DOCSLIB.ORG

Our Lakes at Risk: the Impact of Growth on North Carolina’S Water Quality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Our Lakes at Risk: the Impact of Growth on North Carolina’S Water Quality Our Lakes at Risk: The Impact of Growth on North Carolina’s Water Quality NCPIRG Education Fund Summer 2005 Our Lakes at Risk: The Impact of Growth on North Carolina’s Water Quality Christine Wunsche Stephen Craig Lucas Wilkinson NCPIRG Education Fund Summer 2005 3 Acknowledgements The North Carolina Public Interest Research Group Education Fund gratefully acknowledges Amy Pickle of the Southern Environmental Law Center, Elaine Chiosso, Executive Director of the Haw River Assembly, and Bill Holman, Executive Director of the Clean Water Management Trust Fund for peer review. Special thanks to Stanback Interns, Emily Hanawalt and Eboni Bledsoe for their assistance with data and production of tables and graphs in this report. This report was made possible by generous grants from the Beldon Fund, Educational Foundation of America, Fred Stanback, and the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. The authors alone bear responsibility for any factual errors. The recommendations are those of the NCPIRG Education Fund. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of our funders. © 2005 NCPIRG Education Fund NCPIRG The NCPIRG Education Fund, is a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to protecting the environment, the rights of consumers, and good government in North Carolina. For more information about North Carolina PIRG, call (919) 833-2070 or email ncpirg@pirg.org. NCPIRG Education Fund 112 S. Blount Street Suite 102 Raleigh, NC 27601 4 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................7 Introduction ........................................................................................................9 Understanding the Data...................................................................................10 Land Use Changes in North Carolina’s River Basins ......................................12 Broad.............................................................................................................13 Lake Lure..................................................................................................13 Cape Fear ......................................................................................................14 Jordan Lake ..............................................................................................14 Catawba.........................................................................................................15 Lake Rhodhiss..........................................................................................15 Chowan.........................................................................................................16 French Broad.................................................................................................17 Waterville (Walters) Lake.........................................................................17 Hiwassee.......................................................................................................18 Lake Chatuge ...........................................................................................18 Little Tennessee............................................................................................19 Fontana Lake ...........................................................................................19 Lumber.........................................................................................................20 Lake Waccamaw......................................................................................20 Neuse ...........................................................................................................22 Falls Lake .................................................................................................22 New...............................................................................................................23 Pasquotank...................................................................................................24 Lake Phelps .............................................................................................24 Roanoke ........................................................................................................25 Lake Gaston.............................................................................................25 Savannah......................................................................................................26 Tar-Pamlico...................................................................................................27 Lake Mattamuskeet.................................................................................27 Watauga........................................................................................................28 White Oak ....................................................................................................29 Yadkin ...........................................................................................................30 High Rock Lake .......................................................................................30 Projected Land Use Changes............................................................................31 Policy Findings ..................................................................................................33 End Notes..........................................................................................................34 5 6 Executive Summary AS NORTH CAROLINA’S population continues to grow, our forests, farmlands, and open spaces are disappearing.As these areas disappear and as people move closer to our rivers, lakes and streams, water quality suffers. Between 1982 and 2002, North Carolina lost 2,568,700 acres of cropland and forestland, while it gained 1,849,800 acres of developed land. The quality of our lakes depends upon the quality of the waters that flow into it, and on the health of the land around those tributaries.A river basin is defined as “all of the land that water flows across or under on its way to a river.i”This report examines growth and development activity by river basin, and highlights lakes in many of the river basins already showing signs of pollution. During the period from 1982 to 2002: The French Broad basin lost 48.4 % of its total cropland and 8.3% of its forestland, higher rates of loss than any other river basin in the state. The Cape Fear River basin saw 14.1% of its cropland and 8% of its forestland transformed; losing 171,700 acres of cropland and 281,100 acres of forestland. Meanwhile, Jordan Lake, which serves as an important drinking water supply and favorite recreational area, is severely polluted by nutrient pollution from wastewater treatment plants and polluted runoff from surrounding development. The Neuse River basin lost a total of 21.2 % of its cropland and 8.7% of its forestland. Recent water quality data shows that Falls Lake, the primary drinking water supply for Raleigh and surrounding communities, is showing signs of pollution and may soon reach impaired status. Between 1982 and 2002, developed land in North Carolina increased by 1,849,800 million acres. The Watauga Basin saw a 230% increase in developed land, the highest change in developed land in any river basin. The Neuse River basin added 313,100 acres of development, a 123% change, the sixth highest increase. The Broad River basin added 72,200 acres of developed land, an increase of 174%, the second highest in the state. If we do not act now to prepare for this growth and loss of open spaces in the coming years, the quality of our lakes may continue to decline—imperiling our drinking water and favorite recreation spots. By the year 2027: 7.4% of forestland, equaling 1,157,592 acres will be lost. 25.4% of cropland, or 1,341,790 acres, will disappear. Developed land area in the state will increase 58.3% or 2,177,336 acres. 7 Recommendations IT IS IMPORTANT that we plan now so that North Carolinians will continue to have clean water along with growth and development. Our rivers, lakes, and streams are the places we treasure for fishing, boating, and swimming and they provide half of all North Carolinians with drinking water. Preserving water quality is vital to our health, our communities, and North Carolina’s economy—without clean water, our state will be unable to continue to support growth. Waiting until our lakes are polluted to act can be costly and have damaging effects on water quality. There are several tools our state can use to ensure that costly, time-consuming clean-up of our lakes is not needed. These tools include: 1) preserving open spaces, 2) providing our pristine waters with protection, 3) monitoring our lakes for early signs of pollution, and 4) making sure that the clean up of our already polluted lakes happens quickly. North Carolina’s leaders should take steps to: Establish permanent, dedicated state and local sources of funding to preserve and restore our streams, wetlands, floodplains, greenways, and other important lands, including full funding of $100,000,000 for the Clean Water Management Trust Fund. Protect the tributaries to our lakes before they are degraded. Improve monitoring of our lakes and report the information to the public. Cap new discharges of wastewater into our major drinking water supply lakes such as Jordan and Falls Lakes; also, quickly clean up polluted lakes. 8 Introduction NORTH CAROLINA IS home Increased pollution from run-off and waste- eutrophic. Lakes can stay at the same trophic to many
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lake Waccamaw Subtype)
