ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road2017 (40km) November
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED UPGRADE OF KABWOYA- BUHUKA ROAD (40KM)
LOCATED WITHIN KABOWYA AND KYANGWALI SUB COUNTIES OF HOIMA DISTRICT, UGANDA BETWEEN COORDINATES 36N 251380E 135655N AND 286731E 137790N (UTM, WGS 1984)
Submitted by: UGANDA NATIONAL ROADS AUTHORITY Plot 3 -5 New Port Bell Road, UAP Nakawa Business Park, Kampala
ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
DOCUMENT CONTROL Client: Project Name: Critical Oil Roads Project Uganda National Roads Authority, UNRA Project No: Date: November 2017 Report Title: Doc. No.: The Environmental & Social Impact Statement for the proposed upgrade of the Kabwoya- Buhuka road (40km)
Preparation of this report has been undertaken with Distribution consideration of National environmental and social impact assessment requirements, UNRA Environment Official and Social Safeguards Policy, EIA Guidelines for the Road Sector and IFC performance standards Public
Confidential
i ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Environmental and Social Impact Team would like to thank all those who provided information during the preparation of this Environment and Social Impact Statement. In particular, the team is grateful to the Management and Staff of Uganda National Roads Authority, Hoima District Local Government leadership and staff including the Kyangwali and Kabwoya sub counties, and community members within the project area who were consulted in the course of the compilation of this report.
ii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
PREPARED BY:
iii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
(MSc Botany Candidate, Bsc conservation biology, Mutebi Samuel Botanist Diploma in wildlife and allied Natural resource management) Kiyemba Jalia Entomologist MSc Zoology, Bsc Conservation Biology MSc. Environment and Natural Resoures, Bsc. Lukwago Wilber Ecologist Forestry UAIA (UG). MSc. GIS with Remote sensing (Uni. Of Greenwich), Essy Namayanja GIS Specialist Bsc. Surveying (MUK). ISU Steven Musumba Materials Engineer BSc Civil Engineering, MSc Geotechnical Engineering
Kenneth Muniina Hydrologist BSc (Civil Eng). MSc (Water Science and Eng) PhD Student (Integrated Urban Water Management). BSc. Civil Engineering, MSc. Civil Engineering, Byamukama Highway Specialist Member of Uganda Institution of Professional Norman Engineers BSc. Civil Engineering, MSc. Civil Engineering, Member of Uganda Institution of Professional Jude Mubangizi Highway Specialist Engineers - PE/774), Registered Engineer with the Engineers Registration Board
Government Agencies
1. Department of Museums and Monuments (DMM), Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities
2. Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) Ministry of Water and Environment
3. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFiRRI) Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industry and Fisheries
4. Department of Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development
iv ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DOCUMENT CONTROL ...... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... ii PREPARED BY: ...... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v LIST OF FIGURES ...... xii LIST OF TABLES ...... xv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... xvii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... xix 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 1.1.1 Justification for the Project ...... 1 1.2 Purpose for ESIA ...... 1 1.3 ESIA Objectives ...... 2 1.4 ESIA Process ...... 2 1.5 Scope of ESIA ...... 3 1.6 Report Structure ...... 4 2 Method for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ...... 6 2.1.1 Scoping ...... 7 2.1.2 Baseline Studies ...... 7 2.1.2.1 Flora ...... 7 2.1.2.2 Fauna ...... 8 2.1.3 Social Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 8 2.1.3.1 Social and Economic baseline ...... 9 2.1.3.2 Household survey ...... 9 2.1.4 Public Disclosure ...... 10 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 11 3.1 Location of the project ...... 11 3.2 Nature of project...... 11 3.3 Design Considerations ...... 13 3.3.1 Design Standards ...... 14 3.3.2 Road Class ...... 14 3.3.3 Road alignment ...... 14 3.3.4 Right of Way ...... 14 3.3.5 Design speed ...... 14 3.3.6 Design Vehicle ...... 14 3.3.7 Pavement design ...... 15 3.4 Road furniture ...... 15
v ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
3.4.1 Traffic Signs ...... 15 3.4.2 Road Marking ...... 15 3.4.3 Traffic Management in Urban Centres ...... 16 3.4.4 Pedestrian Control Facilities ...... 16 3.4.5 Bus lay-bys ...... 16 3.4.6 Drainage ...... 16 3.5 Project Activities ...... 17 3.5.1 Pre - Construction Stage ...... 17 3.5.2 Construction Phase ...... 18 3.5.2.1 Civil works ...... 18 3.5.2.2 Materials extraction ...... 18 3.6 Project Resources ...... 21 3.6.1 Equipment ...... 21 3.6.2 Human resource ...... 22 3.6.3 Auxiliary Facilities ...... 22 3.6.3.1 Camp sites ...... 22 3.6.3.2 Borrow pits and quarry sites ...... 22 3.6.3.3 Decommissioning of auxiliary facilities...... 23 3.7 Post Construction phase ...... 23 3.7.1 Projected Traffic ...... 23 4 Policy, Legislation, Regulation and Standards ...... 26 4.1 Policy Framework...... 26 4.1.1 National Environment Management Policy, 2014 ...... 26 4.1.2 National Environment Health Policy, 2005 ...... 26 4.1.3 National Oil and Gas Policy ...... 26 4.1.4 National Water Policy, 1999 ...... 26 4.1.5 Uganda Wildlife Policy, 2014 ...... 27 4.1.6 Forestry Policy, 2001 ...... 27 4.1.7 National Policy on Conservation and Management of Wetland resources 1995 ...... 27 4.1.8 Uganda National Land Policy, 2013...... 28 4.1.9 National Policy for Disaster preparedness and management, 2011 ...... 28 4.1.10 National Policy on HIV/AIDS and the world of work, 2007 ...... 28 4.1.11 National Policy on HIV/AIDS, 2004 ...... 28 4.1.12 Uganda National Youth Policy, 2016 ...... 29 4.1.13 Uganda Gender Policy, 2007 ...... 29 4.1.14 National Policy on Elimination of Gender Based violence, 2016 ...... 29 4.1.15 National Policy for Older Persons, 2009 ...... 29 4.1.16 National Policy on Disability, 2006 ...... 30 4.1.17 National Orphans and other Vulnerable Children’s Policy, 2004 ...... 30 4.1.18 Museums and Monuments Policy, 2015 ...... 30 4.1.19 Uganda National Culture Policy, 2006 ...... 30 4.1.20 Uganda Vision 2040 ...... 31 4.1.21 Second National Development Plan (NDPII) 2015/16-2019/20 ...... 31 4.2 National Laws ...... 32 4.3 Institutional Framework ...... 44 4.3.1 Ministry of Works and Transport, MoWT ...... 44
vi ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
4.3.2 Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) ...... 44 4.3.3 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development ...... 44 4.3.4 Ministry of Water and Environment ...... 45 4.3.4.1 The Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) ...... 45 4.3.4.2 The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) ...... 45 4.3.5 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development ...... 45 4.3.5.1 Department of Petroleum Supplies ...... 45 4.3.5.2 Department Of Petroleum Development and Production (Up Stream) ...... 45 4.3.5.3 Department of geological survey and mines ...... 45 4.3.6 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)...... 46 4.3.6.1 National Environment (Noise standards and Control) regulations ...... 46 4.3.6.2 The Draft National Air Quality Standards, 2006 ...... 46 4.3.7 National Forestry Authority (NFA) ...... 47 4.3.8 Ministry of Gender Labour & Social Development ...... 47 4.3.9 Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities ...... 47 4.3.9.1 Uganda Wildlife Authority ...... 47 4.3.9.2 Department of museums and monuments ...... 47 4.3.10 Rural Electrification Agency ...... 47 4.3.11 Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL ...... 48 4.3.12 National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) ...... 48 4.3.13 Local Administration Structures ...... 48 4.4 International Conventions and/or Agreements to which Uganda is Party ...... 48 4.4.1 The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) ...... 48 4.4.2 The Stockholm Convention ...... 49 4.4.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ...... 49 4.4.4 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ...... 49 4.4.5 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, 1971 ...... 49 4.4.6 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources-1982 ...... 49 4.4.7 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), 1992 ...... 50 4.4.8 The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003 ...... 50 4.4.9 International Labour Organization Core Labour Standards ...... 50 4.5 Requirements of Financial Institution ...... 51 4.5.1 UK Export Finance ...... 51 4.6 International Safeguards ...... 51 4.6.1 International Finance Corporation Sustainability Framework ...... 52 4.6.1.1 Access to Information Policy ...... 52 4.6.1.2 Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability ...... 52 4.6.1.3 IFC Performance standards ...... 53 4.6.1.4 IFC Guidelines ...... 56 5 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING BASLINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 57 5.1 Physical Environment ...... 57 5.1.1 Location and setting ...... 57 5.1.2 Climate ...... 57 5.1.3 Geology and Soils ...... 58 5.1.4 Topography ...... 60 5.1.5 Seismology ...... 61
vii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
5.1.6 Hydrology (Drainage and Water resources) ...... 61 5.1.7 Water Quality ...... 62 5.1.8 Atmospheric Conditions ...... 64 5.1.8.1 Air quality and Noise ...... 64 5.1.8.2 Temperature ...... 64 5.2 Biological Environment ...... 65 5.2.1 Vegetation ...... 65 5.2.1.1 Species richness ...... 65 5.2.1.2 Habitats to be affected by construction ...... 66 5.2.1.3 Habitats ...... 66 5.2.1.4 Species of conservation concern ...... 76 5.2.1.5 Invasive species ...... 77 5.2.1.6 Vegetation density along the project road ...... 78 5.2.2 Fauna ...... 80 5.2.2.1 Fish...... 80 5.2.2.2 Herptiles ...... 81 5.2.2.3 Mammals ...... 87 5.2.2.4 Invertebrates ...... 93 5.2.2.5 Avians ...... 94 5.3 Socio-economic baseline ...... 100 5.3.1 Administrative units ...... 100 5.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics ...... 100 5.3.2.1 Current population structure ...... 101 5.3.2.2 Population Changes ...... 101 5.3.2.3 Ethnicity ...... 102 5.3.2.4 Religion ...... 102 5.3.3 Livelihood sources ...... 103 5.3.3.1 Economic activities...... 104 5.3.3.2 Productive activities ...... 106 5.3.4 Food Security ...... 107 5.3.5 Land tenure and land use ...... 107 5.3.6 Health ...... 108 5.3.6.1 Access to health care ...... 108 5.3.6.2 Common illnesses ...... 109 5.3.6.3 Reproductive health ...... 109 5.3.6.4 HIV ...... 110 5.3.7 Water sources ...... 110 5.3.8 Sanitation facilities ...... 112 5.3.9 Waste Management ...... 112 5.3.10 Transport ...... 113 5.3.11 Communication ...... 114 5.3.12 Education ...... 114 5.3.13 Housing and settlement ...... 116 5.3.14 Gender ...... 117 5.3.15 Energy sources ...... 118 5.3.16 Vulnerable groups ...... 118 5.3.17 Community safety and security ...... 119 5.4 Physical cultural resources ...... 119
viii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
5.4.1 Historic sites ...... 120 5.4.1.1 Sir Samuel Bakers view...... 120 5.4.1.2 The ruins of Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church ...... 120 5.4.2 Archaeological features ...... 121 5.4.2.1 Pottery scatters, Ngoma village 1 ...... 121 5.4.2.2 Ngogole 1 archaeological site ...... 122 5.4.2.3 Potsherds at Ikamiro ...... 123 5.4.2.4 Potsherds at Ngoma site 2 ...... 123 5.4.2.5 Butoole pottery ...... 124 5.4.2.6 Kyangwali pottery ...... 124 5.4.2.7 Kikunda II iron slag site...... 125 5.4.2.8 Kibaali archaeological site ...... 126 5.4.2.9 Wemisiki Archeologically site ...... 126 5.4.2.10 Potsherds at Kisaru ...... 127 5.4.2.11 Kyabasala lithic site...... 128 5.4.2.12 Test pit at Kyangwali ...... 128 5.4.3 Living Cultural sites ...... 130 5.4.3.1 Burial ground at Ikamiro ...... 130 5.4.3.2 Kinyamahwa burial site ...... 131 5.4.3.3 Burial site 1 at Butoore East out of the RoW ...... 131 5.4.3.4 Burial site 2 in Butoore ...... 131 5.4.3.5 A grave at Kyabasara...... 132 5.4.3.6 Cemetery at Kikonda II ...... 132 5.4.3.7 Burial place 1 at Kitaga village ...... 133 5.4.3.8 Burial site 2 at Kitaga Village ...... 133 5.4.3.9 Burial site 1 at Kisaru ...... 134 5.4.3.10 Burial site 2 at Kisaru ...... 134 5.4.3.11 Grave at Kyabazara ...... 135 5.4.3.12 Burial ground 1 at Kibaali ...... 135 5.4.3.13 Burial site 2 at Kibaali...... 136 5.4.3.14 Cultural trees in Bugoma forest ...... 136 5.4.3.15 Medicinal tree at Kituti village ...... 136 6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ...... 139 6.1 Participation Objectives ...... 139 6.2 Public Participation Process ...... 139 6.2.1 Stakeholder Identification ...... 139 6.2.2 Stakeholder sensitization and consultation ...... 141 6.3 Key Findings ...... 142 6.3.1 Consultation with National level stakeholders ...... 142 6.3.2 Local Government ...... 145 6.3.2.1 Lower local government ...... 148 6.3.3 ...... 148 Low compensation rates...... 149 6.3.4 Community ...... 149 6.4 Conclusion ...... 151 7 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 152
ix ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
7.1 No Project Option ...... 152 7.2 Upgrading Existing road to bituminous standard ...... 152 7.3 Alternative Road design ...... 153 7.4 Comparison of Alternatives ...... 153 7.5 Cost Benefit Analysis for the proposed option ...... 154 7.5.1 Impact on Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services ...... 155 7.5.1.1 Cost of Environmental Impacts ...... 156 7.5.1.2 Social and Economic costs ...... 157 8 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 161 8.1 Approach to impact assessment ...... 161 8.1.1 Activities to be assessed ...... 161 8.1.2 Impact significance rating ...... 161 8.1.3 Cumulative impacts ...... 163 8.2 Pre-Construction phase ...... 164 8.3 Construction phase ...... 164 8.3.1.1 Impact on Biophysical Environment ...... 165 8.3.1.2 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment ...... 180 8.4 Operational Phase ...... 190 8.4.1 Positive impacts during Operational phase ...... 190 8.4.1.1 Improved road surface ...... 190 8.4.1.2 Improved transportation ...... 190 8.4.1.3 Improved road safety due to upgrade of the road ...... 191 8.4.1.4 Improved design ...... 191 8.4.1.5 Appreciation of property value ...... 191 8.4.2 Negative Impacts during the operational Phase ...... 191 8.4.2.1 Increased road kills ...... 191 8.4.2.2 Climate change ...... 192 8.4.2.3 Impacts on drainage...... 192 8.4.2.4 Road accidents ...... 193 9 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 194 9.1 Introduction ...... 194 9.2 Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 194 9.3 MONITORING ...... 195 9.4 Institutional Stakeholders Involvement ...... 202 9.5 Stakeholder Engagement Plan ...... 203 9.5.1 Stakeholder Analysis...... 204 9.5.2 Engagement Plan...... 208 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 212 10.1 Conclusions ...... 212 10.2 Recommendations ...... 214 10.2.1 Communication of Implementation schedules ...... 214
x ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
10.2.2 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Property Valuation ...... 214 10.2.3 Grievance mechanisms ...... 214 10.2.4 Environmental Monitoring ...... 215 References ...... 216 11 APPENDICES ...... 217
xi ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Overview of the Scoping and ESIA studies ...... 3 Figure 2.1: Prescribed EIA process for the Road Sector (MoWT, 2004) ...... 6 Figure 2.2: Phases of Social Impact Assessment (Source: (Vanclay, et al. 2015) ...... 9 Figure 3.1: Location of the Kabwoya-Buhuka Road ...... 12 Figure 3.2: Potential Sites for Material Extraction...... 20 Figure 3.3: some common equipment used in roads construction ...... 21 Figure 5.1: Map of Hoima indicating the location of Kabwoya-Buhuka road (Source UCC, 2010) ...... 57 Figure 5.2: Soil Map for Uganda ...... 58 Figure 5.3: Extract from the Geology Map for Uganda ...... 59 Figure 5.4: Seismicity map of Uganda (Source: Office of the Prime minister) ...... 61 Figure 5.5: Surface water stream crossing Kabwoya Buhuka road and Swamp forest ...... 62 Figure 5.6: Life forms observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road...... 65 Figure 5.7: Land cover along the Kabwoya - Buhuka road ...... 66 Figure 5.8: Bugoma Forest along Buhuka-Kabwoya road ...... 70 Figure 5.9: Cultivated sites along Buhuka-Kabwoya road ...... 71 Figure 5.10: Plantation foestry along Buhuka-Kabwoya road ...... 71 Figure 5.11: Grassland types along Buhuka-Kabwoya road ...... 74 Figure 5.12: The bushland communities observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 75 Figure 5.13: Swamp vegetation observed in selected areas ...... 76 Figure 5.14: Tree density along the proposed Buhuka-Kabwoya road ...... 78 Figure 5.15: Locations along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road where species of conservation concern were encountered ...... 79 Figure 5.16: Amphibian species diversity within the key sampled sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka ...... 84 Figure 5.17: Some of the amphibian species found within the project area ...... 84 Figure 5.18: Reptile species diversity within the key sampled sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka Road ...... 85 Figure 5.19: Some of road killed reptiles encountered :Bothrophthalmus lineatus (a); and Hapsidophrys lineata (b) ...... 85 Figure 5.20 : A section of Bugoma CFR (a) and an extensive wetland (b) within the project area...... 87 Figure 5.21 Locations where herptiles were encountered within the project area ...... 87 Figure 5.22: Locations of Mammal survey points ...... 89 Figure 5.23 Epomophorus labiatus, one of the volant mammals recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road90 Figure 5.24: Open country rats that were very abundant in bushed fallows and woodland mosaics ...... 91 Figure 5.25: Distribution of different butterfly ecotypes within the different sampled sites ...... 93 Figure 5.26: Some of the butterfly species recorded in the proect area ...... 94 Figure 5.27: Cameroon sombre greenbul one of the most common understorey bird species caught in Bugoma central forest reserve ...... 95 Figure 5.28: Renyi diversities for the sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka road, the dots show the values for sites, and the lines the extremes (min max) and median in the data set...... 96 Figure 5.29: Some of the notable charismtic bird species recorded along the Kabwoya-buhuka road ... 97 Figure 5.30: Religions of communities along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 103 Figure 5.31: Income ranges among household...... 104 Figure 5.32: Some of the Economic activities observed along the project road ...... 106 Figure 5.33: Part of Kisaaru tea estate along Kabwoya-Buhuka road...... 106
xii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Figure 5.34: Health centres used by residents along Kabwoya-Buhuka road (source: household survey) ...... 108 Figure 5.35: Domestic activity at the Ngoma and Nyakatehe streams ...... 111 Figure 5.36: A borehole near Kyangwali sub county ...... 112 Figure 5.37: Waste Dumped on the edges of Bugoma forest ...... 113 Figure 5.38: Small cars used for public transport parked in Kabwoya Trading Centre ...... 113 Figure 5.39: Commonly used means of transport...... 114 Figure 5.40: Level of education attained by household heads ...... 115 Figure 5.41: Location of schools along the project road ...... 116 Figure 5.42: Kyangwali trading centre ...... 117 Figure 5.43: Sir Samuel Bakers view ...... 120 Figure 5.44: The ruins of Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church ...... 121 Figure 5.45: Pottery making technology still practiced in the region; Mburara village, Kyangwali Sub County ...... 121 Figure 5.46: a and b=knotted roulette sherds, c=urewe sherd at Ngoma village in the RoW ...... 122 Figure 5.47: a, b=knotted strip roulette, c=knotted string roulette, d= knotted roulette and e= Bovidae tooth at Ngogole 1 archaeological site...... 122 Figure 5.48: Knotted roulette Potsherds at Ikamiro ...... 123 Figure 5.49: a= a collection of Knotted strip roulette Potsherds and b=bone fragments of an animal jaw probably of a bovine at Ngoma village in the RoW...... 124 Figure 5.50: a and b are curved wood roulette, c and d are knotted strip roulette in Kyangwali village. 125 Figure 5.51: Kikunda II iron slag site out of the RoW ...... 125 Figure 5.52: a is knotted strip roulette, b is core and c is iron slag at Kibaali archeological site ...... 126 Figure 5.53: a and d are chobi ware sherds, b is Urewe horizontal incisions (EIA), c is quartz flake and e is fragments of quartz at Wemisiki Archaeological site ...... 127 Figure 5.54: a, b and c are chobi ware sherds and undecorated sherd with a rim at Kisaaru village. ... 127 Figure 5.55: Fragments of quartz lithic artifacts containing smoky quartz at Kyabasala lithic site ...... 128 Figure 5.56: Test pit at Kyangwali ...... 129 Figure 5.57: Burial site 1 at Butoore East out of the RoW ...... 131 Figure 5.58: Burial site 2 in Butoole ...... 132 Figure 5.59: A grave at Kyabasara...... 132 Figure 5.60: Cemetery at Kikonda II ...... 133 Figure 5.61: Burial site 1 at Kitaga village...... 133 Figure 5.62: Burial site 2 at Kitaga Village ...... 134 Figure 5.63: Burial site 1 at Kisaru ...... 134 Figure 5.64: Burial site 2 at Kisaru ...... 135 Figure 5.65: Grave at Kyabazara ...... 135 Figure 5.66: Grave at Kibaali and other graves approximately 80m away...... 136 Figure 5.67: Cultural trees in Bugoma forest ...... 136 Figure 5.68: Medicinal tree at Kituti village ...... 137 Figure 5.69: Location of sites of physical cultural importance within the project area...... 138 Figure 6.1: Focus group discussion at Kabwoya Sub County headquarters ...... 141 Figure 7.1: Passengers about to cross the Rwemisekye along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 152 Figure 8.1: Charcoal sales point along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road...... 170 Figure 8.2: Rock outcrop within subsistence garden ...... 172 Figure 8.3: Buildings adjacent to the existing carriage way ...... 175
xiii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Figure 9.1: Proposed Environmental and Social Impact Management & monitoring team ...... 195
xiv ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Typical Section for Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 11 Table 3.2: Design Parameters for Class II paved roads ...... 13 Table 3.3: Design Speed along Kabwoya-Buhuka ...... 14 Table 3.4: Design Vehicle ...... 15 Table 3.5 Pavement design parameters ...... 15 Table 3.6: Traffic Sign Sizes and Visible Distances ...... 15 Table 3.7: Major Culvert Structures by Chainage and relationship of design flood to crossing capacity 17 Table 3.8: Summary of Cross Drain Structures ...... 17 Table 3.9: Potential Burrow pits and their properties ...... 19 Table 3.10: Noise levels (in dBA), distance +/- 18 meters ...... 21 Table 3.11: Annual Average Daily Traffic along the Lot 9 Roads ...... 23 Table 3.12: Traffic Projections for Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 24 Table 4.1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels for Impact or Impulsive Noise ...... 46 Table 4.2: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels for Construction sites ...... 46 Table 4.3: Regulatory air quality Standards for selected pollutants ...... 46 Table 4.4: ILO Standards Ratified By Uganda...... 50 Table 4.5: Objectives of Performance standard 1 and status of achievement by UNRA ...... 54 Table 5.1: Definition of subgrade soils along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 60 Table 5.2: Depths of soil along various sections of Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 60 Table 5.3: Physical Chemical Properties of surface water samples collected along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 63 Table 5.4: Baseline records for exposure to non-ionising radiation, noise and particulate matter ...... 64 Table 5.5: Temperatures recorded within the project area ...... 65 Table 5.6: Forest community and predominant species recorded at specific points ...... 67 Table 5.7: Grassland assemblage along the proposed road ...... 72 Table 5.8: Plant species of conservation concern encountered along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 76 Table 5.9: Habitats where fish surveys were undertaken ...... 80 Table 5.10: Total Abundance and Biomass of fish species caught in each water course per hour of fishing ...... 81 Table 5.11: Amphibian Species observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 83 Table 5.12: Reptiles recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road during the ESIA studies ...... 86 Table 5.13; Sites that were used as sampling points for mammal surveys ...... 88 Table 5.14: Species relative abundance at different survey locations ...... 90 Table 5.15: Conservation status of Species recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 91 Table 5.16: Diversity at different sites ...... 96 Table 5.17: Administrative areas traversed by the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 100 Table 5.18: Population of Kabwoya and Kyangwali sub counties (HDLG 2015) ...... 100 Table 5.19: Age of population along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 101 Table 5.20: Ethnic composition in the project area...... 102 Table 5.21: Main Source of Income for households involved in the survey along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 103 Table 5.22: Working Status of the population ...... 104 Table 5.23: Business inventory for selected 15 priority enterprises in the district by sub-county ...... 105 Table 5.24: Top 12 Communicable illnesses diagnosed within the project area in 2016 ...... 109 Table 5.25: Number of Births Attended at Kabwoya Health Centre during the first half of 2017 ...... 110 Table 5.26: Main water sources in the project area ...... 111 Table 5.27: Household Access to sanitary facilities ...... 112
