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Extrasolar Planet Detection and Characterization with the KELT-North Transit Survey

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Extrasolar Planet Detection and Characterization with the KELT-North Transit Survey Extrasolar Planet Detection and Characterization With the KELT-North Transit Survey DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas G. Beatty Graduate Program in Astronomy The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor B. Scott Gaudi, Advisor Professor Andrew P. Gould Professor Marc H. Pinsonneault Copyright by Thomas G. Beatty 2014 Abstract My dissertation focuses on the detection and characterization of new transiting extrasolar planets from the KELT-North survey, along with a examination of the processes underlying the astrophysical errors in the type of radial velocity measurements necessary to measure exoplanetary masses. Since 2006, the KELT- North transit survey has been collecting wide-angle precision photometry for 20% of the sky using a set of target selection, lightcurve processing, and candidate identification protocols I developed over the winter of 2010-2011. Since our initial set of planet candidates were generated in April 2011, KELT-North has discovered seven new transiting planets, two of which are among the five brightest transiting hot Jupiter systems discovered via a ground-based photometric survey. This highlights one of the main goals of the KELT-North survey: to discover new transiting systems orbiting bright, V< 10, host stars. These systems offer us the best targets for the precision ground- and space-based follow-up observations necessary to measure exoplanetary atmospheres. In September 2012 I demonstrated the atmospheric science enabled by the new KELT planets by observing the secondary eclipses of the brown dwarf KELT-1b with the Spitzer Space Telescope. For the first time, these eclipse observations demonstrated that hot, transiting, brown dwarfs have ii atmospheres similar to other, cold, brown dwarfs, and not to hot Jupiters. This opens up the use of the transiting brown dwarfs as objects of comparative study relative to the directly imaged cold brown dwarfs. Additionally, the strong focus on statistical repeatability I brought to the design of the KELT-North candidate selection process means that the results from the survey may be used in the future for a rigorous statistical analysis of the new, and old, transiting planets discovered by KELT-North. This will be only the fourth such analysis done using a transit survey, and, with approximately 80,000 target dwarf stars, will use the largest sample size to date. As a prelude to this project, my dissertation also provides the first a priori, descriptive, formulation of the astrophysical sources of uncertainty in radial velocity measurements. Exoplanetary masses are typically measured using radial velocity, and a thorough understanding of the sources of error in these observations provides crucial insight into the selection biases in searches for extrasolar planets, and allows for the design of more efficient surveys in the future. iii Dedication To my mother and father. iv Acknowledgments I would like to express my special appreciation and sincere gratitude to my advisor, Scott Gaudi, for his patience, guidance, and understanding during the past five years. I first met Scott almost nine years ago in Cambridge, and it was my experience doing science with him while I was at Harvard that made me decide to pursue a PhD in astronomy. It has been a pleasure to go from undergraduate through graduate school under his tutelage, and his attention to detail has continually pushed me towards becoming a better scientist. More generally, I thank the entire faculty of the Department for creating an atmosphere of scientific curiosity, interactivity, and for their genuine interest in the education of the graduate students. I would also like to thank the graduate students and post-docs whom I have overlapped with for making the day-to-day at the Department, and weekends outside of it, thoroughly enjoyable. Thank you as well to David Will and Michael Savage, for keeping all of the many computers necessary to run KELT-North operational, and fixing problems – sometimes before I even knew they existed. v I am especially indebted to my parents and my brothers for their support, both before and during my time in graduate school. This dissertation is, undoubtedly, the result of having watched The Dream is Alive so many times. Finally, my special thanks to Catherine Grier for her love and company over the past four years. I look forward to the many years to come. vi Vita March 10, 1983 ................ Born – New York, NY 2006 . B.A. Astrophysics, Harvard University 2009 . M.S. Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009 – 2011 . Distinguished University Fellow, The Ohio State University 2011 – 2012 .................