the depths “ of o t he n e L cr oa n n o the f res t s tra g words , e t the s a ed g t e ter i t ” n m n n a n n a u e a. a the Italia wo e . Thereu po Etru s ca ug r s l w go t , n cut the hide i nto pieces , a nd ba de the wom e s u bm it to blows from h T n nd t e s trip s . hus their cu rs e of ba rre nes s w as removed , a “ h n r i n L n n s t a ks we e g ve to J u no ucina . To have a y poi t , thi s n - r n a rec l tory m u s t be bas ed u po cult practices , o a t leas t u po o n f n L n v lectio o them , employed a t t he s hrine of J u o uci a . E idently s he h a a e l a f L n v iu o f e d vailed hers f, s did he r s is ter o a u m , the lif n - u givi g power of the goa t s kin , a nd by blows from it as s red t o h r f e devotees the hope o children . Ovid te ll s this s tory a t the conclu s 1on of his accou n t of the

Lu r a in s r s s u es s pe ca li , which , by a e ie of qu es tions , he clea rly gg t “ the e n he . e s e s d velopme t of t fes tiva l He begins , T ll m e , ye M u , ” wha t w a s the o rigin of this sa cred rite ! a nd re plies tha t it was 87 fo n i r n n r a unded by Eva der n hono of P a n . Ovid the i qu i es wh t “ ” caus ed the race : Why d o the Lu perci ru n na ked ! a nd tells in 88 ans wer t h e s tory of Rom ulu s a nd Rem us pu rs u in g the los t ca ttle . He the n expla ins the na m es Lu perca l a nd Lu perca lia by te lling “ he r of the res cue of Ru m u lu s a nd Rem u s by the wolf . Abou t t ite “ of o s s a s t o a n : a re ou the bl w , Ovid y you g wife Oh bride , why y wa n ! Not o n s n r a rs nor m a c iti g by p te t herb , o by pr ye , by gi n n n i ca nta tio s s ha ll you becom e a m other . Receive with pa tie ce ’ the s of r s a n e s om blow the fecund hide , a nd you hu b d s fa th r ha ll bec e a Thus Ovid introdu ces the fou rth po in t in his d es cription of the Lu perca lia — the u se a nd the power of t he goa t s n e e n ki . H expla ins tha t po in t by telling t h s tory give a bove of ’

o r n n . I n s a R mu lus s vis it to the s h i e of J u o Lucina thi t le , Ovid fo o s e s e e rs s L n s s o s a a ll w th a m v ion a ivy a d Serviu , who a l t te th t 62 The Luperca lia

Rom u lu s in itia ted the rite of blows in order to free the Sa bine 91 women from ba rrennes s . ’ A e na rra n a n a c ua a c s a e is r e s s t h tio of t l f t , Ovid t l wo thl s ; b u t as a n indica tion of kins hip betw ee n t h e fe s tiva ls of J u no a nd t h e

Lu e rca a a nd of a os s a r ra ns e re nc cu - ra e s p li , p ible e ly t f e of lt p ctic ,

i i r e it is ill u m ina ting . It s n a cco d with wha t w ha ve s ee n in Gree k religion tha t t h e cu lt of the wolf- god s hou ld ha ve been in tim e

i e r e - pa rtia lly overla d by t h itua l of t h goa t g od . Sin ce the Lu pe r

n em on s u n h a d a s we a e e n m n ca lia a d the cer ia l of J o , h v s e , a y poin ts . f ne s s u a een e na u a for ns o like , it wo ld h ve b v ry t r l the Rom a t o see k t o m a ke their goa t- s a crifice m ore poten t by a dding t o it t h e

- pra ctices of the nea r by s hrines of J u no . s he m n of t h e es a a n n If s u ch wa t develop e t f tiv l , the ch ge did o t

e m r u m r oblite ra te t h e origina l c re on ia l , b u t b o ght in to o e direc t con ta ct with the peo ple the potency of the s a crificia l goa t : t h e

es t rom t he s n of m Lu perci now wore girdl cu f ki the victi , a nd

i n s s of t h e s a m s n w ca rried n their ha ds trip e ki , with hich they 92 s m ote the w omen . He nce their ra ce a bou t the city no longe r

r u a m ea ns of ca rr n e r s eem ed a l u s t a l flight , b t yi g f tility t o the

l r m n w a s e r a th e n r people . Th e o d ce e o ia l thus ov l id by ew itu a l .

- nu b u t e r m a n n a r e Th e a ncie n t cu lt a cts conti ed , th i e i g w s la g ly ” cha nged . The fu nda m en ta l cha ra cte r of J u no wou ld ha ve m a de it ve ry i i L a na tu ra l fo r h e r t o w n a pla ce n the u perc lia , for s h e wa s in

i r n s e a n Lu e rca . u no es s en ce a nd n o igi clo ly ki to p J wa s , Va rro “ ” “ e a enc s he wa s m r a n m of a tells u s , the rth , h e e ely other for th t

s m e in the o . B u chthonic power w hich w a a ls o e bodi d w lf t , wherea s

n a s n a r roe no ca m e n th e wolf ea rly s a k t o eco d y l , J u be highly ho ored

f e n ra a nd in h e r r u m a n ro re throu gh the w hole o c t l It ly , a , t i ph t p g s s ,

e m a n e es rs u t s s e r m u s t ha ve a s s im ila t d y d iti like he elf , b le pow fu l . ’ u n n n L Su ch w as the fa te of Va ler ia Lu p e rca . J o s i va s io of the u pe r

‘

r r is m e r a c a ra c e r s c nc n h e r ca r e . ca lia , the efo e , ely h t i ti i ide t of e r

in c th e Lu e ca a wa s ce e a e u a r The m on th whi h p r li l br ted , F br y , 95 96 n c o s a m on s t o u no . u n wa s sa cred t o the chtho i g d , g other , J J o

e ru a r m on u r ca on wa s a ls o a s s ocia t d with Feb y , the th of p ifi ti , by “ ” 7 u rifi r Th e oa -s n on s he r title of F ebru a ta , the P e g t ki th g with which the Lu perci ga ve fe rtility t o th e people were a ls o thou ght

u r on a n r ca e a mi cu la of a s a m ea ns of p ifica ti , d we e ll d ’ m s u r v e t he c a s s s e e nc u n Tha t na e , ely , gi s le re t po ibl vide e of J o s

64 The Luperca lia

6 . Ver . Aen . . 8 1 Serv . a d Ver . Aen . . 8 1 ro . ad Ver . G e or . g , , 7 ; g , , 7 47, ; P b g , g ,

1 . 1 us t . . 1 . 8 s d . Ori . 8 . . . 0 ; J , 43 ; I i , g , 1 1 87

- . Cor . Glos s . v 1 8 . 1 2 0 Ot o in u l i w v i 20 8 . 7 p , , 9 9 , ; t , Pa y W sso a , , 5

8 . . r . eor 1 1 0 . Prob ad Ve g , G g . , .

. Wis s owa R . K . 2 1 F owl r R . F . 2 8 . 9 , , 3 ; e , , 5

1 0 A . rv . a V r . n . 8 2 . p Se d e g , Ae , . 75 .

1 1 . N D 1 . . . , 3 . 5

1 2 . Vit . . 2 . . r , 3 3

F w r R . F 2 1 3 . o le , . , 58 .

W rn ke in Ro h r 1 0 . 1 . c s c e 4 e i , , iii , 4 7

1 . Schwe ler 2 2 n . 2 re ller 80 om m s en H . R . 2 0 8 Wis s o w a 5 g , i , 3 7 ; P , i , 3 ; M , , i , ; , - Ma r u rd d n s Lu r us w h F u nus L r s R . K 2 1 0 1 2 a t t c t a . u c u . q (iii , 43 9) i e ifie pe i p e is re a rd ed a s a n e t h et of F a u nu s b t t o in a ul -Wis s owa vi g pi y O ( P y , ,

- Roscher a nd H ld in Dar mbe r Sa lio Dr . F owler h o w (i , i ( e g g , iii , ,

e r d oes not be l e t h t F a u nu w s h d e of he Lu e rca l R . F . 1 ev , i ve a s a t e it y t p ia ( , 3 3 , o D Roma n I d ea s f eity ,

1 6 . us t . . 1 . J , 43 . 7

1 . us t . . 1 . h ou h us t n me nt ons F a unus in t he s ect ons mmed a t e l 7 J , 43 7 T g J i i i i i y efore nd m m e at el a fter t h e on c t ed h s ea ks of h im onl a s t h e kin o f b a i d i y e i , e p y g wh w l om d E v a n e It a ly o e c e d r. Fa s t 2 1 1 8 . O v . , , . 93 .

I n h s ex la na t on h av e clos el followed Dr . Wa rd e F owler R . F . 1 9 . t i p i , I y ( ,

is . 2 0 . or . d . 1 8 omn H , O 3 . ,

2 1 . Ros ch er 1 1 . , , 455

Ma cr . I 2 L F ls . Reli . 1 . 2 2 1 . 1 . 2 2 Arno . a d v. ent. . 1 8 a ct . d e a . 2 . b , G , 5 ; , g , ; , 5 . — r A n . 1 O v . Fa s t . 6 66 lut . N um . 1 2 i r . 8 . 2 e . e 8 3 . V t , 3 . ; V g , , 7 . ; , , 4 49 ; P , , 5 ;

1 d V r . Aen . . 1 s d Ori . 8 . 1 1 . r . Ver . eor . 1 . Serv . a e 8 8 P ob a d g , G g , 0 ; g , , 7 ; I i g , 7 ;

Cor . Gl os s v 1 . 1 1 6 . p , , 99 5 ,

Fa s . 2 1 P lu t . Nu m . 1 . 2 4. O v . , t , 3 9 ; , , 5

r h d Hor . d . . 1 8 . 1 . 2 5 . Po p y r . a , O , 3 3

S h hor t es c t ed in not e 1 . 2 6 . ee t e a ut i i i 5

2 . r . Aen . 8 . . 7 . Serv a d Ve g , , 3 43

2 8 . See p . 3 7.

2 A . P lu t Rom . 2 1 . 9 . p . , , ’ s u of h e na m e F a u nus a s t h e e u va le nt of P a n L cae us h a s a lrea d 3 0 . O v id se t q i y y

b ee n cons id ered (se e p .

— o in or . S cri t. E ccles . La t. xxxv 6 . 1 . G ela s . a d v. And r m . C 3 , , p p , , 453 4

w K . 2 1 1 . 2 . Wis s o a R . 3 , ,

1 0 1 H ron . a I s . 1 . d . Ori . 8 . 1 1 . 0 e d 1 . 2 R l Na m . 1 . 2 s 1 . 3 3 . ut i . , 3 4; I i , g , 3 , 4; i , 3

S 1 3 4. ee p . 6 .

Ma r ua rd t P relle r 8 Ros ch e r 1 1 2 82 2 S ch we ler . 3 5 . q , iii , 43 9 ; , i , 3 7 ; , , ; g i , 3 5 4.

1 O v . Fa s t 1 . Liv . 1 . . 1 on s . 1 . 60 . r . Aen . 8 . 3 6 . Ve g , , 5 ; , , 545 ; , 5 ; Di y , 3 ;

8 . . 2 8 . . P lut . P hilo . 1 8 . 2 . 1 . 3 ; P a us . , 43 ; 44 5 ; , p ,

D e Sa nct s S tori a d ei Roma ni 1 1 . 3 7 . i , , i , 9

Tzet zes a d L c0 h . 2 . 8 D on s . 2 . 1 . a us . 8 . . 2 3 . i y , 3 ; P , 43 ; , y p , 77

- — Ro ert in a ul Wiss owa v i 8 0 . 3 9 . b , P y , , 3 9 4 The S a cred Goa t i n I ta ly 65

0 D on s . 1 . 2 . 2 . 4 . i y , 3

r . eor . 1 . 1 0 . 41 . Serv . ad Ve g , G g ,

L k rs hon d e s klas s is chen Alterturns 8 F owler R . F . 2 8 n 1 . 42 . ub e , Real lexi , 3 4 ; , , 5 .

D Sa nc s i 1 2 . 43 . e t i , , 9

D on s 1 . . S als 1 . 1 8 . 44. i y . , 79 ee o 3 , 9

n . . Ann 1 . 1 M r . V ct . L Liv . 1 . 8 o s . 1 Tac. . 1 a G. 45. , . 7 ; Di y , 3 3 4; , , 4; i ,

vi 2 . 1 v i 1 . 1 6 . , 3 4; , 94

N . H . . 1 46. , 7 93 .

. Liv . 1 . . Ver . Aen . 8 . 1 02 on s . 1 . es t . 26 . 47 , 7 3 ; g , , ; Di y , 3 3 ; F , 9

r . A 8 . 6 . 48. Ve g , en . , 3 3

S chw l r reller 11 1 . 49. eg e , i , 3 59 ; P , , 34 — 0 Liv . 1 . . 8 O v . Fas t 1 . 00 on s . 1 . 2 a ul . ex es t . 1 0 1 . 5 . , 7 ; , , 479 5 ; Di y , 3 , 3 3 ; P F ,

5 1 . See p . 46 n . 88 .

. i n s . 1 . . 2 . L v . 1 . Ver . Aen . 8 o 5 i , 5 ; g , , 3 44; D y , 79

6 1 . 53 . See p .

