DOCSLIB.ORG

Capacity Assessment Organisations and Institutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Capacity Assessment in the Subsector of Rural Electrification through Renewable Energy Organisations and Institutions Short-term Mission Report October 2009 Version 12 F l o r i a n B e m m e r l e i n - L u x c/o ifanos concept&planung Vordere Cramergasse 11 90478 Nürnberg - Germany TEL: +49 (0) 911 486 487 18 / 14 Mobil: +49 (0) 160 1564 066 FAX: +49 (0) 911 486 487 10 [email protected] Capacity Assessment in the Subsector of Rural Electrification through Re- newable Energy – Organisations Short-term Mission Report Bemmerlein-Lux - August 2009 Content 1. BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE MISSION ............................................................. 3 2. METHODOLOGY AND DELIVERABLES .................................................................... 7 3. THE TARGET INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONS ............................................. 13 3.1. General Situation .............................................................................................................. 13 3.2. Ministry of Energy and Water – MEW .......................................................................... 16 3.3. DABM / DABS ..................................................................................................................... 37 3.4. Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development - MRRD ................................... 42 3.5. ICE and ICE Subcommittee ............................................................................................ 54 3.6. Provincial Departments of Line Ministries MEW and MRRD ................................. 61 3.7. Provincial Organisations / Institutions ........................................................................ 66 4. TRAINING PROVIDERS .......................................................................................... 72 4.1. Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ............................................ 73 4.2. DED and Vocational Training ....................................................................................... 77 5. SUMMARY OF MAIN PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... 84 5.1. Summary of main Problems and Challenges ............................................................ 84 5.2. Suggestions for Organisational and Institutional Development .......................... 87 5.3. Suggestions for Capacity Building Measures ......................................................... 107 5.4. Gender Issues - Comments .......................................................................................... 120 6. ANNEXES 1 ......................................................................................................... 121 6.1. Material Used ................................................................................................................... 121 6.2. Competence Fields and Training Contents ............................................................. 123 6.3. List of existing training concepts and/or materials ............................................... 131 6.4. Characterisation of Training Types............................................................................ 132 6.5. List of Technical and Vocational Institutes/Schools ............................................. 134 6.6. List of Training Providers for Managerial Subjects ............................................... 138 6.7. Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... 139 6.8. Recent Stakeholders of the Subsector Rural Electrification through Renewable Energies ............................................................................................................................ 142 6.9. Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) ............. 146 6.10. ESRA suggestions for MEW and MRRD responsibilities for RESRET ............. 147 6.11. Lists of Interviews and official Meetings: ................................................................. 150 - 1 - Capacity Assessment in the Subsector of Rural Electrification through Re- newable Energy – Organisations Short-term Mission Report Bemmerlein-Lux - August 2009 6.12. Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................ 