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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03790-8 - Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome Jack J. Lennon Index More information Index abstinence, 1, 22, 61–4, 66, 76, 102 bell, used as a warning, 149, 150, 157 adultery, 50, 56, 68, 75, 173 Bendlin, Andreas, 13–14, 26, 91 Aeneas, 3, 37, 41, 50, 90, 128 birds Agamben, Giorgio ill omen, 37, 48, 160 homo sacer, 52 unclean, 137 Aghori birth, 58–61 rejection of pollution, 188–90 and deformity, 8, 37 Agrippina Minor, 74 and pollution, 6, 20, 55, 82, 136 murder by Nero, 100 purification after, 143 Ambarvalia, 37, 63 blood, 2, 6, 58, 90, 99, 101–2, 103, 104, 123, 130, Amphitryon, 90 135, 136, 193 animals, 47–9 and guilt, 33, 34, 93, 98–100, 129, 130 and sacrifice, 8, 48, 56, 113 animal sacrifice, 48, 100–9 impurity of, 8 as pollution, 3, 31, 46, 90, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, Anthesteria (festival), 162 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 121, 124, 127, 129, Antiphon, 12, 91 130, 133, 155, 156, 183 Antonius, Marcus, 32, 75, 106, 130 as prodigy, 106, 108–9, 130 Antonius, Marcus (Orator), 131 as symbol, 102, 134 Appius Claudius Crassus, decemvir, 98 avoidance in human sacrifice, 111–12, 117 Appius Claudius Pulcher, 175, 176 consumption of, 34, 120, 122, 130 Argei, 163–5 controlled shedding of, 124, 125 army devotio, 114–15 permitted to kill, 125, 127 human sacrifice, 24, 110, 117–20, 122 purification of, 125, 126 in civil war, 36, 128–33, 194 separate from society, 127 menstrual, 11, 81–8, 160 Arval Brethren, 46 murder, 12, 23, 91 augurs, 44, 47, 50, 115, 141 purification from, 125 Augustine, 60, 79, 143 taurobolium, 106–8 views on prostitution, 80 warfare, 123 Augustus, 39, 40, 46, 126, 129, 184 bloodshed Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, 156 concealed, 151 body Bacchus, cult of, 42 female, 79, 86 sexual pollution, 65, 69, 173 margins, 7, 34, 56, 58–9, 82, 112 suppression, 64–6 source of pollution, 6, 9, 31, 32, 55, 56, 58, 82, bathing, 150, 194 89, 90, 132, 144, 191 battle source of power, 83–5, 86, 189 pollution of, 3, 35, 90, 115, 125 symbol, 5, 79, 85, 89, 112, 188, 192, beans, 163 193 Beard, Mary, 14, 70 Bona Dea, 27, 67, 71, 175, 181, 182, bees, 84 184 223 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03790-8 - Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome Jack J. Lennon Index More information 224 Index boundaries, 7, 8, 16, 37, 60, 89, 134, 158, chastity, 67, 69, 80 162 and agriculture, 63, 64, 68, 193 Aghori, 188 and social order, 193 arena, 156 child sacrifice, 117 crossing, 45 children human body, 5, 35, 54, 56, 58, 79, 88 both parents living, 142 religious, 135, 139 burial of, 140, 149, 151 restoration of, 46 newborn, 59 sacred, 147 physical inspection, 59 social, 65, 72, 139, 150, 166 purification of, 36, 59 templum, 44, 160 ritual protection, 60, 143 transgression of, 37, 48, 192 Christianity, 40 brothel, 66, 67 polemic, 106–8, 121–2 polluted, 78 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1–3, 16, 26–7, 31, 32, 33, Brutus, Lucius Iunius, 98, 99, 124 35, 40, 43, 47, 62, 68, 73, 75, 79, 91, 93, accused of kin murder, 98, 124 94–5, 97, 100, 117, 128, 130, 138, 144, 154, 160 sons of, 119 De domo sua, 167–87 burial, 113, 115, 134, 139, 143, 144, 148, 155, 158, Circus Maximus, 80, 164 192 Claudius, 