I h m in Ros ch r 1 1 Wiss owa R . K . 1 88 . 54. , e , , 595 ; , ,

r illo . 55 . G a t , 4

- - - D r m r Sa lio Fi . 1 8 88 Ros cher 1 1 Fi . on . 606 . 56. a e be g g , iii , g 4 5 ; , , g pp 9

N . D . 1 . 2 . 57. , 8

- — Da e mber Sa lio Fi . 1 86 1 88 a ckenz e rete 1 60 . 58 . r g g , iii , g 4 , 4 ; M i , C , 59

- Da r m er Sa lio Fi . 1 86 1 88 Ros cher Fi . on . 60 8 60 . 59 . e b g g , iii , g 4 , 4 ; , ii , g pp , 9 0 - 1 60 . P r p . , 4. 8 . 3 4.

- a r r lio Fi . 1 8 . 61 . D embe g Sag , iii , g 4 7

2 Liv . 8 . 1 . 6 . , 4

6 Liv . 2 . 0 . 1 0 . . . 3 . , 3 3 ; 34 53 3

- F or a s ur v of t h s er od see . 8 . 64. ey i p i , p 7 9

- h r M th . Fors ch 1 0 . 6 . a nn a d t . 5 M , y , 1 3 4

66 . S ee p . 55 .

6 us . 8 2 . 1 . 7 . Pa , . 3

h 6 or r v. 68 . Hes y c . , M p o M For 2 n h rd t th s ch . 0 . 69 Ma n a , y . , 9

0 us . . 1 6 . . 7 . Pa , 3 7

- 1 . Cultes 1 80 . h s v ew is also ex res sed b a rnell v a nd b 7 , i , 3 T i i p y F ( , y

ev ons Hi st . Rel . a e nd x t o ch . J ( , pp i

2 P l m . S ilv . C. I . L. 2 6 Va r . L. L . 6 . 1 8 lut . Rom . 2 id . Cant 7 . o e , , i , 9 ; , , ; P , , 9 ; , n M r 1 6 0 3 3 ; Auso . d e Fer . , 9 ; ac . , 1 . 1 . 3 , 4 .

r L L. 6 . 1 8 . 73 . Va . , . ,

F owler R . F . 1 F ra zer 1 1 1 . 74. , , 79 ; , , 3 7

Schwe le r 2 F ra zer 1 1 1 . 75 . g , i , 3 4; , 3 7

- 6. P lu t . Rom . 2 G lbert 1 2 1 H ld in D a re mb er S a lio iv . 7 , , 9 ; i , , 9 ; i , g g , , 579

r L L . 6 . 1 8 77 . Va . , . , .

8 . Liv . 1 1 6 D on s . 2 6 P lut Rom . 2 id . Ca nt . 7 , . ; i y , . 5 ; , 9 ; , 3 3

R 2 - 79 . . G. , i , 53 5 .

80 . I t is a cce t ed b G lbert b Ma r ua rd t a nd b Fowler p y i (i , y q (iii , y

R. F 1 ( . , 75 8 1 S . ee p . 2 3 . 66 The Luperca lia

2 R F 6 8 . . . , 1 7 . Th e s m r t of r a l f 83 . i ila i y it u a ct s b et wee n t h ese t wo es t iva ls a nd t he Luper ca lia h a s bee n not ed b Schwe ler b H ld in Da re mber - lio iv y g (i , y i ( g Sa g , , an b I h m in Roscher d y ( , ii , 8 H ld in Da rember - Sa lio iii 68 4. i , g g , , 5 .

8 . Va r . L . L . . r ller 2 . 5 , , 5 49 ; P e , i , 73

— 86 . Fa s t 2 2 . Ov , , . 4 9 49 .

- 8 Fas t 2 2 . 7 . , . 69 79

— 88 . Fa st 2 2 8 80 . S a lso . 6 n . 1 . , . 3 3 ee p 4 9 8 Fa s t 2 8 1 — 2 2 9 . , . 3 4 .

0 Fas t 2 . 2 . 9 . , 4 5

1 . Liv . . Ge la s . ad o. And rom 1 2 S erv . a d Ver . Aen . 8 . 9 a p , , ; g , , . 3 43

2 h Rom . 2 1 nd ler s Ma ximus 2 2 h h Lu r P lutarc a Va u . . sa t a t t e e c 9 . ( , ) i ( 9) y p i

s mot e all whom t he met . Th s ma well ha v e ee n t h e or nal ra ct ce b u t y i y b igi p i ; , s nce t h e r t e had es ec a l s n ca nce for women t he w r oft en t hou ht of a i i p i ig ifi , y e e g s t h e onl y celeb ra nt s . i o bl t h h h 93 . I t s q u it e p ss i e at a t t is t ime t e s t oning of t h e Lu perc1 (see p p . '

0 1 wa s d ont nued . S nce t h e ra ce of t h e r es t s ms now d rect d wh ll 4 , 4 ) isc i i p i s ee i e o y wa r h f of fert l t t he a ct of s t on n no lon r h n o n t o d t e gi t i i y , i g ge as a y p i t . L L 6 6 94 1 5 5 . 7

L d e Mens . 2 Ma cr . Sol n 1 0 d . . . . 95 . y , , 4 5 ; , i 4

e Wis s owa R . K . 1 8 r o h n n 6 L . Mens . 2 . n d d . e ma rks t s ca 9 . y , , 4 5 ( , 5) e ig ifi ce ' of t he d d ca t on d a s of uno s t em les t h e one in t h e F oru m Holit orium n e i i y J p , be i g d ed ca t d on t h e rs t of F eb rua r a nd t h e one t o uno Luc na on t h rs o f i e fi y , J i e fi t r h i ns rs it mor h n a n n o Ma c . W ssowa co id e e t a coi cid e ce t ha t t h ese t wo d ed ica t i n s f ll on t h wo a l nd s t ha were nea res t o h L r l d a y e e t K e t t t e u pe ca ia .

P a ul . ex F es t . 8 a rt . Ca . 2 . 1 . 97 . , 5 ; M p , 49

8 P a ul ex F es t . 8 9 . . , 5 . CHAP TE R VI I

THE DOG AS A SAC RED ANI MAL I N GREECE

O ne of the fea tu res of the Lu pe rca lia which h as arous ed th e g r ea t es t a m ou nt of s chola rly s pecu la tion is t he use of a dog as

a v t . u was n u in l s a crifici l ic im S ch a s a crifice very u us al , both Ita y a n d in Greece . A s u rvey of th e places in which it was em ployed a n d the interp reta tion which was given t o it wi ll as s is t u s to u nde r i n in s ta n d ts s ignifica ce the Lu pe rcal ia . Ev en in Pelas gian tim es the dog s ee ms to ha ve been venera ted

as a s acred anima l in certai n pa rts o f the Aegean wo rld . Becaus e of t h e frequ en t occu rrence of the figure of a dog on the hierogly phic n a a sea ls of Crete , Sir Arthu r Eva s believes th t the dog was s cred x to n n wa ne n th e Mi oa goddes s , thou gh it s o of the les s importa t

of the m any anim als tha t were a ttached to her . At a la ter per iod ’ the d og m ade his way in to the Cre ta n m yths of Apollo . Cydonia n o n a n n was s a id to hav e bee f u ded by s o of Apollo , Cydo , who , ’ n u . T e n n whe a ba be , was s ckled by a dog his l ge d was repres e ted ‘ u n n f ni . I n h po t h e coi s o Cydo a P aes t os , too , th e d og was as s o ‘ ci ls n n ated with Apollo , a d a dog a ppeared u pon the co i s of P h aes tos . i Sim ila rly , n Car ia , Apoll o was s a id t o hav e as s um ed the form of " i Th in l a d og when he begot Telm s s us . e d og a ppea rs a ls o the a ter m h t v n a i i n n yths of Zeus , w o was s a id o ha e bee g u rd ed n h s i fa cy 3 b n . n no n y a golde dog a s well as by a goa t I a ther a ccou t , the ’ nurse of Zeus was nam ed Cynos u ra . I n Hellenic times the deity wh o wa s m os t clos ely as s ocia ted l o with th e o f T r e . T o T a an s d og was Heca te, h ac h ugh the hr ci of h n a nha n o is torical times were proba bly Arya s , the e rly i bita ts f 1 1 the land were Pelas gians . They wors hipped th e cha racteris tic

e - h n n n u n th arth deity of t e Pelas gia s , a d profou dly infl e ced e re " ” li i n n c n g o of the invaders . Heca te was m a rkedly chtho i , a d “ belonged u ndou btedly to an ancien t religiou s s tra tum . I n a rt and in litera tu re Heca te is cons ta ntly repres ented as dog- s ha ped “ r o as accompanied by a d og . Her a pproach was hera lded by th e ’ h in “ a n owl g of a dog . The dog was Heca te s regul r s acrificia l a im a l , 1 7 and was often ea ten in s olem n s acram en t . Plutarch u s es two words which giv e the dominant characteris tics 68 The Luperca lia

1 8 n i r ' a h of Heca te : xflovia a d cfl orpoi roi ioi ; th t is , s e was a godde s s

f n a n of ca on . o h o the u derwor ld d pu rifi ti At the cros s r ads , whic

e e a c d s of ions m en u h w r regul rly s a re to god the lower reg , s o g t n 1 8 h l com m u nica tio with Heca te . She ad the s ou s of the d ea d under 1 9 h r e a a nd a s a na u a re u a n ll e s pecia l ch rge , , t r l s lt , w s i voked by a ’ n 20 who worked in m a gic a d witchcra ft . He m te s lus tra l power e c o u h the s ac ce o h beca m e op ra tive hiefly thr g rifi f a d og , whic , n ll n Plu ta rch s ay s , ea rly a the Greeks employed as a mea s of pu ri 1 fi i n 8 T in ono of n u r ca t o . hus , h r Heca te , s lai p ppies were ca rie d

u a nd e r u t s r a n on ho n n thro gh a city , w e s ed o t ike y e w was i eed 21 a n n m n a ns a n a n of cle s i g . A o g the Boeoti d the Maced oni s a d o g n n n n 22 was cu t as u d er, a d pers o s walked betwee t h e pa rts . ” ca a c n an n s em s He te w s o s t tly ide tified by the Greek with Art i , a nd wa s frequently grouped with Dem ete r a nd with o ther primi v a on s uc a P a n n n tive powers of eget ti , h s , Dio ys us , Cybele , a d a n he l Pri pus . As goddes s of the u d erworld , s was natura l y as s o 24 c s n n e H e . h i ted with , or eve ide tifi d with , ad s a nd Pers ephone T e n goddes s es of wom e , r em ai n s , and E it wvel a , were regarded a s "5 v e m a n r o i i . ry s i ila r to Heca te , d ece ived a d g n s acr fice As a

e r n m i d ity of pu ifica tio , Heca te ca e to be honored n the Orphi c ”6 n n he f Hym s beyo d a ll o ther gods . Ultim a tely t cu lt o Heca te l 27 n s pread throu ghou t the Greek wo r d . Mys terious and a lie goddes s t n n tha t s he was , Heca te appea led o the im a gina tio a s o e who cou ld

r s ave m en from ev e y form of ev il . n u n e l a It was a atura l s eq e c of the cu t of Heca te , or perh ps a n n n en ev o m n of s a ea d o a i depe d t d el p e t the m e id , tha t the g bec me the a n im a l in whos e fo rm the powers of the unde rworld e s pecially n a ppeared . I n ancie t times the dead were thou ght by the Greeks to a n m o f a r n vis it the e rth i the for s e pe t , b u t la ter they were 2 m a a 8 n believed to as s u e the s h pe of d og as well . Th e daemo of s n e acco r n a en o n s Pe tile c too , di g to leg d , ce di guis ed hims elf as n l a h n a o d begg r ; b ut when the begga r ad bee s toned to dea th , i n n l i i ” T t was a M olos s ia hou d tha t ay n h s place . he s am e id ea

m a a a t on a t s n c s ee s the b s is of celebr i Argo , i whi h on a certain n n “0 d ay in th e hot s eas o m e killed all the d ogs that they m et . The fact tha t every dog tha t was s een was killed indica tes tha t they

r n r f r n r n n we e ot lus t al o fe i gs , b u t the pe s o ifica tio of pes tilence . m n n in f Th e dog w a s pro i e t the cult o Aes cu la pius . Cer ta in legend s tell tha t when a ba be he was res cu ed a nd s u ckled by a The Dog a s a S acred Animal i n Greece 69

‘ll “ u s an c ns him acc m an ed a d o . At d og . S ta t e d oi s how o p i by g in a en n the t em ples of Aes cu la pius , dogs were tt dance , a d we re n n “ believed to heal th e s ick by licki g them with their to gues . I n Athens figu rines o f dogs were brought as v otive oflerings t o the “ i and a d o wa ai av o ec ed the t eas u s Asklepe um , g s s d to h e pr t t r re ” there from theft . n T l The wors hip of Aes cula pius origi a ted in hes s a y , which at a “ e n n s r m T a T l very ea rly da te was ov rru by ba d f o hr ce . he o des t e e in the na seats of h e a h sites of th e cult w r origi l t L p iths , t e Phlegyas ,

" - “ e l ro an . i and th e Minya e , who w re a l p Ary s Aes culap us was an - i n hi a a e hi n ar earth deity , as s s how by s or cul r pow r , s heali g t , a nd

- ” t hi es . I n his l t the cult practices a s s hrin cu t , he power of th e dog me l n to ward ofl evil beca imited to freei g people from d is eas e . n an h h I n a few s porad ic i s t ces , other deities ad t e dog as a s acred s animal . To th e Thracia n Ares d og were s acrificed by the Caria ns 4 0 n l and th e Spa rta ns . I both these p aces th e cult was a Thracian t one im e e un product . Ca ria was a t ov rr by Phry gians from Thrace ,

- ‘l and the cu lt of Heca te was deep rooted thore . Spa rta seems t o n ult i have gai ed the Ares c from Boeotia , to which t was car ried

- “ from Thrace in p ro Helle nic times .