152 - 2 - Capacity Assessment in the Subsector of Rural Electrification through Re- newable Energy – Organisations Short-term Mission Report Bemmerlein-Lux - August 2009 1. Background and Aim of the Mission According to the Afghan National Development Strategy - ANDS1 rural energy development is a crucial mean for poverty reduction and improving livelihoods in the rural areas of the country. The remoteness, dispersed settlement patterns, lack of institutions and resources requires inno- vative ways to couple energy service delivery with economic activities. Due to the dispersed nature of the rural population, renewable energy offers the best solution for electrification for the majority of Afghanistan’s rural population that currently does not have access to electricity and has no real expectation of connection to the grid. Main sources and possibilities for Rural Electricity Supply through Renewable Energy Technologies (RESRET) are: Hydropower: Afghanistan has significant resources for hydropower. “It is estimated that 23,000 MW of hydropower resources potential are available of which only 260MW have been so far devel- oped. About 125 sites have been identified for micro-hydro schemes of 100MW potential. In mountainous areas there is sufficient head to make even very low flow streams effective, and glacier-fed streams provide year-round minimum water flow”2. It is likely that there is no detailed assessment of the total hydroelectric potential. A study of MRRD3 estimates 25 000 MW with an installed capacity of 304 MW (with 183 MW operation capacity – but references are not given. MRRD has pre feasibility studies of 1MW for micro hydropower plants in 9 provinces. For all future planning of hydropower plants future im- pacts of Climate Change related effects have to be taken into consideration4. The estima- tions of the effects of Climate Change suggest that water resources are especially vulner- able. For smaller hydropower plants are likely to suffer from stronger flow peaks in winter and less flow in summer as well as increased competition for water use from upstream irri- gation. Photovoltaic: The resource for photovoltaic power generation is good, especially in the central, western and southern regions (approximately 300 days of sunshine a year providing on average 65 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day5) 6. PV Systems are very costly and at the moment with low general importance. Selling of whole systems can be feasible for stand-alone solar PV application households (lighting) with some effort in the training users. The quality of the material / modules used is crucial to reduce maintenance and assure quality production. Maintenance is simple, but need finan- cial resources, by changing broken modules and batteries. Problems (esp. with the NSP programme and with Facilitation Partners) in the past were severe because of low quality products and very high prices. 1 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2008b): Afghan National Development Strategy. Volume II, Pillar 3, Infrastructure. Energy Sector Strategy 2 DIFID 2009 3 A. Azimi MRRD (July 2009): Policy for Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification – Afghanistan. Draft study 4 DIFID 2009 5 DIFID 2009 6 see also Dr. Naumann: Deliverable g): Draft chapter O&M provincial electrification by PV - 3 - Capacity Assessment in the Subsector of Rural Electrification through Re- newable Energy – Organisations Short-term Mission Report Bemmerlein-Lux - August 2009 Photovoltaic can have an importance for single households, small village grids, official build- ings, lightning and special uses. The value generation for the economy connected with Photovoltaic is small, because – except of installation material – the technology has to be imported. Wind: Wind as energy source had a traditional use in Afghanistan for mills and water pumps on a small scale, but not for electricity. Areas with feasible sites for installation and sufficient wind for power production are rare – except in the in the western provinces and some spot areas in the East. Problems of transport and construction (lack of road infrastructure!) and lack of transmission lines to feed-in wind energy for bigger units add to the difficulties. Constant electricity contribution needs careful and steady maintenance. At the moment there is a lack of skills, available technology and infrastructure. There is a pre-pre study of the US of sites in Panjshir, but the potentials are generally very low. The Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) – USAID – has one 10 x 10 KW wind energy device, but this is technically compli- cated, needs special maintenance and the PRT is not able to link it with the villages. The conclusion of experts7: “A potential contribution can only be marginal for rural electrification.” Because of the technical characteristics, wind generated electricity is only feasible if con- nected to a grid. It is not constantly delivering power and needs carefully planned storage capacity. For stand alone systems wind energy is too unstable. (See also a report by ESRA/integration E&E to assist the Ministry of Energy and Water with the employment of wind technology in Afghanistan8).9 Biogas Power production from Biogas has no importance at the moment. In the south and southwest
Recommended publications
  • Conflict Analysis: Baharak District, Badakhshan Province