    NATURAL LAKE SHORELINE SWAMP (LAKE WACCAMAW SUBTYPE) Concept: Type covers tree-dominated vegetated wetland vegetation on the shores of medium to large permanent natural lakes. It extends inland to where the effect of lake hydrology on vegetation is replaced by the hydrology of the surrounding area, either upland or wetland. Subtype covers the unique calcareous example at Lake Waccamaw. The vegetation resembles that of the Cypress Subtype but has a distinctive and richer flora. Sites: Wetland zones along the shore of Lake Waccamaw, influenced by the calcareous waters, generally flooded much of the time by lake waters but exposed at low water levels. Soils: A specific soil series is not mapped, but soils are sand, presumably worked by wave action. Hydrology: Permanently to seasonally flooded. Water levels may vary over periods of a few years, in response to weather cycles. Vegetation: Open woodland of Taxodium ascendens. There are a few shrubs, including Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, and Cyrilla racemiflora. The herb layer is patchy, with dense beds of graminoids, areas of sparse emergent or submersed plants, and a number of species that are visible only when water levels are low and the shoreline is exposed. The denser areas are dominated by Panicum hemitomon and Cladium mariscoides. Dominants in smaller patches include Eleocharis olivacea, Sclerolepis uniflora, and Centella erecta, and Boltonia asteroides and Ludwigia sphaerocarpa are abundant. A great diversity of other herbaceous species is present, including Andropogon
    [Show full text]
  • 15A Ncac 02B .0100-.0300
    NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Division of Water Resources Administrative Code Section: 15A NCAC 02B .0100: Procedures for Assignment of Water Quality Standards 15A NCAC 02B .0200: Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to Surface Waters and Wetlands of North Carolina 15A NCAC 02B .0300: Assignment of Stream Classifications Amended Effective: November 1, 2019 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA This document available at: https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/csrrb/tri_rev_17to19/15A_NCAC_02B_.0100- .0300.pdf SUBCHAPTER 02B - SURFACE WATER AND WETLAND STANDARDS SECTION .0100 - PROCEDURES FOR ASSIGNMENT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 15A NCAC 02B .0101 GENERAL PROCEDURES (a) The rules contained in Sections .0100, .0200 and .0300 of this Subchapter, which pertain to the series of classifications and water quality standards, shall be known as the "Classifications and Water Quality Standards Applicable to the Surface Waters and Wetlands of North Carolina." (b) The Environmental Management Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission), prior to classifying and assigning standards of water quality to any waters of the State, shall proceed as follows: (1) The Commission, or its designee, shall determine waters to be studied for the purpose of classification and assignment of water quality standards on the basis of user requests, petitions, or the identification of existing or attainable water uses, as defined by Rule .0202 of this Subchapter, not presently included in the water classification. (2) In determining the best usage of waters and assigning classifications of such waters, the Commission shall consider the criteria specified in G.S. 143-214.1(d). In determining whether to revise a designated best usage for waters through a revision to the classifications, the Commission shall follow the requirements of 40 CFR 131.10 which is incorporated by reference including subsequent amendments and editions.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Ecosystems
    February 19, 2014 Nantahala and Pisgah NFs Assessment Aquatic Ecosystems The overall richness of North Carolina’s aquatic fauna is directly related to the geomorphology of the state, which defines the major drainage divisions and the diversity of habitats found within. There are seventeen major river basins in North Carolina. Five western basins are part of the Interior Basin (IB) and drain to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico (Hiwassee, Little Tennessee, French Broad, Watauga, and New). Parts of these five river basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests (NFs). Twelve central and eastern basins are part of the Atlantic Slope (AS) and flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of these twelve central and eastern basins, parts of the Savannah, Broad, Catawba, and Yadkin-Pee Dee basins are within the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs. As described later in this report, the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, for the most part, support higher elevation coldwater streams, and relatively little cool- and warmwater resources. To gain perspective on the importance of aquatic ecosystems on the Nantahala and Pisgah NFs, it is first necessary to understand their value at regional and national scales. The southeastern United States has the highest aquatic species diversity in the entire United States (Burr and Mayden 1992; Williams et al. 1993; Taylor et al. 1996; Warren et al. 2000,), with southeastern fishes comprising 62% of the United States fauna, and nearly 50% of the North American fish fauna (Burr and Mayden 1992). Freshwater mollusk diversity in the southeast is ‘globally unparalleled’, representing 91% of all United States mussel species (Neves et al.