The Thracian cult of the d og s pread even to S icily . I t s chief c n e was in the n - n c n f th n e ter th re orth wes ter or e r o e is la d , which , a t l shortly a fter the f ll of Troy , i seem s , was co onized by th e Ely h c a m e es cen T n mians , w o l i d d t from either the roj a s or the Phrygians . a n e an a an f h Dr . Freem , aft r cu te a lys is o t e evidence a bout th e o n h s e e a nd h e m n h n rigi of t i p opl of t od er t eories co cerning them , h a e o concludes t at they prob bly cam fr m Wes te rn As ia Minor, non- l n and tha t they were He le ic, but had eviden tly been in early nn ll ‘s d ays clos ely co ected with He as . All t his s eem s to clas s the n n an Elymia s as o e of the Pelas gi peoples of As ia Minor . Legend expla ined the Ely mian s ettlemen ts in Sicily by th e n T L n s tory tha t whe roy , in the days of a om ed o , was harried by a

m n c a n T an u t o a hi sea o s ter , a ert i roj s o ght s ve s daughters from le m n n m poss ib s ac rifice to the o s ter by s e ding the to Sicily. When in they arrived there they es ta blis hed , gra titude , a tem ple on Mount “ Eryx to Aphrodite . This Aphrodite is ca lled by Lycophron the ” Z er n h n y t ia M other. Tzetzes explai ns tha t s h e was th e Aphrodite

of h a n er n h u s an a h n T race d Z y t , d th t s e had a sa cred cave on Z ery "5 ’ n m s n thus . I as uch a this is la d wa s fa m ous as a s ea t of Heca te s 70 The Lu perca lia

D m n e e Z e r nthia n o e wo rs hip , r . Free a beli v s that the y Aphr dit “6 r a n a m n na m . was e ely a other e for Heca te At y r te, the dog w a s

a n s s ue a t s o s s a cred to Aphrodite of Eryx , for coi i d by th t ci y h w ‘7 Aphrodite on one s ide a nd a b ou nd on the other . The venera tion which the E ly mia ns had for the dog a ppea rs a in n ne e m a ns nam e s a ls o the lege d tha t o of the xiled ide , ed S ge t ,

n - rim is s a n vis e won the love of the Sicilia river god C u , d tha t he it d i m m A . h m s h a es te s her in the form of a dog By e bec e the other of g , ‘8 n a n E n ella . Th s who fou ded the cities of Seges ta , Eryx , d t i e legend figured promine ntly on the coins of th Elym ia ns . O f twe nt y - fiv e coins of Se ges ta w hich are lis ted in the Hun teria n e n all e s n a s a on n e coll ctio , except t wo r pre e t the he d of Sege t o “ m es m n s ide a nd a d og on t h e othe r . Someti the d og a cco pa ies a

you thfu l h u n ter . Both d og a nd hu n ter a re in terpreted as re p r e “ s senta tions of the river Crimis u s . Other s ym bol tha t often a ppea r

- n h e ns r a a n n o a ea a n . Th o t coi a e a whee l , gr i pla t , r h d of gr i e ’ la tter t wo s eem to indica te tha t in Sicily th e dog s a potro pa ic 5 0 power was enlis ted in th e protection of the crops . The cult of the dog ea r ly a ppea red in the eas te rn pa rt of Sicily as a s n a s m e well in the wes tern . Co i s of Syr cus e , o of which were 51 ss e o e s n . n of m a rs n i ued b f r 500 B . C . , repre e t a dog O e the be o a c h one s ide the head of Apollo . This m ay ea s ily be n e ho of t e ” r a n as s n f o w o o s n acu s e h a C et ocia tio o the d g ith Ap ll , i ce Syr d “ n e n in no n a s clos e con ections with Cret , eve Mi a d y At the foot of u n a s he s n ra nos e r one ou s a n Mo t Etn wa t hri e of Ad , wh e th d

s r r n n dog were kept . The y we e the gua dia s o f the tem ple , gu idi g a nd ro e m s r n off n t h p t cting righte ou s pilgri , b u t d ivi g or killi g e “4 m n r . re n s a n wicked . Adra os is in te preted by Dr F e a a n a cien t

fir - o f n a na of t h e n m u n e god the Sicu li , a d tu ral produ ct volca ic o “ T i r ta in . he re s nothing to indica te tha t Ad a nos was ever thou ght

- of a s d o s a no r a s a d s a cr h im . Th e h a g h ped , w og ificed to dog d , e r th re fo e , a les s intim a te pla ce in h is cu lt tha n in those of t h e

El m ian s a n r a e ea m a n y deitie , d wa s p oba bly n A g n i port tio which a w s gra fted u pon the cu lt of the Siculia n god . By the da ys of T m o e n a n s s s u ll o i l o , Adr o wa wor hipped thro gh a Sicily ; acc rd in l a e m e r - e n g y , ft r the M a e rtines ov rran No th Eas t r Sicily , the y frs u n n n e r o s n a “ q e tly repres e ted o th i c ins the head of Adrano a d d og . The cu lt of the d og wa s honored a mong the Pelas gia ns of Crete a nd T a h it o m n in r l of hr ce , b u t ad s chief devel p e t the la tte p ace .

The Luperca lia

1 8 . R . 1 1 1 . . Q , M 2 6 H k n h i l - 1 E t . a . 6 . ec e ac n P a u is sowa n 2 8 9 . y g , 44; b , y W , v , 77 . H t w s t h e a t ron d e t of t h r Med A h 20 . eca e a e s o ceres s ea . R od . . 8 1 p i y ( p , 3 4 3 ;

- Med . See als o Rohd e 8 G ru 1 2 2 n 1 E u r . . e . , , 3 95 , , ii , 75 7 ; pp , 7 .

2 1 P lut . . R . 68 1 1 1 . . , Q , ,

R . 1 1 1 Cu rt . 1 0 . . 1 2 2 2 P lu t . . . . , Q , ; , 9 - 2 . Serv . a d . 1 1 G ru e 1 2 8 Heck n ach in P l 3 4 5 ; pp , 9 ; e b , a u y Wis s owaa , 0 vii, 2 77 .

1 2 1 n 1 Heckenb a ch in P l -Wi w 1 — 2 . G r u e , . ; , a u sso a v 1 2 0 ; F a rneL- pp 9 y , , 7 l 4 7 3 ,

1 1 1 2 . , 5

H h . F ev r vkki . t . R . 2 s c e 2 5 . P lu , Q. , 5 ; e y , s

D t er h De h mni s or hici s . 2 6 . ie ic , y p , 44

— F a rnell 02 8 . 2 7 . , ii . 5

- 2 8 G r u e 1 0 80 . The d o Cer erus seem s t o h av n . pp , 4 , 3 4 g b e bee a la i s d ev elopm e nt t ha t a ros e from t h e peculia r use of t he word d og in t h e se nse o f

- s rva nt. See u rba ch in Darember Sa lio 0 I m m isch in Ro h i i e D , g g , iii, 5 3 ; , s c er , ,

1 1 3 3 .

2 P hilos t rat us A olloni us o T ana . 1 0 . 9 . , p f y , 4 A el . N . A 3 0 . ,

F 0 La . v 1 P a us . 2 6 . a ul . ex es t 1 1 ct Di 1 0 1 3 . , . 4 4; P ; , . . .

2 P a u s 2 2 2 Hea d 6 . 3 . . , . 7 . ; , 3 9 A M tth o x 2 D b n r De i ncubat ion n th i v l v . e u e e . I 3 3 . . . ii , 45 , , 3 9 E pid a urus h d o wa s la r el re la d b t he s a cred a n ma ls of t ha t re on t h n t e g g y p ce y i gi , e s e rpe t

n he oa t P a u s . 2 2 2 . 2 . a d t g ( , . 6 . 4; 7 M h M - 1 a rt a Cat . us . Ath . No . 1 6 . 3 4. , , 9 7 A l N e H . 3 5 . . , . , 7 . 1 3 . W n T n 2 a ce a d hom s o 2 . 3 6. p , 3

- Th ra em er in P a l Wis sowa 1 1 1 6 . 3 7 . , u y , , 43

Ha ll N 1 n . E 6 1 See . . 3 8 . , . . p 3 4

G ru 1 8 Th emer in Roscher 62 6 . Alt h ou h Aes cu la 3 9 . ppe , 44 ; ra , , i , g pi us r in H m h m o a her o ra t her t ha n a d e t for H m l a ppea s o er . e see s t be i y , o er a wa y s of hi Th e m er in Ro ch r s pea ks m a s 411 t ( ra , s e , i ,

0 Arnob . 2 4 . , 4. 5 .

1 F a rne ll 06 . 4 . , ii , 5

2 F a rnell v 0 . 4 . , , 4 3

- - His tor o S i cil 1 2 2 0 2 . 43 . y f y , i . 95 , 54 59

L c0 h 8 . 44. y p r 95

Ad L co hr . 8 . 45 . y p , 449 , 95

H t. 8 6 is S ic. . 4 . , i , 54 Ma d ona l Catal o ue o Greek Coi ns in the H unteri an Collection 1 8 47 . c d , g f , 1 ;

v n M 2 0 8 E a s , S cr . i n . , .

8 L 0 h 6 1 Se rv . a d Ver . Aen . 1 . 0 . 0 . 4 . y 0 p r . , 9 ; g , , 55 ; 5 3 - Hea d 6 H un an Collecti on 2 1 2 1 6 1 . 49 . teri , ; , 5 0 Co n of h Thra c a n Chers onese a lso re res e nt a d o w t h a s t a lk 5 . i s t e i p g i o f

h n h B r is h M us eu m . Ca tal o ue o Greek coi ns . Thrace ba rley be i d im ( it g f , H r o Hea d 1 80 1 nte i n l c 2 . 5 . u a C l e ti on , 3 5 ; ,

2 S . 6 5 . ee p 7 .

CHA PTE R V I I I

THE DOG AS A SACRED ANIMAL I N ITALY

Am on g the Rom a ns the re w a s no clea rly m a rked cen te r of t h e

f e o a s e re wa s in ree ce . r o r a cult o th d g , th G Mo e ve , det ils a b o u t

- r n a r the few d og cu lts which a e fou d in It ly a e s ca nty . This m a ke s

e c a on s a cr c of a in Lu a e ffi u a n lu id ti of the ifi e dog the perca li v ry di c l t , a nd we ca nnot hope to do m ore tha n offe r a reas ona ble the o r y i s n a d s n ca n s e u n a bou t t origi n ig ifi ce , ba d po a s u rve y of t h e oth er

- r d og cu lts of Ita ly a nd of G ee ce . Th e god Silva nu s is cons ta n tly por tra yed in a rt with a d og a t 1 o h a n in nu s : his s ide . Yet the d g d o pa rt the cu lt of Silva there is no i ndica tion tha t Silva nu s was ever thou ght t o be of d og for m

s n s a cr e him n r in a dog wa ot ific d t o , o did it a ppea r a ny of t h e

n s u him . se m a e er e lege d a bo t It e s prob bl , th efore , tha t th dog w a s a ttached t o Silva nu s be ca u s e of an a rt conven tion : j us t a s a d o g wa s e u a r s n e u n res s ana s o a n r g l ly repre e t d with the h t Di , Silv u s ,

a r a n ou n a r s u n w s the gu di of the b d ie of the c ltiva ted la d , a na tu ra lly ’ a ccompa nied by the wa tchfu l dog . ’ r T Dogs we e a ble to s ee the Fa u ni . his s e em s d ue t o the wid e s prea d belie f in the un cann y power of th e dog t o dis cern e ither 4 s n s m n T r ghos ts or a deity who w a i vi ible t o e . he e is nothing in the cu lt or the a ttribu tes of Fa u nu s t o i ndica te tha t the d og w a s im s acred t o h . M os t clea rly m a rked of the cu lts of t h e d og was t he s a crifice o f

a d o a t t he o a a . us wa s a or m g R big li Robig the dre ded blight , ildew , which a tta cked the gra in while it wa s form ing in the ea r a nd ca u s ed I i u n ac and with er . s was e nu it to t r bl k Robigu , th refore , a men wh o “ a o r m us t be plac ted in der to a vert evil from the crops . Th e 7 Robiga lia wa s es ta blis hed in ea rly t im es . in order to wa rd o ff 8 s s u c . Th e e n a a thi de tr tive blight rite b i g potrop ic, the d og s r fice h a m e s n n e a h a m ac i d the sa ig ifica c th t it d a ong the Greeks . We remem ber tha t on the coins of Sicily the d og often a ppea re d 9 in c n u nc on i a s a a n ea r of a n a e re o j ti w th he f or gr i , s o th t th , t oo ,

m a a n u it y h ve bee tho ght t o protect th e grain from ha rm . Th e ” fi cia n s a t th e a a was a m n irina l of ti g prie t Robig li the Fl e Qu is , T a fa ct which s u gges ts a Sa bine origin . h e legend tha t it wa s The D og a s a Sa cred Anima l i n I ta ly 75