    Conflict Analysis: Baharak District, Badakhshan Province

    Conflict analysis: Baharak district, Badakhshan province ACKU Cole Hansen, Christian Dennys and Idrees Zaman CPAU February 2009 Cooperation for Peace and Unity Acknowledgment The conflict analysis is one of 5 provincial studies focusing on Badakhshan, Kunduz, Kabul, Wardak and Ghazni conducted by CPAU with the financial support of Trocaire. The views expressed in the papers are the sole responsibility of CPAU and the authors and are not necessarily held by Trocaire. The principal researcher for this provincial study of Badakhshan would like to thank the other members of the research team in London for their support and the CPAU staff in Kabul who collected the primary data from the field and offered feedback on successive drafts of the study. Copies of this paper can be downloaded from www.cpau.org.af For further information or to contact CPAU please email: Idrees Zaman [email protected] Christian Dennys [email protected] ACKU Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Definitions and Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 2 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Primary sources .................................................................................................................................................
  • The Afghanistan-China Belt and Road Initiative

    The Afghanistan-China Belt and Road Initiative

    The Afghanistan-China Belt and Road Initiative By Chris Devonshire-Ellis Region: Asia Global Research, August 22, 2021 Theme: Global Economy, Intelligence Silk Road Briefing 18 August 2021 In-depth Report: AFGHANISTAN All Global Research articles can be read in 51 languages by activating the “Translate Website” drop down menu on the top banner of our home page (Desktop version). Visit and follow us on Instagram at @crg_globalresearch. *** Potential routes exist along the Wakhan Corridor and via Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, but it is Pakistani access to Kabul that looks the better option – as long as the Taliban can provide stability, develop Afghan society, and refrain from regional aggression. International media has focused on Afghanistan these past few days and rightly so as the appalling situation left behind continues its descent into utter chaos. Little mentioned however has been the possibility of restructuring Afghanistan’s supply and trade chains after twenty years of war. While the Russians will largely provide security in the region, China will provide the financing and help build the infrastructure and encourage industrialization and trade in return for peace and security. People tend not to fight when they are in the process of transforming their lives for the better, and Beijing understands this, although much of the social problems are the Taliban’s responsibility to solve. There are several options for China to instigate trade routes with Afghanistan. In this article I discuss the Wakhan Corridor, the finger of Afghanistan that reaches east to the Chinese border, existing trade routes via Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and the potential to further develop the Karakorum Highway route through the Khunjerab Pass and ultimately via Peshawar to Kabul.
  • The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry

    The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry

    The Republic of Tajikistan Ministry of Energy and Industry DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON THE INSTALLMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATIONS FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF KHATLON OBLAST IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FINAL REPORT September 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency NEWJEC Inc. E C C CR (1) 12-005 Final Report Contents, List of Figures, Abbreviations Data Collection Survey on the Installment of Small Hydropower Stations for the Communities of Khatlon Oblast in the Republic of Tajikistan FINAL REPORT Table of Contents Summary Chapter 1 Preface 1.1 Objectives and Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 1 - 1 1.2 Arrangement of Small Hydropower Potential Sites ......................................................... 1 - 2 1.3 Flowchart of the Study Implementation ........................................................................... 1 - 7 Chapter 2 Overview of Energy Situation in Tajikistan 2.1 Economic Activities and Electricity ................................................................................ 2 - 1 2.1.1 Social and Economic situation in Tajikistan ....................................................... 2 - 1 2.1.2 Energy and Electricity ......................................................................................... 2 - 2 2.1.3 Current Situation and Planning for Power Development .................................... 2 - 9 2.2 Natural Condition ............................................................................................................
  • Chinese Censors Crack Down on Tweets

    Chinese Censors Crack Down on Tweets

    ABCDE Democracy Dies in Darkness SUNDAY, JANUARY 6, 2019 Chinese censors crack down on tweets Police head to doorsteps in interviews to The Washington Post that to pressure Twitter users authorities are sharply escalating the Twit- to delete messages ter crackdown. It suggests a wave of new and more aggressive tactics by state cen- by Gerry Shih sors and cyber-watchers trying to control the Internet. HONG KONG — The 50-year-old software Twitter is banned in China — as are engineer was tapping away at his computer other non-Chinese sites such as Facebook, in November when state security officials YouTube and Instagram. But they are filed into his office on mainland China. accessed by workarounds such as a virtual They had an unusual — and nonnego- private network, or VPN, which is software tiable — request. that bypasses state-imposed firewalls. Delete these tweets, they said. While Chinese authorities block almost The agents handed over a printout of all foreign social media sites, they rarely 60 posts the engineer had fired off to his have taken direct action against citizens 48,000 followers. The topics included U.S.- who use them, preferring instead to quietly China trade relations and the plight of monitor what the Chinese are saying. underground Christians in his coastal prov- But recently, Internet monitors and ince in southeast China. activists have tallied at least 40 cases of When the engineer did not comply Chinese authorities pressuring users to after 24 hours, he discovered that someone delete tweets through a decidedly low-tech had hacked into his Twitter account and method: showing up at their doorsteps.
  • Tourism in Tajikistan As Seen by Tour Operators Acknowledgments

    Tourism in Tajikistan As Seen by Tour Operators Acknowledgments

    Tourism in as Seen by Tour Operators Public Disclosure Authorized Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DISCLAIMER CONTENTS This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................i The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2 information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. TOURISM TRENDS IN TAJIKISTAN............................................................5 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS TOURISM SERVICES IN TAJIKISTAN.......................................................27 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank TOURISM IN KHATLON REGION AND 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 522-2422; email: [email protected]. GORNO-BADAKHSHAN AUTONOMOUS OBLAST (GBAO)...................45 The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and li- censes, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, PROFILE AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS................................................57 Cover page images: 1. Hulbuk Fortress, near Kulob, Khatlon Region 2. Tajik girl holding symbol of Navruz Holiday 3.
  • Watershed Atlas Part IV