    [Show full text]
  • PHELPS LAKE SHORELINE Property O
    2016 WETLAND TREASURES OF THE CAROLINAS PHELPS LAKE SHORELINE WETLAND TYPES: Photo by Amin Davis Natural lake shoreline swamp ECOLOGY & SIGNIFICANCE These wetlands and the lake ecosystem support a wide variety of bird species. Kingfishers, herons, egrets and This site is part of Pettigrew State Park and comprises other birds that forage at the water’s edge are common more than 550 acres of state-designated Unique here. Birds of prey such as owls, hawks, and eagles perch Wetlands along the north shore of Lake Phelps, North high up in the sites towering trees to hunt rodents in Carolina’s second largest natural lake. Within the site the adjacent crop fields. The area is a wintering ground is cypress and willow forest, a rare natural community for ducks, snow geese and tundra swans. The site also found on bay lakes, and an area of mature lake shore supports an abundance of butterflies, especially the swamp. The site contains one of the last old growth zebra swallowtail. Mammals documented using the forests in eastern North Carolina, including some bald site include black bear, white-tailed deer, opossum, cypress trees that measure 10 feet in diameter. The south fox, bobcat, raccoon, mink, muskrat and otter. The area shore of the lake has a distinct marsh community with is also part of the red wolf reintroduction program, and diverse emergent herbaceous flora. The lake is adjacent wolves are known to visit the Park. to the 110,000 acre Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge on the Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula, a sparsely THREATS populated region that supports abundant wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of North Carolina Underwater Archaeology
    i BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY Compiled by Barbara Lynn Brooks, Ann M. Merriman, Madeline P. Spencer, and Mark Wilde-Ramsing Underwater Archaeology Branch North Carolina Division of Archives and History April 2009 ii FOREWARD In the forty-five years since the salvage of the Modern Greece, an event that marks the beginning of underwater archaeology in North Carolina, there has been a steady growth in efforts to document the state’s maritime history through underwater research. Nearly two dozen professionals and technicians are now employed at the North Carolina Underwater Archaeology Branch (N.C. UAB), the North Carolina Maritime Museum (NCMM), the Wilmington District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and East Carolina University’s (ECU) Program in Maritime Studies. Several North Carolina companies are currently involved in conducting underwater archaeological surveys, site assessments, and excavations for environmental review purposes and a number of individuals and groups are conducting ship search and recovery operations under the UAB permit system. The results of these activities can be found in the pages that follow. They contain report references for all projects involving the location and documentation of physical remains pertaining to cultural activities within North Carolina waters. Each reference is organized by the location within which the reported investigation took place. The Bibliography is divided into two geographical sections: Region and Body of Water. The Region section encompasses studies that are non-specific and cover broad areas or areas lying outside the state's three-mile limit, for example Cape Hatteras Area. The Body of Water section contains references organized by defined geographic areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Authorize Dan River State Trail
    HOUSE BILL 360: Authorize Dan River State Trail. 2021-2022 General Assembly Committee: House Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the Date: April 22, 2021 House Introduced by: Reps. K. Hall, Carter Prepared by: Kellette Wade Analysis of: First Edition Staff Attorney OVERVIEW: House Bill 360 would authorize the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (Department) to add the Dan River Trail to the State Parks System. CURRENT LAW: The State Parks Act provides that a trail may be added to the State Parks System by the Department upon authorization by an act of the General Assembly. All additions are required to be accompanied by adequate authorization and appropriations for land acquisition, development, and operations. BILL ANALYSIS: House Bill 360 would authorize the Department to add the Dan River Trail to the State Parks System as a State Trail. The use of any segment of the trail crossing property not owned by the Department's Division of Parks and Recreation would be governed by the laws, rules, and policies established by that segment's owner. This addition would be exempt from having to be accompanied by adequate appropriations for land acquisition, development, and operations. Lands needed to complete the trail would be acquired either by donations to the State or by using existing funds in the Land and Water Fund, the Parks and Recreation Trust Fund, the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund, and other available sources of funding. EFFECTIVE DATE: This act would be effective when it becomes law. BACKGROUND: The Dan River is important to North Carolina, flowing 214 miles through Virginia and North Carolina, crossing the state line 8 times.
