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Temperature-Programmed Reduction/Oxidation/Desorption (TPR/TPO/TPD) CATALYTIC CO2 HYDROGENATION TO CO AND METHANOL by Chen-Yu Chou A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Spring 2019 © 2019 Chen-Yu Chou All Rights Reserved CATALYTIC CO2 HYDROGENATION TO CO AND METHANOL by Chen-Yu Chou Approved: __________________________________________________________ Eric M. Furst, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Levi T. Thompson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Raul F. Lobo, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Buttrey, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Terry G. Dubois, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Michael T. Klein, Sc.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Bingjun Xu, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have received enormous support for helping me to complete this dissertation. There are a lot of people I would like to acknowledge. First, I would like to express my greatest attitude to my advisor, Dr. Raul Lobo, for giving me the opportunity to conduct research in this lovely group, and for all the continuous support and great guidance. He is not only a great advisor, but also a great person to work with. I have learned so much from him in many areas. I know that all the inspiration from him will turn into something great in the future, and the experience here in his group will always be helpful. I am extremely grateful and appreciate all the supports he gave me during my PhD program at University of Delaware. I am honored to work with Dr, Terry Dubois on a project funded by U.S. Army. Dr. Dubois gave us a lot of useful information and feedback on tackling the practical problem. I really enjoyed the meetings with him. I would like to acknowledge U.S. Army for funding the research that led to the production of this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Douglas Buttrey, Dr. Michael Klein, Dr. Bingjun Xu for kindly agreeing to be on my thesis committee and helping to improve this thesis. I would also like to thank all members of Dr. Lobo’s research group who have been at the University of Delaware throughout the years: Dr. Jason Loiland, Dr. Trong Pham, Dr. Bahar Ipek, Dr. Eyas Mahmoud, Dr. Jelvehnaz Mirzababaei, Dr. Efi Vasileiadou, Dr. Molly Koehle, Dr. Edward Schreiner, Dr. Huibo Sheng, Dr. Hannah Nguyen, Dr. Young Jin Kim, Dr. Erisa Saraci, Dr. Ting Jiang, Dr. Shoucheng Du, v Muyuan Li, Mark LaFollette, Jason Lee, Eric Steinman, Hsuan-Lan Wang. I would like to thank all the other colleagues in Colburn lab and ISE lab who gave me so much support. It has been a pleasure to work with you. I would like to thank the support staff within the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Delaware. Alan Price, Neilsen Garrett, and Weihua Deng have been so helpful in safety and instrumental set up. Rechilda Alba, Mary Walsh, Kathleen Young, and Cheryl Davis-Robinson have been supportive in all the operations in Colburn throughout the years. I would like to thank my family and friends for their continued support over the years. I would like to dedicate this work to Sophie Liao, my greatest supporter through my roughest time, and have always been by my side. Without your love and encouragement, I could not have completed the thesis. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xii LIST OF SCHEMES .................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 CO2 Emission and Utilization ................................................................... 1 1.2 CO Synthesis via Reverse Water-Gas Shift (RWGS) Reaction ................ 5 1.3 Methanol Synthesis ................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Methanol production in industry ................................................... 8 1.3.2 Recent advances in hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol .............. 12 1.3.3 Mechanism .................................................................................. 13 1.4 Scope of Dissertation ............................................................................... 15 2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ....................................................................... 19 2.1 Catalyst Synthesis .................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Wet impregnation ........................................................................ 19 2.1.2 Dry Impregnation ........................................................................ 21 2.1.3 Co-precipitation method .............................................................. 21 2.2 Characterization Techniques and Spectroscopies ................................... 21 2.2.1 Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) ................................................ 22 2.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ................................... 23 2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy ......................................................... 25 2.2.4 Temperature-programmed Reduction/Oxidation/Desorption (TPR/TPO/TPD) .......................................................................... 26 2.3 Catalyst Evaluation and Kinetic Studies ................................................. 29 vii 2.3.1 Flow-reactor Setup for Catalysts Evaluation ............................... 29 2.3.2 Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry ................................... 31 3 REVERSE WATER-GAS SHIFT IRON CATALYST DERIVED FROM MAGNETITE ................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 33 3.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................ 36 3.2.1 Materials ...................................................................................... 36 3.2.2 Reactor setup for kinetics and gas-switching experiments .......... 37 3.2.3 Catalyst Characterization ............................................................. 37 3.2.4 Measurement of product formation rates and reaction rates with gas-switching or isotopic experiments ................................ 39 3.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 43 3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 68 4 DIRECT CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO METHANOL OVER PROMOTED INDIUM-BASED CATALYSTS .............................................. 70 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 70 4.2 Experimental ............................................................................................ 74 4.2.1 Catalyst preparation ..................................................................... 74 4.2.2 Catalyst Characterization ............................................................. 74 4.2.3 Reactor setup and catalytic activity ............................................. 76 4.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 79 4.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................... 107 5 HIGHLY SELECTIVE CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO METHANOL OVER COBALT-INDIUM BIMETAL OXIDES CATALYSTS ................. 108 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................
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