/ 2 T H E L U PIZRCA L I A H A L BE RTA M I L d E D F R AN K LI N Submitted in Partial Fulfi ent of the Req uirements ' for the De ree of Doc of Philoso h in the g q p y , Faculty of Philosoph1 Columbia U niversity THE LU P E RCALI A S ! NO PS I S OF CHAP TE RS n r h I . New k owledge a bou t the eligi on of t e M editerra nea n ra ce r offers a ne w ba s is fo a s tudy of the Lu perca lia . The cha ra cter is tic e of e rra nea n ra ce wa s a n ea r - es n r d ity the Medit th godd s , i ca na te in a ll na u ra o ec s t h e er of l e and of ea a n r t l bj t , giv if d th , d wo s hipped r Th by orgia s tic ites . e cha ra cte ris tic de ity of the Arya ns wa s a s k - od wh o wa s onore a ca m ra ona s c ce r m n a y g , h d by l , ti li ti e o i l, h re m n r s of h L r I I . T e ce o ia l ite t e u pe ca lia we re com plex a nd h se e m ingly incohere n t . T e Roma ns h a d va gu e ide a s a bou t th e res n od b u t r a r e th e u r ose of es a a s a r p idi g g , eg d d p p the f tiv l ( ) p o tection rom r u a nd c u r f evil , (b) p od ctivity , ( ) p ifica tion . h - f h r s II I . T e wolf de ity o t e G eek wa s Pela s gia n ; he re pres en ted . ou r n o r of th e u n e or a n a r the dev i g p we d rw ld , d w s wo s hipped by rites of expia tion . h - e es a m n L r . T e of a m u u s r a s IV wolf d iti It ly , o g the pe c , we e l o r a n rs a a u d e ded chtho ic powe , nd h d c lts of the Mediterra nea n h L r na a m n L . T e u ca a o o u r a ns a n a t type per li igi ted g the ig i , d rs ns s e of th e s a cr c of a oa t Lu e r us r m n fi t co i t d ifi e g t o p c , a ce e o ia l a s of en a s a n e ia r th e r s s a n a t ting the tr il , xp to y flight by p ie t , d r a ere n s n r fea s t . It wa s a n a pot op ic c mo y de ig ed t o wa d off evil . h a - t he r s a s e n V . T e go t god of G eek w a P la s gia fer tility god . His fer tilizing power wa s often appropr ia ted by a nthropom orphic gods . I n a oa - o w s a s o t h e e r e a n VI . It ly the g t g d a l giv of f rtility , d ri L r ns gina ted a m ong the igu ia . J uno wa s clos ely a s s ocia te d with 3 n s m e f he r fe r r es e re a h e m n the goa t , a d o o tility it w dded by t Ro a s 3 t o the Lu perca lia : th e Lu perci girded them se lve s with goa t -s ki ns a n a s e ra n a ou t h e a a ne s ruc om en oa d , th y b t P l ti , t k the w with g t — 4 n r s kin thongs a s a fertility cha rm . He cefo th t he gift of fe rtility m r r s s L r gwa s one of the i po ta n t pu po e of the u pe ca lia . I I Th - u s in r ce we r a s a n a n T a a n V . e d og c lt G ee e Pel gi , m i ly of hr ci r r n o rigin ; a nd h a d e s pecia l potency fo pu ifica tio . I - a ns s e m n r V I I . Th e d og cults of the It lia e t o ha ve bee bor owed I ” r m r a a n . The a n s f o the Gree ks of Sou the n It ly d Sicily S bi e , who w J rr n m s h r a m a d opted m a ny Medite a nea cus to , w o we e f ilia r with ‘ ' C) 2 2 The Luperca lia u rifi tor of a n h a o the p ca y power the dog , d w o exerted p werfu l n n . r n m a r i flu e ce ove the religio of Ro e , proba bly dded the s a c ifice of a d og t o the Lu perca lia . Thus pu r ifica tion ca m e to be a n im L porta n t elemen t of the u percalia . I - m n L ! . The blood cere o ia l of the u perca lia finds n o pa ra llel in m n s b u i s m a r a n s of es Ro a cu lt , t s i il r to ce t i rite the Orphi which s ou ght to a s s u re com plete u ni on with the de ity . It is proba ble tha t thes e Orphic elemen ts were a dded t o the Lu perca lia du ring r n r r mm the wa with Ha nibal o the yea s i edia tely followin g , when m a ny o rgia s tic c u lts of the Greeks were brought i n to Rom e . Thus the Lu perca lia wa s s pi ritua lized by new r ites of clea ns ing a nd by the a s s u ra nce of kins hip with the de ity . h L a e m ! . I n it s devel opmen t t e upe rc lia reflect d the develop en t of the Rom a n people . CHAP TE R I I NTRODUCTION Within the las t few decades the work of th e a rcha eologis t a nd of r a n za on a s us a n the a n th opologis t , reve li g the civili ti th t exi ted tho ds h a s a a o u on in s u n n of yea rs a go, brou ght bou t rev l ti the t dy of A cie t s . r m s c o a rs h a s o Hi tory Befo e this ti e h l w o de lt with the hi t ry , the a a n r on of c a nd a r conc rn s oci l life , d the eligi Gree e of It ly we e e ed a n s n a n preem inen tly with the Ary people wh o i v ded th os e pe ins u las . r a a r e s re a a s n m Th e ea lier s tock w s l g ly di g rded , bei g erely the a borigines wh o h ad been effaced by the conqu ering Hellenes a nd s o s h a s n a u n a m Ita lia ns . Th e fa l ity f thi view bee b d ntly de on s t ra ted by the dis covery of the m a rvellous civiliza tion of Crete a nd r a s n m r s s e of Mycenae . Su ely people o u e ou , o pow rfu l , a nd s o r re t c on one ou u n e rs a n cu ltu ed a o be re k ed with , if w ld d t d the u a of os a n s . The o c n a a n s of a la ter pop l ce th e l d Ne lithi i h bit t It ly , u fa r m or r m a n ose of a n r too , tho gh e p i itive th th the Aege , we e poss es sed of a civiliza tion too clea rly m a rked t o be ignored .