1 ’ 1 2 fou n ded by N u ma indica tes the s a me idea . Anot her fes tival which s e em s a n echo o f the Robiga lia too k p lace nea r a ga te ca lled

Ca tu lar ia . There reddis h pu ppies we re s a crificed to protect the “ n crops . Whether tha t sa crifice belo ged to the Robigalia or to a “ m n u e is r fes tival which wa s a Ro a do bl of it , for ou pu rpos e im m a teria l . An other dog-cu lt wa s as s ocia ted with two a ncient a nd little

n e s h e a s P s ites . sa s k o wn deiti , t L re rae t Ovid y tha t he s ou ght to “ s s u es b t a a . n ee their ta t , u they had dec yed with ge He k ew , how m h a t n i h o a t h . ever , t t hey were represe ted w t a d g t eir feet The La res P rae s tites a re tho ught to be portrayed on a coin of the Gens o s two u a a n a a n Ca es ia w hich s h w yo ths , e ch be ri g s pe r , a d with a n " d og s ea ted bet wee them . Plu ta rch a dds the further fact tha t m P t i e a n o - kin T th e La res raes t s were cl d i d g s s . he s hrine of th e La res P ra es tites is by m os t a uthorities believed to ha ve been on

n e s a a the V elia , o th me s ite as th e S cellum Larum which was erected m a i - of by Au gu s tus . If th t s true , the dog cul t the La res proba bly lo n to a la d t a n anc n cu s th e Cerm al be ged ter perio h the ie t lt of u s , for t h e s tructu res on the Velia are as s ocia ted with the tim e whe n ” u the S a bines ma de their way in to Rom e . Pl ta rch puts th e La re s

Prae s tit es in a c as s m s s s n it is a l by the elve , a ki g why , th t , of the a a re a he n u n La res , those t h t c lled by t i d i vid al am e of P ra es ti tes n are a cc m a n e a d o and a d o -s kins } T u n o p i d by g we r g his q es tio , h h n toget er with t e probable s ite of t heir s hri e , s u gges ts tha t th e n La res P raes tit es were t he Sabi e La res , as a gains t the La res Com

we c n s s m n pita les , who re the prote ti g pirit of the Ro a s , and in h ” Th whos e cult t e d og d oes not a ppea r . e prim e function of the i n a c a La res s i dica ted by the pr yer whi h the Arv l Brothers , pries ts h n Dea Dia f of th e cht o ic , o fered to them , begging them to protect 23 m al al c s . L the people fro l b eful for e ike Heca te , the La res were “ a wors hipped at the cros s roads , b u t th ey ls o a ppea red as protecting ” d e in n a all a c s . Th e d o had r eiti s e rly pl e g , the efore , the s am e s ig nificance n as s c a La s a had ca e whe o i ted with the re th t he with He t , f n or both were pote t to protect from ev il . a re o - e Ther e t wo th er dog cults of lik cha racter . Th e U m H n 25 bria ns offered a d og to their goddes s o tia . Buecheler no tes tha t the nam e Hou tia is v ery s im ila r to the nam e of the in fernal

ion an c ain s m a n n s u c n . reg s d to ert word e i g de tr tio He believes , n H i acco rdi gly , tha t the d og offered t o ont a was a p u rifica tory 76 The Luperca lia

” n to a l . no n r sa crifice , des ig ed vert evi A ther u de wo rld god d e s s i n 26 n na s a a n . w as Ge ita M a , who ofte reg rded s ide tica l with Ma n i a ” m s is n e nam as n Her rea l , a i dica t d by her e , w both birth a d dea t h . a a n To her a d og was s crificed , with the pr yer tha t o ne of the ho u s e ” T ho ld m ight tha t yea r jo in the dead . his s acr ifice Pl u ta rch m a ke s ne off e o 28 pa ra llel to the o er d by the Gree ks t Heca te . It w a s , n to a o ff n the refo re , des ig ed w rd the baleful powers of the u d e r wo rld . u e c s w c o was s ec al as s oc e O ts id the u lt ith whi h the d g e p i ly ia t d ,

n s s s m ans e s a m a c r it ofte pos e ed for the Ro , as for the Gre k , gi pow e .

e c ns r s o u a m a s a s n a h Pu ppi s were o ide ed p re e t , y Pli y , th t t e y a n r n were us ed a s expia to ry s a crifices , d we e s erved a t the ba qu e ts ” Th e of given in honor of the gods . power the d og to a vert e v il

z n o a a om n a was u tili ed i a m s t pr ctica l w y by the R a f rmers . Befo re underta king a ny one of a va riety of im por ta n t tas ks concern i n g

o s or ca o ca on of s a cr n the cr p the ttle , they to k the pre u ti ifici g a

o a s a c c s con e n en a n m a m h d og . Als , by rifi e of thi v i t i l , they ig t perfo rm o n fes ta l days certa in labo rs tha t would otherwis e b e forbidden ! 0

n ca o as a s a e a n m l n a I a ll thes e s es of the d g cr d i a i It ly , we s e e ma ns a e in s am a s e tha t the Ro reg rd d it the e light did the Gre ks , to o ec m a n a a s a crea tu re a ble pr t t the people fro evil , d es peci l ly n e s n m n o pote t to dis p l the power which were i i ica l to birth a d gr wth .

L r Therefore it s us e in the uperca lia wa s wholly na tu a l , tha t bei n g a fes tiva l which s ou ght t o wa rd off evil a nd t o s e t free the life a ctivities . The ins tance s oi d og -s acr ifice which ha ve been fou nd in Ita ly occu rred e ither in the im m ed ia te environs o f Rom e or in Um br ia ; b u t a s e rie s of coins which bea r the figu re of a d og s eems to indica te tha t the d og was honored a s a s acred a nim a l throu ghou t the s ou the r n

n Me a n o s c a a ha lf of Ita ly . A co i of t po t um s h w , ba k of he d o f ’ - 3 ‘ m a l oun a o o aw a s . the city s ythic f der, d g s ea ted , with f re p r i ed 3 2 The re e c u s as o m a n of co ns of Me ta nt um vers pi t re , d y the i p o , n a n n t a n ea r o f gra in . We rem ember tha t a e r of gra i freque ly 3 3 occu r red in conj u nction with the d og o n th e coins of Seges ta . n n f r i n n n I n the Apulia tow o La nu m , a co i wa s is s ued repres e ti g a o a n w one oo a s e s a s a a o f d g w lki g , ith f t r i d ; the rever e be r he d “ n a - Minerva . A coi of Ca m pania ls o s hows a d og with fore p a w 35 r o f o u r a s o n ra is ed . A d og with the s am e peculia ity p s t e a ppe r The Dog a s a S a cred Ani ma l i n I ta ly 77

a co i n which is though t to come from Alba F ucentis . This coin po r t r a ys al s o an a rch a ic wheel a s ym bol wh ich was often u s ed " on S icilian co ins in conj unct ion with the d og . A s im ila r type " co h i h n m . m e s from t e town of Tuder , n sout er U bria Belonging to i n i c n w c H a t r ia , a town of P ce um , s a oi hi h port ra ys the head ” o f il n s n n n n o on the . n S a u o o e s ide , a d a s leepi g d g other A coi t h a t is though t to h ave com e from Etru ria s hows the hea d of a “ u ho a nd a d o . yo t h , w was , perha ps , Hercules , g n h n f o - acrifice in I n T h es e coi s , like t e ins ta ces o d g s taly , do ot r h e - b ut u es p e s e n t t cu lt of one d og s ha ped deity , s gg t , ra ther , a

- p o t e nt an imal tha t was a nnexed by v a rious gods . The d og cults f l i n h a n o I t a y g ve no i dica tion tha t t ey were a tive development . T h e re is no n t i n m which h e na ed no r i defi i e reg o fro t y origi t , s there

a n y one deity to whom the d og was m a rked ly s acros anct . N0 con t ra s t could be grea ter th a n between the fa int a nd s ca ttered fra g m e n ts of the cult o f the dog in Italy a nd the domina nt figu re of n Heca te i Thrace . f h l h in I al m u n I t e cu t of t e d og was imported to t y, it s t ha ve bee

a n as as soc a ed anc n . a t early da te , it was i t with very ie t deities Fo re ign rites were firs t brought to Rome from the Greek cities o f ‘1 n h - Si cily and of Sou thern I ta ly . We h ave s ee tha t t e dog cult n a no w as s trongly centered in Sicily , a d th t it was ho red by the n ‘z a n m M am ertines wh en they occu pied Mes s a a . Cert i of the o tives n n e in nn c n h o o the coi s of Ita ly which wer us ed co e tio wit the d g ,

a s a n a n e a s u s in . The s the he f of gra i d the whe l , were l o ed Sicily

- i cult of the dog was a ls o wide s pread n the cities of Sou thern Ita ly . Th e coins from both Southern a nd Centra l Ita ly which s how the

o e- a n ca s s m a of a m n dog with f r p w rais ed , i di te , by thi i il rity tre t e t , n n th a t there had bee a n excha nge o f idea s betwee thos e loca lities . n n n n Th e a tu ra l co clus io is tha t the wors hip of the dog , like s o ma y

n s ho ea rly cults , wa s ca rried to Ce tral Italy by the Greek trader w ,

a m u ns a r u n s s to a as e rly as the ti e of the Ta rq i , p id f eq e t vi it th t “ regio n .

cu o m n a a ns wa s a e m o ta n If the lt of the d g a o g the It li Gre k i p r tio , the dog-s acrifice cannot ha ve been an o r iginal pa r t of the Lu per

n f u . ca lia , which a ted a ted the a rriva l o the Greek c lts Though Pl u ta rch gives no hin t of when the d og wa s firs t s a crificed in th e f l n m n a Lu pe rca lia , the com plete la ck o ege ds a bou t it s ee s to i dic te I n th a t it did not belong to t he oldes t s tra tu m of the fes tival . the 78 The Luperca lia

n e i n Lu perca lia , as well a s i the Robigal ia , the dog was s acrific d

n n r n e n conj u nctio with a othe victim . Tha t m a y well i dica t a n n r n f n l r t e n exte s ion of the origi a l ce em o y , or ou twor cu ts we e of rej uvena ted by t h e inclu s ion of new rites , or the s a crifice of a m o r e “ unus ual victim . I n Greece the s a crifice of a d og was a t tim e s s evered from the wo rs hip o f Heca te a nd u s ed m erely a s a m a g i c “ ' r n - e rite of pu ifica tion . I Italy the d og s a crifice wa s devot d t o f “ o l pu rpos es o m agic . Thus the s heep s a crificed a t the R big a i a “ ” a nd the goa t a t the Lu perca lia m a y well ha ve h ad new m a g i c n n give to them by the additio al s a crifice of a d og . We ca nnot be s u re of the a gency by whic h this new victim w a s in added t o the Luperca lia . It m ay ha ve been brou ght from t h e

f La um u f o r of o u r cities o ti , j us t as was the c lt o Hera cles the Di s c i .

Th e a c a c r e a n ff h f t , however, th t the hief p i s t of the S bi es o ered t e n t n u h d og t o Ro bigus , a nd tha t the Sa bi es s eem o ha ve i trod ced t e i m u a La res P raes t tes to Ro e , s gges ts the pos s ibility th t they we r e

n f r f L c likewis e res po s ible o the s acr ifice o a d og a t the up er a li a . The cha ra cter of the Sa bines and the pa rt which they pla yed i n n n n the religio of the Rom a s gives added grou d for this a s s u m ption .

Th e a n s a ac a a o r a c r s for e S bi e hold pl e p rt fr m othe It li t ibe , th y n n n u nivers ally a dopted the Mediterra ean cus tom o f bu ryi g, i s tea d

of r m n . I n o f fi ena n c e a ti g , their dead the vas t necr polis o Au d , o t " n n n n - h u r a s i gle i ci era tio gra ve as been found . This depa rt re f om the bu r ial cus tom s of their race proves tha t there h ad been s om e V n n n ita l altera tio i the Sa bines . Fu rthe rm o re , eve the s ku lls n n “ n fou d i thes e graves a re d olicocep h alic . I n religio the Sa bines “ s o a s r n en nc a c on c u s . xa m e h w t o g t de y tow rd hth i c lt For e pl , the Flam en Quirinalis per form ed the offering a t the tom b of Acca n n ffi i e a a La re tia a d o cia ted a t the Cons ua l a , a t which th lt r o f

ons us c as u e in a u r n s of a C , whi h w b ri d the e rth d i g the re t the ye r , “o h n n n n was uncovered . T e a cie ts co s idered the Sa bi es rema rka ble for n n n l th eir devotio t o religio , as is s how by the popu a r deriva tion “ S abini m o é o a c. s o c to a n n of fro fi u Al they as ribed the S bi e ki gs ,

um a a n T u T f m n cul s N d it s a tius , the m ajority o the i porta t t o f

om r n r n rc e R e, thus exp es s i g thei belief tha t the Sa bi es h ad exe is d a very grea t influence upon the development of religion in t h e n 52 i n n n Rom a s ta te . Ow g to this devou t tem peram e t , t he Sa bi es

u a en a u a l a o a o fo wo ld h ve be p rtic l r y re dy t d pt the cult of the dog , r n n nn n of u i tha t , with it s em phas is u po u clea es s and the eed p r fica

80 The Lupercalia

r m i pu tting it . Civilized m an ea lizes tha t one us t be rid of im p u r

h - r i ties f a t clog the life powe . Thus only cou ld the gift of fert il t y ,

L l r . n which was a ls o s ought by the u perca ia , be a s s u ed Am o g the Mediterranea n people the mos t effect ive medium for t h is

c c f . T as h h pur pose was the s a rifi e o a d og his was a rite tha t .w ig ly a n ho h m n h es teemed by the S bi es , w ad adopted a y beliefs of t e

c h n i r i Mediter ra nea n ra e . T e a ctivity of the Sa bi es n eorga n z i n g

r m nd in n r r the eligion of Ro e a developi g the ites of pu ificat io n , m a kes it eas y t o believe tha t they m ay ha ve s ou ght t o fortify t h e L r l es us ra ce n c a n o u pe ca lia , the o d t l t l remo y of the ity , by ddi g t it the mos t effective p urifica t ory s acrifice tha t cou ld be offere d a dog .