xv ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Table 5.28: Sources of Information as reported by respondents to the household survey ...... 114 Table 5.29: School enrolment data for select primary schools along Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 115 Table 5.30: House ownership and quality of housing ...... 117 Table 5.31: Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting ...... 118 Table 5.32: Crimes reported at Kyangwali police post during the January-June 2017 ...... 119 Table 5.33: Result from surveyed sites and Test Pit Excavation ...... 130 Table 6.1: Summary of Stakeholder Engagement undertaken ...... 140 Table 6.2: Extracts from Record of Meetings with Government of Uganda stakeholders ...... 142 Table 6.3: Summary of engagement with the Hoima district local government ...... 146 Table 7.1: Cost-benefit Analysis for the proposed road project ...... 153 Table 7.2: Area of ROW under different ecosystems ...... 155 Table 7.3: Ecosystem services and interest for ecosystem service valuation ...... 155 Table 7.4: Economic value of ecosystems and ecosystem services impacted ...... 156 Table 7.5: Socio-economic impacts associated with the road construction ...... 157 Table 7.6: Monetary value of the Social and Economic impacts ...... 159 Table 7.7: Cost-benefit Analysis for the proposed road upgrade project ...... 160 Table 8.1: Identified cumulative impacts ...... 163 Table 8.2: Definition of subgrade soils along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road ...... 173 Table 9.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 197 Table 9.2: Anticipated Stakeholder Involvement in Monitoring and Implementation of the ESMP ...... 202 Table 10.1: Main Impact Issues and mitigation proposed ...... 212
xvi ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BODs - Biological Oxygen Demand CAO - Chief Administrative Officer Cap - Chapter CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity CFR - Central Forest Reserve CITES - Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species CNOOC - China National Offshore Oil Cooperation DDP - District Development Plan DEO - District Environmental Officers DMM - Department of Museums and Monuments DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo DWRM - Directorate of Water Resources Management EHS - Environmental Health and Safety EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIS - Environmental Impact Statement EMS - Environmental Management System ESIAs - Environmental and Social Impact Assessments ESIPs - Environmental and Social Implementation Plans ESIS - Environment and Social Impact Statement ESMFs - Environment and Social Management Frameworks ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FF - forest-dependent species FGDs - Focus Group Discussions GoU - Government of Uganda GPS - Geographical Positioning System H.C - Health Centre HH - Household HIMS - Health Information Management System HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICCM - International Conference on Chemicals Management IFC - International Financial Corporation IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM - integrated water resources management JGI - Jane Goodall Institute KIIs - Key informant interviews LABDC - Lake Albert Basin Development Committee LC - Local Council Lc - Least Concern LHS - Left Hand Side LVFO - Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization MEMD - Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development MFNP - Murchison Falls National Park MLHUD - Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
xvii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
MOGLSD Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development MOLG - Ministry of Local Government MoWE - Ministry of Water and Environment MoWT - Ministry of Works and Transport MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets NE - Not Evaluated NEMA - National Environment Management Authority NGOs - Non-Governmental Organisations NOGP - National Oil and Gas Policy for Uganda NSP - National Strategic Plan NSSF - National Social Security Fund OSH - Occupational Safety and Health PAOU - Petroleum Authority of Uganda PAPs - Project Affected Persons PCR - Physical-Cultural Resources PEAP - Poverty Eradication Action Plan PEPD - Petroleum Exploration and Production Department pH - Potential of Hydrogen PM - Particulate matter POPs - Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE - Personal Protective Equipment PWDs - People With Disabilities RHS - Right Hand Side R-NT - Regionally Near – Threatened RTI - Respiratory Tract Infection SAICM - Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SHS - Second hand smoke Spp - Species STI - Sexually Transmitted Infections T.B - Tuberculosis ToR - Terms of Reference TSCs - Timed Species Counts UAC - Uganda Aids Commission UBOS - Uganda Bureau Of Statistics UCF - Uganda Conservation Foundation UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNRA - Uganda National Roads Authority UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator UWA - Uganda Wildlife Authority VHTs - Village Health Teams VU - Vulnerable WCS - World Conservation Society WHO - World Health Organization
xviii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background The Government of Uganda and Partners through the Lake Albert Basin Development Committee (LABDC) have set a target to achieve First Oil by 2020. In order to achieve this target, key enabling infrastructure, such as road network, must be in place considering the fact that majority of transportation needs will be met via road. Accordingly, the Government of Uganda together with Oil Development Partners identified roads must be upgraded by the prescribed time in order to achieve the 2020 target.
The Kabwoya-Buhuka (40km) road is one of the roads that require upgrade and will be transformed from gravel to bituminous standard within a 7m carriage way and Right of Way of 50m, 30m and 20m in rural, urban and conservation areas respectively.
The Kabwoya-Buhuka road (40km) is located between coordinates 286731E 137790N and 251380E 135655N within Kabwoya and Kyangwali Sub Counties of Hoima district in the Western part of Uganda. The road starts from Kabwoya trading centre and traverses Kisaaru, Ngogole, Kyangwali and terminates at Ikamiro. Secondary facilities associated with road construction include but are not limited to access roads; water abstraction points; materials stock pile areas; warehouses; spoil areas; waste collection and disposal areas; workers camps; sanitary facilities and material extraction areas. Potential material extraction points are already identified and locations presented in chapter3 of this report; these are all within 2km of the project road. As the project is still in the design phase, majority of the temporary support infrastructure shall be subjected to separate permitting processes as required by NEMA and other lead agencies. The risks associated with workers camps and several auxiliary facilities have however been identified and evaluated in this ESIS.
Purpose for ESIA Section 19 (3) of the National Environment Act CAP 153 of Uganda, stipulates that an environmental impact assessment shall be undertaken by the developer where the lead agency, in consultation with the executive director, is of the view that the project;
may have an impact on the environment; is likely to have a significant impact on the environment; or Will have a significant impact on the environment.
The proposed road construction falls under part 3 of the Third Schedule of the National Environment Act Cap 153 of 1995, which lists (a) all major roads (b) all roads in scenic, wooded or mountainous areas road construction projects to be considered for Environmental Impact Assessment. Methodology
xix ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
ESIA studies were conducted for the proposed road upgrade in line with Ugandan legislation, UNRA Environmental and Social safeguards policy, the Ministry of works guidelines for EIA for the road sector and the approved terms of reference for the ESIA. The ESIA investigations were undertaken with focus on key thematic areas as stipulated in the First Schedule of the EIA Regulations for Uganda, 1998 (issues to be considered in making EIA) and IFC Environmental and Social Sustainability Framework. i. Ecological considerations (including biological diversity, sustainable use and ecosystem maintenance); ii. Social considerations (including effects on livelihoods, increased pressure on social infrastructure, social cohesion/disruption, effects on cultural heritage, immigration, tourism, labour and working conditions, community safety and health); iii. Landscape (including removal of vegetation, physical presence of equipment, disposal of waste etc.), compatibility with surrounding area; iv. Public health and safety (odour, emissions, dust and noise, disease). v. Economic considerations vi. Legislative framework
Consultations were held with key stakeholders including and not limited to the National Forestry Authority, Jane Goodall Institute, Hoima district local government, Oil Companies, Directorate of Water Resources Management, Department of Monuments and Museums, Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development, Rural Electrification Agency, Office of the Prime Minister and Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban development. Description of Project Area Baseline studies were undertaken as part of the ESIA studies. It was found that the project traverses 28 villages and the predominant land use within the immediate vicinity of the road is subsistence agriculture and settlement, followed by forestry and commercial agriculture. The project area particularly Kyangwali Sub County is referred to as the food basket of Hoima and is also home to the Kyangwali refugee settlement camp.
The Kabwoya-Buhuka road is an existing gravel road of width varying between 7 and 10m. It traverses a protected forest (Bugoma Central Forest Reserve), rural and peri-urban areas with some major trading centres identified including Wairagaza, Kituti and Kyangwali. An estimated 29.3 km of the road cuts through modified environment which includes area used for settlement and subsistence agriculture, commercial farmland, planted woodlots, grassland, fallow land, seasonal wetland and permanent wetlands. About 3km of road traverses a fairly less disturbed portion of Bugoma Central Forest Reserve indicated by having indigenous tree species on either side of the road while 8km of road traverses a degraded patch of the forest which leans to only one side of road..
The project area though located within the Bunyoro region is ethnically diverse with dominant ethnic groups being the Banyoro (45%) followed by Bakiga at 29% and Alur 5.4%. Other
xx ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) ethnicities identified were Banyankole, Batoro, Bafumbira, Mwamba, Bakonjo, Baganda, Lugbara, Langi, Iteso, Basoga among others. Majority of the community were also found to prefer to use their local languages or at least Lunyoro, Lunyakitara or Alur for communication.
The project area experiences two main rainfall peaks during March to May and September to December. The air temperature for the project area was recorded to range between 28 and 33°C during July of 2017.
Findings from the ESIA Table 1 is a summary of key impact issues and mitigation measures that have been proposed to manage these. Impacts from involuntary resettlement are outstanding and a dedicated resettlement action plan has been drafted to ameliorate. Table 1 Summary of impacts identified and evaluated
Component Impact Source Of Significance Mitigation Measures Impact Of Impact Change in Clearing Medium Cross drains have been provided species Forest Negative Ensure other crossings for herpetiles are population vegetation incorporated abundanc Introduction Right of way for forested area is e, of barriers restricted to 20m distributio to Vegetation in the forested area will not be n movement cleared to maintain canopy Noise Use of High Reduce the area and time of works within nuisance motorized Negative conservation area equipment Un- Ground Minor Have in place a trained field environment intentional disturbance Negative officer to salvage some animals prior to kills excavation Breeding sites where encountered should be avoided temporarily to permit hatching or relocation of fauna Intentional Use of Medium Institute speed limits within construction kills & motorized Negative area Road Kills equipment Human presence Deteriorat Use of Medium Ensure appropriate storage and handling ed quality chemical negative according to MSDS of surface substances water Deteriorat Use of Medium Ensure spill cleanup procedures are in ed quality chemical negative place of soil substances
Human presence Increased Presence of Medium Have in place adequate sanitary facilities
FAUNA risk of humans negative
xxi ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
diseases sanitation spread to and waste fauna managemen t Change in Clearing Identify invasive species prior to clearing species vegetation & ensure proper disposal population Poor , managemen Medium abundanc t of invasive Negative e, species distributio n Habitat Clearing Plant roadside trees Medium modificati vegetation Negative on Proliferati Vegetation Ensure transportation and disposal in on of clearing approved location invasive Transportati species on and Medium disposal of Negative
cleared vegetation
Flora Contamin Waste Ensure secondary containment for all ation of managemen fuels or chemicals soil t Operation of Medium
machinery Negative Vehicle/ machinery repairs Erosion Vegetation Area other than carriage way , shoulders Medium clearing & drain should not be completely stripped Negative Geology and soil of vegetation Increased Excavation Dust control by water sprinkling daily levels of and road Medium particulate works Negative matter (dust) Deteriorat Operation of Vehicle servicing to be scheduled, ed quality vehicles & service centers to be designated due to equipment Medium emissions Constructio Negative of n chemicals gaseous pollutants
Increased Excavation Works to be limited to day time levels of and road noise works, Medium Movement Negative of vehicles,
Atmosphere equipment
xxii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Changes Waste Having in place spill contingency plan in physical managemen &waste management plan chemical t Only designated / approved service properties Operation of Medium areas should be used for repairs or Contamin machinery Negative maintenance of vehicles and generators ation , Vehicle/ sedimenta machinery tion repairs Changes Blockage of Cross drains of adequate size have been in fish water provided population courses Erosion control features are incorporated s Sedimentati in design (mortality, on destructio Erosion Medium n of Water Negative spawn contaminati sites, on blockage of passage) Changes Inappropriat Cross drains of adequate size have been in e culvert provided hydrology/ size or Medium drainage placement Negative Blockage of water
Water resources course Creation Road locals should be given first priority for of upgrade employment employme works Medium Adhere to Employment Act and OSH nt Support positive Acts opportuniti infrastructur es e Disruption Road Ensure that timely communication and of utilities upgrade compensation is made for business
Medium & works owners and utilities suppliers negative economic Identify and replace utilities prior to activities interruption of the supply Loss of Involuntary Resettlement Action Plan is being livelihood, resettlement developed and shall be implemented interrupte Ensure resettlement action plan d conforms to IFC Performance Standards
Social Social Environment schooling, and National legislation High negative loss of social networks, homeless ness Communit Resettleme Stakeholder engagement pan should be Medium y anxiety nt , road in place negative upgrade ,
xxiii ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
influx of Ensure timely and adequate workers communication to all project affected community and hosts Ensure provision of accommodation camp for migrant workers (foreign to project area) Have in place & communicate to all stakeholders the grievance handling procedure Security Presence of Ensure coordinated effort with local incidents road works leadership, have in place security Medium personnel, recruitment processes should negative be stringent enough to include security checks Traffic Road works Have in place a traffic management plan interruptio Medium Employ flags persons and signage n negative Timely sensitization should be undertaken Accidents New road Design speed for urban areas is reduced effect Medium to 50kph, road safety signs to be in place negative Humps to be placed on approach to busy areas Health Road works, induction training, PPE, and regular and safety employment training to be provided, have in place incidents of labour adequate sensitization drives for on community, appropriate signage to be in workers or place public Medium HIV/AIDS STI Prevention program shall Negative be in place Contractor shall adhere to provisions within the Workers compensation Act, OSH Act and employment Act Have in place strict code of conduct for workforce
All impacts that have been identified can be mitigated to Medium or Minor significance with the implementation of proposed mitigation measures. Furthermore an Environmental and Social Management System is in place to manage environmental and social risks associated with the project continuously.
xxiv ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
The Government of Uganda and Partners through the Lake Albert Basin Development Committee (LABDC) have set a target to achieve First Oil by 2020. In order to achieve this target, key enabling infrastructure, such as road network, must be in place. Accordingly, the Government of Uganda together with Oil Development Partners identified a chain of roads that must be upgraded by the prescribed time in order to achieve the set target. The Kabwoya-Buhuka (40km) road is one of the roads that require upgrade and will be upgraded from gravel to bituminous standard within a 7m carriage way; and Right of Way (RoW) of 50m in rural areas, 30m within urban and 20m in conservation areas.
1.1.1 Justification for the Project Oil delivery is to a large extent hinged on having an upgraded road network by 2018/2019. This requires UNRA to fulfil its mandate of delivering the required road infrastructure.
Following a review of the transportation needs and options available for transportation during the oil production, it was concluded that; i) The existing rail network can only be utilized up to Mukono ICD (Inland Container Depot); ii) The use of barges on Lake Albert is not possible because of the size, volume and weight of the equipment, depth of the lake and environmental concerns; iii) The planned airport in the Albertine Graben is only for goods that cannot be transported by road, if used for general equipment transportation the costs of the project will significantly increase;
Majority of transportation needs will therefore be met via the road network.
1.2 Purpose for ESIA
Section 19 (3) of the National Environment Act CAP 153 of Uganda, stipulates that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be undertaken by the developer where the lead agency, in consultation with the executive director, is of the view that the project;
may have an impact on the environment; is likely to have a significant impact on the environment; or Will have a significant impact on the environment.
The proposed road construction falls under part 3 of the Third Schedule of the National Environment Act Cap 153 of 1995, which lists (a) all major roads (b) all roads in scenic, wooded or mountainous areas road construction projects to be considered for Environmental Impact Assessment. Also, schedule 5 1(a) of the Final draft of The National Environment Bill 2016 provides for Transport, transportation equipment and related infrastructure; (a) Construction of all public roads, including the enlargement or upgrade of existing public road among projects for which ESIA is mandatory.
1
ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) It is therefore a requirement that an ESIA study is carried out for the proposed upgrade of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road and an Environment and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) prepared and submitted to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA).
This document is the output of the ESIA study and constitutes the Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS).
1.3 ESIA Objectives
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment has been conducted to examine, analyze, and assess the proposed project with a view to ensuring that environmental and social considerations are incorporated into the project during the pre-construction, construction and operations phase. The specific objectives of the study were; (i) To identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts and recommend appropriate mitigation strategies (avoid, minimize, restore and compensate). (ii) To collect adequate baseline environmental data to facilitate generation of monitoring indicators. (iii) To prepare an Environmental and Social Action Plan that details any required mitigation and monitoring actions identified in the ESIA. (iv) To consult relevant stakeholders, including but not limited to potentially affected persons and document their concerns regarding the proposed project.
1.4 ESIA Process
The EIA guidelines for Uganda mention three basic components of the EIA Process in Uganda: screening, environmental impact study, and decision making. The guidelines emphasize that the objective of the screening phase is to determine if a proposed project has or does not have significant impacts on the environment. For this project, the team made reference to the National Environment Act which makes Environmental Impact Assessment mandatory for works on major roads. Environmental Impact study itself also referred to as ESIA within this document involved scoping (Figure 1-1), drafting of a scoping report and terms of reference, submission of Terms of Reference (ToR) with scoping report to the authority, undertaking Environmental Impact Studies in adherence to the ToR and other conditions as specified by the authority in the ToR approval and submission of an Environmental and Social Impact Statement to the authority (NEMA).