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University Publications Research Publications 1. T. G. Beatty, K. A. Collins, J. Fortney, and 9 coauthors, “Spitzer and z’ Secondary Eclipse Observations of the Highly Irradiated Transiting Brown Dwarf KELT-1b,” ApJ, 783, 112, (2014) 2. K. A. Collins, J. D. Eastman, T. G. Beatty, and 39 coauthors, “KELT- 6b: A P 7.9 Day Hot Saturn Transiting a Metal-Poor Star with a Long-period Companion,”∼ AJ, 147, 39, (2014) 3. K. Furusawa, A. Udalski, T. Sumi, and 119 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “MOA-2010-BLG-328Lb: a sub-Neptune Orbiting Very Late M-dwarf?,” ApJ, 779, 91, (2013) 4. J. E. Rodriguez, J. Pepper, K. G. Stassun, and 4 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “Occultation of the T Tauri Star RW Aurigae A by its Tidally Disrupted Disk,” AJ, 146, 112, (2013) vii 5. J. Pepper, R. J. Siverd, T. G. Beatty, and 31 coauthors, “KELT-3b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a V=9.8 Late-F Star,” ApJ, 773, 64, (2013) 6. C. E. Mack, J. Ge, R. Deshpande, and 42 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “A Cautionary Tale: MARVELS Brown Dwarf Candidate Reveals Itself to be a Very Long Period Highly Eccentric Spectroscopic Stellar Binary,” AJ, 145, 139, (2013) 7. J. C. Yee, L. W. Hung, I. A. Bond, and 129 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “MOA-2010-BLG-311: A Planetary Candidate below the Threshold of Reliable Detection,” ApJ, 769, 77, (2013) 8. C. J. Grier, B. M. Peterson, K. Horne, and 38 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “The Structure of the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Reconstructed Velocity-delay Maps,” ApJ, 764, 47, (2013) 9. A Gould, J. C. Yee, I. A. Bond, and 122 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “MOA-2010-BLG-523: ‘Failed Planet’ = RS CVn Star,” ApJ, 763, 141, (2013) 10. R. J. Siverd, T. G. Beatty, J. Pepper, and 29 coauthors, “KELT-1b: A Strongly Irradiated, Highly Inflated, Short Period, 27 Jupiter-mass Companion Transiting a Mid F-star,” ApJ, 761, 123 (2012) 11. T. G. Beatty, J. Pepper, R. J. Siverd, and 28 coauthors, “KELT-2Ab: A Hot Jupiter Transiting the Bright (V=8.77) Primary Star of a Binary System,” ApJL, 756, L39, (2012) 12. C. J. Grier, B. M. Peterson, R. W. Pogge, and 37 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “Reverberation Mapping Results for Five Seyfert 1 Galaxies,” ApJL, 755, 60, (2012) 13. S. W. Fleming, J. Ge, R. Barnes, T. G. Beatty, and 58 coauthors, “Very Low Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-like Stars from MARVELS. II. A Short-period Companion Orbiting an F Star with Evidence of a Stellar Tertiary and Significant Mutual Inclination,” AJ, 144, 72, (2012) 14. C. J. Grier, B. M. Peterson, R. W. Pogge, and 40 coauthors including T. G. Beatty, “A Reverberation Lag for the High-ionization Component of the Broad-line Region in the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Mrk 335,” ApJL, 744, 4, (2012) viii 15. T. G. Beatty, S. Seager, “Transit Probabilities for Stars with Stellar In- clination Constraints,”, ApJ, 714, 1433, (2010) 16. J. N. Winn, M. J. Holman, J. A. Carter, G. Torres, D. J. Osip, and T. G. Beatty, “The Transit Light Curve Project. XI. Submillimagnitude Photometry of Two Transits of the Bloated Planet WASP-4b,” AJ, 137, 3826, (2009) 17. T. G. Beatty, B. S. Gaudi, ”Predicting the Yields of Photometric Sur- veys for Transiting Extrasolar Planets,” ApJ, 686, 1302, (2008) 18. T. G. Beatty, J. M. Fernandez, D. W. Latham, and 7 coauthors, “The Mass and Radius of the Unseen M Dwarf Companion in the Single-Lined Eclipsing Binary,” ApJ, 663, 573, (2007) Fields of Study Major Field: Astronomy ix Table of Contents Abstract ....................................... ii Dedication ...................................... iv Acknowledgments .................................. v Vita ......................................... vii List of Tables .................................... xiii List of Figures ................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction .............................. 1 1.1 HistoryandBackground ......................... 1 1.2 TheKELT-NorthTransitSurvey . 7 1.3 ScopeoftheDissertation. 11 Chapter 2: Astrophysical Sources of Uncertainty in Precision Radial Velocities and Their Approximations ........................... 13 2.1 Photon-limited Radial Velocity Precision . 17 2.1.1 Centroiding absorption lines . 19 2.2 Calculating Stellar Velocity Uncertainties . ...... 25 2.2.1 Spectral Resolution, v sin(i) and macroturbulence: Kurucz . 28 2.2.2 Temperature:BT-Settl. 35 2.2.3 Surface Gravity: BT-Settl . 38 2.2.4 Metallicity: Kurucz . 39 2.2.5 FinalExpressions......................... 40 x 2.3 StellarProperties ............................. 41 2.3.1 Stellarrotation .......................... 44 2.4 Dominant Sources of Velocity Uncertainty . 46 2.5 Discussion................................. 50 2.6 Summary ................................. 54 Chapter 3: The Discovery and Characterization of the Transiting Hot Jupiter KELT-2Ab ................................... 81 3.1 Discovery and Follow-up Observations . 81 3.1.1 Follow-up Spectroscopy . 83 3.1.2 Follow-upPhotometry . 84 3.2 PlanetaryandStellarSystemFitting . 85 3.2.1 TheKELT-2BinarySystem . 88 3.3 Discussion................................. 89 Chapter 4: Precision Secondary-Eclipse Follow-up Observations and Atmospheric Characterizarion of the Transiting Brown Dwarf KELT-1b ......... 97 4.1 Observations................................ 101 4.1.1 SpitzerObservations . 101 4.1.2 Ground-basedObservations . 106 4.2 LightcurveFittingandResults. 107 4.2.1 EclipseModel..........................
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