NOTE S TO CHAPTE R VI I I

1 et er in Ros ch er iv 82 6 H ld in Da rember -S a lio iv 1 . P , , , ; i , g g , , 3 44. 2 K ll r Antike Tic rwelt 1 6 1 0 . e e , Die , i , 3 , 4 . n 1 1 3 . P li 8 . 5 . — L h t Z u r Volks kumk 2 G ru 80 . 4. iebrec , , 3 ; ppe , 3 4

ad V . Geor . 1 . 1 1 P lin . N H 1 8 1 1 6 1 . 5 . S er v . erg , g , 5 ; , . . , . 54,

G ll 1 2 1 . F owler R . F . 8 r a rd s Ro u s a a n nd 6 . e . , 5 . . 4 ( , 9) eg big s i igita t io n h s i m rel a not h er v ew of t h e m d ea for Ma wa m l of Mars . T i s e y i sa e i , rs s i p o r e d

Ca t o R. R . 1 1 t o s a re t h e cr0 s from ha rm a nd t h e m ld ew wa s t h m by ( , 4 ) p p ; i e os t f n r d rea d ed orm of i j u y . Th e Ro l a is en t ered in t he Fas ti in la r e ca ta ls h n one o 7 . biga i g pi , e ce is f t h e l f t va l o d es t es i s . l 8 . Va r . L L . 6 . 1 6 P a u . ex es t . 2 6 . v d Fas t . offers in ex la n , . , ; F , 7 O i ( , 4 93 9) p a of t h e d o -s a crifice t h e rea s on t ha t it wa s t o ro t a t e t he d o - r h t ion g p pi i g s ta , w ich

d t r t v t o t h e cro . Dr . F owler R . F . 0 ha s s h own h f l o was es uc i e w ( , 9 ) t e a s ity f t h is

- ‘ x l na t on . als o H ld in Da rem r Sa lio iv 8 . e p a i See i , be g g , , 75 S 0 9 . ee p . 7 . Fas 1 0 1 0 . O v . , t , 4. 9 .

Tert ull . S ec . 1 1 . P lin . , N . H . , , d e p !" 5 The o ect on ma be ra sed t ha t t he Ro a l a is oft en el eved o h 1 2 . bj i y i big i b i t a v e n h eld not in th e la nd of t he S a nes b ut on t he Vi a Clod a t wo m l bee , bi , i , i es bey o n d

h T er F owler R. F Th s el e f res t s u on t h e d en t ca t on of th t e ib ( , . , i b i p i ifi i e V ia

lod a w t h the Via Cla ud a u on wh ch t h e ast s t ate C. I . L . C i i i , p i , F i ( , i , p . t h e ’ Robiga lia wa s celebrat ed ; b ut it is v ery ha rd to reconcile wit h Ovid s s tateme n t

Fas t . that he m et t he roces s on of t he Ro a l a wh en h e o n f ( , 4 905) p i big i was g i g ro m ’ M m n Noment um t o Rome . I f om s en s ex la a t on C. I . L . . tha t v d p i ( , i , p O i was o n to hi ard ens wh ch la nea r t h e Via Clod a is t o b e a cce t ed one m u t g i g s g i y i , p , s h a ed hi ro in a ver a m ous fa s h on n h believ e t t Ov id d es cr ib s ute y bigu i . O t e oth er ’ h a nd if v d s word s a re ta ken a t face va lue t he would m ea n t ha t t he Luc s , O i , y u n h n n n o n m Robigi is wa s in t e Sa bi e co u t ry between Rome a d N me t u . Since t h is The Dog a s a Sa cred Anima l i n I ta ly 8 1 t e rr it or had ee n h eld b t he Cla ud ian t r be from reh s t or c t me Ver Aen y b y i p i i i s ( g . , ., — L Monu menti ri mitivi d 0 6 1 2 iv . 2 . 1 6 ue . Tib 1 P nza i Rom e l 7 . 7 ; , . 5 ; S t , . . ; i , p a d e La s i o a ntico it would ha ve een ver na t ural t ha t a roa d a s in t h h , b y p s g roug h o ul e kn h hi l na t n l it s d b own as t e Via Cla ud ia . T s exp a io a so obvia tes the d iffi c ult ar s n from th e d cre a nc of t he names Via Cla ud a m nt on y i i g is p y i , e i ed in h e F as t a nd ia Cl a for h la tter na me n r a in n on t i , V od i ; t e eve ppea rs i s crip t i s n in n h o or it i era ries a y ot er f rm . 1 F t 2 8 F 3 . es 5 ; P a ul . ex es t . , 45 .

1 . This is he vie o omm n C. I . L . 2 a nd of F owle R F 4 t w f M se ( , i , 3 9 ) r . . ,

1 . F es t . 1 5 , 5 . 43 . F t 1 6 . as 5 . 1 3 7 .

1 . Babelon 2 8 o n De l ru i ma inions 2 . 7 , i , 1 ; J rd a , aw g , 3 9

1 8 . R . 1 . Some s ch olars elieve tha t a d o was a lso sacr ced to t he La res Q. , 5 b g ifi P ra e s t it es owl F o h (F er , R . . , 1 0 1 ; R s c er, i , ' - 1 ord an La r . im . 2 B k r De Romae oeteri s ma n s at ue o 9 . J , , 3 6 9 ; ec e , q p rtis , i 1 2 W s s owa . K . 1 ; , R , 1 7 . 2 0 Bot h um n n d o h ve d w lt on he Vel l . N a a d A cus Mart ius a re sa i t a e t ia (So in - 1 2 1 uma was sa d to hav e uilt the Re ia O v . Tri s t. . 1 . 0 and t h e . , N i b g ( , , 3 3 )

m le of V i n x 6 t e p es ta (D o y s . , 2 . 5 ,

2 1 . R . 1 . . Q , 5 F 2 2 . owler , R. F 1 0 1 .

2 Hens e n Acta Fratrmn Amali mn 3 . , , 1 45 . 2 C 'v Fas M 4. t . 5 . 1 40 ; acr 1 . 7 . 3 5 . B uech l U 1 2 2 5 . e er , mbrica . 8 . M 2 6 . iiller E trus ke r 1 0 n . 8 . , . ii , 5 7 b 2 Ros cher 1 6 2 7 . , i , 1 . P l 2 8 . ut . . R 2 P lin . N H . 2 8 , Q . , 5 ; , . , 9 . 5 .

2 N . . 2 8 9 . H , 9 . 5 .

0 Colum . 2 2 2 3 . , . . Hu nter n o l cti on 1 2 3 1 . i a C l e , 9 . 4. Hu n n 2 teri a Coll cti on 1 . 3 . e , 9

See . 0 3 3 . p 7 . Babelon 1 2 3 4. 9 . H unte rian Collecti on 2 . P l . iv 8 . 3 5 . , 5 3 3 , H un r n 6 . te ia Collecti on 1 1 . 1 3 , . See 0 3 7 . p . 7 . 8 Hea d 2 2 Hunt n Collect 3 . , ; eria i on, 5 . Hea d 2 Hun ria n oll cti on 3 9 . , 3 ; te C e , 7 . 0 H unteri an Collecti on 1 8 4 . , . 1 F owler R F 1 4 . , . . , 97.

2 See . 0 4 . p 7 . Ca rt T R li i ous Li o A nt Rome ais AM 2 8 F owl 43 . er , he e g fe f ncie , 3 9 ; P , . 9 ; er, F 1 2 1 Schwe ler 6 R . . , ; g , i , 79 . F owl E 2 44. er , R. 87.

S . 6 45 . ee p 8 .

S . 6 46 . ee p 7 . Mod es t ov 2 47. , 54. 82 The Luperca lia

Mod s to 2 8 . e v . 4 , 55

a n ol 0 1 2 et a s sim . 49 . Pig i , 3 . 3 , p

0 T ll a G ll . 5 . ert u . , d c S p t , 8 ; e . , 7. 7 7 . h l 2 1 Va r . . Fes t . S c we er . 5 . a p , 343 ; g , i , 44 h M 2 Wi owa R . K . 0 F owler R . E . 1 0 8 Sc we ler 2 8 r rd t 5 . s s , , 43 ; , , ; g , i , 4 ; a q u a . 2 — 1 iii , 7 3 . 68 53 . See pa ge . L 1 1 6 F 2 n Var . L L . 6 . iv . . CV as t . 1 P lut . Na m 1 S o l . 54. , . , 3 4; 9 ; , 3 5 ; , , 9 ; i , M 2 — Th l h n 1 . Ce n 2 0 2 a cr . 1 . . e fol ow n sc ola rs a re cl n o 3 7 ; s . , . , 4, 5 ; 7 3 5 i g i i ed t el ev e t ha t t h e or an za t on of t h e ca lend a r wa s d ue t o t he S ab nes : Hus c h ke b i g i i i ,

’

2 Wis s ow K . 0 M D as alte romi s che ahr und s eine Ta e 8 6 a R . a r u a rd t J g , , ; , , 43 ; q ,

- l . 0 h l n d in h n n h 2 8 ow er R . E 1 8 . T e d ffi cu t es v olv e t e d ea of a te m o t iii , 4; F , , i i i i h n ea r F owler R . F . 2 ca nnot be cons d ered ere b ut t he a m es a n ua r a nd y ( , , ) i , J y F ebr ua ry s h ow by t h e ir form a t ion t ha t t h ey were la te r t h a n t h e na m es of t h e o h mon h h lz Z u r G s chich l ni s ch n E i n am t er t s (Sc u e , e te atei e gen en , n n 2 1 F 2 1 . Va r . a . No . . 1 1 . 1 Ce s or . 2 . Ov . as t . P lut . . R . 55 p , p 4 7 ; , 4; , , 9 ; , Q

id . Na 1 L . d s 2 F om t h ua w fa s h on h 1 Men . . r e ebr a s d t od m d c . se e e 9 ; , 9 ; y , , 4 5 f i g

F eb r u us a n nfern a l d e t t h e d ou le of lut o Serv . ad Ver . Geor . 1 . 1 . , i i y , b P ( g , g , 43 ; M 1 1 G l a d v nd rom H n m s d . Ori . . . acr . . . e a s . . A . e was a ed b I i , g , 5 3 3 4; , 3 3 ; , y L h f h Lu r H s h n d us d e Mens . . 2 t e od o t e e ca l a e wa owev er ev d e t l y ( , 4 5) g p i . , , i y

a lat e a s t ra ct on a s his na m e d oe s not occur efore t he fourt h cent u . b i , b ry 6 F as 5 . t ,

L L 6 . 5 7. . . , 3 4.

8 D els 8 5 . i , 3 . CHA PTE R I !

THE BLOOD-CEREMONY OF THE LUPERCALIA

T here rem ains to be cons idered the cu rious rite of the Lu perca lia in wh ich a s word was dipped i n to the blood of the s acrifice and n pre s s ed u pon the foreheads of two you g men . The blood was then n m was h ed awa y with wool mois tened i ilk. After tha t th e y ou ths l n h m u s t lau gh . This ceremo y as provoked wide s pecula tion becaus e f n m h u a - c h it is u tterly dif ere t fro t e s u l cult pra tices of t e Rom ans . T n a n n n h u e a n n n o ga i u ders ta ndi g of t e s d s ig ifica ce of thes e m edia , n we m us t tur to the ritualis tic acts of Greece . Of th e us e of blood in prim itive religions we ha ve cou ntles s n n n n z i sta nces . The alm o s t u va ryi g idea of u civili ed ma n is tha t 2 n n l b n blood is ot merely es s e tial to ife , u t the very life its elf . Co

n e f a - s o s i l - v n s equ e tly in. sacrific s of ered to e rth god t tir the r ife gi i g l v n u n po wer, the b ood of the i ctim is ofte pou red pon the grou d . By a n n n s a n l h n h tra s fere ce of idea , s i ce the acrifici l a ima as withi it t e n s i s u m n es s e ce of the deity, it blood s rega rded as the preme embodi e t ’ 8 n M n m a a a ne o of th e god s my s tic pote cy . a y p rt ke of this divi p wer v m n m n lo m by a rio us ea s : he ay dri k the b od , or he ay have it n n n L T h a pplied to him exter ally , a s was do e i the uperca lia . hus e ‘ - F comes into contact with the life force a nd is purified . o r thi s r eas on the blood of the s acrificia l victim was us ed to clea ns e m en ‘s om m u n m m n s s . I n c m on s us a n fr rder a d fro ad e ere ie of l tr tio , n n n n 6 s pri kli g with blood was the s u res t of a ll clea s i g m edia . It s eem s to have been employed as one of the lus tral ceremonies of the ’ I n f T h Eleus inia n Mys teries . the rite o the a u robolium t e wor

in a s a c al n ma n s hipper, pit be nea th the crifi i a i l , wo purity by a llowing the s a cred blood to flow u pon him u ntil he was litera lly 8 . T r m n n covered his ce e o y , which was proba bly of grea t a tiqu ity ” in m n - i c f As ia , ca e t o be pra cti s ed i the Cybele Att s u lt as one o 1 0 m n r I T its m os t i porta t fea tu es . n Ita ly the au robolium was 1 1 r n h a den tly obs erved du ri g s everal centu ries of the Em pire . T e 12 O r h h z in us r m e n p ics , w o s pecia li ed l t al edia , rec ived i to their “ h i o h e religion the god At tis together with s bl ody rite . T Orphics p ut them s e lves i nto conta ct with th e divi ne power

in a no r em on m in m the cer y , the O opha gia , which they i bibed 84 The Lu perca lia

h cr c a lo al n wi th ra e f h n n t e s a ifi i l b od , o g the w fl s h , o t e ew ly s l a i “ a n im al .