2 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Scoping ESIA (the Study) •identify boundaries to be considered in •establishment of existing conditions the study (baseline) •identify questions to be answered •consultation with stakeholders •identify alternatives •investigating project alternatives •identify stakeholders •identification of mitigation measures to •identify potentially significant impacts, significant impacts criteria to be used to rate significance • Draft an environmental management •identify how the project relates to laws framework policies and regulations
Figure 1.1: Overview of the Scoping and ESIA studies
1.5 Scope of ESIA
The ESIA investigations were undertaken under key thematic areas as presented in the First Schedule of the EIA Regulations, 1998 as stipulated under the issues to be considered in making EIA. The following issues among others were considered in the undertaking of this ESIA:
i. Ecological considerations (including biological diversity, sustainable use and ecosystem maintenance); ii. Social considerations (including effects on livelihoods, increased pressure on social infrastructure, social cohesion/disruption, effects on human health, effects in cultural heritage, immigration); iii. Landscape (including removal of vegetation, physical presence of equipment, disposal of waste etc.), compatibility with surrounding area; iv. Public health and safety (odour, emissions, dust and noise).
The ESIA studies were undertaken in line with Ugandan legislation, UNRA Environmental and Social safeguards policy as well as the ministry of works guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment for the road sector. For funding reasons, the ESIA process has been conducted in compliance with the UK Export Finance Policy and practice on Environmental, Social and Human Rights due diligence and monitoring (UKEF, 2016). This has included examination of the potential environmental and social risks including those related to human rights and climate change, compliance to international best practice including the Equator principles, IFC performance standards and disclosure of project information to the public. The ESIA comprised of the following activities:
3 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 1. Detailed Biodiversity assessment using scientific inventory techniques to identify impacts on the biological environment due to the proposed activities related to the construction of the road. 2. Detailed Social assessments using scientific approach to identify impacts on the social environment due to the proposed activities. 3. Identification of impacts of the project on the environment (water, air, soil) by taking samples, testing and predicting magnitude of expected change using national standards as benchmarks. 4. Determining mitigation measures and cost estimates for the mitigation of adverse impacts. 5. Preparation of an Environmental Social Management Plan (ESMP), including cost estimates. 6. Preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan including costs estimates 7. Proposal of appropriate monitoring (completion) indicators that can be followed-up during project implementation. 8. Review and discussion of Uganda’s environmental and social policy, legal and administrative framework 9. Review and discussion of multilateral environmental Conventions and Protocols to which Uganda has ratified. 10. Review and discussion of the National legislative and regulatory standards, IFC performance standards and their relation to the project/ how they can be adhered to.
1.6 Report Structure
This document is structured as follows; 1. Cover page. 2. Table of contents. 3. List of acronyms. 4. Executive Summary. 5. Introduction. 6. Methodology 7. Description of the proposed project. 8. Discussion of alternatives to the current road and related structures and facilities. 9. Description of the project's area of influence and environmental baseline conditions 10. Discussion of Uganda’s policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative framework and the International safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project. 11. Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons. 12. Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project. 13. Discussion of the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project (throughout the project life cycle) and discussion of the proposed mitigation measures.
4 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 14. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed project including monitoring indicators for the proposed project. 15. Conclusion and Recommendations. 16. References. 17. Appendices
5 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 2 Method for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
The ESIA studies were conducted in line with Ugandan legislation, UNRA Environmental and Social safeguards policy, the ministry of works guidelines for EIA for the road sector as well as international environmental and social safeguard requirements. A summary of the ESIA process is presented in figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Prescribed EIA process for the Road Sector (MoWT, 2004)
The ESIA investigations were undertaken with focus on key thematic areas as stipulated in the First Schedule of the EIA Regulations for Uganda, 1998 (issues to be considered in making EIA).
The ESIA involved the following stages 1. Scoping 2. Baseline data collection 3. Project disclosure , Public and stakeholder consultation 4. Identification of impacts and mitigation measures 5. Drafting a plan for management of social and environmental impacts
6 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 2.1.1 Scoping The purpose of scoping was to determine the scope of work to be undertaken in assessing the likely environmental impacts of the proposed project. Through literature review, site visits and stakeholder consultations, the team conducted an environmental scoping exercise of the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environments. Activities conducted during scoping included; • Site reconnaissance through field visits and transect drives through the project area; • Consultations with local government institutions to further identify stakeholders and key information which should be included in the ESIA; • Consultations with some key informants; • Identification of key stakeholders and obtaining contact information to form a stakeholders database • A disclosure of the project was given to the local government including a plan for the ESIA studies. A record of meeting minutes is attached to this report; • Review of literature including but not limited to relevant Uganda legislation on land, labour and the environmental legal requirements.
2.1.2 Baseline Studies In order to establish a description of the present environment in the area of influence the proposed roads and related activities, site visits and field studies were conducted in addition to literature review and stakeholder consultations. Baseline studies were undertaken to cover thematic topics including biophysical environment (flora, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, birds, air quality and noise), economic environment, social setting and public health. 2.1.2.1 Flora The vegetation and flora studies were conducted using a combination of field studies and literature review with the following objectives: i) To ascertain species richness and diversity; identifying species of conservation concern in terms of range restriction, rarity and threat; ii) Estimation of the density of trees within forested sections of the proposed road network; iii) Identification of ecologically sensitive sites, altered habitats and provide a quick review of flora assemblages along the project road.
Langdale-Brown et al. (1964) vegetation maps were used to examine the range of vegetation types previously mapped for the area traversed by the road project. These maps were therefore a reasonable basis also used to determine the Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) in sites that have undergone modification, presumably under the influence of man over the years.
The vegetative communities in the study area were classified basing on the Langdale-Brown et al., (1964) system. The L-B system considers plant community composition rather than just plant biomass, and is relevant to the goal of characterizing vegetation and identifying sensitive habitats. Specific points along the proposed road for upgrade were identified for vegetation and flora studies.
7 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
The field survey was conducted in July 2017 to collect further site-specific information on habitat, species presence, abundance and density of trees. Global Positioning System (GPS) units were used to record the geographical coordinates of the survey locations. The vegetation specialist undertook studies within the specified points of interest along the road; photographs were taken and notes made.
For woodland, forested sites and woodlots, the diameter at breast height of trees was measured to estimate tree diameter classes and density of trees within the corridor. Species richness, abundance, invasive, and sensitive habitat were also investigated. Sensitivity of habitats was assessed from presence of; i) threatened taxa in accordance with IUCN and WCS conservation assessment protocol, ii) rarity, iii) endemism; presence of iv) fragile watersheds, v) steep slopes, and vi) riparian areas.
Random quadrat sampling method was used to sample the vegetation and flora of the proposed corridor. At each sampling location, points (quadrats) were established randomly according to nature and size of the habitat from which estimation of species percentage abundance cover, presence of disturbances, signs of usability and presences of species of conservation interest including invasive species were made in a space of 30 m radius.
To establish tree density and species composition, plots measuring 30mx30m were established within woodlots and forest habitat from which all trees with Dbh>=2cm were identified, measured and enumerated.
2.1.2.2 Fauna In order to describe types of fauna found within the project area; studies were conducted by aquatic ecologists, mammal specialists, ornithologists, reptile and amphibian specialists as well as invertebrate ecologists.
Field surveys were conducted objectively to; determine the species, present in different habitats; determine presence, distribution of species in the study area. Additionally the team probed to identify the occurrence of species of conservation concern if any (rare, endemic, restricted range, IUCN listed in the area).
Specific methodologies employed by fauna experts are included within biophysical baseline section in chapter 5.
2.1.3 Social Impact Assessment Methodology The social impact assessment within this ESIA involved collection of baseline data, undertaking consultations with communities and leadership in project affected areas; followed by prediction and analysis of likely impacts, Figure 2.2 is a representation of the SIA process adopted by the ESIA team.
8 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Figure 2.2 Phases of Social Impact Assessment (Source: (Vanclay, et al. 2015) 2.1.3.1 Social and Economic baseline Observational studies and a household survey was used alongside literature review and consultation with key informants to establish a profile of the project area including and not limited to, population and demography, status of education (literacy of population, access to), employment and labour, health, sanitation, land use and tenure, physical cultural resources, livelihood sources and economics, utilities sources and usage, other public and social services, community norms, gender relations among others. The section on baseline presented in this report has been compiled using an integration of data from secondary sources (cited in the section of references), focus group discussions with residents, interactions with other stakeholders, observational studies, and a household survey undertaken by the ESIA team in July 2017. 2.1.3.2 Household survey The sample size for the household survey was derived using the Raosoft (2004) formula for sample size calculation. The minimum sample size that was determined is 217 at a confidence level of 95 percent and margin of error of 6% given a total of 1,151 households along the road. The survey team eventually achieved interviews with 224 households through systematic random sampling; targeting at least every forth house along the road within each area with settlement or buildings. Household heads (HH) were selected as the major respondents in this survey because they had sufficient required information. In cases where the Household heads were absent their spouses were considered. In instances where both the household head and spouse were not available, then any other adult household member was selected.
9 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 2.1.4 Public Disclosure In addition to door to door visits during which a questionnaire was administered and the project publicised, focus group discussions were conducted at two sub counties; Kyangwali and Kabwoya. Focus group discussions involved representatives of youth, women, elderly, and opinion leaders, persons with disability, and the local council leadership (councillors) and in some instances interested members of the public. Additionally, the team shared details of the proposed road upgrade and discussed potential impacts and mitigation measures with all stakeholders including the district local government. All meetings commenced with disclosure of the project by UNRA ESIA team leader followed by a request for initial reactions to the project proposal. The group discussion was then facilitated by the Sociologist who explored several social and economic aspects with the community. Main outcomes from these meetings were beneficial and negative impacts identified by the stakeholders, and proposed enhancement measures and mitigation measures. Specific information on livelihoods, culture health and social networks was also collected from focus groups. Detailed minutes of meeting are appended to this report in appendix 3.
10 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Location of the project
The Kabwoya-Buhuka road (40km) is located between coordinates 286731E 137790N and 251380E 135655N within Kabwoya and Kyangwali Sub Counties of Hoima district in the Western part of Uganda (Figure 3.1). The road commences within Kabwoya trading centre and traverses Kisaaru, Ngogole, Kyangwali and terminates at Ikamiro. The project area includes the immediate Right of Way (RoW) of 50m including the road reserve ( road catchment area). It is also asserted that up to 10km distance on either side of the road could be impacted on by off-site sourcing of labour and road construction materials. Notable features within the project area include the Bugoma Central Forest Reserve, the Kisaaru tea estate and the Kyangwali refugee camp. The road terminates in Ikamiro at the escarpment just before the descent to the Kingfisher Oil field.
3.2 Nature of project
The project is an earth road in a fair condition with defects including potholes, loss of gravel, sharp corners and episodic flooding at some sections adjacent to the wetlands. The road is to be upgraded to a class II paved, with a 7m carriage way and a pair of shoulders whose width varies with location (Table 3.1). Table 3.1 Typical Section for Kabwoya-Buhuka road Rural Carriageway Width (m) 7.0 Shoulders (m) 1.5 Cross fall; carriageway and shoulders (%) 2.5 Right of Way (m) 50 Urban Carriageway Width (m) 7.0 Parking lanes 2 in No. (m) 3.5 each Walkway (m) 2 Cross fall; carriageway, shoulders and parking (%) 2.5 Right of Way (m) 30 Conservation Area Carriageway Width (m) 7.0 Parking lanes 2 in No. (m) 3.5 each Cross fall; carriageway, and shoulders (%) 2.5 Right of Way (m) 20 m
11 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km)
Figure 3.1: Location of the Kabwoya-Buhuka Road
12
ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.3 Design Considerations
Indicative design parameters for Class II paved roads are outlined in Table 3.2. The road design has been optimised to incorporate mitigation measures in order to reduce the impact on the environment, particularly right of way and design speed as presented in sections 3.3.1 to 3.3.5. Table 3.2 Design Parameters for Class II paved roads URDM Ser. Design Unit Design No. Element Parameter 1 Design Flat 90 Speed: Rolling Km/h 70 Urban/ peri-urban 50 2 Cross Carriageway width m 7 (2 lanes) Section Elements: Carriageway cross fall % 2.5% Shoulder width m 2No. x 1.5 Shoulders cross fall % 2.5% Support strip width m 0.45 Right of Way m 50 3 Horizontal Desirable Minimum stopping m 135 (Flat terrain, 95 (Rolling alignment sight distance Terrain) Elements Desirable Minimum passing m 605 (Flat), 485 (Rolling) sight distance Maximum % 7.0% Rural sections (4% Super elevation Urban/per-urban sections) emax Minimum Horizontal curvature m 320 (Flat), 200 (Rolling) (Radius) Where an isolated curve exists between 2 long straights, the design radius should be at least 50% more than the minimum value Transition Curves Clothoid Applied when R Minimum Crest Kmin 43 (Flat), 32 (Rolling) K Value (Stopping) Minimum Crest Kmin 307 (Flat), 246 (Rolling), 126 K Value (Urban/ peri-urban) (Passing) Minimum Sag Kmin 50 (Flat), 37 (Rolling) K Value (Stopping) 13 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.3.1 Design Standards The road’s geometric elements have been designed in accordance with the standards stipulated in the Uganda Road Design Manual (2010). 3.3.2 Road Class In addition to providing mobility between major economic centres of Kabwoya and Buhuka, the road will be used by oil companies in transporting oil products and accessories, therefore functional class of the project road is Class B: National Truck Road. Based on the computed Capacity in terms of PCUs and taking 75% of that at the end of the design life 2040, a total of 6,429.06 PCUs was derived which then categorizes the road as a Class II Paved road. 3.3.3 Road alignment The existing road alignment shall be followed. 3.3.4 Right of Way The Right of Way for the Kabwoya-Buhuka road has been reduced to 30m in urban, peri- urban areas and forested areas. Within forested area particularly Bugoma Central Forest Reserve, the existing canopy is to be maintained; hence regardless of the size of Right of Way, vegetation shall not be cleared beyond what is required for the carriage way, shoulders and drainage within Bugoma Central Forest Reserve. 3.3.5 Design speed For each section of the road, based on the terrain classification, a design speed has been defined and all design parameters that meet all requirements of safety, aesthetics, and economic requirements have been decided upon from design standards. Various sections along the project road with corresponding Design Speeds are presented in Table 3.3. Table 3.3: Design Speed along Kabwoya-Buhuka Length Area Terrain Design Speed From To (km) Traversed /Transverse Slope km/hr 0+000 22+500 22.50 Rural Rolling 50 22+500 23+500 1.0 Urban Rolling 70 23+500 41+000 17.5 Rural Rolling 50 3.3.6 Design Vehicle DV5 will be adopted as the design vehicle for purposes of turning radius at junctions. Refer to Table 3.4 for dimensions of the DV-5 Design Vehicle. 14 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 3.4: Design Vehicle Design Overall (m) Wheel Minimum Minimum Vehicle base (m) design inside Type turning radius radius (m) (m) Symbol Height Width Length Front Rear (m) Base Wheel Interstate 6.1 Semitrailer DV5 4.1 2.6 21 1.2 0.9 &12.8 13.7 2.9 3.3.7 Pavement design Parameters for the wearing course, base, sub base and selected layer are presented in Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Pavement design parameters Pavement layer Thickness (mm) Material Wearing course 50 Continuously graded asphalt(AC20) Base 200 Crushed stone base(CRR Fine type) Subbase 225 Cement stabilized (UCS 0.75-1.5 MPa) Selected layer 300 Granular material(G15) 3.4 Road furniture 3.4.1 Traffic Signs Traffic signs and road markings are used to regulate, warn, inform or guide road users. They are essential for the safe, smooth traffic. It is important to have a standard set of signs whose applicability is familiar to road users. All road signs will comply with Ministry of WoWHC Traffic Signs Manual, Vol 1 and 2, 2004. The size and sighting of traffic warning signs is a function of design speed and shall be as presented in Table 3.6. Table 3.6: Traffic Sign Sizes and Visible Distances Section Design Triangular Circular Sign Visible Distance Speed Signs (side (Diameter) to the Sign length) Town Sections 50km/h 750mm 600mm 50m Rural Sections 70-90km/h 900mm 750mm 100m 3.4.2 Road Marking Road markings may be used to supplement traffic signage. The major advantage of Road makings is to give a continuous message to the driver and other road users. Thus they can be used to guide drivers in the correct position of vehicles along the carriage way as well as putting emphasis on the meaning of road signs. Improved road marking is often the most cost-effective solution to traffic and accident problems. The markings have the limitation that they get covered up by dirt, and they wear away quite quickly on heavily-trafficked roads. 15 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Road marking shall be thermoplastic paint which is considerably more durable than road paint. 3.4.3 Traffic Management in Urban Centres Speed control in urban centres is a very important safety measure to prevent road accidents given that urban centres frequently have pedestrians, slow moving and parked vehicles. Speed control measures in built up areas are as follows: A pair of rumble strips before the gateway sign. Rumble strips are traverse strips across the road used to alert and warn drivers with a vibratory and audible effect before a hump or series of humps. The height of the strips has been limited to 10mm and 500mm wide A gateway sign Install prominent walkways (reliable road shoulders). Speed control area with humps staggered at 150m centre to centre. In order to maintain a design speed of 50km/hr, circular humps with height of 0.1m and 0.5m wide have been proposed so that comfort of motorist is compromised. 3.4.4 Pedestrian Control Facilities Kerb barrier will be incorporated in urban and villages on raised walkways and medians. 2m walkways have been proposed two persons can bypass one another comfortably. Speed control area with humps staggered at 150m centre to centre. 3.4.5 Bus lay-bys Bus lay-bys have been proposed at locations most convenient for the passengers. The most convenient location is adjacent to major junctions and built up areas. The lay-bys were sited after intersections to avoid stopped vehicles from interfering too much with the view of drivers who want to enter the main road from the minor road. The lay-bys are staggered to avoid road blockage in case buses/taxis set off at exactly the same time. The following dimensions were adopted: 20m long decelerating section or tapper to permit easy entrance into the loading area A stopping space, minimum 15m long and 3.5m width to accommodate the maximum number of buses expected to occupy the space at one time 15m long merging lane to enable easy re-entry into the main road 3.4.6 Drainage The project road is designed to have 87 culverts, 48 of these are new whilst 39 are to be replaced. Twelve sections will have major culverts fitted. The details of the design flood and total crossing capacity for the installations is presented in Table 3.7. The total crossing capacity for all structures will exceed the design flood; an indication that they are of sufficient sizing. 16 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 3.7 Major Culvert Structures by Chainage and relationship of design flood to crossing capacity Total Section Design Flood Chainage [Q50] m3/s Sizing Total Crossing Capacity [m3/s] 0+531 10.612 New Relief 18.67801 4+541 7.546 600 10.82699 15+342 12.724 900 18.28693 15+444 12.724 900 18.28693 16+651 22.918 600 29.47676 19+781 7.265 600 11.27349 20+410 6.885 450 10.3979 26+553 3.374 600 10.84729 27+227 7.288 600 10.12582 27+275 7.288 600 10.12582 29+475 6.045 600 9.095847 36+948 70.463 1200 92.2 A summary of the sizes of structures to be installed is presented in Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Summary of Cross Drain Structures Type Configurations Stations (No.) Minor Structures. 900 x 1 37 900 x 2 21 900 x 3 - 1200 x 1 - 1200 x 2 18 1200 x 3 3 Major Structures (BCs) 8 Major Structures (Bridges) - Total 87 3.5 Project Activities The road upgrade project involves a number of activities from project initiation through to commissioning. The key project activities are divided in 3 phases i.e. Peri-construction phase, Construction phase and Operation phase. 3.5.1 Pre - Construction Stage Construction works are expected to have advanced by the first half of 2018. UNRA has undertaken an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and is simultaneously undertaking studies to establish a resettlement action framework which will be utilised to manage impacts associated with land take or destruction of property. The pre-construction will additionally comprise of the following activities; i. land acquisition and compensation; ii. Demarcation of the proposed road boundaries by surveyors; iii. Implementation of the resettlement action plan; iv. Mobilization of personnel, equipment and materials; v. Establishment of camp sites for contractors ; vi. Establishment of materials source points and suppliers. 