74, 75 denial of, 152 Cloaca Maxima, 38, 158, 164, 166 human sacrifice, 111, 120 Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 26–7, 33, 34, 40, 43, of sacred items, 47 168 prohibitions, 58, 72, 139, 147 alleged incest, 180–2 soldiers, 139 Bona Dea scandal, 67–9, 71, 88, 172–5 unlawful, 149, 150 compared to Catiline, 171–2 Vestal Virgins, 72, 134 elected tribune, 169 burning family, pollution of, 179–80 as purification, 8 murder of, 93 shrine to Libertas, 169–70, 175–7, 178 Caesar, Gaius Julius, 31, 34, 119, 130, 173 Temple of Castor, 182–4 epilepsy, 51 Cloelius, Sextus, 34, 47, 83 murder of, 97 clothing pontifex maximus, 68 and professions, 80, 148, 150, 151 Caligula, 73 dirtying of, 33, 105, 106 campus Sceleratus, 71, 153 purity required, 52, 133 cannibalism, 73, 118, 119, 120, 132, 188 removal for sacrifice, 105, 133 capital punishment.Seeexecution Commodus, 123, 156, 157 Carthaginians corpse and human sacrifice, 114, 117 abuse, 32, 96 cruelty of, 117, 132 disposal, 146–9 Catiline, Lucius Sergius, 16, 97, 119, 121, 167, period of transition, 7, 20, 137, 141, 143 168, 171–2, 173 preparation, 136, 141, 143 Cato, Marcus Porcius, 36, 104, 125 source of pollution, 11, 20, 29, 31, 95, 135, 136, Cato, Marcus Porcius (Uticensis), 124, 130, 152, 138 172 unburied, 11, 131, 137, 139 cemetery, 143, 152, 155 cremation, 139, 140, 144, 148 Ceres, 62, 64, 80 banned within pomerium, 139, 147 and Bona Dea, 68 crime, 18, 31, 38, 39, 41, 74, 153 and Demeter, 62 and Flora, 80 death, 6, 20, 70, 82, 137, 142, 188 consecration to, 98 affects family, 139–41 shrine of, 62 disorder, 136 Cerialia, 62, 80 pollution, 31, 136, 138, 144 chalk threat to fertility, 160, 162 use in sacrifice, 48 undertakers, 146–55 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03790-8 - Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome Jack J. Lennon Index More information Index 225 Delos, 58 fertility, 7, 62, 69, 88, 102 devotio, 114 and chastity, 63, 68, 193 gladiatorial oath, 157 threats to, 160, 161, 162 scapegoat, 115 wine, 80 survivors of, 115, 134 Festus (grammarian), 32, 42, 59, 71, dies lustricus, 59 159 diet, 61 Ancunulentae, 83 Roman, 49 homo sacer, 52 dirt, 6, 7 laurel, 125 cultural construct, 2 fingernails, 6 reactions to, 9 fire, 36, 104, 145 disease, 26, 31, 33, 49, 53, 86, 101, 108, 112, 147, purification, 16, 37, 144 193, See also plague sacred, 42, 70, 72, 159 leprosy, 188 flamen Dialis, 99, 159, 166 disgust, 7, 31, 34, 189 restrictions, 49, 162, 163, 164 biological reaction, 9 wife of, 159, 163 Rozin and Fallon, 9 flamen Quirinalis, 32 dogs, 49, 84, 95, 137 Floralia, 79–81 Domitian, 73, 75 food, 42, 63 doors, 60, 85, 143, 160 polluted, 31, 78, 144 Douglas, Mary, 4–6, 8, 10, 14, 43, 49, 65, 70, 82, pure, 52 85, 192 purity required to prepare, 61 druids.SeeGauls, human sacrifice sharing, 78 Durkheim, Emile,´ 5 fratricide.SeeRomulus Frazer, Sir James, 14, 17, 163, 164 Egyptians, 62, 66, 67, 117 fumigation brother–sister marriage, 75–6 as purification, 61 epilepsy, 31, 51, 120, 121, 123 funeral, 142, 149 Esquiline Hill dress, 164 body dumping, 138, 146 os resectum, 144 excrement, 32, 83, 103, 189, 195 rites, 18, 60, 139, 141 execution, 74, 96, 110, 112, 119 Furies, 93, 94–5 and pollution, 153 as purification, 8, 94 Ganges, 3 enemy commanders, 134 Gauls, 46, 52, 123 spectacle, 138, 154, 155, 157 human sacrifice, 118, 119 