I n s ns a nces us e of l in e u al h the e i t of the b ood Gre k rit , it was eit er

n n to a th -m a h e mi n a offeri g the e r other, th t s ght recrea te i t o n e w

- o ce as s o n life this life f r which w re t red to her, or it was a m ea s by m a n c m n n o c c n ac wi n f i which , o i g i t dire t o t t th the es s e ce o de t y ,

r m al f m ight be freed f o l the forces o evil . Freedom from evil w a s

u s Lu rcal a nc u e f i n likew is e the p rpo e of the pe i , he e the s o b loo d tha t fes tival m ay r eas o na bly be regarded as para llel t o tha t of t h e

- m n s . h e r of r n l n n n i Greek cere o ie T ite blood s p i k i g , belo gi g as it d d

of c n c n a a n m m r to the wors hip htho i deities , a d ppe ri g os t a ked ly

n cu of s and in ua of es m a be a cc i the lt Atti the rit l the Orphi , y ep te d n as cha racteris tica lly Mediterranea .

I n c s f a a s in r ce oo o f n the chtho i cult o It ly , G ee , the bl d the s a crifice wa s frequen tly pou red u pon the ea r th . Thu s it wa s offe r e d 1 " “ n n t e n I n u a n a occu r to the M a e s a d o T rmi u s . the q i t rite th t r e d

f r rs n hi a as s u s n e i n on the Ides o Octobe , a ho e wa s s la i , s t il w pe d d h the Regia a nd the blood allowed to drip u pon the hea rth . T e blo od

m s al ns a n d a m xe was pres erved , it s ee s , by the Ve t Virgi , l ter , i d

f n n e s n e u n r t o with the as hes o u bor ca lv s , was pri kl d po the fi es hr u gh " lo u n whi ch the people lea ped in the Pa rilia . Here b od is s ed i a m ys tic rite whos e pu rpos e is i nterpreted a s the s a me as tha t of t h e — 1 8 B t n o f h Lu perca lia lus tra tion a nd fe rtility . u i the deta ils t e ritu a l the two fes tiva ls offer no likenes s s u ch as we dis cov ered in

n the Pelas gi a cerem onies . ’ Th e s word by which the blood was pla ced u pon the you ths hea ds

o a ns s uc as t h e ou s hould proba bly be clas s ed with ther we po , h d ble

n r - e of c w e o o c s in axe a d the figu e eight s hi ld Crete , whi h re h ly bje t 1 9 h n n of s ac c a s o in Mediterra nea n ritua l . T e s ig ifica ce the rifi i l w rd the Ta u roboli um is s hown by its co ns tan t repres enta tion u pon the ” Th a oc a on of th e s c l w Taurobolic a lta rs . e regu la r s s i ti i k e ith 21 I n a a nc o f Cfironus s u gges ts its s a nctity in his cu lt . It ly the l e o uiritis a nd of u nus a nd th e la nc a nd a n cilia of a r s J u n Q Q iri , e the M 22 n were es pecially ve era ted . Th e blood s m ea red u pon t he foreheads of t h e you ng m en w a s I n s a m wa in re e wiped off by a bit of wool dipped in m ilk . the e y G k rites the s a crificia l blood which h a d been s pr in kled u pon a m an w a s “ Th e oo w as too o to rem oved by va rious clea ns i ng m edia . bl d h ly . be left in perm a nen t contact with a m a n wh o w as pres ently t o The Blood -Ceremony of the Luperca li a 85

“ n mea ea th re t u r n to com m on life . The Orphies freq ue tly s red r

m ns n n n em v e it b a u p o n the devo tees as a ea of clea s i g , a d r o d y o “ m n in e m n es ur ca tion c er em onial wiping f . So i porta t c re o i of p ifi w a s this bed au bing wi th clay and its removal th a t th e word s “ M em o and d r op hr r a v became s ta nding expres s ions for m y s ” ce em on l wi n o Lu rca lia ti c clea ns ing . Of this r ia pi g f the pe n a fford s th e only exam ple i Roman cu lts . c l a n s s s s e From th e s a nctit y which the s kin of a s acrifi ia im al p o e d , it is na t u ra l tha t wool s hould h av e bee n of s ignifica nt and cons ta nt n n h e n n t he u s e in the religion of both Gree ks a d Rom a s . T bi di g of ’ p r ies t s forehea d with woolen fillets befo re he s a crificed w as a m was s ses s . a u al th s y m bol tha t he p o ed by the deit y N t r ly , erefore ,

n n . in hi m a l w o ol was pote t for pu rifica tio Ovid , s lis t of the teria s " n n m n on a ll . t h a t ha ve clea s i g power, e ti s wool firs t of Wool w as in cl uded among the offer i ngs of firs t fruits a nd na tu ral products w h ich were pla ced in the kernos a nd ca rried as holy objects in the ” M ys teries of Eleu s is . u in Lu ca a m ois n w o was m Milk , s ed the per li to te the o l , e ployed a m on g both Greeks a nd Rom a ns in the ea rlies t tim es as a liba tion

n c es . Bu t its m s c u s e in Lu rca l n t o chtho i deiti of y ti the pe ia , a tive n n n T R om an religion a ffords u s o other i s ta ce . ha t m ea ni ng ca n n n n f Th u f b e found o ly i the religio o the Orp hics . e s e o m ilk in the O r phi c m ys teries is indica ted by ce rta in gold ta blets which a re very n o f n f im po rta t s u rces o k owled ge o the Orphic cults . T hes e ta blets w ere placed clos e by the dea d pers on a nd con ta ined directions for

h is n uc in o r rl : orm ul as a was t o a co d t the l we wo d f th t he repe t , or

e of u h a r m T n s ta tem nts rit al tha t he d pe for ed . hey co s titu ted for

h m a n h is of a m n h “ t e dead ca rd d is s io t o the r ea lm of t e bles t . T h e clos e s im ilar ity of phras ing in the ta ble ts indica tes tha t they 0 m a n r a t f h ’ echo s o e im p ort t itu lis ic poem o the O rp ics . Two ta blets “

c n a n o s T ou s a ns a of m o a . o t i the w rd , h h lt be god i te d rt l A kid ,

a a n n o T es w s o r o I h ve f lle i t h e ord , like the the f rm u las ,

es c s om s m o c a ct h m u s t d ribe e y b li which the initia te as perform ed . “ Th r m T ou a b e o n e p o is e , h s h lt g d i s tea d of m or ta l s ugges ts tha t “ ” o o n r s a a n n o m n the f ll wi g wo d , A kid , I h ve f lle i t ilk , expres s i ’ m as n O r hic s a a nme n h y s tic f hio the p tt i t of the highes t blis s . T e

m a n n of a kid in s orm u a h as en a n D e i g thi f l be expl i ed by r . Dieterich ,

’ who notes tha t Ep t¢w s w as a title of Dionys u s which was u s ed by D ans of lo nnes us a n ou e n n the ori the Pe po d of S th r Italy , bei g es pe 86 The Luperca lia

ciall a o Me on u m n c 3 2 y f v red a t ta p t , ea r whi h thes e ta blets were fou nd . “ ” T us in on D on s us was n n a The h this regi i y k ow s Kid , j us t as h e “ ” w as ca The u in r . ns u n l n lled B ll C ete Co eq e t y , whe the Orp h i c ca lls hims elf a kid he s eem s to identify hims elf wit h the Kid “ ” D 83 B Th e i i a n n n n ionys us . u t K d s i fa t god , a d s o m us t be nou r “ is h u n m . of ed po ilk By the use milk , therefore , the in it ia te s 35 “ u r s m o z u n n . The s on f ther y b li ed their io wit h the god expre s i , I ” a al n h n a n t o n a n a u a in “ h ve f le , as bee t ke i dica te ct al b th milk, o r “ ” ’ a o o u fo o n r vig r us s bs titu te r the words , I have f u d , the wo s hipp e r s complete u nion with the deity being proba bly s ymbolized by h is n n " I t n n m l s l . h c h dri ki g i k or bei g pri k ed with milk n ei er as e , t e “ ” le n n n words , A kid , I h ave fal i to milk s eem to i dica te th a t t h e

h n m ca rn a n n m n o 3 7 initia te as bee ys ti lly rebo d tra s for ed i t a god .

Th e am ea a a s in cu . I n s acr d m s e id ppe r the lt of Cybele the e dra a ,

h a a n h a n o t o r a fter Attis s d ied d s bee res t red life , the wors hipp e s n n f m n end their m ou r i g fas t by pa rta king o ilk . I doing s o they n m n n s eem to be i divi ne co m u io with the you thful god , who h a s n n ” j us t e tered life a ew . u o m na c The lau ghter of the yo ths , which f r ed the fi l a t of t h e

- m n n no a l in Rom a n l n blood cere o y , fi ds p a r l el cu t , a d very little in n n n on Greek . It h as bee expla i ed (a ) a s the i dica ti by the lads o f ” n e n a their read i es s to be s acrific d , (b) as the s ig th t , a fter the i r “ a n c t ritua lis tic s lau ghter , they were res tored to life , d ( ) as h e “ s ymbol o f their entrance upon a new life o f pu rity . If we a re correct in our belief tha t a hum a n being w as not the original victim

L l a n s o e la na n a a t the u perca i , either of the fir t tw xp tio s of the l u gh n o n a ca n be a ccepted . O the ther ha d , the third view , th t it w a s the expres s ion of joy over being cleans ed a nd s o res tored to new i in c a m n s m m of t h n life , s omplete h r o y with the y bolis e purifyi g

m l . i c s n s o o s blood a nd the i k If s o , t orre po d t the joy u word s u ttered by the Orphic a fter he h ad bee n pur ified by the s m ea rin g “ n of B a fl h on a nd the wipi g ofl m ud , ad h ve I ed , better a ve I of in o h Th e cu lt Attis , which the blo d and t e milk h a d a

m e in L ca a off s o ra part s o s i ila r to their us the uper li , er a n ther pa llel . After the comm unica n ts h ad ended the ir m ou rning for Attis a nd n f n n h ad r eceived m ilk a s the s ig o their admis s io to a ew life , they ‘ f’ celebra ted the fes tiva l ca lled I ka p eia The u ncon trolled expr es s io n of joy which cha racterized tha t fes tiva l m ay be likened to the h la u ghter tha t concluded t e Lu perca lia .

88 The Lu perca lia

ee s r u i l in e G a uls a nd tw o Gr k we e b r ed a ive th Forum Boariu m .