    Watershed Atlas Part IV

    PART IV 99 DESCRIPTION PART IV OF WATERSHEDS I. MAP AND STATISTICS BY WATERSHED II. AMU DARYA RIVER BASIN III. NORTHERN RIVER BASIN IV. HARIROD-MURGHAB RIVER BASIN V. HILMAND RIVER BASIN VI. KABUL (INDUS) RIVER BASIN VII. NON-DRAINAGE AREAS PICTURE 84 Aerial view of Panjshir Valley in Spring 2003. Parwan, 25 March 2003 100 I. MAP AND STATISTICS BY WATERSHED Part IV of the Watershed Atlas describes the 41 watersheds Graphs 21-32 illustrate the main characteristics on area, popu- defined in Afghanistan, which includes five non-drainage areas lation and landcover of each watershed. Graph 21 shows that (Map 10 and 11). For each watershed, statistics on landcover the Upper Hilmand is the largest watershed in Afghanistan, are presented. These statistics were calculated based on the covering 46,882 sq. km, while the smallest watershed is the FAO 1990/93 landcover maps (Shapefiles), using Arc-View 3.2 Dasht-i Nawur, which covers 1,618 sq. km. Graph 22 shows that software. Graphs on monthly average river discharge curve the largest number of settlements is found in the Upper (long-term average and 1978) are also presented. The data Hilmand watershed. However, Graph 23 shows that the largest source for the hydrological graph is the Hydrological Year Books number of people is found in the Kabul, Sardih wa Ghazni, of the Government of Afghanistan – Ministry of Irrigation, Ghorband wa Panjshir (Shomali plain) and Balkhab watersheds. Water Resources and Environment (MIWRE). The data have Graph 24 shows that the highest population density by far is in been entered by Asian Development Bank and kindly made Kabul watershed, with 276 inhabitants/sq.
  • CBD First National Report

    CBD First National Report

    REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Dushanbe – 2003 1 REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Dushanbe – 2003 3 ББК 28+28.0+45.2+41.2+40.0 Н-35 УДК 502:338:502.171(575.3) NBBC GEF First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation was elaborated by National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center (NBBC) under the guidance of CBD National Focal Point Dr. N.Safarov within the project “Tajikistan Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan”, with financial support of Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Copyright 2003 All rights reserved 4 Author: Dr. Neimatullo Safarov, CBD National Focal Point, Head of National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center With participation of: Dr. of Agricultural Science, Scientific Productive Enterprise «Bogparvar» of Tajik Akhmedov T. Academy of Agricultural Science Ashurov A. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Botany Academy of Science Asrorov I. Dr. of Economy, professor, Institute of Economy Academy of Science Bardashev I. Dr. of Geology, Institute of Geology Academy of Science Boboradjabov B. Dr. of Biology, Tajik State Pedagogical University Dustov S. Dr. of Biology, State Ecological Inspectorate of the Ministry for Nature Protection Dr. of Biology, professor, Institute of Plants Physiology and Genetics Academy Ergashev А. of Science Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor, Institute Gafurov A. of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Science Gulmakhmadov D. State Land Use Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan Dr. of Biology, Tajik Research Institute of Cattle-Breeding of the Tajik Academy Irgashev T. of Agricultural Science Ismailov M. Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor Khairullaev R.
  • The Amu Darya River – a Review