executioner, 25, 138, 146, 150, 153, 154, 155 sacrifice of, 111 clothing of, 151 Girard, Rene,´ 12, 112 pollution of, 154, 156, 157 blood, 103 expiation, 18, 23, 25, 35–6, 39, 40, 68, 111, 175 murder, 93 Arval Brethren, 46 violence, 93, 111 Augustus, 129, 184 gladiators, 25, 120, 155–8 burial, 47 blood of, 123 civil war, 194 polluted, 138, 146, 153, 156 death, 137, 153 Greeks Greek religion, 30 concept of pollution, 10, 12, 36 incestum, 74 homicide laws, 93 piaculum, 38, 103 human sacrifice, 117 prodigies, 71, 101, 102, 108, 114, 160 sacrifice of, 111 sacred boundaries, 46 groves, 35, 46, 48, 61, 118 sacrifice, 108 Libitina, 147, 149 extispicy, 108, 134 guilt, 11, 18, 25, 96, 98, 113 and nefas, 39 Feralia, 159 and shame, 5, 10 feriae Latinae, 121, 122 collective, 103, 113, 117 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03790-8 - Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome Jack J. Lennon Index More information 226 Index hair, 6, 7 lex Iulia et Papia, 67, 77 hanging, 93, 149, 151 XII Tabulae, 93, 142, 147 denial of burial, 155 lemures, 26, 162, 164 unclean, 152 Lemuria, 162–3, 164, 165 haruspices, 33, 69, 108 Leviticus, 6, 8 Hecate, 49 Libertas, 26, 27, 169, 172, 175–7, 178, 179, 185 Hercules, 90, 106, 126 Libitina, 147, 148, 152 hermaphrodites, 8, 13, 37, 71, 151 Livia, 106 homicide, 12, 92–100 Lucan (poet), 34, 37, 41, 45, 108, 118, 124, 129, justifiable, 52, 93 130, 131, 189 pollution, 36 Lucilius (satirist), 83 purification from, 36 Lucretia, 99 hooks, use as punishment, 149, 151, 157 Ludi Saeculares, 17 Horace (poet), 32, 36, 39, 46, 129, 132, 139, 147, Lupercalia, 49, 161, 164 152 lustration, 13, 37, 59, 63, 104, 126, 159 household gods, 49, 90, 93–4, 96, 128, lustrici. See dies lustricus 178–9 hygiene, 59, 138, 165 magic, 49, 86, 195 Manes, 43, 113, 114 incest, 40, 57, 72–6, 88, 181 Lemuria, 163 in polemic, 27, 73, 181 Manlius, Titus, 123, 124 infamia, 77, 78, 153 Marius, Gaius, 99, 120, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, Isis, cult of, 61, 66, 67 194 Isis, cult statue, 67 marriage, 142, 161, 162 ivory close-kin, 73, 74, 75 impure, 138 tainted by death, 160 Martial (poet), 150, 151 Janus, temple of, 125 matricide, 95, 126 Judaism Meigs, Anna, 6–7, 55, 78, 91, 132 alleged human sacrifice, 117 menstruation.Seeblood, menstrual dietary restrictions, 8, 48, 49 miasma, 10, 11, 13, 19, 30, 50 Juno Sospita, 49 bloodshed, 151 Jupiter, 126, 177 Latin equivalents, 15, 17, 18 Jupiter Capitolinus, 99, 116, 127 milk, 106 Jupiter Latiaris, 121–2 human, 5, 60 Jupiter Liberator Mithras, 102, 109 libation to, 100 mortality rate, 146 Jupiter Optimus Maximus.SeeJupiter mourners Capitolinus professional, 146, 148 Jupiter Stator, 60 mourning, 158 jurors, 12, 93, 100, 133, 173 dress, 142, 163 Juvenal (satirist), 60, 63, 66, 75, 78, 156 indicators, 141, 142–3, 154 purification, 143 kisses religious prohibitions, 62 death rites, 140 self-pollution, 142, 166 impure, 34, 63, 78, 83, 131 mundus, opening of, 161–2 knots murder.Seehomicide avoided, 162, 163, 164 myrtle, 69 Lares.Seehousehold gods Nero, 73 Latte, Kurt, 17–18, 60, 161 noxii, 119, 157 laurel, 60, 125–6, 128, 156 Numa, 61, 125, 139 laws, 72, 73 Diocletian, 76 Orestes, 126, 150 lex Canuleia, 34 os resectum, 144–6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03790-8 - Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome Jack J.