17 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.5.2 Construction Phase 3.5.2.1 Civil works Civil works on the road shall include disaggregation of current surface and improvement of the carriage way. The standard road dimensions shall be a 7m carriage way and two 1.5m shoulders. Basically it is anticipated that ground breaking and stripping works shall result in excavations of at least 12000 m3 of soil. Road Dimensions Clearance(sq. Excavation volume m) (m3) at 0.3m depth Kabwoya- 40km, width 40000 12,000 Buhuka 10m (excluding reserve) Activities anticipated during the civil works include Scarification of existing paved surface and its removal Clearing vegetation and stripping off topsoil for at least 7m width; and stockpiling of waste soil and vegetation Stockpiled soil and vegetation will be removed Excavation Laying of the road foundation (fill and backfill) Compaction of the foundations Sprinkling of the road Transportation of materials to site Mixing and laying of requisite materials for sub base Preparation of hot asphalt mix Spreading of hot asphalt mix over the ground to provide a bond Additional courses of bitumen and asphalt will be laid according to engineers' specifications) Compaction and finishing of hot asphalt using rollers Testing the surface Traffic control during construction Road marking and installation of signs and other furniture 3.5.2.2 Materials extraction Materials to be required by the project include but are not limited to; • Gravel • Form work • Stone aggregate • Asphalt • Sand • Water • Cement • Oil Road construction will entail procurement or extraction of materials and their haulage from sources to road sites. This is to be done by the contractor. Potential sites for materials extraction have been identified for Kabwoya-Buhuka, as shown in Figure 3.2, all borrow pits investigated along the project road meet the 18 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) requirements for G15, which automatically qualifies them for G7 as well. The borrow pits can therefore be used for construction of subgrade and fill. Table 3.9 Potential Burrow pits and their properties Borrow Pit Location GM LL (%) PI (%) LS CBR at 95% of MDD 2+000 RHS, Road side 2.1 54 23 12 17 7+400 RHS, Road side 0.9 48 23 12 35 36+100 LHS, 1.5 km offset 1.6 50 21 10 15 36+600 RHS, 100 m offset 1.6 54 24 12 14 40+300 RHS, Road side 1.8 38 23 12 18 Property limits for G15 None None Max 25 None Min 15 Failed property Legend: Passed property Property limits 19 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 3.2 Potential Sites for Material Extraction 20 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.6 Project Resources 3.6.1 Equipment Equipment used in road construction includes but are not limited to dumper trucks, excavators, graders, compactors (Figure 3.3). Most of these are heavy equipment and some are vibratory (especially those used in compaction). These generate noise and vibrations and can also be unsightly for residents observing them over time. Figure 3.3 some common equipment used in roads construction During construction it is necessary to measure noise levels produced by the construction equipment. The noise expected from construction works cannot be quantitatively determined precisely, primarily due to the lack of detailed information at this stage related to the scheduling and positioning of construction related activities. Table 3.10 below gives anticipated noise ranges from construction equipment according to the EPA classification. Table 3.10 : Noise levels (in dBA), distance +/- 18 meters Equipment Noise level Bulldozer 80 Front loader 72-84 Rock breaker 81-98 Dump truck 83-94 Scraper 80-93 Roller 73-75 Asphalt paver 86-88 Welding generator 71-82 Concrete mixer 74-88 Air compressor 74-87 Pneumatic instruments 81-98 Cement and dump trucks 83-94 21 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.6.2 Human resource Employment is anticipated to include both skilled and non-skilled labour opportunities for about 50 to 200 people Career opportunities will include; Civil engineering professionals, general labour, equipment operators, laboratory technicians, hospitality and catering service professionals, administrators and managers among others. It is likely that local residents shall mostly be employed to do casual jobs depending on their skills set. The Employment Act (2006), the Workers compensation Act (2000), Labour Disputes (Arbitration Settlement) Act (2006), Labour Unions Act (2006) and the Occupational safety and health Act (2006) will need to be observed. 3.6.3 Auxiliary Facilities Secondary facilities associated with road construction include but are not limited to access roads, water abstraction points, materials stock pile areas, warehouses, spoil areas, waste collection and disposal areas, workers camps, sanitary facilities and material extraction areas. Most of these are temporary facilities whilst access roads could be pre- existing. The Environmental management framework within this report has covered environmental management of key support infrastructure that are anticipated during the road construction period. However, statutory clearances for peripheral infrastructure shall be dealt with by the contractor and these shall be established in consultation with local authorities and the National Environment Management Authority. 3.6.3.1 Camp sites It is expected that, the construction workforce including contractor and resident engineer will establish camp sites along the road sections. In general, a camp site will require approximately 2-4 acres of land and will consist of water supply structures, workers housing, kitchens and areas for serving meals, sanitation facilities and access roads. The Contractor will enter formal lease agreements with the landowners prior to the construction of the camp sites. In setting up construction camp sites, consideration will be given to water availability, waste management, security in the camp site, and access routes and land availability. The proposed sites for the camp sites are yet to be identified and will be subjected to statutory local authority approvals prior to their establishment. 3.6.3.2 Borrow pits and quarry sites Existing sites shall be used and where these are not available new sites may have to be established. Designated burrow pit areas will be identified once detailed design work has been completed for the proposed project road. However these may be chosen from the potential sources of materials for the construction of the road as described inError! eference source not found.. This is because these have been already seen to have suitable materials. The establishment of quarries or burrow pits will be done in consultation with the District Environment Officer and where deemed necessary a project brief will be prepared and submitted to NEMA for approval before extraction of construction material. 22 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3.6.3.3 Decommissioning of auxiliary facilities On completion of the construction phase of the project, all support infrastructures shall be decommissioned and habitats ecologically restored. As the project road is still in the design phase these support infrastructure shall be subjected to separate permitting processes. Nonetheless it is worth noting that material extraction sites such as burrow pits need landscaping and re-vegetation shall be necessary along slopes as well as other disturbed areas that are unpaved. Waste in containment shall need to be adequately disposed of and temporary storage sites restored to original condition or better. 3.7 Post Construction phase The post-construction phase refers to the period after completion of road works and the upgraded road has been commissioned for operations. This period involves operations of the road and maintenance activities carried out by Uganda National Roads Authority. Operations on the road include movement of vehicles, pedestrians and animals. Maintenance activities are either routine or periodic whereby routine maintenance works includes pothole patching, cleaning of drainage items, repairs of broken road items (including maintenance of street lights) etc. whilst periodic maintenance items are carried out after a scheduled period of time. These include; re-sealing, re-painting of road markings, among other activities. Other post-construction activities include enforcement of road rules and other control requirements. 3.7.1 Projected Traffic The current Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) was calculated at three stations along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road and is presented in Table 3.11. It is noted that motorcycles constitute a great percentage of the traffic along the project road. Table 3.11: Annual Average Daily Traffic along the Lot 9 Roads Buhuka-Kabwoya Kabwoya Nsozi TC Kyangwali Buhuka Buhuka Buhuka Type Vehicle - - - Kabwoya Kabwoya Kabwoya - - - Two WayTwo WayTwo WayTwo Kabwoya Buhuka Buhuka Kabwoya Buhuka Kabwoya Cars, Taxis 46 45 91 55 39 94 32 29 61 Pickups / Vans / 4WD 19 14 33 37 33 70 58 52 110 Minibuses 5 5 10 11 10 21 5 3 8 Medium Buses / Coasters 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - Large Buses 1 1 2 2 1 3 0 0 - Light 2 axle Truck (Dynas / 8 10 18 11 8 19 19 21 40 Tractors) Medium single unit trucks (2 axle) 27 14 41 24 20 44 10 12 22 Heavy trucks (3 axles) 3 8 11 8 4 12 2 2 4 LT and trailer or HT and semi- 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - trailer (3-4 axles) HT and trailer or HT and semi- 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 - trailer (5 axles) HT and trailer or HT and semi- 1 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 - trailer (6 axles) 23 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Buhuka-Kabwoya Kabwoya Nsozi TC Kyangwali Buhuka Buhuka Buhuka Type Vehicle - - - Kabwoya Kabwoya Kabwoya - - - Two WayTwo WayTwo WayTwo Kabwoya Buhuka Buhuka Kabwoya Buhuka Kabwoya Heavy truck (HT) and semi-trailer 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - (7 axles) Special configuration of heavy 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - axles 47 Motorcycles 230 249 290 257 547 538 539 1,077 9 68 Total 341 347 439 373 812 664 658 1,322 8 20 Total without Motorcycles 111 98 149 116 265 126 119 245 9 Based on the current traffic, estimates of future traffic (Annual Average Daily Traffic) were made for a design period of 20 years with the assumption that road construction shall commence in the year 2018 and end in 2019. Therefore projections were made up to the year 2039 using the corresponding growth factors. Projected traffic was derived using the equations below and is presented in Table 3.12. Projected traffic = normal traffic + diverted traffic + generated traffic 푟 푇푟2 = 푇푟1 ∗ (1 + )푛 100 Where Tr2 = AADT in year 2, Tr1 =AADT in year 1, r =Growth rate and n = Number of years Table 3.12 Traffic Projections for Kabwoya-Buhuka road Small Mediu Heavy Larg Cars Truck m Truck Pickup e Semi- Truck Vehicle & Minibu Mediu s Trucks s Tota s & Traile Traile Category Taxi s m Bus (3- l 4wd (<7 (>7 r r s Bus Axles Ton) Ton) ) Base Year 91 33 10 0 2 18 41 11 0 3 209 (2017) 2021 (Year 1 after 265 325 953 23 76 172 28 92 86 400 503 constructio 8 n) Generated 110 Traffic 160 340 10 72 72 6 40 20 180 200 0 2020 (KIP) Feeder Pipeline 0 32 0 0 12 0 0 12 0 20 0 Constructio n Oil 112 company 40 500 0 0 80 0 0 40 200 260 0 Traffic 2025 (Year 328 406 1185 29 95 213 35 113 103 490 612 5) 0 2039 (Year 682 885 2529 63 207 444 71 230 191 996 1214 20) 9 24 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 25 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4 Policy, Legislation, Regulation and Standards This chapter provides an overview of the relevant legislation, policies, standards and guidelines applicable to the proposed construction of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Applicability and requirements of the legislation, policies, standards and guidelines have been discussed through consultations with key stakeholders. 4.1 Policy Framework 4.1.1 National Environment Management Policy, 2014 The overall policy goal is sustainable development which maintains and promotes environmental quality and resource productivity for socio-economic transformation. One of the key principles guiding policy development and implementation include Environmental accounting. It is stated therein that full environmental and social costs or benefits foregone as a result of environmental damage or degradation should be incorporated in public and private sector planning and minimized where possible. 4.1.2 National Environment Health Policy, 2005 Within this policy it is noted that Environment health encompasses a wide range of subjects but in the Uganda context is concerned with; water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion,Tsolid, liquid and hazardous and health care waste management, air pollution control, food safety and hygiene, the control of insect vectors and vermin, occupational health and safety, road safety and housing conditions. The Ministry of Health is the lead agency for the implementation of this policy through institutional arrangements at town and district levels. 4.1.3 National Oil and Gas Policy The guiding principles on which the National oil and gas policy is based include the following; Using finite resources to create lasting benefits to society, Efficient resource management, Transparency and Accountability, Competitiveness and Productivity, Protection of the Environment and Biodiversity, Spirit of Cooperation; and Capacity and Institutional Building. The goal of the National Oil and Gas Policy is to “use the country’s oil and gas resources to contribute to early achievement of poverty eradication and create lasting value to society”. Some of the objectives of the Policy are To promote the development of suitable transport and storage solutions which give good value to the country’s oil and gas resources. To ensure that oil and gas activities are undertaken in a manner that conserves the environment and biodiversity; and To ensure mutually beneficial relationships between all stakeholders in the development of a desirable oil and gas sector for the country. 4.1.4 National Water Policy, 1999 This policy is important with regard to the reticulated water supply for the road construction and their potential effect on either water quality or quantity. The objective of the policy is to provide guidance on development and management of the water resources 26 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure and provide water of adequate quantity and quality for all social and economic needs, with full participation of all stakeholders and mindful of the needs of future generations. The policy was therefore set to: . Control pollution and promote the safe storage, treatment and disposal of waste, which could pollute local water sources and impact public health. . Promote rational use of water, . Promote provision of safe water supply for domestic use, . Promote orderly development and use of water resources for purposes other than domestic including transport or navigation, The policy accords first priority to water for domestic use whenever there is need to allocate water use quotas from a particular watercourse. 4.1.5 Uganda Wildlife Policy, 2014 Within this policy it is recognized that out of a total surface area of 241,551sqkm (both land and water), 25,981.57sqkm (10%) is gazetted as wildlife conservation areas, 24% is gazetted as forest reserves and 13% is wetlands. Uganda has 10 National Parks, 12 Wildlife Reserves, 10 wildlife sanctuaries, 5 community wildlife areas, 506 central forest reserves and 191 local forest reserves. It is however estimated that over 50% of Uganda’s wildlife resources still remain outside designated protected areas, mostly on privately owned land. One of the objectives of this policy is to sustainably manage wildlife populations in and outside wildlife protected areas including those in forest reserves and wetlands. 4.1.6 Forestry Policy, 2001 The Forestry Policy stresses the ecological and socio-economic importance of protecting the country’s forest resources. Implementation of the Policy is a responsibility of the National Forestry Authority (NFA), which also provides guidelines for management of forest reserves, community forests and private forests. The Forest Policy entails provisions for safeguards and conservation of forests so as to ensure sufficient supplies of forest products, protect water resources, soils, fauna and flora. The policy also mandates government with responsibility to control unsustainable forest exploitation practices. 4.1.7 National Policy on Conservation and Management of Wetland resources 1995 The National Policy on conservation and management of wetland resources aims at curtailing pollution and loss of wetland resources. It states that national economic and social prosperity depends on the maintenance of a high quality environment. The policy seeks to balance development with the conservation of the wetlands and environment as a whole. This policy is relevant since the proposed road traverses areas with wetland cover. 27 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.1.8 Uganda National Land Policy, 2013 The goal of this policy is to ensure efficient, equitable and optimal utilisation and management of Uganda’s land resources for poverty reduction, wealth creation and overall socio-economic development. Policy statement number 14 states that: “the state shall exercise the power of public regulation of land use, in the interest of socio-economic welfare and development.” In addition, policy statement (d) states that, “Government shall ensure that all land use practices conform to land use plans and the principles of sound environmental management, including biodiversity conservation, soil and water protection, conservation and sustainable land management”. 4.1.9 National Policy for Disaster preparedness and management, 2011 This policy mission is to create an effective framework through which Disaster Preparedness and Management is entrenched in all aspects of development processes focusing on saving lives and livelihoods and the country's resources. Drought, landslides, epidemics, climate events, earthquakes and human induced disasters (including transport related disasters, fires, land conflict, terrorism, environmental degradation) are cited as hazards that require a framework for management. Improvement of road quality is listed as a policy action towards the management of transport related disasters. Responsible institutions under each thematic policy action are listed. UNRA is listed as one of those responsible for management of transport related disasters. 4.1.10 National Policy on HIV/AIDS and the world of work, 2007 Formulated in 2007, the policy focuses on the workplace and acknowledges that it is the workplace where the working population spends most of its active lifetime. The key principles underlying its implementation are non-discrimination, confidentiality; HIV testing, greater involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS (GIPA); promotion of prevention; treatment, care and support as well as gender concerns in the world of work. It provides a framework for prevention of further spread of HIV and mitigation of its social economic impact within the world of work in Uganda. The policy further defines the roles of key stakeholders namely government, employers, workers and the private sector including the informal sector, people living with HIV/AIDS, civil society organization and development partners. Amongst the roles for employers is the formulation of a sound HIV/AIDS policy, around the principle of non-discrimination, equality, confidentiality, care and support and incorporation of HIV/AIDS training into new worker inductions. 4.1.11 National Policy on HIV/AIDS, 2004 This policy provides overall policy framework for national HIV/AIDS response. The National Policy on HIV/AIDS recognizes special groups, which include migrant workers. The Policy recommends the need to identify strategies to address migrant workers in view of the challenges posed by mobility and vulnerability to HIV. This is in line with the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 Article 39. This Article creates the right to a clean and healthy environment, implying that workplace safety and health (including prevention of HIV infection), is a basic right of every citizen. Under its General Objective XIV, the State is committed to fulfilling the fundamental rights of all Ugandans to, among others, social justice and economic development and shall, in particular, ensure that all developmental efforts are directed at ensuring the maximum social and cultural well-being of the people. A number of workers will be expected to come to the project area during construction and these are likely to be exposed to an environment that encourages the spread of HIV /AIDS. 28 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.1.12 Uganda National Youth Policy, 2016 Uganda National Youth Policy 2016 (NYP) is premised on the need to address a range of challenges that the youth face in the development process as well as harness their potential to contribute to national development. It highlights appropriate objectives, strategies, principles, priority strategic areas, implementation framework, and monitoring and evaluation mechanism. The revised NYP reiterates the commitment of government, as espoused in the National Development Plan 2016-2020 (NDPII), to undertake systematic youth programming through a multi-sectoral strategy involving relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies, development partners, private sector, civil society organisations, communities and the youth. The revised policy targets all persons aged 15 to 30 years and recognises that youth are a heterogeneous group. It also contains provisions that address the specific and special needs of the different youth categories. 4.1.13 Uganda Gender Policy, 2007 The Uganda Gender Policy mandates the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development and other Line Ministries to mainstream gender in all sectors. It sets priority areas for action at the National, Sectoral, District and Community levels. The ultimate objective of this policy is to evolve a society that is both informed and conscious of gender and development issues and concerns because sustainable development calls for maximum and equal participation of both men and women in economic, political and social cultural development. The Sector Ministries and Sector Working Groups are required to translate the policy into sector specific strategies and activities, build capacity of staff in gender analysis, planning and budgeting; monitor and evaluate sector programmes for their impact on gender equality; commit adequate resources for implementation of gender related activities; disaggregate data and information by sex and gender where applicable; and to collaborate with MGLSD on matters of gender mainstreaming. 4.1.14 National Policy on Elimination of Gender Based violence, 2016 The policy emphasises early intervention to prevent re-victimisation of and long-term effects for girls, including interpersonal violence, sexual coercion, alcohol and drug abuse and mental health problems; reporting cases of violence against children immediately. Immediate action should be taken by community members, police, teachers, parents and all stakeholders. Gender based violence was one of the impact issues raised by community and the ministry of gender labour and social development when they were consulted regarding the planned upgrade. 4.1.15 National Policy for Older Persons, 2009 The policy seeks to achieve equal treatment, social inclusion and empowerment of older persons. The values of the policy are: i. Equity; Fairness, fair play, impartiality and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities in society. ii. Respect; Views, opinions and rights of older persons will be upheld while they are also expected to exhibit high sense of self- respect. Commitment; The willingness to work hard and give all the energy and time to meet the vision. iii. Accountability; All stakeholders are expected to fulfill their obligations towards one another. 29 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) iv. Equality; All older persons will be accorded same opportunity and rights as other individuals. 4.1.16 National Policy on Disability, 2006 Section 19 makes it the responsibility of all organs in the public or private institutions to provide suitable entrances and exits for PWDs and universal standards or designs for infrastructure. Additionally, Section 22 requires availability of accessible transport services to PWDs, who use mobility devices such as crutches and/ or callipers, or wheelchairs. Transport systems like aeroplanes, trains, taxis, buses and motorcycles should be accessible to PWDs. Section 22 should apply to the design of road furniture; including and not limited to walkways and bus bays. 4.1.17 National Orphans and other Vulnerable Children’s Policy, 2004 The goal of the Policy is full development and realisation of rights of orphans and other vulnerable children. The policy provides support to vulnerable children and families such that their capacity to sustain themselves is strengthened; and provides residential care for orphans and other vulnerable children as a last resort. The policy objectives are: i. To ensure that the legal, policy, and institutional framework for child protection is developed and strengthened at all levels; ii. To ensure that orphans, vulnerable children and their families access basic essential services package; National Orphans and other vulnerable children Policy iii. To ensure that resources for interventions that benefit orphans and other vulnerable children are mobilized and efficiently utilized; and iv. To ensure that the capacity of duty-bearers for orphans and other vulnerable children to provide essential services is enhanced. 4.1.18 Museums and Monuments Policy, 2015 The main aim of the policy is to “create a frame work for preservation and sustainable development of Uganda’s Museums and Monuments for the benefit of the people of Uganda and posterity” The policy further provides guidance on collection, research and museum services. 4.1.19 Uganda National Culture Policy, 2006 The Uganda National Culture Policy aims to promote aspects of Uganda’s cultural heritage that are cherished by its people. The policy recognizes that Uganda has several cultural sites and monuments. Some of them are man-made while others are natural. These sites, monuments and antiquities are important for socio-cultural and educational purposes. Cultural beliefs, traditions and values are core to a community’s mechanism for survival. The policy sets guidelines to enhance the appreciation of these cultural values and to mitigate social practices that are oppressive to people. 30 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.1.20 Uganda Vision 2040 Vision 2040 is Uganda’s socio-economic transformation roadmap aimed at transforming Uganda from a predominantly subsistence based, low-income economy, into a middle income economy by 2040. 4.1.21 Second National Development Plan (NDPII) 2015/16-2019/20 The NDPII has been developed in line with the aspirations of Uganda’s Vision 2040. It aims to strengthen Uganda’s competitiveness for sustainable wealth creation, employment and inclusive growth. It prioritises investment in agriculture, tourism, minerals, oil and gas, infrastructure development, and human capital development. 