    The Amu Darya River – a Review

    AMARTYA KUMAR BHATTACHARYA and D. M. P. KARTHIK The Amu Darya river – a review Introduction Source confluence Kerki he Amu Darya, also called the Amu river and elevation 326 m (1,070 ft) historically known by its Latin name, Oxus, is a major coordinates 37°06'35"N, 68°18'44"E T river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Mouth Aral sea Vakhsh and Panj rivers, at Qal`eh-ye Panjeh in Afghanistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants location Amu Darya Delta, Uzbekistan of the Aral Sea. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the elevation 28 m (92 ft) boundary between Greater Iran and Turan. coordinates 44°06'30"N, 59°40'52"E In classical antiquity, the river was known as the Oxus in Length 2,620 km (1,628 mi) Latin and Oxos in Greek – a clear derivative of Vakhsh, the Basin 534,739 km 2 (206,464 sq m) name of the largest tributary of the river. In Sanskrit, the river Discharge is also referred to as Vakshu. The Avestan texts too refer to 3 the river as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta (“upper average 2,525 m /s (89,170 cu ft/s) Yakhsha”) referring to the Jaxartes/Syr Darya twin river to max 5,900 m 3 /s (208,357 cu ft/s) Amu Darya). The name Amu is said to have come from the min 420 m 3 /s (14,832 cu ft/s) medieval city of Amul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan, with Darya Description being the Persian word for “river”.
  • Executive Summary

    Executive Summary

    global witness “We are at risk of the curse of plenty, [the] curse of resources.” Ashraf Ghani, President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan1 “The mine belongs to the whole nation. It is for all of us.” ‘Haji Anwar’, a miner from Badakhshan2 “This mine is itself a general (…) It will make people fight.” ‘Haji Bashir’, an elder from the district of Kuran wa Munjan3 WAR IN THE TREASURY OF THE PEOPLE | JUNE 2016 3 70°30'0"E 71°0'0"E Kokcha River Faizabad District Arghanjkhwa R Faizabad District RAryan Baharak RArgo Shuhada Argo District Baharak District N N " " 0 0 ' District R ' 0 M 0 ° Khash ° 7 7 3 R 3 Deodarra n a l h Ì M Pul e Ali Mughul g Darayem a Teshkan R Khash B R Darayem Jurm & District Keb z R ( u District d n u Keshem K R a i v l Warduj u Pul e Such M b Teshkan a Keshem Firgamiru Jurm District K District ( District Ob e Roghak M District Teer Garan Khostak valley R Ob e Khestak M Ob e Djokham M Yamgan N N " M R " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 3 Tagab 3 ° ° 6 Mir Kan Kokcha River 6 3 R District Yamgan 3 District B a d a k h s h a n Zebak B a d a k h s h a n District Farkhar P r o v ii n c e District Robat e Bolo ( Jangalak block Sar e Sang Junduk and Petawuk M Ì block T a k h a r P r o v ii n c e ( Lajwardshoh Ì Chelemuk block Warsaj PAKISTAN Kuran wa Munjan Chitral District District Skazer( N R N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 6 6 3 3 ( Anjuman Kuran wa Munjan Anjuman Pass District N u r ii s tt a n P a n jj s h ii r P r o v ii n c e Barg e Matal r e P r o v ii n c e h s District j n a P a i Paryan District v l Mandol District u b a K 70°30'0"E 71°0'0"E Legend 0 10 20 30 40 50 Km M Checkpoints/incidents (2014) Primary road network ° Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 Ì Mining sites Major rivers/water R District Center Rivers/streams Date Created: 27 April 2015 Data Source(s): ( Town/village mentioned in text Provincial boundaries UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), Lajwardeen contract concession blocks District boundaries AGCHO, CSO, AIMS, MISTI.
  • An International Collaborative Study to Determine The

    An International Collaborative Study to Determine The

    Peyraud et al. BMC Veterinary Research 2014, 10:48 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/10/48 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access An international collaborative study to determine the prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by monoclonal antibody-based cELISA Armelle Peyraud1,2, François Poumarat3,4, Florence Tardy3,4, Lucía Manso-Silván1,2, Karomatullo Hamroev5, Tillo Tilloev5, Mullojon Amirbekov5, Karim Tounkara6, Charles Bodjo6, Hezron Wesonga7, Isabel Gacheri Nkando7, Shiferaw Jenberie8, Martha Yami8, Eric Cardinale9, Deodass Meenowa10, Mahmad Reshad Jaumally10, Tahir Yaqub11, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir11, Nadia Mukhtar11, Mohibullah Halimi12, Ghulam Mohammad Ziay12, Willy Schauwers13, Hafizullah Noori14, Ali Madad Rajabi14, Stéphane Ostrowski15 and François Thiaucourt1,2* Abstract Background: Few serological tests are available for detecting antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). The complement fixation test, the test prescribed for international trade purposes, uses a crude antigen that cross-reacts with all the other mycoplasma species of the “mycoides cluster” frequently infecting goat herds. The lack of a more specific test has been a real obstacle to the evaluation of the prevalence and economic impact of CCPP worldwide. A new competitive ELISA kit for CCPP, based on a previous blocking ELISA, was formatted at CIRAD and used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in some regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Tajikistan and Pakistan in an international collaborative study. Results: The strict specificity of the test was confirmed in CCPP-free goat herds exposed to other mycoplasma species of the ‘’mycoides cluster”. Prevalence studies were performed across the enzootic range of the disease in Africa and Asia. Seroprevalence was estimated at 14.6% in the Afar region of Ethiopia, whereas all the herds presented for CCPP vaccination in Kenya tested positive (individual seroprevalence varied from 6 to 90% within each herd).
  • Erdkunde April2011.Pdf