    [Show full text]
  • Information on the NCWRC's Scientific Council of Fishes Rare
    A Summary of the 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes in North Carolina Submitted by Bryn H. Tracy North Carolina Division of Water Resources North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC On behalf of the NCWRC’s Scientific Council of Fishes November 01, 2014 Bigeye Jumprock, Scartomyzon (Moxostoma) ariommum, State Threatened Photograph by Noel Burkhead and Robert Jenkins, courtesy of the Virginia Division of Game and Inland Fisheries and the Southeastern Fishes Council (http://www.sefishescouncil.org/). Table of Contents Page Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 3 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes In North Carolina ........... 4 Summaries from the 2010 Reevaluation of Status Listings for Jeopardized Freshwater Fishes in North Carolina .......................................................................................................................... 12 Recent Activities of NCWRC’s Scientific Council of Fishes .................................................. 13 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part I, Ohio Lamprey .............................................. 14 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part II, “Atlantic” Highfin Carpsucker ...................... 17 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part III, Tennessee Darter ...................................... 20 North Carolina’s Imperiled Fish Fauna, Part
    [Show full text]
  • How to Enjoy Your North Carolina State Parks
    NORTH CAROLINA STATE PARKS — YOUR STATE PARKS The State Parks described in this booklet portunities for economical vacations—either are the result of planning and development in the modern, fully equipped vacation cabins over a number of years. or in the campgrounds. Endowed by nature with ideal sites that We sincerely believe that North Carolina's range from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean well planned, well located, well equipped and to the tops of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the well maintained State Parks are a matter of State has located its State Parks for easy ac- justifiable pride in which every citizen has a cess as well as for varied appeal. They offer a share. This is earned by your cooperation in choice of homelike convenience and comfort observing the lenient rules and leaving the orderly. in sturdy, modern facilities . the hardy facilities and grounds clean and outdoor life of tenting and camp cooking . Keep this guide book for handy reference or the quick-and-easy freedom of a day's pic- use your State Parks year 'round for healthful nicking. The State Parks offer excellent op- recreation and relaxation! CONTENTS Page General Information 3-7 Information Chart 18-19 Map-Location of State Parks 18-19 Cliffs of the Neuse 8-9 Fort Macon 10-11 Hammocks Beach 12-13 Hanging Rock 14-15 Jones Lake 16-17 Morrow Mountain 20-21 Mount Jefferson 22-23 Mount Mitchell 24-25 Pettigrew 26-27 Reedy Creek 28-29 Singletary Lake 30-31 William B. Umstead 32-33 2 ADMINISTRATION GENERAL INFORMATION The North Carolina State Parks are developed, operated, maintained and administered hy the De- partment of Conservation and Development through its Division of State Parks.
    [Show full text]
  • North Carolina STATE PARKS
    North Carolina STATE PARKS North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development Division of State Parks North Carolina State Parks A guide to the areas set aside and maintained taining general information about the State as State Parks for the enjoyment of North Parks as a whole and brief word-and-picture Carolina's citizens and their guests — con- descriptions of each. f ) ) ) ) YOUR STATE PARKS THE STATE PARKS described in this well planned, well located, well equipped and booklet are the result of planning and well maintained State Parks are a matter of developing over a number of years. justifiable pride in which every citizen has Endowed by nature with ideal sites that a share. This is earned by your cooperation range from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean in observing the lenient rules and leaving the to the tops of the Blue Ridge Mountains, facilities and grounds clean and orderly. the State has located its State Parks for easy Keep this guide book for handy reference- access as well as for varied appeal. They use your State Parks year 'round for health- offer a choice of homelike convenience and ful recreation and relaxation! comfort in sturdy, modern facilities . the hardy outdoor life of tenting and camp cook- Amos R. Kearns, Chairman ing ... or the quick-and-easy freedom of a Hugh M. Morton, Vice Chairman day's picnicking. The State Parks offer excel- Walter J. Damtoft lent opportunities for economical vacations— Eric W. Rodgers either in the modern, fully equipped vacation Miles J. Smith cabins or in the campgrounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Segment 8 Rivers, Railroads, and Lakes Hanging Rock State Park to Greensboro’S Bryan Park