31 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.2 National Laws LEGISLATION OVERVIEW APPLICABILITY TO PROJECT/ UNRA AND CONTRACTORS The Constitution of the The Constitution is the supreme law of Uganda and it provides for protection of the The road works must be undertaken Republic of Uganda, environment; Under Article 39, the Constitution guarantees the right of every Ugandan within observance of the constitutional 1995 to a clean and healthy environment. The constitution therefore, requires that the rights and responsibilities of the public project to be implemented without endangering human health and the environment. and state It has provisions that oblige the state to promote and preserve those cultural values and practices which enhance the dignity and well-being of Ugandans (Principle XXIV), Mandate the central Government to manage national monuments, antiquities and archives as parliament shall determine (189(1) schedule 6(10); and require districts to cooperate to promote cultural and traditional lands (Fifth Schedule article 178). The National The third schedule of the Act lists projects to be considered for Environmental and Roads are some of the projects Environment Act Cap 153 Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The third Schedule of the Act under section 3 considered for EIA within the 3rd address development of major roads, as projects for which ESIA is mandatory. NEMA schedule to this Act was established under this Act The Land Acquisition This Act makes provisions for the compulsory acquisition of land for public purposes Road upgrade project involves land Act, 1965 and for matters incidental thereto and connected. The law provides for the power to acquisition and resettlement enter on and examine land. Sub section (1)authorizes the minister to ascertain the suitability of any land for a public purpose, or authorize any person to enter upon the land and; survey the land; dig or bore into the subsoil and remove samples; and do any other thing necessary for ascertaining its suitability for that purpose. Sub section (2) indicates that, the Government shall pay compensation to any person who suffers damage as a result of the exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (1). Any dispute as to the compensation payable under this section shall be referred by the Attorney General to the court for decision. Section (3) provides that, whenever, the Minister is satisfied that any land is required by the Government for a public purpose, he or she may, by statutory instrument, make a declaration to that effect. An instrument made under subsection (1) shall specify— the location of the land to which it relates; the approximate area of the land; and if a plan of the land has been made, a place and time at which the plan may be inspected. 32 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The Uganda Wildlife Act, The Wildlife Act established the Uganda Wildlife Authority and has several sections Wildlife of conservation concern has Cap 200, 2000 on the management of wildlife conservation areas among other issues pertaining to been reported to occur within the wildlife in Uganda. Relevant contents of this Act include; Restrictions on ownership of Bugoma forest reserve every wild animal and wild plant existing in its wild habitat to Government, Requirement for environmental impact assessment for any project which may have a significant effect on any wildlife species or community. Uganda Wildlife Authority was established under this act to ensure the sustainable management of wildlife Conservation Areas. The purpose of the Act among others is to provide for; the conservation of wildlife throughout Uganda so that the abundance and diversity of their species are maintained at optimum levels commensurate with other forms of land use, in order to support sustainable utilization of wildlife for the benefit of the people of Uganda, the sustainable management of wildlife conservation areas, the conservation of selected examples of wildlife communities in Uganda, the protection of rare, endangered and endemic species of wild plants and animals, the implementation of relevant international treaties, conventions, agreements or other arrangement to which Uganda is a party; and Public participation in wildlife management. Sub section (3) of this Act makes it mandatory for a person in possession of any protected species to obtain a permit or a license issued under this Act. Section 15 makes EIA a requirement for any developer desiring to undertake any project which may have a significant effect on any wildlife species or community to undertake an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the National Environment Act. Section 16 states that the UWA shall in consultation with the National Environment Management Authority carry out audits and monitoring or cause audits and monitoring of projects to be carried out in accordance with sections 22 and 23 of the National Environment Act and any regulations made under the National Environment Act. Section 18 sets out descriptions of conservation areas e.g. National Park, wildlife reserve, sanctuary etc. The Historical The Act provides for the preservation and protection of historical monuments and Some cultural sites or objects of Monuments Act, 1968 objects of archaeological, paleontological, ethnographical and traditional interest and significance to indigenous for other matters connected therewith. Section 2 provides for declaration of preserved communities might be objects and sub section (1) mandates preservation of an object of archaeological, unearthed/encountered during paleontological, ethnographical, traditional or historical interest. Subsection (2) construction requires that, for the purposes of preservation of any object declared under this Act, request be made to the Minister responsible for land matters to acquire, pursuant to the Land Acquisition Act, any land which appears to the Minister to be required for the purposes of preserving or affording access to the object. Sub section (3) provides that any object and any land acquired as the result of a request made under subsection (2) to vest in the Uganda Land Commission. 33 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) This Act is enforced through the Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities mandated to maintain, conserve and sustain tourism, wildlife and cultural heritage of Uganda. It formulates and implements policies through the Department of Museums and Monuments where it undertakes the following key functions: conservation and maintenance of important physical cultural resources; provision of professional knowledge and information regarding the archaeology and palaeontology of Uganda; monitoring the implementation of policies and strategies of historical and cultural heritage conservation and development; promote public awareness about cultural and natural heritage through formal and informal education. This Act is also supported by the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development which is the coordinating agency of the government social development sector in Uganda. In collaboration with other stakeholders, the Ministry is responsible for enforcing the National Culture policy and coordinating Cultural Institutions, thereby ensuring the protection of the Uganda’s cultural resources. The Uganda National Uganda National Roads Authority was established under this act for the purpose of Implementation of this project is in line Roads Authority Act, managing the provision and maintenance of the national roads network in a more with the UNRA Act 2006 efficient and effective manner; to render advisory services to Government; and for related matters. UNRA's functions include (a) management of the national roads network; (b) maintenance and development of the national roads network; (c) Advisory to Government on policy matters concerning roads generally, and to assist in the co-ordination and implementation of the policy relating to roads; (d) Contribution to the addressing of transport concerns in overall national planning through co-ordination with the relevant ministries, departments and agencies of Government; (e) Collaboration with international organisations, intergovernmental organisations and agencies of other states and the private sector on issues relating to the development and maintenance of roads; (g) to advise and assist the Minister, subject to such conditions as may be agreed upon, in regard to— (i) any matter relating to the planning, design, construction and maintenance of roads, whether the roads are part of the national roads network or not; (ii) the establishment and maintenance of road reserves in accordance with the Roads Act; and 34 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (iii) the exercise of any power or performance of any duty which the Minister may or is required to exercise or perform under this Act; and (h) To perform any other function incidental or consequential to its functions under this Act or as may be conferred on it under this Act. Physical Planning Act This Act established district and urban physical planning committees; to provide for Relocation or resettlement activity 2010 the making and approval of physical development plans and for the applications for should be mindful of this act development permission; and for related matters The Local Governments This Act amends, consolidates and streamlines the existing law on local Support from Local governments shall Act, 1997 governments in line with the Constitution to give effect to the decentralization and be critical for project implementation devolution of functions, powers and services; to provide for decentralization at all including and not limited to support levels of local governments to ensure good governance and democratic participation during land acquisition; valuation, and in, and control of, decision making by the people; to provide for revenue and the public consultations political and administrative setup of local governments; and to provide for election of local councils and for any other matters connected to the above. The objectives of the Act are— to give full effect to the decentralization of functions, powers, responsibilities and services at all levels of local governments; to ensure democratic participation in, and control of, decision making by the people concerned; to establish a democratic, political and gender-sensitive administrative setup in local governments; to establish sources of revenue and financial accountability; to provide for the election of local councils; to establish and provide for the composition of interim councils for newly created local government units pending elections of the councils; and to provide for formation of interim executive committees for interim councils. The Public Health Act, Section 7 of the Act provides local authorities with administrative powers to take all UNRA and contractors working shall Cap 281 lawful, necessary and reasonable practicable measures for preventing the ensure not to cause nuisance or occurrence of, or for dealing with any outbreak or prevalence of, any infectious contravene this act communicable or preventable disease to safeguard and promote the public health and to exercise the powers and perform the duties in respect of public health conferred or imposed by this act or any other law. Section 105 of the Public Health Act imposes a duty on the local authority to take measures to prevent any pollution dangerous to the health of any water supply that the public has a right to use for drinking or domestic purposes. The Land Act, Cap 227, The Land Act, Cap 227 of 1998 provides for the tenure, ownership and management Project involves resettlement of 1998 of land. Under Section 44 the Government or the local government shall hold land in trust for the people and protect natural lakes, ground water, natural streams, 35 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) wetlands and any other land reserved for ecological purposes for the common good of the citizens of Uganda. Part II of this Act addresses forms of land holding. Part III addresses control of land use. Section 43 specifically addresses the utilisation of land in accordance with the various statutes and acts of environmental concern, which include the National Environment Act, The Water Act, The Wildlife Act, and any other law. In addition Section 45 addresses the control of environmentally sensitive areas. The Water Act Cap, 152, The Act provides for the use, protection and management of water resources and Wetland systems with open water are 1997 supply in Uganda. Section 31, Sub-section (1) of the Water Act deals with observed along the project road prohibition of pollution to water and stipulates that a person commits an offence who; unless authorised under this Part of the Act, causes or allows: (i) Waste to come into contact with any water Any disposal of waste shall need to be (ii) Waste to be discharged directly or indirectly into water in line with the waste discharge (iii) Water to be polluted regulations; asphalt roads usually involve the use of oil based solvents; management of these is significant to Under Section 107, the Water Resources Regulations of 1998; Water (Waste maintaining water quality Discharge) Regulations (1998); the Water Supply Regulations (1999) and the Sewerage Regulations (1999) have been put in place to implement the Act and are aimed at minimising pollution of public waters by developers and other users. According to Regulation 4 (1) of the Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations (1998): ‘No person shall discharge effluent or waste on land or into aquatic environment contrary to the standards established regulation 3; unless he or she has a permit in the format specified in the First Schedule issued by Director of DWRM.’ The Water Resources Regulations of 1998 established under this Act stipulates a requirement to apply for a permit to construct, own, occupy or control any works on or adjacent the land as per regulation 10. The National Section 12 (1) of the regulations provides that ‘subject to the provisions of these Wetlands are traversed by the existing Environment (Wetlands, regulations, a person shall not carry out any activity in a wetland without a permit road ; the permitting implied by these River banks and issued by the Executive Director.’ regulations may not apply to national Lakeshores trunk roads however consultations will Management) Section 23 (1) (a) of the regulations points out that a person who intends to ‘use, be undertaken with the relevant Regulations, 2000 erect, reconstruct, place, alter, extend, remove or demolish any structure or part of authority any structure in, under, or over the river bank or lake shore;’ shall make an 36 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) application to the Executive Director (of NEMA) in form A set out in the First Schedule to these regulations. The regulations in Section 34 also provides that ‘a developer desiring to conduct a project which may have a significant impact on a wetland, river bank or lake shore, shall be required to carry out an environmental impact assessment in accordance with Sections 20, 21 and 22 of the National Environment Act’. The National These regulations require waste disposal in a way that would not contaminate water, Waste is to be generated during Environment (Waste soil, air or impact public health. This is in relation to onsite waste storage, haulage construction from construction works Management) and final disposal. According to the regulations, hazardous waste haulage and and also from facilities set up or used Regulations, 1999 disposal should be done by licensed entities. by contractors. Any medical waste or oil contaminated materials is Wastes considered to be hazardous are listed within these regulations considered hazardous by these regulations National Environment These regulations provide standards for effluent discharge. Section 6 (2) detail The project shall not directly result (Standards for Discharge maximum permissible limits for 54 regulated contaminants, which must not be into effluent discharge however this of Effluent into Water or exceeded before effluent is discharged into water or on land. could happen during the construction on Land) Regulations, period 1999 The National Part III Section 8 (1) requires machinery operators to use the best practicable means Noise generation is inevitable during Environment (Noise to ensure that the emission of noise does not exceed the permissible levels. The construction, these standards shall Standards and Control) maximum permissible noise levels for impact or impulsive noise is 140 dBA for 100 apply Regulations, 2003 impulses, 130dBA for 1,000 impulses and 120dBA for 10,000 impulses. The maximum permissible noise levels for environment or recreational sites is 45 dBA (Leq) during the day and 35 dBA (Leq) during the night. The regulations require that persons exposed to occupational noise exceeding 85 dBA for 8 hours should be provided with requisite ear protection. National Environment Under Section 3(1) of the Regulations, it is stipulated that every person has the right Regulations must be observed (Control of Smoking in to a clean and healthy environment and the right to be protected from exposure to Public Places) second hand smoke. Section 3(2) obliges every person to observe measures to Regulations, 2004 safeguard the health of non-smokers. The regulations under Section 4(1) prohibit smoking in enclosed and indoor area and in public places including offices, office buildings, and work places including individual offices, eating areas. 37 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The Access Roads Act The Access Roads Act regulates the rights of private landowners who have no Construction of access roads by other Cap 350 reasonable means of access to public highways through adjoining land. The Act seeks parties might be required in some to ensure that a private landowner/developer who has no reasonable means of access places to public highway may apply for leave to construct a road of access to a public highway. The Act establishes a mechanism of applying for an access road to public highway and a legal regime to ensure the safety of the neighbouring environment. The Act permits the owner of any land over which an access road is to be constructed to be paid compensation in respect of the use of land, the destruction of crops or trees and other property on the land. Mining Act Cap 148, 2003 This Act provides for requirements necessary for the Protection of the Environment auxiliary activities associated with the under Part XI of the Act. Such requirements include Environmental Impact project road include extraction of rock Assessment and Audits and Environmental standards for the prevention and and gravel minimization of pollution of the environment and waste management. Section 110 (2b) gives guidance on restoration activities. It provides that the environmental restoration plan shall include a detailed timetable for accomplishment of each major step to be carried out under the restoration plan which may include reinstatement, levelling, re- vegetation, reforesting and contouring of disturbed land; the filling in, sealing, or fencing off of excavations, shafts and tunnels. The Mining Act (Cap 148) limits human settlement to a radius of not less than 500 meters from a quarry site. The Road Act, Cap 358 The Road Act (Cap 358 of the Laws of Uganda) provides for the establishment of road Road reserves are to be demarcated reserves and for the maintenance of roads by empowering the responsible Minister of Works and Transport to declare road reserves by Statutory Instrument. The need for Government to maintain basic control over developments along the road is to ensure that basic necessities of maintaining road geometry and engineering needs such as sight lines, horizontal curvatures, sight distances and road safety considerations are met. Also, it is in road reserves that utilities infrastructure (electricity transmission lines and water mains) is commonly installed. However, this control is exercised with flexibility in order to minimise social-economic consequences arising from use of road reserves for cultivation by rural communities. The Occupational Safety The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2006 makes provisions for the health, Persons shall be employed for the and Health Act, 2006 safety, welfare and appropriate training of persons employed in work places. It makes construction; this act applies to the it mandatory for employers having more than 20 workers to have in place and management of human resources implement a Health and Safety policy and provide adequate safety gear to workers. throughout the project life cycle Among other requirements, this act makes it mandatory for lifting equipment to be certified and inspected by authorised third party; workplaces to be registered, for first aid to be provided in the workplace and for welfare provision including mandatory 38 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) provision of safe drinking water, areas for meals, and areas for changing and safe storage of items. The Employment Act, Employment Act, 2006 is the principal legislation that seeks to harmonise Persons shall be employed for the 2006 relationships between employees and employers, protect workers interests and construction; this act applies to their welfare and safeguard their occupational health and safety through: employment (i) Prohibiting forced labour, discrimination and sexual harassment at Pre-employment medical examination workplaces (Part II; Part IV); shall be required for all workers to be (ii) Providing for labour inspection by the relevant ministry (Part III); engaged in surfacing works, welding, (iii) Stipulating rights and duties in employment (weekly rest, working hours, motor vehicle mechanics and any annual leave, maternity and paternity leaves, sick pay, etc. (Part VI); and other scheduled occupation within this (iv) Continuity of employment such as continuous service, seasonal Act employment, etc. (Part VIII). The Employment Act 2006 is the governing legal statutory instrument for the recruitment, contracting, deployment, remuneration, management and compensation of workers. The Act mandates Labour officers to regularly inspect the working conditions of workers to ascertain that the rights of workers and basic provisions are provided and workers’ welfare is attended to. The Act also makes it an obligation for pre-employment medical examination to be undertaken at the cost of the employer for all workers to be engaged in work listed in the schedule to this act. 27 occupational activities are listed including tar and bitumen surfacing. The Workers The Workman’s Compensation Act outlines responsibilities and obligations for both Labour shall be employed, It is Compensation Act 2006 parties (employer and employee) in guaranteeing the safety and health of the mandatory for employers to have in workers. The Act outlines matters of compensation for injuries and accidents as well place a workers' compensation as the responsibility of employees to take care of their health and safety while on the insurance policy project. Tobacco Control Act 2015 The aim of this Act is to control the supply and demand of tobacco and its products; Workforce shall be diverse and may to protect the environment from the effects of tobacco production and consumption include tobacco users. these will need and exposure to tobacco smoke; to promote the health of persons and reduce to be regulated in accordance with the tobacco related illness and deaths;; to fulfil Uganda's obligation and commitment as Act a party to the World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and to provide for other related matters. This Act makes statements on exposure to second hand smoke and places restrictions on smoking in the workplace. It provides for establishment of smoking areas at least 50m clearance from non-smokers or windows The Prohibition Of The It’s an act that provides for the prohibition of the burning of grass in Uganda and for During contractor waste management, Burning Of Grass Act, other matters connected therewith. Section (2) of this Act prohibits the burning of Biomass waste should not be burnt 1974 grass by any person in all areas of Uganda. Section (3) grants powers to burn grass 39 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) in Sub County Chief, Veterinary officer, Forest officer of a forest department not unless otherwise communicated by below a rank of a forest ranger, and UWA officer in case in a National park or any relevant authority conservation area. The Public Holidays Act, It’s an Act that makes provisions for public holidays. Section 1, subsection (1) of 1 of Contractors employ local persons and 1964 the Act sets out days declared to be public holidays, which, subject to this Act, shall shall need to have these days in mind in every year be kept and observed as public holidays throughout Uganda. Sub during the construction phase as they section grants powers to the President to declare any other day to be a public attract double payment of wages as holiday, and may limit the observation of any such public holiday to any area or provided for within the Employment place in Uganda. Some of these include religious festivals Act The Petroleum The purpose of this Act is to operationalise the National Oil and Gas Policy of Road is being upgraded to facilitate (Exploration, Uganda by— transportation during oil production Development And period (a) establishing an effective legal framework and institutional structures to ensure Production) Act, 2013 that the exploration, development and production of petroleum resources of Uganda is carried out in a sustainable manner that guarantees optimum benefits for all Ugandans, both the present and future generations; (b) creating a conducive environment for the efficient management of petroleum resources of Uganda including—(i) promotion of reconnaissance and exploration for petroleum in Uganda;(ii) evaluation of discoveries;(iii) development and production of petroleum resources;(iv) storage of petroleum before transporting it to the delivery point; and (v) transportation of petroleum up to a delivery point; (c) establishing institutions to manage the petroleum resources and regulate the petroleum activities; (d) regulating petroleum activities, including licensing, exploration, development, production and cessation of petroleum activities or decommissioning; (e) ensuring public safety and protection of public health and the environment in petroleum activities; The National Forestry Section 38 of this Act requires that a person intending to undertake a project or activity, Project road has forested sections and Tree Planting Act, which may impact a forest, should undertake environment and social impact 2003 assessment studies to evaluate the magnitude and extent of forest destruction and the mitigation measures for salvaging the forest. Petroleum Supply Act, In relation to this proposed road project, this Act provides for the supervision and This Act will apply to management 2003 monitoring of transportation, supply, storage and distribution of petroleum products by (construction, operation and road construction contractors. The Act regulates licensing and control of activities and decommissioning) of fuel handling petroleum installations for protection of public health and safety and control of facilities during road construction environmental pollution. According to this Act, “petroleum products” induces asphalts including fuel transportation, 40 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) and bitumen, oils as well as conventional petroleum fuel. Section 17(1) prohibits constructing and operation of storage constructing a petroleum products installation without having obtained a petroleum tanks and consumption of petroleum construction permit. Section 18 provides guidance on process leading to securing this products. permit. Section 32(1) requires owners of fuel facilities to comply with local and international public health and safety and environmental obligations prescribed by Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) and NEMA. In this regard, provision of impervious bunds around tank farms would be a standard obligation at fuel storage areas. Such bunds should have capacity enough to hold 110% volume of the largest tank in case of spill emergency. The bunds should be constructed such as to prevent soil contamination. By interpretation of this clause, fire safety at storage areas would also be a regulatory requirement. Of equal importance would be remediation of any contaminated areas on site, in interest of public health and contravention of all foregoing constitutes offences according to Sections 37 and 39 of the Act. Labour Disputes This Act makes reference to labour officers referring to commissioner of labour, district Labour officers shall be engaged (Arbitration and labour officers and assistant labour officers. The act states that a labour dispute during the project implementation settlement) Act, 2006 whether existing or apprehended may be reported in writing to a labour officer by a party to the dispute but may only be reported to the commissioner if it is or is likely to become a national disaster. Labour officers are mandated to react to disputes reported within two weeks. The Act also makes provision for referring the dispute to the industrial court subject to discretion of the labour officer and circumstances of the agreement or disagreement. NSSF Act Cap 222 This Act requires every employer to pay contributions to the Pension Fund in respect NSSF shall be paid in respect to of each employee in his or her employment as prescribed in Section 20 of the Act. employees working on the road The Act applies to all the employees of a business entity or organization with several branches, departments, sections, sub-offices, depots, sites, stores or other units, whether situated in the same place or in different places, under single management. Children Act Cap 59 The Act was put in place to reform and consolidate the law relating to children; to Child labour is prohibited on the provide for the care, protection and maintenance of children; to provide for local project road authority support for children; to establish a family and children court; to make provision for children charged with offences and for other connected purposes. The act defines a child as a person below the age of 18. It lists the right for children to be with their parents, circumstances under which they should not, foster care and adoption procedures as well as mandates of local authorities and roles of community. 