    Erdkunde April2011.Pdf

    2011 Vol. 65 · No. 2 · 99–119 CONTESTED COMMONS – MULTIPLE INSECURITIES OF PASTORALISTS IN NORTH-EASTERN AFGHANISTAN HERMANN KREUTZMANN and STEFAN SCHÜTTE With 6 figures and 5 photos Received 01. December 2010 · Accepted 05. April 2011 Summary: Pastoralists in North-Eastern Afghanistan are exposed to a multitude of contemporary challenges and threats while practising mobile animal husbandry in differing locations and within the spheres of varying power constellations. In this article a historical perspective is adopted to explore the challenges and multiple insecurities of Pashtun and Uzbek pas- toral communities who seasonally engage in long-distance migration from the lowlands in Northern Afghanistan to the high pastures of Badakhshan. The same pasture area is regularly utilised by Shughni mountain farmers who practise combined mountain agriculture in the high mountain settlements close to Lake Shewa. Debates about nomadism’s place in transform- ing societies, the drama of the commons, human security, and vulnerability issues frame the discussion of pastoralism in contested commons. Based on empirical evidence derived from open interviews with migrating pastoralists and sedentary groups on the Shewa plateau in Badakhshan, interpretations of pastoralism are presented, embedded in the context of contemporary Afghanistan. Pastoralism as a valuable survival and adaptive strategy is challenged by multiple environmental, social and political insecurities, by militancy and weak state authorities, and it unfolds in contested commons and along dangerous routes. The nexus of legal pluralism, tenure insecurity and changing control of space is identified as an important determining factor for the shape of mobile pastoralism in present-day Afghanistan. Zusammenfassung: Mobile Viehzüchter in Nordost-Afghanistan sind gegenwärtig mit einer Vielzahl von Bedrohungen, Herausforderungen und Risiken in der Ausübung einer multilokalen Tierhaltung unter wechselnden Machtkonstellationen konfrontiert.
  • Part III Description of River Basins

    Part III Description of River Basins

    PART III DESCRIPTION OF RIVER BASINS Picture 38 Two different worlds separated by only a river; on the right bank of the Murghab river, ‘kuchi’ nomad tents in Afghanistan, on the left bank, a cooperative in Turkmenistan. Water is largely unused on the Afghan side. Murichak, Bala Murghab, 21 May 2003 (N35.72, E, 63.19, NW) 62 I. MAPS AND STATISTICS BY RIVER BASIN The map 8 shows the boundaries of the five River Basins delineated for Afghanistan: 1. The Amu Darya River Basin 2. The Northern River Basin 3. The Harirod-Murghab River Basin 4. The Hilmand River Basin 5. The Kabul (Indus) River Basin For each river basin, source of water, transboundaries riparian issues, natural resources, protected areas, land cover, type of agriculture, hydrological infrastructures (dams) and main historical development along water sources are summarized and whenever possible illustrated with pictures. The tables 8, 9 and 10 present statistics on area, population and the main land cover features by river basin. The graph 9 shows that the largest of these 5 basins is the Hilmand basin as it covers alone 43% of the national territory. The other 4 basins have similar size and represent 10 to 14% of the country. In additions to these river basins, there are 4 none drainage areas, namely Namaksar, Registan-i Sedi, Registan and Dasth-i Shortepa. The graph on Map 8 shows that 57% of the total river flow in Afghanistan originates from the Amu Darya River Basin. The Kabul (Indus) and Hilmand River Basins contributes respectively to 26 and 11% of the total water flow.