    Photo by Cathy Leonard MOUNTAINS-TO-SEA TRAIL HIKING GUIDE Segment 8 Rivers, Railroads, and Lakes Hanging Rock State Park to Greensboro’s Bryan Park By Jim Grode and Friends of the Mountains-to-Sea Trail mountainstoseatrail.org | SEGMENT 8 (revised 12-14-2020) 1 Table of Contents Segment 8: Rivers, Railroads, and Lakes Hanging Rock State Park to Greensboro’s Bryan Park Introduction Maps Primary Trailheads Trail Angels & Shuttles Signs & Blazing Water & Restrooms Camping & Lodging Food, Supplies & Post Office Hunting Dogs Special Considerations Eastbound Hiking Directions Westbound Hiking Directions Additional Resources Note: This guide uses the terms EB and WB throughout to refer to Eastbound (Clingmans Dome to Jockey’s Ridge) or Westbound (Jockey’s Ridge to Clingmans Dome) directions and mileages. Copyright © 2020 by Friends of the Mountains-to-Sea Trail. All rights reserved. mountainstoseatrail.org | SEGMENT 8 (revised 12-14-2020) 2 Distance: 64.3 miles (19.6 on trail, 2.2 on paved greenway, and 42.5 on roads) Difficulty: Moderate on trail; easy to moderate on greenways and roads. The road and greenway stretches are ideal for traveling by bicycle; on the trails, the Owls Roost Trail is highly technical mountain biking, but cycling is prohibited on all other trails in this segment. TRAIL UPDATES: When planning your trip, confirm you have the most recent version of this ! guide, and ALWAYS take time to check the posted updates about the trail route by visiting MountainstoSeaTrail.org/updates. Introduction This 64-mile MST segment allows hikers to explore the peaceful countryside and small towns of Piedmont North Carolina just north of Winston-Salem and Greensboro.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Ridge Park Way DIRECTORY TRAVEL PLANNER
    65 TH Edition Blue Ridge Park way www.blueridgeparkway.org DIRECTORY TRAVEL PLANNER Includes THE PARKWAY MILEPOST Biltmore Asheville, NC Exit at Milepost 388.8 Grandfather Mountain Linville, NC Exit at Milepost 305.1 Roanoke Star and Overlook Roanoke, VA Exit at Milepost 120 Official Publication of the Blue Ridge Parkway Association The 65th Edition OFFICIAL PUBLICATION BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY ASSOCIATION, INC. P. O. BOX 2136, ASHEVILLE, NC 28802 (828) 670-1924 www.blueridgeparkway.org • info@blueridgeparkway.org COPYRIGHT 2014 NO Portion OF THIS GUIDE OR ITS MAPS may BE REPRINTED WITHOUT PERMISSION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PRINTED IN THE USA. Some Parkway photographs by William A. Bake, Mike Booher, Vicki Dameron and Jeff Greenberg © Blue Ridge Parkway Association Layout/Design: Imagewerks Productions: Arden, NC This free Directory & Travel PROMOTING Planner is published by the 500+ member Blue Ridge TOURISM FOR Parkway Association to help Chimney Rock at you more fully enjoy your Chimney Rock State Park Parkway area vacation. MORE THAN Members representing attractions, outdoor recre- ation, accommodations, res- Follow us for more Blue Ridge Parkway 60 YEARS taurants, shops, and a variety of other services essential to information and resources: the traveler are included in this publication. When you visit their place of business, please let them know www.blueridgeparkway.org you found them in the Blue Ridge Parkway Directory & Travel Planner. This will help us ensure the availability of another Directory & Travel Planner for your next visit
    [Show full text]
  • Dan Scenic River Report Halifax & Pittsylvania Counties
    Dan Scenic River Report Halifax & Pittsylvania Counties Prepared By Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Planning and Recreation Resources September 2014 Dan Scenic River Report Page 1 of 36 Table of Contents I. REASON FOR THE STUDY ....................................................................... 3 A. Benefits of Designation ............................................................................ 3 B. Designation Process ................................................................................. 4 II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .......................................................................... 4 III. CORRIDOR STUDY MAP ........................................................................... 5 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS .................................................................. 6 A. River Corridor Vegetation ........................................................................ 6 B. Riverbed and/or River Flow Modifications............................................... 9 C. Human Development of Visual Corridor ................................................ 11 D. Historic Features .................................................................................... 11 E. Landscape .............................................................................................. 12 F. Quality of Fishery .................................................................................. 13 G. Special Natural Flora/Fauna ................................................................... 13 H. Water
    [Show full text]