41 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Explosives Act Cap 232 The Explosives Act provides for restrictions on transportation, storage and dealing Explosives may be used in ground with explosives. The Act in section 10 states that (1) No person shall use or cause to breaking or rock extraction be used blasting materials, unless— (a) he or she is in possession of a permit issued under the authority of an inspector; he or she is under the immediate supervision of a person to whom a permit has been issued; or (c) he or she is the holder of a miner’s blasting certificate issued under any law relating to mines. The Traditional Rulers Under the Reinstitution of Traditional Rulers statute of 1993, confirmed by the Custodians of cultural property should Act (restitution of assets constitution of Uganda in 1995, kings and chiefdom were given right to own their be consulted prior to construction and properties) Cap 247 cultural property. In the area of the project, chiefs are reorganized and they are the of 1993 custodian of cultural sites and traditional belief systems hence key stakeholders in that regard. Human Rights Act Cap This Act provides for establishment of human rights commission which is responsible Provisions in this act hold for all 24 for investigating, at its own initiative or on a complaint made by any person or group operations of persons against the violation of any human right. This Act gives the commission powers to visit any place or building where a person is suspected to be illegally detained; to formulate, implement and oversee programmes intended to inculcate in the citizens of Uganda awareness of their civic responsibilities and an appreciation of their rights and obligations as free people; This Act provides that the decisions of the commission under article 53(2) of the Constitution shall have effect as those of a court and shall be enforced in the same manner. The Rivers Act 1907Cap, This Act defines rivers and the powers of the minister in river management; it sets Any dredging activities along the road 357 dredging licence for anyone who may wish to dredge in a river. should be in line with this Act. Section 4(1) It shall not be lawful to dredge in any river without a license from the Minister, which shall be in Form A of the Second Schedule to this Act. Section 4(2) Any person dredging in a river without a license, or contrary to the terms of the license, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand five hundred shillings for every day during which the offence continues. The Plant Protection and The Plant Protection Act consolidates and reforms the law relating to protection of Control of invasive species shall be of Health Act 2015 plants against destructive diseases, pests and weeds; this is entailed at prevention of significance especially around introduction and spread of harmful organisms that may adversely affect Uganda’s Bugoma forest edges agriculture, the national environment and livelihood of the people. This intends to ensure sustainable plant and environmental protection, to regulate the export and plant and plant products and introduction of new plants in accordance with international commitment. The Commissioner for Agriculture is charged with the due 42 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) administration of the Act, and the responsible Minister has power to make rules for the prevention of spread of an introduced plants, among others 43 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.3 Institutional Framework 4.3.1 Ministry of Works and Transport, MoWT The Ministry of Works and Transport is charged with the responsibility of policy formulation in the transport sector in Uganda and sets standards in the sector. The ministry has issued guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment for the road sector The guidelines indicate that EIA is mandatory for i. all road rehabilitation projects with new alignments ii. all road projects requiring relocation of people through acquisition of land for easement, for example the upgrading of urban sections of major roads iii. all road construction and rehabilitation projects passing through environmentally sensitive areas such as: - wetlands - forests - national parks/protected areas - areas prone to desertification - areas prone to erosion (mountainous or steep terrain) - areas of unique scenery - areas of scientific, historic or archaeological interest - areas of special cultural, traditional or religious value - areas of importance to threatened ethnic groups 4.3.2 Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA) was established by The Uganda National Authority Act, No. 15 of 2006 and became operational on 1st July 2008. The mandate of UNRA is to develop and maintain the national road system, advise Government on general roads policy and contribute to addressing transport concerns. UNRA is the lead agency but also the developer for this project. UNRA established an Environmental and Social Safeguards Policy as a sign of commitment to mainstream environmental and social safeguards into the planning and implementation of all activities. The goal is to ensure that the national road network is responsive to the economic development needs of Uganda, is safe for all road users and is environmentally and socially sustainable. The authority is committed to avoiding, preventing, reducing and mitigating negative environmental and social impacts of its activities, including road development, maintenance and rehabilitation activities and wherever possible to enhancing the positive impact to the environment and people. UNRA also commits to integration of good international industry practice with response to Environment Safeguard requirements in all its operations and seeks to involve communities in project activities to enhance sustainable development including such activities as tree planting, wetlands restoration and environmental awareness campaigns. 4.3.3 Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development has the mandate to ensure a rational: sustainable and effective use and management of land and orderly development of urban and rural areas as well as safe, planned and adequate housing for socio- economic development. The main roles and functions of the Ministry include formulation 44 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) of national policies, strategies and programs in the lands, housing and urban development sectors; legislation amendment and setting national standards for matters regarding sustainable use and development of land and provision of safe, planned and improved housing/human settlements; The ministry has a land administration department which shall be key in the preparatory phase of this project which includes land acquisition and resettlement of people. 4.3.4 Ministry of Water and Environment Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) is responsible for ensuring sound environmental management that in turn ensures that there is sufficient water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. MWE has the responsibility for setting national policies and standards, managing and regulating water resources and determining priorities for water development and management. 4.3.4.1 The Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) The directorate is part of the Ministry of Water and Environment. Responsible for developing and maintaining national water laws, policies and regulations; managing, monitoring and regulation of water resources through issuing water use, abstraction and wastewater discharge permits; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) activities; coordinating Uganda's participation in joint management of transboundary waters resources and peaceful cooperation with Nile Basin riparian countries. 4.3.4.2 The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) The Directorate of Water Development (DWD) under MWE is the lead agency responsible for coordinating and regulating all water supply and sanitation activities. It provides technical support services and capacity development to local governments and other service providers. DWD comprises three Departments; Rural Water Supply and Sanitation; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation and Water for Production. 4.3.5 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development The mandate of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is "To establish, promote the development, strategically manage and safeguard the rational and sustainable exploitation and utilization of energy and mineral resources for social and economic development". The Ministry is concerned with matters such as energy policy, investments in mining, the establishment of new power generating infrastructure using hydro power, thermal power, solar power and nuclear power. The ministry has three main directorates including directorate of geological survey and mines, directorate of petroleum, directorate of energy resources development which are relevant to the establishment of the project road. 4.3.5.1 Department of Petroleum Supplies Established within the directorate of Petroleum, this department is responsible for issuance of permits for petroleum storage, and licensing commercial activities such as filling/ service stations. 4.3.5.2 Department Of Petroleum Development and Production (Up Stream) This is also within the directorate of petroleum and is established to oversee petroleum development including oil production and licensing. 4.3.5.3 Department of geological survey and mines This controls the mining sector (including stone quarrying) through the Mining Act. 45 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 4.3.6 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is a semi-autonomous institution, established under the National Environment Act, Cap. 153, in 1995, as the principal agency in Uganda, charged with the responsibility of coordinating, monitoring, regulating and supervising environmental management in the country. NEMA spearheads the development of environmental policies, laws, regulations, standards and guidelines; and guides Government on sound environment management in Uganda. Air quality, Effluent and noise standards issued by NEMA are key to project implementation. 4.3.6.1 National Environment (Noise standards and Control) regulations The regulations require that persons exposed to occupational noise exceeding 85 dBA for 8 hours should be provided with requisite ear protection. The maximum permissible noise levels for impact or impulsive noise and noise from construction sites as extracted from the first schedule of the regulations are presented under Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 below. Table 4.1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels for Impact or Impulsive Noise Column 1 Column 2 Sound Level dB (A) (Lmax) Permitted number of impulses or impacts per day 140 100 130 1,000 120 10,000 Table 4.2: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels for Construction sites Column 1 Column 2 Noise at Receptor (Leq) in dB (A) Maximum noise level permitted Day Night Residential 60 40 Commercial 75 50 Industrial 85 65 *where Day is 6.00a.m -10.00 p.m. and Night 10.00 p.m. - 6.00 a.m. 4.3.6.2 The Draft National Air Quality Standards, 2006 Pollutants such as carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds and particulates are expected to be emitted especially by haulage vehicles. The draft national air quality standards issued by NEMA provide the following regulatory limits for these emissions (see Table 4.3 below). Table 4.3: Regulatory air quality Standards for selected pollutants Pollutant Averaging time for ambient Standard for ambient air air Carbon dioxide (CO2) 8 hr 9.0 ppm Carbon monoxide 8 hr 9.0 ppm (CO) Hydrocarbons 24 hr 5 mgm-3 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 24 hr 1 year arithmetic mean 0.10 ppm Smoke Not to exceed 5 minutes in any Ringlemann scale No.2 or one hour 40% observed at 6m or more Soot 24 hr 500 µg/Nm-3 46 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Sulphur dioxide 24 hr 0.15 ppm (SO2) Note: ppm = parts per million; “N” in µg/Nm-3 connotes normal atmospheric conditions of pressure and temperature (25oC and 1 atmosphere). 4.3.7 National Forestry Authority (NFA) NFA is responsible for sustainable management of Central Forest Reserves (CFRs), supply of seed and seedlings, and provision of technical support to stakeholders in the forestry sub-sector on contract. NFA is a semi-autonomous business entity and generates most of its own revenues and finances its activities, i.e. NFA’s support is contingent upon payment for its services. Any intervention proposed to plant trees to mitigate project impacts will be done under the guidance of NFA. 4.3.8 Ministry of Gender Labour & Social Development This ministry promotes issues of social protection, gender equality, equity, human rights, culture, decent work conditions and empowerment for different groups such as women, children, the unemployed youth, internally displaced persons, the older persons and persons with disabilities. The Ministry works with institutional structures at district levels including probation offices, community development offices, and labour offices. The Department of Occupational safety and health of this ministry administers and enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act, No.9, 2006, the Laws of Uganda and its subsidiary Legislation. Mandated to Evaluate and Control the Physical, Chemical, Physiological, Social and Technical factors that affect persons at Work and the Working Environment. As such it is a requirement for the project to obtain a Workplace registration certificate and certificates of examination of lifting equipment from this department during the contractor mobilisation phase. Additionally it is mandatory to report fatal accidents and any lost time injuries of three days or more to this department. 4.3.9 Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities The ministry of tourism wildlife and antiquities has the mandate to formulate and implement policies, strategies, plans and programs that promotes tourism, wildlife and cultural heritage conservation for socio-economic development and transformation of the country. 4.3.9.1 Uganda Wildlife Authority UWA is responsible for the management and conservation of wildlife in Uganda, both in and outside the wildlife protected areas. UWA is also obliged to ensure the protection of rare, endangered and endemic species of wild plants and animals, through provision of appropriate wildlife policies, management plans and promotion of wildlife management best practices. 4.3.9.2 Department of museums and monuments This Department is concerned with heritage and culture. This department may be contacted in the event of any suspected archaeological or living culture finds during construction. 4.3.10 Rural Electrification Agency Rural Electrification Agency (REA) is a semi-autonomous body established by an Act of Parliament, to operationalize Government’s rural electrification function. The agency aims to achieve universal access to electricity by 2035. 47 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The Government of Uganda through REA implements a number of projects. These include the following project types: Grid extension, Independent Grids and off grid Solutions, Photovoltaic systems, and Renewable energy generation projects. 4.3.11 Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL The Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to distribute electric power to domestic and commercial end- users in Uganda, at and below 33 kilovolts. In 2005, UMEME took over the majority of assets and responsibilities of UEDCL for a period of 20 years on a concession. Distribution infrastructure may be affected by road construction and therefore working with this stakeholder and UMEME will ensure that the disturbance caused is not extremely adverse. 4.3.12 National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) is a public utility company 100% owned by the Government of Uganda. It provides water and sewerage services for 178 towns across the Country. 4.3.13 Local Administration Structures The proposed project road falls within jurisdiction of Hoima District. Technical District personnel directly involved with the project include District lands officer, district valuations officers, Natural resources officers, Environmental Officer, Physical Planner, Community Development Officer, District Health Officer, Wetlands Officer, Forestry Officer, Agricultural Officer, District Water Officer and District Engineer. 4.4 International Conventions and/or Agreements to which Uganda is Party 4.4.1 The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is a landmark initiative in international cooperation to protect human health and the environment. Its development was endorsed by Heads of State and Governments at summits in Johannesburg in 2002 and in New York in 2005. The Strategic Approach provides a policy framework to guide efforts to achieve the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation goal that, by 2020, chemicals will be produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on environment and human health. SAICM comprises the Dubai Declaration on International Chemicals Management, expressing high- level political commitment to SAICM, and an Overarching Policy Strategy which sets out its scope, needs, and objectives, financial considerations underlying principles and approaches and implementation and review arrangements. Objectives are grouped under five themes: risk reduction; knowledge and information; governance; capacity-building and technical cooperation; and illegal international traffic. For this road project, SAICM would predominantly apply to management of road marking paints to avoid risk to public and environmental health and its key objectives directly applicable to this project are: To minimize risks to the environment, public and occupational health throughout the life cycle of chemicals; To promote environmentally-sound recovery and recycling of hazardous waste; 48 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) To ensure that humans and ecosystems and their constituent parts that are especially vulnerable or especially subject to exposure to chemicals that may pose a risk are taken into account and protected in making decisions on chemicals; To reduce generation of hazardous waste, both in quantity and toxicity, and to ensure the environmentally sound management of hazardous waste, including its storage, treatment and disposal; 4.4.2 The Stockholm Convention This is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife. POPs circulate globally and can cause damage wherever they travel. In implementing the Convention, Governments will take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. Over 150 countries Uganda inclusive signed the Convention and it acceded into force, on 17th May 2004, 90 days after the ratification by the fiftieth country. This convention will be of relevance given the fuels and pharmaceuticals from the machinery and camp clinics respectively. In respect to the proposed road project, POPs would arise from open-air combustion of waste especially if this is done at workers camp or preparation of hot asphalt. At workers camps and other sites during road construction, open-air combustion of waste therefore should be avoided. 4.4.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) A major objective of this convention is in-situ and ex-situ conservation of biological diversity. Parties to this convention are required to undertake ESIA for projects likely to have significant adverse effects on biodiversity and are required to develop national plans and programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. 4.4.4 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) This convention seeks to ensure that international trade in species of wild fauna and flora does not threaten their survival in wilderness. Species on the CITES lists are considered of conservation concern. 4.4.5 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, 1971 This convention on wetlands of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat (or Ramsar Convention 1971) as amended in 1982 and 1987 was ratified by Uganda in 1988. 4.4.6 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources- 1982 This convention was signed by the Heads of State and Governments of independent African States, assembled at Algiers, Algeria on 15th September 1968. 49 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Under this convention in Article II, the contracting States shall undertake to adopt the measures necessary to ensure conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and faunal resources in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. 4.4.7 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), 1992 Article 3(1) of the Convention states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities", and that developed country Parties should "take the lead" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Uganda being a member state of the United Nations therefore ratified the convention and has to abide by the principles of the convention. 4.4.8 The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003 The Convention sets out the duties of States Parties in identifying potential sites and their role in protecting and preserving them. Each member country pledges to conserve not only the World Heritage sites situated on its territory, but also to protect its national heritage. The States Parties are encouraged to integrate the protection of the cultural and natural heritage into regional planning programmes, set up staff and services at their sites, undertake scientific and technical conservation research and adopt measures which give this heritage a function in the day-to-day life of the community. 