Fina ll th e om a ns ou h c w a ll m th e y R br ght to t eir ity , ith p o p , s ta t u e . r in u D u n D of the Ma gna Ma te of P es s s . ri g the s a m e yea r iony s u s T was rece iv ed in Rom e . hes e las t a rriv als we re not accorded t h e t rea tm en t giv en to other fo reign gods : they we re not kep t ou t s id e

m r u m b u t n m s on a t n u th e Po oe i , were give te ple the Pa l i e , j s t a bov e

n cu l -ce n o n Ce rm a lus nc c os th e L r th e ancie t t ter the , he e l e by up e a i l . o m e Owing to this pr xi ity , thes e two pow rful deities h ad a n excelle n t n n T opp ortu nity to i flu e ce the cult of Lu percu s . h e Phr ygia n ou s h e was not us u a nclu a m on Cybele , th gh lly i ded g the varia n t in n nam es of the Orphic deity , was the s a me es s e ce and w as hono red by the s a m e m ys tic a nd orgi as tic rites ; while the wo rs hip of Dio ny “ rn n s u s m ight be ca lled the ke el of Orphic religio . n u nce m u n m m For the direct i fl e of Orphis p o Ro e , we us t tu rn

of u rn a wi h c R m ve n u n r h to th e cities So the It ly , th w i h o e , e de t e “0 n h a a a ons . I n a Etru s ca s , ad ctive tr de rel ti the w ke of the trad ers

s as fo r a m ac s a nd D va riou s Greek god , , ex ple , Her le the ios cu r i ,

m - a n om e . am a o T m ade their w y i to R D i , the ea rth g ddes s of a ren . n ona Dea a nd m ed c rt a n f a u t um , w as ide tified with B , i pos e i e t res n n u 52 h n of her ritual u po the a tive c lt . T e fois ti g of Greek rites

n n a o s s as on D ea c n n u pon 5 0 a cie t g dde B a is es pe i ally s ig ifica t .

c s of ou n a r m n I n t hes e Greek itie S ther It ly , O phis was ho o red

n n r n Th n f m ore tha n i a y othe regio . e teachi gs o Orpheu s wer e

as nci s of oo a r hi accepted as the b ic pri ple the s ch l of Pyth go as , w ch a t e a a n h a n u n was es tablis hed V li , d w ich w s i fl e tia l throu gho u t “ n i m the neighbori g cit es . So e of the Orphic ta ble ts m en tioned n “ T n a bove were u ea rthed a t Syb a ris . At a re tum bo th the ritu al of Pytha goras a nd the mys te r ie s of Dionys u s were es pecia lly “ a r cu a c a Ta n um n cultiva ted . With thes e p ti l r ities , Veli , re t , a d om h a s c a a c com m u n ca n m Syba ris , R e d e pe i lly tive i tio fro the “ D n m n n earlies t tim es . u ri g the Sa ite Wa rs the Rom a s ca m e t o n in n m A u know the Pytha gorea s their ow ho e . ppi s Cla u di u s ” m a c a n n Caecus is s a id to have e br ed their f ith , a d eve the har d

n in l n n o r “ headed elder Ca to w as i teres ted is te i g t thei theories . Th e vogu e which this philos ophy ga ined in Rom e is e videnced by n “ the pers is ten t tra dition tha t N um a w as a Pythago rea .

r n n n h in om By 1 8 1 B . C . Py tha go ea is m w as s tro g e oug R e to n m w u a ffi n a ttem pt a da ring fra u d . On Mou t J a nicu lu as d u g p co bea ri ng a n ins cription wh ich decla red tha t it conta i ned t h e b ody The Blood Germ any of the Luperca lia 89

f o um a . n not n N Withi it were fou nd , a s keleto , b ut books on Pytha go rean philos ophy which pu rported t o be th e writings of “ h u n n Num a . T e p rpos e mus t ha ve bee to wi s t a te s u pport for ’ m i m u n of m m h ys t cis der the pres tige Nu a s na e . T e hope tha t s u ch an a ttem pt cou ld s ucceed a rgu es a ra ther wide -s prea d a ccep a n in m n t ce Ro e of Pythagorea philoso phy . Bu t the rus e was doom ed to failu re : the Sena te im med ia tely denou nced thes e

r oo au n o a O phic b ks as a fr d , a d rdered th t they be bu rned in t he " o n Com itiu m . A com pa ion pict u re to this occurrence is fu rnis hed

a n o r s a l n f by u tb ea k five yea r e r ier , whe a la rge pa rt o the popu la ce n m n n D n tu r ed wi th the u t os t a ba do to the orgies of io ys u s . Meet

n r l n n nz i gs we e he d a t ight , a d the wild fre y which preva iled in T hrace o r on Mou n t Cithaeron was ram pan t in Rome . I n this

ca s t oo na oo firm m as u s . T s s a n i on e , , the Se te t k e re hi tr ge relig w nou nc as a coni u ra tio a n ce n u n as de ed , d the lebra ts p is hed as n h h n e ov a co ns pira tors a gai s t t e s ta te . Yet t e Se a t pr ided s a fety

r i n a va lve fo their relig ou s fervor . U der c refully s tipu la ted con

i on o w h o a ou no con ci n u i d ti s , th s e felt th t they c ld t s e tio s ly g ve i n n n “1 u n w o a o to u it . T e two n p the e relig , were ll wed co ti e h s e eve ts com i n g s o clos e toge ther s how ve ry clea rly t he followi n g which the religious ecs tas y a nd the m ys ti c r itu a l a cts of t he Orphies h ad n n n f w on in Rom e . S o threa te i g we re the proportio s o this new cu lt th a t the Se na te did not da re follow it s us ual practice of t e

’ ligiou s to lera nce ; a nd yet i nfe ction s o in tens e a nd s o wides pread m n of n o l r or us t ot be deprived a u t et , les t the evil b ea k f th s till m io n l u ou on ro as e r for ore v le t y . A j dici s s ta te c t l w , th e e , the “ s olu tio n . This s u rve y of the i nflu ence of the Cu m a ea n Sibyl and of Orphis m u pon Rom e s how s tha t a tra ns fe r of Or phic r ites to a n a ncie nt

Rom a n cerem ony like th e Lu pe rca lia wa s i nher en tly pos s ible . For cen tu ries the Rom a ns wer e bringi ng in o ne a fte r a nother o f

e e e r n n a r ou s the prim itive chthonic d iti es of Greec , w e ide tifyi g v i

n n r n e a l s na na Ita lia gods with Greek gods , a d a lte i g the s t b i hed tio l n m n r o ritu a l t o s u it Gree k pra ctices . At a y ti e du ri g this pe i d the pa r tia l Hellenizi ng of the Luperca lia wou ld have been in ha rm ony

a n ou a e occu r wi th the s pirit of the tim es . Such a ch ge c ld h v r ed

o u r n ann al c wa r or t wo ca s m os t ea s ily, h wever , d i g the H ib i the de de

l n n eo a in r ec n o imm ed ia tely fol owi g, whe the p ple , h v g eived i t their a n D n s rr or s of city Cybele d io ys u s , were deeply ti ed by the gie 90 The Luperca lia

n n h a Dio ys us a nd by the beliefs of t he Pytha gorea ns . D u ri g t t period the ins ertion o f certa in Orphic rites in to the Lu perca l ia n n n n o e r would have bee o ly o e eve t of num be rles s s uch . Mo re v ,

h Lu it e m n r n a e n t e percalia , with s phas is u po pu ifica tio , would h ve be a n es pecia lly na tu ral cerem ony to receive a n Orphic gra ft ; fo r ca on l O r hi s a nd pu rifi ti was a bove al els e the ques t of the p c , they were expert in the m edia by wh ich to a tta in it . As s uming tha t the blood - rite of th e Lu perca lia m a y have bee n n n n m n n o e of Orphic origi , we obs erve tha t o o e cere o y was ta ke v r

m a n u L a m u s bod ily by the Ro s , b t tha t this pa rt of the u percali t ’ a n a o o h l s t a h ve bee , ra ther, ps ych l gica l prod uct . T e peop e s te of m ind du ring the wa r with Ha nniba l is clea rly i ndica ted by t h e m num erous portents which were a nnounced . Ea rly in the wa r ca e n m n n n f ol a o en s ugges ti g tha t Ma rs , the la ter i ca rna tio o the d

- h a s a n his e : a o l ca a n s na c e d wolf deity , d for ke p ople w f me d t h ’ " m i n ff e a guard s s word fro t s s hea th a d ca rried it o . A little la t r “ n th e s ta tues of the wolf which were in Rom e s wea ted . Such om e s as thes e m ay eas ily ha ve ca us ed the people to cons ider with concer n ’ m n n o n a m a n the cere o y at the wolf s ca ve , a d t wo der if th t , like so y

h i o c m . u n in s others , ad los t ts power t pro te t the Freq e tly the fir t ’ m f nn s a a in a o a a e am n t h e a la r o Ha ibal rriv l It ly , bl od ppe r d o g n om ens . Two s hields exuded drops of blood ; the s pri gs a t Ca e r e a nd the foun t of Hercules were s tai ned with blood ; a t Arreti u m the rea pers fou nd them s elves ha rves ting bloody hea ds o f gra i n ; and a fter the ba ttle of Ca nnae blood flowed in the river bes ide “ m n of e a n u n Am iternum . The s e o e s blood a r wholly a t ra l phe om enon du ri ng the carnage of wa r ; b u t it would be equally na tu ra l tha t rites which em ployed blood as a m ea ns of purifica tion s hou ld

a a o . I n m a c a nd in ous s a n m a c ppe l to the pe ple gi religi rite ki to g i , m n a c i n the ho eo pa thic pri ciple th t like u res like s alwa ys pote t .

n a ns on of o - n Lu c As s u mi g th t the i erti . the bl od rite i to the per a lia cou ld mo s t eas ily have occurred duri ng the em otiona l tu rm o il nn m a ne ca us ed by the Ha ibalic wa r , we ay perh ps defi the proba b le f ff da te s till more clos ely . The firs t few yea rs o t he wa r o er t he lea s t

L s c h e a a m n o proba bility . ivy tell expli itly t l r i g pr digies tha t oc

a t a m a n s n n s a o a nn u cu rred th t ti e , d the tra ge expedie t dopted t l m H c r m on of L rca n the . ad the e e y the u pe lia bee altered then , w e s hou ld cer ta i nly expe ct it t o be m en tioned a long with the other

n B a wa r o s on L s m u e l innova tio s . u t s the g e , ivy give ch l s s deta i .

92 The Lu perca lia

o bo s . T n us es the w rd y , p a p d n a his s eem s a im pos s ible term t o L n a pply t o the u perci . M a rk Anto y was cons ul when he a cted 71 a Lu cus . Th e xt o u a n h as per p a p d a , theref re , m s t h ve bee o t er n o f L tha the pries ts u percus . Pres um a bly they were adm itt ed

n m o n - i to the ce re y for the expres s pu rpos e o f this blood ritu a l . Bu t t his wo u ld give a clea r indica tion tha t the blood - rite was n o t

a n o i na a of s t . h n L rig l p rt the fe ival If it ad bee , the u perci wou ld

n na u al s ons n u n t ha ve bee the t r per for the ce tra l fig res , o tw o , n L n s tripli gs . ivy s a ys tha t the m is s io a ries of Dionys us in Rom e

s c a to win ou n t o m n s ought e pe i lly the y g their ys teries , a d tha t n f n 72 m a y you ths o high ra k beca me en th us ia s tic de votees . Th e s am e wa ve o f em o tion m a y ha ve in trod uced the boy s a nd their n L m ys tic rites i to the u percal ia .

If s uch was the cas e , the events tha t im m ed ia tely followed expla i n why Plu ta rch is the only one w ho m entio ned this s trange pa rt o f T the fes tiva l . h e prom pt m ea s u res ta ken to com ba t the Dio nys ia a n n s s s uc n t h e a n o s d the rele tle de tr tio of Pyth gorea b ok , s how t ha t the Roma n a u thorities were res olved to res cue the ir s ta te religio n m e e m on a n n n i fro thes oti a l beliefs th t were threa te i g to e gu lf t . Th e s a m e pu rpos e is m a nifes t in the trea tm en t of the cult of Cybele n m ans o n o n o a n a tive Ro were f rbidde to j i her pries tho d , d the

e s s es c n c ain o f h e t pri t were r tricted , ex ept o ert da ys t yea r , o the ir " n ow precincts . It was not u ntil the time o f Cla udi us tha t the " n I n M a g a M a te r was res tored to full hono r . view of this s ta te

a n e l u n s a n n n policy , we c w l der t d tha t Orphic rites , if i troduced i to L a a oon a n n n the u perc li , would s h ve bee thru s t i to the backgrou d .

I n acco c of u re io n a n c m rd with this poli y s p s s , pries ts d the o pilers of the Fa s ti would na tu ra lly ha ve a voided m a ki ng a ny record o f n the a ddition o f thes e fo reig rites to the Lu percal ia . Thu s t he s ilence u pon tha t s u bj e ct o f a ll writers except Plu ta rch wou ld be

n n n reas ona bly a ccoun ted fo r . Alm os t certa i ly Ovid knew othi g

s c m on . a s u as u n r of thi ere y It w the Greek poet B t , who wo ld a tu

een n s e .in f hi n a lly have b i tere t d this rite o s ow people , who s e ems ’ t o a e ee n u a c s a u o r . lu a c is s n h v b Pl t r h th ity P t r h , likewi e , the o ly ne o om m n u n o e a m o t c e t po the s a crifice f th dog , rite ore cha rac t e ris tica lly Greek tha n Rom a n . h T e trifli ng ev idence which we ha ve to a pply to this problem is ,

n n o - m a n a t leas t , ot aga i s t the theory tha t the bl od rite y have bee i ntrod uced into the Lu perca lia du ri ng the s econd Pu nic Wa r or The B lood - Ceremony of the Lu perca lia 93

i n the yea rs imm ed ia tely following . This theory s wholly i accord

n . W a as w t wo s s o f a n ua on a n with reas o e h ve , it ere , ide eq ti , d it is tem pti ng to place bet wee n them the s ign of equa lity : on the

n i in Lu ca a a n nc n uou r o e s ide , there s the per li i o gr s bit of ce e

- m h n . u ni cul ac s o f a o nial which as o ty with the other t t the fes tiv l ,

n n no a le in ual s c ac ce o f om n a d which fi ds p ra l l the rit i ti pr ti s the R a s , i m m a n cia b u t which s a rked ly like y Greek rites , es pe lly thos e of

h i n h e o a n e e i ce on in om the O rp cs ; o t ther h d , th r s the re pti R e

f m es a nd cu s o n n n o a s trea of Greek deiti lt , the pr ces s bei g i te s ified h e n f a a r e n by t s tra i o grea t w , wh the people repea ted ly s ou ght i f L help from j u s t s uch m ys tic r tes a s this o the u percal ia . Th e old n a e m a n o f a ll a w ou o h e ce rem o i l , d vis ed to rid th t ld bs truct t a ctivity ’ fi ul n a e n ze h e h of d ei c power , wo d the h v bee s piritua li d by t O rp ic s n o f c ea n n a n o f c m m un n e n n as s u ra ce perfe t cl s i g d o io , ve of ki s hip , with divinity .