4.4.9 International Labour Organization Core Labour Standards Labour, working conditions, health and safety are the subject of numerous international agreements, conventions, policies and standards. Core labour standards formulated by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) include forced labour, child labour, workmen's compensation among others. Those ratified by Uganda are listed in the table below. Table 4.4 ILO Standards Ratified By Uganda ILO Convention Year Ratified C029 Forced labour convention 1932 04 June 1963 C087 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise 1948 2 June 2005 C098 Right to organise and collective bargaining conversion 1949 04 June 1963 C100 Equal Remuneration Convention 1951 2 June 2005 C105 Abolition of Forced labour convention 1957 04 June 1963 C111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) convention 1958 2 June 2005 C138 Minimum Age convention 1973 25 March 2003 C182 Worst forms of child labour convention 1999 21 June 2001 C005 - Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 5) 04 Jun 1963 C011 - Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 11) 04 Jun 1963 C012 - Workmen's Compensation (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 12) 04 Jun 1963 C017 - Workmen's Compensation (Accidents) Convention, 1925 (No. 17 04 Jun 1963 C019 - Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) Convention, 1925 (No. 04 Jun 1963 19 C026 - Minimum Wage-Fixing Machinery Convention, 1928 (No. 26) 04 Jun 1963 C045 - Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935 (No. 45) 04 Jun 1963 C050 - Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 (No. 50) 04 Jun 1963 C064 - Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (No. 04 Jun 1963 64) 50 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) C065 - Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (No. 65 04 Jun 1963 C086 - Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1947 (No. 04 Jun 1963 86) C094 - Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949 (No. 94) 04 Jun 1963 C095 - Protection of Wages Convention, 1949 (No. 95) 04 Jun 1963 C124 - Medical Examination of Young Persons (Underground Work) Convention, 23 Jun 1967 1965 C123 - Minimum Age (Underground Work) Convention, 1965 (No. 123) 23 Jun 1967 C158 - Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 (No. 158) 18 Jul 1990 C143 - Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143) 31 Mar 1978 C159 - Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) 27 Mar 1990 Convention, 1983 C162 - Asbestos Convention, 1986 (No. 162) 27 Mar 1990 4.5 Requirements of Financial Institution 4.5.1 UK Export Finance The UK Export Finance (UKEF) is an Export Credit Agency of the United Kingdom. The UKEF Policy and practice on Environmental, Social and Human Rights due diligence and monitoring (UK Export Finance, 2016) states that the export credit agency commits to comply with all international agreements which apply to the operations of ECAs. These agreements include the OECD Council Recommendation on Common Approaches for Officially Supported Export Credits and Environmental and Social Due Diligence (OECD Common Approaches). The UKEF also commits to comply with the requirements of the Equator Principles. The institutional policies mandate pre-financing screening and due diligence to ensure that environmental and social risks are anticipated and minimised prior to project implementation. The UKEF also mandate that project operations adhere to host country legislation and standards, are within international agreements, comply with international safeguard standards including those of the World Bank group and IFC performance standards. 4.6 International Safeguards A review of the safeguard policies reveals that the major polices triggered relate to Environment Assessment, Involuntary Resettlement, biodiversity and ecosystem services, Labor and working condition, community health and safety, cultural heritage, information disclosure and stakeholder engagement. Appraisal from funding agencies on compliance to the requirements per safeguards will focus on: Whether necessary approvals have been obtained in accordance with national legislation and standards Whether there is a system to implement the environmental and social management plan Whether there are provisions to implement the stakeholder engagement plan during project planning and implementation and whether There are resources put aside for environmental and social safeguarding 51 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) During the ESIA, study most of these aspects have been taken care of and proposals made where gaps were observed. Some safeguard policies of international institutions are presented here. 4.6.1 International Finance Corporation Sustainability Framework 4.6.1.1 Access to Information Policy As part of the process of managing the risks and impacts of projects, IFC requires its clients to engage with communities affected by their projects, including through the disclosure of information, in a manner that is consistent with IFC’s Policy and Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. The requirements for access to information differ depending on category of project. 4.6.1.2 Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability The IFC believes that the environmental and social sustainability of activities is a key component to achieving positive development outcomes. IFC pursues and expects to achieve environmental and social sustainability through the application of this Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability, and a comprehensive set of environmental and social Performance Standards The eight performance standards are; Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety, and Security Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage Performance Standards facilitate with management and improvement of a proprietor's environmental and social performance through a risk and outcomes based approach. "The desired outcomes are described in the objectives of each Performance Standard, followed by specific requirements to help clients achieve these outcomes through means that are appropriate to the nature and scale of the activity and commensurate with the level of environmental and social risks and/or impacts. Central to these requirements is the application of a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on workers, communities, and the environment, or where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, and where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for the risks and impacts, as appropriate. IFC believes that the Performance Standards also provide a solid base on which clients may increase the overall sustainability of their operations, identify new opportunities to grow their business, and build their competitive advantage in the marketplace" (IFC 2012). A process of environmental and social categorization is used to reflect the magnitude of risks and impacts. 52 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) These categories are: Category A: Business activities with potential significant adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that is diverse, irreversible, or unprecedented. Category B: Business activities with potential limited adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts that are few in number, generally site-specific, largely reversible, and readily addressed through mitigation measures. Category C: Business activities with minimal or no adverse environmental or social risks and/or impacts. Category FI: Business activities involving investments in FIs or through delivery mechanisms involving financial intermediation. This project has been categorised as Category A project mainly because irreversible impacts related to involuntary resettlement are anticipated. Majority of other project impacts are reversible and can be readily addressed through mitigation measures proposed. 4.6.1.3 IFC Performance standards The eight performance standards are as listed in section 4.6.1.2 . Performance standard one is the umbrella policy of these whilst standards 2 to 8 address specific risks. "Performance Standard 1 establishes the importance of (i) integrated assessment to identify the environmental and social impacts, risks, and opportunities of projects; (ii) effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and (iii) the client’s management of environmental and social performance throughout the life of the project. Performance Standards 2 through 8 establish objectives and requirements to avoid, minimize, and where residual impacts remain, to compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected Communities, and the environment. While all relevant environmental and social risks and potential impacts should be considered as part of the assessment, Performance Standards 2 through 8 describe potential environmental and social risks and impacts that require particular attention" (IFC 2012). All potential environmental and social risks and impacts mentioned in performance standards 2 through to 8 have been considered as part of the assessment. 4.6.1.3.1 Performance Standard 1 This emphasizes the importance of managing risk through an Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) which is defined as a dynamic and continuous process initiated and supported by management, and involves engagement between the project implementer, their workers, local communities directly affected by the project (the Affected Communities) and, where appropriate, other stakeholders. Five objectives are core to meeting this performance standard. The status of the project's adherence to the objectives for this performance standard is presented in Table 4.5. 53 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 4.5 Objectives of Performance standard 1 and status of achievement by UNRA Objective Requirement Conformance status Objective 1 identify and evaluate environmental This ESIA is the initial stage; and social risks and impacts risk identification will be continuous throughout the life of the project Objective 2 Adopt a mitigation hierarchy to mitigation hierarchy has been anticipate and avoid, or where adopted; avoidance is not possible, minimize, involuntary resettlement avoided in and, where residual impacts remain, trading centres by restricting right of compensate/offset for risks and way to 30m width impacts to workers, Affected direct impacts on natural forest Communities, and the environment. avoided through avoidance of vegetation clearing; hence maintaining carbon stocks and limiting project's contribution to climate change Objective 3 Promote improved environmental and Environmental and Social social performance through the Management Framework is effective use of management systems. presented in chapter 9 Objective 4 Ensure that grievances from Affected Road committees are in place in the Communities and external project area communications from other A grievance handling system is part stakeholders are responded to and of the management framework in managed appropriately. chapter 9 Objective 5 Promote and provide means for A stakeholder engagement plan has adequate engagement with Affected been drafted Communities throughout the project Affected communities have been cycle on issues that could potentially engaged during the planning stage affect them and to ensure that relevant for ESIA and Resettlement environmental and social information is purposes, information disclosure disclosed and disseminated was undertaken initially but shall be continuous throughout the project cycle Table 4.6 IFC performance standards applicable to the project IFC standard Requirements Applicability Labour and working human resources policies and procedures To be inclusive in condtions contractor SEAP documented employee contracts under national labor and employment law Non-discrimination and equal opportunity. grievance mechanism for workers Requirements in PS2 will be part of the monitoring No child labour or forced labour indicators throughout the Occupational safety and health project life Resource efficiency To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on Risks identified during the & Pollution human health and the environment by ESIA study; incorporated in prevention chapter 8 &9 54 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) avoiding or minimizing pollution from During monitoring; EHS project activities. Guidelines shall be referred to alongside To promote more sustainable use of national standards to resources, including energy and water. ensure that project related To reduce project-related GHG emissions. emissions are not adversely impacting on the environment Community Health, To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on Risks have been identified Safety, and the health and safety of the Affected and evaluated; mitigation Security Community during the project life from both measures are in place routine and non-routine circumstances. including grievance monitoring, and joint To ensure that the safeguarding of monitoring with local personnel and property is carried out in authorities & police accordance with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the Affected Communities. The establishment of storage yards, temporary bitumen processing plants, cement mixing and accommodation camps are to be accomplished in consideration of this performance standard Land Acquisition To avoid, and when avoidance is not A resettlement action plan and Involuntary possible, minimize displacement by is being prepared in Resettlement exploring alternative project designs. accordance with this performance standard To avoid forced eviction. To anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on land use by (i) providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost4 and (ii) ensuring that resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed participation of those affected. To improve, or restore, the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons. To improve living conditions among physically displaced persons through the provision of adequate housing with security of tenure at resettlement sites Biodiversity To protect and conserve biodiversity. UNRA will seek to avoid Conservation and impacts on biodiversity and Sustainable To maintain the benefits from ecosystem ecosystem services; Management of services. however some wetlands shall be temporarily 55 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Living Natural To promote the sustainable management disturbed during cross- Resources of living natural resources through the drain installation adoption of practices that integrate conservation needs and development The road traverses priorities. modified environments including a protected Central Forest Reserve; custodians of the reserve have been consulted during the ESIA Cultural Heritage To protect cultural heritage from the Chance finds procedures adverse impacts of project activities and are to be in place support its preservation. Host community has been To promote the equitable sharing of consulted on the cultural benefits from the use of cultural heritage. heritage &is to be continuously engaged during preconstruction and construction period No critical cultural heritage has been identified within the Right of Way for the project road 4.6.1.4 IFC Guidelines The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice. The guidelines contain performance levels and measures for sustainability. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. For the road upgrade project, the following are applicable, in whole or in part: . Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines . Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Toll Roads 56 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING BASLINE ENVIRONMENT 5.1 Physical Environment 5.1.1 Location and setting The Kabwoya-Buhuka road (40km) is located in the South Western part of Hoima district and crosses through Kabwoya and Kyangwali Sub Counties (Figure 5.1). The project road commences at Kabwoya trading centre off the Kyenjojo-Hoima road and leads to the Kingfisher oil field and Lake Albert via Bugoma forest. The section of road to be upgraded lies between coordinates 251380E, 0135655N and 286725E, 137854N and terminates in Ikamiro at the escarpment. Figure 5.1 Location of Kabwoya-Buhuka road (Source UCC, 2010) 5.1.2 Climate Hoima District receives a bimodal rainfall pattern with totals ranging from about 800mm in the Lake Albert flat rising rapidly the further away East above the Escarpment to between 1250 - 1500mm per annum before tapering off to 1000mm in the Eastern border areas of the District. The peak periods are between March - May and September - December. The direst months are usually January and February with rainfall less than 50 mm/month, but important variations occur from one year to the other. Annual mean temperature ranges between 18°C and 30°C. Western areas bordering the rift valley are the driest and hottest. Relative humidity in the district is high during rainy seasons, 57 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) reaching maximum levels in May. The lowest humidity is in the dry season with minimum levels in January (Hoima District Local Government, 2016). 5.1.3 Geology and Soils The soils within the project area are predominantly ferralitic sandy-clay loams (Figure 5.2); observations indicate that soils are mostly red-brown and dark brown depending on the geographical location along the road. The soils in Bugoma forest are fertile, loamy and have a high content of organic matter. On movement towards Ikamiro from Kaseta, rock outcrops are observed along the road side. These are common within compounds and grasslands. The rocks are mostly granitic with smooth surfaces being used as seats in some homesteads.. The road terminates at an escarpment where visible signs of rifting. The area is part of the East African Rift valley system. Rifting was initiated during the late Oligocene or Early Miocene (25-40 million years ago). At the escarpment, one can acquire an aerial view of the Kingfisher Oil production area; sediments observed by the Lake are predominantly sandstones, siltstones. Figure 5.2 Soil Map for Uganda 58 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) According to the geological map of Uganda (See Figure 5.3 below), the Kabwoya-Buhuka area is underlain by Cainozoic Pleistocene and Precambrian Basement Complex materials. Figure 5.3 Extract from the Geology Map for Uganda Soils surveys were conducted in April 2017 from Kabwoya to Buhuka. The investigation covered the visual inspection, excavation of trial pits (TPs) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) tests to obtain data on the type of soils in the wearing course and subgrade and strength of the sub-soils, which would form the basis for design of the future pavement. Test pits were excavated to a depth of 1000mm and at an interval of 2km while alternating along the existing road alignment. Some test pits were excavated in locations of changing material or at intersections. It was found that the quality of the materials varies along the length of the Kabwoya- Buhuka road. The existing wearing course is of reddish brown coarse gravelly material. The dominant subgrade soil types from Kabwoya to Buhuka are residual soils. These soils occur as a result of in-situ weathering of the parent rocks. The residual soils are commonly reddish to light brown in color (Table 5.1). Geotechnical investigations were also undertaken to ascertain subsurface conditions and evaluate the stratigraphy. These reveal the soil depths encountered in different sections of road (Table 5.2). 59 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.1 Definition of subgrade soils along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road S/N From To Visual Description 1 0+000 5+000 Generally moist brown silty crumbling gravel 2 5+000 10+000 Generally loose moist reddish brown clayey silts 3 10+000 15+000 Generally loose moist brown clayey silts 4 15+000 20+000 Generally loose moist brown clayey silts 5 20+000 25+000 Generally dense to loose moist brown silty sand 6 25+000 30+000 Generally moist brown slightly clayey silty sand 7 30+000 35+000 Generally loose reddish brown silty clay 8 35+000 40+000 Generally dense to loose moist brown clayey silty sand Table 5.2 Depths of soil along various sections of Kabwoya-Buhuka road SN Chainage Depth of soft soil SN Chainage Depth of soft soil (mm) (mm) 1 1+200 RHS 1000 18 21+300 RHS 1100 2 1+250 LHS 1600 19 22+800 RHS 1400 3 1+800 LHS 1100 20 24+500 LHS 1300 4 1+900 RHS 1100 21 29+100 LHS 700 5 2+400 LHS 100 22 29+200 RHS 1100 6 4+350 RHS 1000 23 29+900 LHS 1500 7 4+800 RHS 100 24 31+000 LHS 700 8 5+200 LHS 1300 25 31+600 RHS 2500 9 6+900 RHS 100 26 32+600 RHS 1400 10 7+600 LHS 0 27 36+200 RHS 1000 11 10+500 LHS 0 28 36+250 LHS 1600 12 11+300 LHS 1600 29 38+100 LHS 200 13 16+000 100 30 38+250 RHS 800 14 16+080RHS 1000 31 38+600 LHS 1600 15 16+100RHS 100 32 39+400 RHS 2900 16 17+800RHS LHS 1000 33 40+100 LHS 0 17 20+800 1900 RHS 5.1.4 Topography The topography of Hoima District is generally undulating with relatively flat low lying areas alternating with broad hills. Along the shores of Lake Albert there is a steep rocky escarpment separating the high lands and the narrow low lying strip along the lake at an altitude of 622 m. The Kabwoya-Buhuka road is fairly flat from Kabwoya towards Kisaaru, some dipping is observed towards Ngogole; within this section the elevation is about 1172m above sea level but drops to about 1151m after Ngogole. Undulations are then observed within the Kyangwali sub county portion of the road; especially after the junction with Kaseeta- 60 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Lweera road. Hereafter several dips and highs are observed ending with a low at Buhuka of 1041m above sea level. 5.1.5 Seismology The project road lies within an area of high seismic risk (Figure 5.4) which is part of the Albertine Rift whose morphology was greatly influenced by rifting of the East African rift valley system. Figure 5.4 Seismicity map of Uganda (Source: Office of the Prime minister) 5.1.6 Hydrology (Drainage and Water resources) Ground water resources were observed along the road project including non-functional and functioning communal boreholes. Boreholes were observed in several locations including; St Peters' Kisaaru Primary school, Kyangwali Sub County headquarters and Nsozi health centre. Observations reveal that there are several surface water sources along the road. These are used by communities for washing clothes, motorcycles and domestic uses. Among the surface water sources includes wetland systems and temporary streams. At Buhuka where the project road terminates, Lake Albert is visible in the Western direction. This is a source of water but is also a source of fish for the community. 61 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Several surface water crossings were observed in Bugoma CFR and included but were not limited to; Nyakisikirano (36N 0258402E 0135661N); Rwamishekye (36N 0267181E 135899N); Kamugamba (36N 0268695E 1356025N); Kobusingye (36N 0261870E 135499N). Swamp forest at 36 N 285005 137355 Rwemisekye swamp along the road at 36 N 268599 136045 Figure 5.5 Surface water stream crossing Kabwoya Buhuka road and Swamp forest 5.1.7 Water Quality Water samples were collected from ten surface water crossing points and 3 ground water sources on both side of the road. Selected results presented in Table 5.3 are for surface water sites only whilst full analysis report is attached in appendix 2. It was found that all water samples had detectable coliforms including E. coli which is indicative of receipt of faecal matter from animals or humans. This also indicates that this water is not fit for consumption in its current state and requires purification prior to being used for domestic uses particularly food preparation or drinking. Emphasis should be placed on provision of appropriate sanitary facilities for construction crews throughout the construction period to prevent additional stress on the existing water courses. 62 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.3 Physical Chemical Properties of surface water samples collected along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road Ngoma Nyakatehe Nyakasikira Kitimu Kamugamb Lwekurong Kyangwali Stream Stream no Stream Stream Rwemiseke a Stream e Stream Swamp (Down (Down (Up (Down Stream (Downstrea Nsozi Nyakibum (Downstrea (Downstrea stream) stream) stream) stream) (Upstream) m) Stream ba Stream m) m) 0252646 0253636 0258325 0259248 0267094 0268510 0271418 281862 0282552 0255402 Coordinates 135704 135179 135967 135693 136179 136333 138114 136459 136860 134391 Lab No. E32358 E32360 E32361 E32362 E32363 E32365 E32366 E32367 E32368 E32370 pH (Units) 6.9 7 6.4 6.9 6.5 7 6.1 7 6.8 6.5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 176 152 98 165 175 67 60 125 132 120 Turbidity (NTU) 13.7 119 12.4 5.3 4.5 28.8 32 17.6 8.7 182 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 6.75 4.53 7.27 6.28 6.84 9.19 4.17 6.82 6.3 3.1 Total Coliforms (CFU/100ml) >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 >2420 E.coli (CFU/100ml) 1203 921 727 326 345 488 1046 >2420 2420 >2420 T. Alkalinity (mg/l) 125 110 313 125 115 45 35 84 91 78 Nitrates (mg/l) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.029 0.031 0.023 0.035 Nitrites (mg/l) 0.651 <0.02 0.117 <0.02 0.448 0.16 0.057 0.353 0.565 <0.02 Total Hardness (mg/l) 105 86 49 92 91 37 23 85 120 91 COD (mg/l) <22 52 27 41 42 43 55 52 21 42 Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 26 252 58 8 22 16 12 16 6 92 Lead (mg/l) 0.0037 0.0043 0.0053 0.0051 0.0028 0.0037 0.0061 0.0056 0.0058 0.0031 Aluminium (mg/l) 0.0775 1.3612 2.8779 0.1845 0.0586 2.0127 5.6531 1.8174 1.3927 1.0688 Arsenic (mg/l) 0.0595 0.0535 0.0447 0.0506 0.0492 0.0517 0.0377 0.0359 0.0421 0.0474 Copper (mg/l) 0.0057 0.0124 0.0053 0.005 0.0042 0.0065 0.0061 0.0067 0.006 0.0056 Zinc (mg/l) <0.0002 0.0002 0.0017 0.0005 <0.0002 0.0018 0.0053 0.002 0.0052 0 Cobalt (mg/l) 0.0074 0.0076 0.0071 0.0072 0.0072 0.0074 0.0074 0.0076 0.0072 0.0072 Manganese (mg/l) 0.0091 0.0108 0.012 0.0085 0.0106 0.0203 0.0172 0.0115 0.0108 0.0125 Mercury (mg/l) 0.0084 0.0271 0.0941 0.0196 0.0196 0.0394 0.0456 0.0451 0.0383 0.0606 63 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) It was noted that the total suspended solids in the water sample from the stream at Kyangwali were high (92ppm) almost attaining the 100pm maximum permissible limit for waste water discharged into water or land. Changes in pH, BOD and COD, Total suspended solids and turbidity are particularly important indicators of the impact of sediment or nutrient enrichment on surface water resources and shall be monitored at agreed positions periodically throughout the construction period. 5.1.8 Atmospheric Conditions 5.1.8.1 Air quality and Noise Noise and air quality measurements were taken around seven sampling points along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Results are presented in Table 5.4. These baseline results will be utilised for future monitoring of changes within the project area. Table 5.4 Baseline records for exposure to non-ionising radiation, noise and particulate matter Non Ionisin g radiatio Location Particulate matter Noise levels n Min Max (nT) dB( dB( Aver Name of site Coordinates 0.3 µm 0.5 µm 5 µm A) A) age Bugoma 0252377 Trading Centre 0135831 5.54E+07 8.35E+06 4.43E+04 51.7 64.9 58.3 0 Butoole Trading 0260064 Centre 0135816 5.27E+07 9.98E+06 9.59E+04 36.4 42.4 39.4 25 Wairagaza 0266044 Trading Centre 0135377 5.60E+07 2.13E+07 3.42E+06 58.8 61.3 60.1 21 Nsozi (St 0270696 Augustine P/S) 0137731 5.18E+07 8.08E+06 6.64E+04 37.5 62.2 49.8 156 Nsozi Healthy 0271652 Centre III 0138233 4.92E+07 6.94E+06 3.78E+04 29.7 30.2 30.0 35 Kisaru Trading Centre & Tea 0277766 Estate 0137492 5.49E+07 1.35E+07 4.15E+05 46.6 49.2 47.9 17 Kabwoya 0286674 Trading Centre 0138099 5.30E+07 1.30E+07 8.55E+05 61.9 62.4 62.2 55 5.1.8.2 Temperature Workers involved in infrastructure development are often exposed to extreme heat or work or strenuous physical activities in hot environments which increases their risk for heat stress. The Wet Bulb-Globe Temperature Index (WBGT) was used to establish environmental factors of heat stress namely temperature and relative humidity. The WBGT unit takes into account some environmental factors namely, air temperature, humidity and air movement, which contribute to perception of hotness by people. Readings were taken at Air (dry) bulb temperature (DB), Natural Wet Bulb temperature (WB) and Dew/Globe thermometer temperature (GT). According to ISO 7243: Hot Environments—Estimation of Heat Stress on Working Man, Based on the WBGT-Index (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) [ISO 1989], WBGT exposure limits for acclimatized workers is set at 33°C Resting, 30 °C Light activity, 28 °C Moderate activity, 25 °C Heavy activity and 23 °C Very heavy activity. 