NOTE S TO CHAPTE R I !

l Ram 2 1 1 . P ut . , . 2 T lor 8 1 . y , ii , 3 . 1 3 . G ruppe . 89

— St n l Die Griechi s chen Kultusaltertumer 1 2 . 4. e ge , , 3 9 4 ll Rh — 0 A h . E um . 2 8 A o . od . . . 5 . es c , , 3 ; p , 4 477 9 , 7 4

' 6 St n el O erbrauche d e r Griechen 0 D els S ib llini s che Blatter . e g , pf , 3 ; i , y , 73 .

F a rn ll 1 68 . 7 . e , iii ,

— d nt . P eri s te h 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 8 . Pru e , p . , . 5 .

C nt The M s s o Mithr 1 80 . 9 . umo , y terie f a ,

— 1 0 D cha m e in Da re m ber Sa lio 1 686 . . e r , g g , i ,

- 1 1 E s é and ieu in Da re mber Sa lio v 0 . . p r , g g , , 5 2 S n l ultus a lt 1 0 1 . t e ge , K ., 5 . 1 F a n ll ii 02 3 . r e , i , 3 . 1 Ha rr on 8 1 — Moncea ux in Da re mber -Sa lio iv 2 4. is , 4 9 ; , g g , , 53 . V — 1 e . A . . 6 5 . rg , en , 3 3 7 .

1 O F 2 6 . 6 . v . , as t , . 55

- 1 F F 1 P r0 . . 1 . 1 8 . es t . 1 8 Ov . as t . 7 . , 7 ; , , 4 73 4; p , 4

F owler R . F . 2 . 1 8 . , , 47 M n 1 - S a ls o a a e 1 acke z Crete 0 2 . ee ove 9 . ie , , 3 b , p g

- E s ra nd i u in Da rem r Sa lio v 8 . 2 0 . p é e , be g g , , 4 , 49

2 1 L ert 8 . . ipp , ii, 49

2 2 reller . . P , i , 3 3 9

Sm t h S emites 1 s ee a ls o Schoema nn Griechi s che Altertumer u 1 . 2 3 . i , , 3 5 ; , , , 3

8 H r . ll om t 8 . 6 . 1 8 a cra t Nonn n . 2 . 2 2 8 o . On as . o 2 4. us Dio y s , 7 ; P . , 5 ; 7 ; p ,

h noufir r wr .

ius r e a a c Luc a n Nec . . 2 De mos h d e Cor . 2 Ammon 5 . t , 59 ; , p m f ; i , y , 7 94 The Luperca lia

2 6 L u els 1 2 2 . . ippert , , 53 7 ; Di , — 2 8 2 7 . Fas t , 2 . 1 9 . h H n 1 — n 1 1 . 6 . . 8 d a rr so 60 2 8 . At e . , 5 p 47 ; i , 59 .

2 Kaibe l C. I . G. I . S . 8 1 a c. For the d scus s on of t h ese t a let s s e e 9 . , , 4 , b , i i b ,

— — — h m or h 0 id . N k i a 8 Ha rr s on t r c H . . e Die e i , y p , 3 7 ; , y , 4 95 ; i , 573 9 9 . Un or hi in Rev h l 0 Re na ch e orrmd e ue . Arc . v o . xxx x 20 3 . i , f p q , , i , 4.

1 Ka i l C. I . G . I . S . 6 2 8 1 a . See al o Ha rr son 8 86 3 . be , , 4 , 4 s i , 5 4, 5 . ’

r 6 . l o H ch . E t to . . H m o h . Se a es 3 2 y . p , 3 e s y , p ¢ s

— R h Rev. A ch l xxx x 2 0 id n 2 k Z e na c r . vo . Cultes . 1 8 oo us 6 3 3 . i , , i , 7; . , ; C , e , 74 5 . D h E i ne Mithras litu r i 1 1 M k on h f h ch 3 4. ie teric , g e , 7 . il wa s e of t e gi t s w i

rea m ed from t he ea rt h for t he wors h ers of D on s us E ur . E a ch 1 2 0 8 s t ipp i y ( , 4 , 7 , et

Re na ch Cultes u 2 8 3 5 . i , , , 1 .

— 6 Cook Z eu s 6 . 3 . , , 75 7 R n s — 2 i rc Ha r n — e ach Culte 1 2 d . Rev. A h . vol . xxxix 206 r s o 3 7 . i , , ii , 9 3 ; , , ; i , 594 7 ,

8 . F a rnell . 0 1 . Th s corres ond s t o t he usa e o f t he ea rl Ch r s t a ns b 3 , iii , 3 i p g y i i , y wh ch m lk wa s offered to t h e new com m un ca nt s a s t he s n of new rt h U s e n e r i i i ig bi ( , a nd i M Milch Honi Rhe n . us v ol lvi g , . i , L ii 6 3 9 ippert . . 5 4 M nn h M th For ch 0 a rd t . s . 8 . 4 . a , y , 9 D n l 1 e u r Arch Re . ol . x 02 4 . b e , . , v iii , 5 .

2 De mos d e Cor . 1 4 . , , 3 3 . Fa rnell 0 1 43 . , iii , 3 . D r n ch i 06—8 l v e ha he lood -r t u er Ar Rel . vol . x e e s t t t a l 44. . De b ( . , ii , 5 ) b i b i u a borrowed from t h G reeks a nd t ha t it s n ed u r ca t on a nd new rt h w s e , ig ifi p ifi i bi .

He h old s owev er t hat it a nd a ls o t he d o - sa crifice wa s ad d ed t o the Lu erca l a , h , , g , p i ’ n t h e nfl nc o u n e w of Au us s s ra t onal t c t m ra m n u d er i ue e f Aug s t us . I v i g t u i is i e pe e t a nd of his d es re t o res tore t he a nc e nt cult s of Rome it is ha rd t o a cce t t h s v e w i i , p i i . F or t he ea rl nfl ence x d b t h Cum a ea n S l u on h re l o n 45 . ier i u e ert e y e iby p t e igi m K 0 — l E 2 — r l Ro Wis owa R . 2 F ow er R . 6 6 Ca rt e Re . Rom of e see s . . e , , , 5 ; , , 55 ; , , — 40 5 . 6 F or a urv e of t he cha n es effect ed in Rom a n re l on d ur n t h s er od 4 . s y g igi i g i p i , owl E - K 8— 6 C t r eli i on o u see F er R . . 1 1 Wis s owa R . a r e R N m a , , 3 4 3 ; , 5 4; , g f ,

— 1 04 1 5 . R E 1 47 . . . , 3 9 .

8 Liv . 2 2 6 4 . , . 57 . . Ha rr son 49 . i , 455 .

0 Se e . 8 1 n 5 . p . 43 . 1 Wis s owa K 2 6 - 5 . , R . 8 73 . F l 2 ow er R . F . 1 6 5 . , , 5 .

Cic . T c 1 8 Li 2 53 . , as . , . 3 ; v . , 1 . 1 8 . . Se 8 54. e p . 5 .

D eter ch H m . or h . . 55 . i i , y p , 3 9

— 6 Schwe le r 68 Pa s Anc I t. 0 . 5 . g , i , 3 ; i , . , 3 3 44 Ci c Tu s c . 2 57. . , 4 . 4. i C . M 8 c . Cat . 8 5 . , , 7 . Li 1 59 . v . , .

CHAP TE R x

RESUME

r n n e Mo e tha a thous a nd years befo re the Chris tia ra , we m a y im a gi ne the hills u pon the Tiber occu pied by s ca ttered cla ns o f L u n h n ig rians . From the ir rem ote a ces to rs they ad i herited a l on a w m n n u to a h e re igi th t as ai ly of fea r , a d tha t s o ght propiti te t T o f i nvis ible fo rce s tha t s eem ed lu rking to d o ha rm . o the people a n a o h a v It ly the wolf was a co s t nt object f terro r , and s o it d e ry n h ea rly come to typify this des tructive power . Accordi gly t e tribes dwelli ng nea r the Pa la ti ne cam e to th e Lu perca l a nd trie d

h - o e to propitia te t e wolf deity tha t dwe lt there . They ff red a go a t n l om n h from their herds , the fled with a l s pee d fr the s ce e of t e u n m a n a s la ghter of a s a cred a i a l . Afterwa rd , h vi g expi ted the i r

u n a n s a c am n a l a o n g ilt , they retur ed to the ca ve , to p rta ke i r e t f s hi

f t h e c m I n it s Lu ca a w a n o vi ti . this , s ea rlies t ta ge , the per li as

a potropa ic rite whos e pu rpos e was protection a ga ins t ev il .

“ ter a ra u n a n ou n When the r ma folk s ettled po the Pa l ti e , they f d the cu lt a t th e wolf- ca ve t oo long es ta blis hed a nd too dee ply v en in cra ted to be e ra dica ted or dis rega rded . The refore they co rp or n an h a n a in a ted it i nto their religio , d d their ow pries ts s h re the

- ritua l . Yet the pa rt a s s igned to th e new com ers wa s s ha dowy ; L I n the iguria n pries ts per formed a ll the s ignifican t rites . tim e the practica l Rom a ns obs erved tha t the goa t-s acrifice w hich they oflered a t th e Lu perca l la cked the vigor pos s ess ed by it in the neigh n of n C in n Lu n in bor i g cults J u o a p rot a a d J u no ci a , which blows ’ from the victim s hide a s s u red t o the wors hippers the e n tra nce of ' - n the god s life givi g power . So the y proceeded to reinforce the

- f n L rite o f Lu percu s with thes e cu lt a cts o J u o . Thus the u perca lia h a d a new pu rpos e added to the old one : it now s erved t o as s u re

the people of fertility .

u o h a a a in al a o -s acrifi e After the c lt of the d g d ppe red It y , d g c

n n m n f u r n . was rega rded a s a es pecia lly pote t ea s o p ifica tio It was , n a ine n n n o u accordi gly , dopted by the Sa b s , a i te s ely dev t people, ’ m n u r e not who rega rded a s im p ity a s the root of all dis as t r . It is e e n n u n ca m hard to believ tha t , wh the Sa bi es took der their re s o e h e n m e a n e o m on of o f t oldes t chtho ic cu lts of Ro , d d v ted the th Rés u mé 97

. a to cl a ns n s s u a d d Febru ry wholly e i g rite , they o ght to potency to L l a ccu d in m l of the u perca i , which o rre the idd e this lus tral period , h by inclu ding in its rites t e s a crifice of a dog . According to the n a n Lu ca a i n terpreta tio of the S bi es , the per li could bes t perform its old purpos e of protection a nd fertility by as s uri ng the people of pu rifica tion . ’ n m As directed by the Roma pries thood , Ro e s religi on tended t o becom e s te reo ty ped a nd forrnalis tic . At a tim e of pe ril it could n offe r little of s upport or of com fort . Co se quently t he da rk days o f t he w ar wi th Ha nnibal wi tnes s ed the reception in Rome of a n n n c n c a n e unbro ke s ucces s io of htho i gods d of th ir orgia s tic rites . h n The out worn fes tiva ls of t e a tive god s , who no longer helped the e rev ivified b t he a i n ee ce em n peo ple , w re y dd tio of Gr k r o ies . Such a tim e a fford s a na tu ra l se tti ng for the introduction i nto the Lu per c e s m n n e ca lia of acts whi h r e ble othi g xcept the rites of the Orphies . Thes e Orphic cerem onies pos s es s ed a power of lus tra tion s o s trong h a h as s u ed t o c l an a n en anc n o a n t t t ey r the e ebr t tr e i t ew s ta te , ’ i T where h e was one w th the gods . herefo re if the effete ceremonia l of the Lu perca lia was reinfo rced by t he Orphic s prinkli ng with blood a n n a nd m s c us e of m n n for perfect cle s i g , the y ti ilk i toke of new w a ca c m na on a a a life , it as logi l ul i ti of fes tiv l th t s ou ght to protect n the people from harm by m a ki g them pure . m n f L a I n the develop e t o the uperc lia , the old wa s not r eplaced n by the new s o m uch as rei te rpre ted by it . Protection a ga ins t

i n on i s as s u a n ev l i volved , ts pos itive ide , the r ce of productivity .

F l a nnes s o was e n a n or tha t , c e of the w rs hipper s s e ti l , he ce the cere

m n ecame om nan us a . cc n a o y b d i tly l tr l A ordi g to l ter theology ,

n m a n ul c ans cam a n t o whe was f ly le ed , he be e ki the god s . Havi ng ’ n in rc s ucc s s new as o th us bee re fo ed by e ive ide , this ldes t of Rom e s

a to u ccu m to s a n n fes tiva ls was the l s t s b Chri ti ity. Eve when Pope u a a s o n hi a t Gela s i s brog ted it , he fte ed s c by es tablis hi ng on the

m a a es a cel a n u r ca n he 1 s a e d y f tiv l ebr ti g the p ifi tio of t Vi rgin .

T us a ns o m d Lu e cal a in its s s en al m a n n h tr f r e , the p r i , e ti e i g , con n tinued to live o .

l s ia i 8 . f . 1 . Ba ronius , Annal es E cc e stic , 60 ol B I BLIOGRAPHY

i n (This lis t s ot a com plete bibliogra phy . It inclu des s imply t h e

u m s a a n uo in s i vol e th t h ve bee q ted or referred to thi diss erta t on .)

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