64 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.5 Temperatures recorded within the project area Temp dew Temp dry point Temp WBGT Name of site air (⁰C) (⁰C) WBT (⁰C) (⁰C) Bugoma Trading Centre 28.05 15.75 19.70 19.75 Butoole Trading Centre 30.55 17.00 20.95 21.12 Wairagaza Trading Centre 33.60 15.65 21.60 21.61 Nsozi (St Augustine P/S) 29.05 17.70 21.15 21.25 Nsozi Healthy Centre III 31.45 15.85 20.85 20.91 Kisaru Trading Centre & Tea Estate 29.75 15.00 19.95 19.94 Kabwoya Trading Centre 29.80 15.95 20.50 20.52 5.2 Biological Environment 5.2.1 Vegetation 5.2.1.1 Species richness Observations were made at 85 sample points along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road and a total of 542 species of plants in 354 genera and 97 families were recorded. Figure 5.6 is a summary of growth forms observed along the entire stretch of road and indicates that herbaceous species dominate the area followed by trees, shrubs and climbers. The high number of plant species within this corridor is attributed to the diversity in vegetation assemblages and the associated landscape turnover/cover. The variation in climatic conditions along this 40 km stretch also attributed to the high number of plant species.. The species composition and vegetation structure around Buhuka escarpment differ from that of Bugoma Central Forest Reserve and fallow lands. Therefore the different land use types, landscape setting and vegetation assemblages contributed to the high number of plant species within the proposed road corridor. 250 200 150 100 NumberofSpecies 50 0 Climber Fern Grass Herb Shrub Tree Growth form Figure 5.6 Life forms observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road 65 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.2.1.2 Habitats to be affected by construction The project road traverses four main habitat types, namely; cultivated areas, open grasslands and forests and wetlands. Along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road, only trading centres were observed to have bear grounds. Bugoma Central Forest Reserve is the only natural forest found along the road and is a medium altitude moist semi-deciduous forest (Langdale-Brown et al., 1964). The forest sections that are contiguous with the forest reserve have been planted with Eucalyptus sp. whilst others are degraded and planted with food crops. Approximately 3km of the project area has Bugoma Central Forest reserve on the both sides of the road whilst 8km borders with the forest to the right hand side when moving from Kabwoya (Figure 5.7). Figure 5.7: Land cover along the Kabwoya - Buhuka road 5.2.1.3 Habitats 29.3 km of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road cuts through modified environment which includes areas used for settlement and subsistence agriculture, commercial farmland, planted woodlots, grassland, fallow land, seasonal wetland and permanent wetlands. About 3km of natural forest lie on either side of the road and 8km of one sided forest and modified environment on the other side. Forest The forest ecosystem along Buhuka-Kabwoya road is mainly attributed to the Bugoma Central Forest Reserve. This reserve appears in two blocks along the road being separated by Eucalyptus woodlots, crop gardens, tea estate and settlement. The first block covers the villages of Kibaale, Nyakibumba and Kisaaru whilst the second block covers the villages of Kaseta, Nsozi, and Kamugamba and ends at Rwemisekye River. 66 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The forest cover along the road is of mixed type except at 36 N 281433, 136430 where a section of about one acre is dominated by Khaya anthotheca with fewer trees of Alstonia boonei, Albizia spp, Vepris nobilis and Alchornea sp in the lower canopy. The forest assemblage at various geo-locations along the proposed road, together with the phyto- sociological description and the dominant species are given in Table 5.6 whilst pictorial impression is provided in Figure 5.8. Table 5.6 Forest community and predominant species recorded at specific points Geo- Forest community Phyto-sociological Dominant species location description 36N 283516, Mixed secondary forest part of Celtis- Celtis durandii 136721 Bugoma central forest reserve Piptadeniastrum- Piptadeniastrum Albizia-Funtumia africanum mixed secondary Albizia spp forest Funtumia africana Nyakibumba Mixed secondary forest part of Piptadeniastrum- Piptadeniastrum Bugoma central forest reserve Blighia-Albizia mixed africanum secondary forest Albizia grandibracteata Blighia unijugata Nyakibumba Swamp forest dominated by Pseudospondias- Pseudospondias Pseudospondias micrantha, Sterculia-Antiaris microcarpa Sterculia dawei and Antiaris swamp forest Sterculia dawei toxicaria Antiaris toxicaria Nyakibumba Mixed secondary forest Albizia-Trema- Albizia grandibracteata Alchornea-Funtumia- Trema orientolis Scutia mixed Funtumia africana secondary forest Scutia myrtina Nyakibumba Secondary forest Pycanthus- Pycanthus angolensis Maesopsis- Maesopsis eminii Tabernaemontana - Tabernaemontana holstii Acanthus secondary Acanthus arboreus forest Nyakibumba Primary forest Albizia-Blighia-Celtis- Albizia grandibracteata Canarium primary Blighia unijugata forest Celtis durandii Canarium schweinfurthii 36N 281618, Primary forest Cynometra-Albizia- Cynometra alexandrii 136223 Entandrophragma- Albizia grandibracteata Chrysophyllum Albizia zygia Forest Entandrophragma Chrysophyllum perpulchrum 36N 281483, Colonizing forest Vepris-Celtis- Vepris nobilis 136362 Antiaris-Voacanga Celtis durandii colonizing forest Antiaris toxicaria Voacanga thouarsii Blighia unijugata 36N 281433, Primary forest dominated by Khaya-Alstonia- Khaya anthotheca 136430 Khaya anthotheca and Alchornea forest Alstonia boonei Alstonia boonei Alchornea cordifolia Acanthus arboreus 36N 281261, Primary forest Albizia-Vepris- Albizia grandibracteata 136550 Funtumia-Celtis Albizia gumifera forest Vepris nobilis Funtumia africana 36N 281085, Primary forest Albizia-Vepris- Albizia grandibracteata 136637 Blighia-Turraea- Albizia glaberrima Monanthotaxis forest Blighia unijugata Vepris nobilis Turraea floribunda 67 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Monanthotaxis buchananii 36N 274853, Mixed primary forest Albizia-Milicia- Albizia grandibracteata 139459 Turraea Milicia excelsa Tabernaemontana- Turraea floribunda Maesopsis mixed Tabernaemontana holstii primary forest Measopsis eminii 36N 274516, Open forest /colonizing forest Antiaris-Margaritaria- Antiaris toxicaria 139560 Croton-Shirakiopsis- Croton macrostarchys Terminalia open Shirakiopsis elliptica forest Terminalia brownii 36N 273575, Primary forest dominated by Entandrophragma- Entandrophragma 139303 Entandrophragma angolense, Albizia-Milicia-Croton angolense Albizia spp, Milicia excelsa primary forest Albizia grandibracteata and Croton megalocarpus Milicia excelsa Croton megalocarpus 36N 272548, Primary forest dominated by Albizia-Alstonia- Albizia grandibracteata 138156 Albizia spp, Alstonia boonei, Senna- Albizia coriaria, Senna spectabilis, Tabernaemontana- Alstonia boonei, Tabernaemontana holstii, Antiaris forest Senna spectabilis, Antiaris toxicaria and Tabernaemontana holstii, Funtumia africana Antiaris toxicaria and Funtumia africana 36N 271505, Moist forest Pseudospondias- Pseudospondias 137830 Macaranga-Phoenix- microcarpa Ficus moist forest Macaranga lancifolia Phoenix reclinata Ficus sp 36N 269791, Open forest dominated by Blighia-Margaritaria- Blighia unijugata 136419 Blighia unijugata, Margaritaria Ptyrygota-Vepris Margaritaria dioscodea dioscodea, Ptyrygota open forest Ptyrygota mildibraedii mildibraediiand Vepris nobilis Vepris nobilis 36N 268599, Riverine mixed forest Antiaris-Cordia- Antiaris toxicaria 136045 dominated by Antiaris Sterculia-Albizia- Cordia mellenii toxicaria, Cordia mellenii, Ficus riverine mixed Sterculia dawei Sterculia dawei, Albizia spp forest Albizia spp and Ficus sp Ficus sp 36N 267325, Primary forest dominated by Celtis-Alstonia- Celtis durrandii 135994 Celtis durrandii, Alstonia Croton-Milicia Alstonia boonei boonei, Croton macrostarchys primary forest Croton macrostarchys and Milicia excelsa Milicia excelsa 36N 261872, Forest degraded with Margaritaria-Albizia- Voacanga thouarsii 135524 cultivation Voacanga small Albizia zygia forest patch Margaritaria dioscodea degraded with maize Acalypha ornata growing 68 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Primary forest patch at Nsozi village partially Mixed Primary forest patch divided by the existing colonized bySenna spectabilis Buhuka-Kabwoya road Antiaris-Cordia-Sterculia-Albizia-Ficus moist mixed Entandrophragma-Albizia-Milicia-Croton primary forest forest Secondary mixed forest patch at Kaseta-Lwera Khaya-Alstonia-Alchornea forest road junction Mixed Primary forest patch around Nyakibumba Colonizing/regenerating forest patch around area Kibaali 69 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.8 Bugoma Forest along Buhuka-Kabwoya road Cultivated area Cultivated sites along the road corridor consist of subsistence and commercial farmlands. The subsistence farmlands were composed of banana, maize, cassava, sunflower, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, sorghum, coffee and cocoa gardens whereas commercial farmlands comprised of Tea estate at 36 N279172, 136454, and tobacco gardens (Figure 5.9). Musa garden at 36 N 256358, 134770 Tobacco garden at 36 N 285444, 137658 Maize garden along the proposed Buhuka-Kabwoya road Cocoa garden along the proposed road for upgrade at at geo-coordinate 36 N 284383, 137065 36 N 284155 , 136987 Sweet potato garden along the proposed corridor for road Kiryatete tea estate at Kisaaru villagealong the Buhuka- upgrade within Nyabukotera area kabwoya road at 36 N279172 , 136454 70 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.9: Cultivated sites along Buhuka-Kabwoya road Woodlots A number of woodlots exist as pure stands of exotic trees along the proposed road corridor. These are utilised for provision of poles, timber and fuel wood on commercial basis. Three prominent Eucalyptus woodlots/plantation were observed along the project road and are located at Kibaali village (36 N 283495, 136687), Kyabasala village (36 N 275472, 138877), and adjacent to Rwemisekye stream (36 N 267153,135863). Other Eucalyptus woodlots exist in small patches of an acre and below. There were also a number of small scale pine woodlots along the proposed road for example at Wairagaza village (36 N 266644, 135471). Figure 5.10 gives a visual impression of planted forests along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Eucalyptus plantation at the edges of Bugoma Eucalyptus woodlot at Kibaale villagealong the Forest reserve near Kaseta-Lwera road proposed corridor for upgrade junction Eucalyptus plantation at the edge of Bugoma Pinus woodlot along the proposed corridor for central forest reserve at the edges of river upgrade at Weragaza village Rwemisekye Figure 5.10: Plantation foestry along Buhuka-Kabwoya road Grasslands 71 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Grasslands along the corridor exist in fragments within cultivated sites, sparse settlements and the Bugoma central forest reserve. The variation in grassland community species composition along the proposed Buhuka-Kabwoya road is given in Table 5.7 together with its respective phyto-sociological characteristics and the dominant species. Three main forms of grassland were observed; Open grassland dominated by Pennisetum purpureum, dotted grassland (scattered trees and bushes surrounded by grasses), and grassland associated with permanent or temporary wetland. Pennisetum purpureum, Hyparrhenia fillipendra, Imperata cylindrica, Digitaria abyssinica, Panicum maximum and Acanthus pubescens dominated the grassland patches along the Buhuka- Kabwoya corridor. The pictorial impression of grasslands along this corridor is given in Figure 5.11. Table 5.7: Grassland assemblage along the proposed road Geo- Vegetation type Phyto-sociological Dominant species location description 36N Light bushed wooded grassland Mangifera- Mangifera indica 285368, Pycnanthus-Imperata- Pycnanthus angolensis 137625 Digitaria Light bushed Imperata cylindrica wooded grassland Digitaria abyssinica 36N Grassland dominated by Pennisetum-Panicum- Pennisetum purpureum 285609, Pennisetum purpureum, and Acanthus grassland Panicum maximum 137742 Panicum maximum Acanthus pubescens 36N Seasonally flooded bushed Shirakiopsis- Shirakiopsis elliptica 285516, grassland with scattered trees Acanthus-Pennisetum Acanthus pubescens 137659 and Eucalyptus woodlot on Seasonally flooded Pennisetum purpureum sides bushed grassland with Panicum trichocladum scattered trees 36N Swamp grassland with patches Miscanthus- Miscanthus sp 284950, of Bushland with scattered trees Cymbopogon-Leersia- Cymbopogon nardus 137360 Setaria–Phoenix Leersia hexandra Swamp grassland Setaria sphacelata with patches of Phoenix reclinata Bushland with scattered trees 36N Grassland with scattered trees Hyparrhenia- Hyparrhenia fillipendra 284765, Brachiaria-Albizia Brachiaria brizantha 137273 Grassland with Albizia grandibracteata scattered trees Combretum molle 36N Open grassland with unrestored Hyparrhenia- Hyparrhenia fillipendra 280001, borrow pits Imperata-Digitaria Imperata cylindrica 136502 open grassland Digitaria abyssinica Setaria sphacelata Vernonia amygdallina 36N Grassland fallow Pennisetum-Digitaria- Pennisetum purpureum 276169, Imperata-Panicum Imperata cylindrica 138301 grassland fallow Panicum maximum Phyllanthus nummulariifolius 36N Grassland fallow Pennisetum-Panicum- Pennisetum purpureum 275676, Brachiaria grassland Panicum maximum 138567 fallow Brachiaria decumbens 36N Wooded grassland dominated Ficus-Milicia- Ficus sur 272019, by Ficus sur, Milicia excelsa, Acanthus-Pennisetum Milicia excelsa 138048 Acanthus pubescens, and Wooded grassland Acanthus pubescens Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum purpureum 36N Grassland with scattered trees Imperata-Sporobolus- Imperata cylindrica Sporobolus 268110, of Vitex doniana, Entada Brachiaria-Vitex pyramidalis Brachiaria 135973 abyssinica and Terminalia grassland with decumbens glauscens dominated by scattered trees Vitex doniana Imperata cylindrica,Sporobolus Entada abyssinica pyramidalis and Brachiaria Terminalia glauscens decumbens 72 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 36 N Light bushed grassland with Hyparrhenia- Hyparrhenia filipendra 259079, scattered trees of Albizia Brachiaria- Setaria- Brachiaria brizantha 135452 grandibracteata and Acacia Albizia-Acacia Light Setaria sphacelata polyacantha dominated by bushed grassland with Albizia grandibracteata Acacia Hyparrhenia filipendra, scattered trees polyacantha Brachiaria brizantha and Setaria sphacelata 36N Light bushed grassland with a Cymbopogon-Setaria- Cymbopogon nardus 255535, patch of Streamline wooded Paspalum-Themeda- Setaria sphacelata 134078 grassland Acanthus Light Paspalum scrobiculatum bushed grassland Themeda triandra Acanthus pubescens Hyparrhenia-Brachiaria-Albizia grassland Pennisetum-Panicum Grassland patch with scattered trees along the proposed road Grassland with scattered trees and light Imperata-Sporobolus-Brachiaria-Vitex bushes in settlement along the Buhuka- grassland with scattered trees Kabwoya road 73 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Cymbopogon-Setaria-Paspalum- Themeda- Acanthus Light bushed Seasonally flooded grassland dominated grassland by Pennisetum purpureum Figure 5.11: Grassland types along Buhuka-Kabwoya road Bushland land Basing on Langdale-Brown et al., (1964) system for vegetation characterization, 10 bushland communities were observed along the road. These existed as fallow dominated by Acanthus polystarchys, Vernonia auriculifera, Sida rhombifolia, Pennisetum purpureumand Panicum maximum, Open bushland, swamp associated bushland and bush associated with degraded pathces of Bugoma forest which had Lantana camara, Combretum collinum, Annona senegalensis and Margaritaria dioscodea as dominant species Error! Reference source not found. is a pictorial impression of the bushland ommunities along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Bushland donated by Dichrostarchys cinerea, Swampy bushland with scattered trees Phoenix part of Bugoma forest reclinata within the project corridor 74 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Dense bushland along the proposed road Bushlandwith scattered trees along the project corridor, part of Bugoma central forest reserve Figure 5.12: The bushland communities observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road Swamp vegetation Both Seasonal and permanent swamps were observed. Seasonal swamps were mostly grasslands with scattered trees. Permanent wetlands were characterized as riverine Cyperus papyrus, swamp forest dominated by Ficus-vallis-chaude, Phoenix reclinata, Pseudospondias microcarpa, and Macaranga spp. Streamline swamp bushland Leersia-Cyperus Latifolia-Melanthera swamp in middle of Bugoma forest 75 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) River Rwemisekye swamp dominated by Kitimwa stream swamp vegetation dominated Leersia hexandra and Typha domingensis by Phoenix reclinata, Cyperus papyrus and opposite Bugoma central forest reserve Leersia hexandra Cyperus dives-Acacia-Phoenix swamp Permanent swamp dominated by Cyperus opposite Eucalyptus-Ficus-Acanthus- papyrus and Phoenix reclinata at pennisetum riverine swamp along Rwemisanga village Nyabukotera stream Figure 5.13 Swamp vegetation observed in selected areas 5.2.1.4 Species of conservation concern Eleven (11) threatened species of plants at national scale and three (3) threatened species at global scale (as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)) were encountered and recorded from the proposed road corridor mainly from Bugoma CFR, though some were encountered within the modified section of the road (Error! Reference source not found.). Table 5.8: Plant species of conservation concern encountered along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road Species Growth IUCN National Location form threatened threatened category category Chrysophyllum albidum Tree NA VU 36N 281085, 136637; 36N 274164,139573; 36N 273575, 139303; 36N 272548,138156; and 36N 267325,135994 Chrysophyllum mnerense Tree VU 36N 281085, 136637 Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Tree VU 36N 281618, 136223; 36N 274516, 139560; and 36N 273575, 139303 Cordia millenii Tree LC EN 36N 281618, 136223; 36N 281618,136223; 36N 274164,139573; and 36N 268599,136045 Entandrophragma Tree VU EN 36N 281618, 136223; angolense 36N 283516, 136721; 36N 281085, 136637; 36N 281433,136430; 76 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 36N 273575, 139303; 36N 272548,138156; and 36N 268599,136045 Fagaropsis angolensis Tree NA VU 36N 274516, 139560 and 36N 270349, 137101 Khaya anthotheca Tree VU EN 36N 281433,136430; Milicia excelsa Tree NT EN 36N 274853,139459;36N 274516, 139560; 36N 273575, 139303; 36N 272019,138048; and 36N 267325,135994 Mondia whitei Tree VU Distributed evenly within Bugoma Prunus africana Tree VU VU 36N 283333, 136662 Warburgia ugandensis Tree NA VU 36N 273401, 138941; *NT= Near threatened Vu= vulnerable Markhamia lutea, Canarium schweinfurthii, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Entandrophragma angolense, Khaya anthotheca, Milicia excels, Maesopsis eminii, Cordia millenii, Morus lactea and Aningeria altissima plants encountered within Bugoma CFR are protected under Schedule VI of the National Forest and Tree Planting Act 2003 due to increasing pressure from humans resulting from the value attached to them. These species are usually harvested for poles, timber and fuel wood due to high quality timber and poles they produce. 5.2.1.5 Invasive species Six (6) invasive species were encountered within the project corridor including Lantana camara, Mimosa pigra, Senna spectabilis, Senna siamea, Ricinus communis, and Chromolaena odorata. These species were reported as invasive under global invasive species list (Cronk & Fuller 2001, Global Invasive Species Programme, 2003) due to their ability to suppress indigenous plants and their high dispersive power and regenerating potential engineered by any magnitude of disturbance within the community. Unlike others, Ricinus communis was listed due to its poisonous seeds that kill birds. Lantana camara occupies most of the bushes and it’s also common in open patches of Bugoma forest. Mimosa pigra was encountered only in moist streamline vegetation of Kyangwali sub-county. Senna siamea exists within the built up area, whereas Senna spectabilis is scattered within forest and woodland blocks of Bugoma CFR. Invasive species require careful management and monitoring so as to protect the integrity of the remnant natural vegetation within the project corridor. Care should be taken not to further propagate these within the natural forest ecosystem. Mechanical methods such as uprooting and burning of identified invasive alien species should be employed to truncate growth and existence within the project corridor. 77 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.2.1.6 Vegetation density along the project road The density estimates were compiled from 44 plots of which 20 of these where made in forested area, 14 in woodland and the rest from exotic woodlots. Figure 5.14 illustrates the density of trees per diameter at breast height (dbh) of trees encountered during the survey. Bugoma central forest reserve land (woodlands and forest) had the highest number of trees per square kilometer compared to other sites. Most of the tree species had diameter at breast height (dbh) ranging between 2.0 cm to 10 cm and 10cm to 30cm. There were very few trees with dbh above 50cm. This could be attributed to high levels of encroachment and illegal timber harvesting in area. It was computed that for every square kilometre of Bugoma forest reserve and agro-forest land along Buhuka-Kabwoya road, there are 22500 tree stems with dbh ranging from 2.0 – 10 cm, and 13813 tree stems with dbh ranging from 10 - 30 cm as well as 2374 tree stems with dbh of 50cm and above ( Figure 5.14). 30000 20000 10000 treesperKm²) 0 2.0 -10 10-30 30-50 50 + cm Density Density oftrees of (No. Diameter at breast height (Dbh) range (cm) Figure 5.14: Tree density along the proposed Buhuka-Kabwoya road 78 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.15 Locations along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road where species of conservation concern were encountered 79 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.2.2 Fauna 5.2.2.1 Fish A total of 10 streams where identified as probable fish habitats in both the dry and wet seasons along Kabwoya-Buhuuka road. However, only four (4) streams (Bitoore, Ngoma, Nyakate and Nyakibumba) could be sampled for fish as the rest lacked enough water due to the dry conditions by the time of sampling using Electro-fishing methodfor a combined average time of 16 minutes.The vegetation characteristics of the four streams sampled along Kabwoya-Buhuuka road are described in Table 5.9. Most of the sampled sites along the road had muddy bottom substrates with a few scattered rocky and sandy areas. Sandy and rocky bottom substrates are important breeding grounds for some fish species. Sedges are also preferred vegetation types for most fish species. Where possible, such vegetation types should be preserved or if destroyed restoration can be undertaken. Table 5.9 Habitats where fish surveys were undertaken Wetland or Habitat description stream Bottom substrate: 80% mud, 20% rock; Vegetation: 50% Bitoore forest, 50% papyrus Bottom substrate: 80% mud, 20% rock; Vegetation: 100% Ngoma sedges Bottom substrate: 40% gravel and sand, 60% mud; Nyakate Vegetation: 100% shrubs Bottom substrate: 1000% suddy mud; Vegetation: 90% Nyakibumba forest, 10% sedges This fishing effort resulted into the recovery of a combined total of 80 specimens of total fresh weight 825g extrapolated to an hour as 595 individuals and 5.1 kg respectively (Table 5.10). All fish recovered belonged to eight taxa (including Enteromius spp. and haplochromine spp. whose definitive taxa could not be determined) and three families (Clariidae, Cichlidae and Cyprinidae). There highest species richness was recorded at Nyakibumba stream (6 species), while the least (1 species) at Bitoore stream. Claraisallaudi spp. was encountered in all the sampled wetlands; whilst Enteromus (Barbus) kerstenii, E. prince, E. apleurogramma, Enteromius sp. and haplochromine spp. were only recovered from Nyakibumba wetland stream (Table 5.10). Oreochromis leucostictus was also recovered from only Ngoma wetland stream. At Nyakibumba wetland stream where the highest fish diversity was recorded, haplochromines (49 individuals/hour) was the most abundant species. At Ngoma where three species were recovered, the most abundant was Clarias liocephalus (27 specimens/hour) and the least Clarias alluaudi with 15 specimens per electric-fishing hour. Amongst all the four fishing points however, the highest fish abundance was recorded at Bitoore (160 specimens/hour) followed by Nyakibumba (101 specimens/hour). Both Bitoore and Nyakibumba wetland streams were also observed to possess spawning habitats for some species, as most of the captured specimens were juveniles and fry. 80 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Fish species recovered from all wetlands were categorised as least concern (LC) according to IUCN red list criteria except for those whose definitive taxa could not be established (Table 5.10). In addition, apart from haplochromine spp and Oreochromis leucostictus, all other fish species recovered along Kabwoya-Buhuuka road were riverine. Although all riverine species recovered are known lentic inhabitants, they are also known to migrate upstream for purposes of spawning. Thus, to prevent the roads from acting as barriers; fish passable culverts should be installed in areas where the road crosses each of the streams. Table 5.10 Total Abundance and Biomass of fish species caught in each water course per hour of fishing Wetland IUCN Abundance Biomass stream Fish species status (number/hour) (grams/hour) Bitoore Clarias alluaudi LC 160 520 Total 160 520 Ngoma Clarias alluaudi LC 15 480 Clarias liocephalus LC 27 384 Oreochromisleucostictus LC 21 423 Total 63 1287 Nyakate Clarias alluaudi LC 12 232 Clarias liocephalus LC 12 168 Total 24 400 Nyakibumba Enteromius apleurogramma LC 3 11 Enteromius sp. - 11 95 Enteromius perience LC 14 52 Enteromius kerstenii LC 19 71 Clarias alluaudi LC 5 63 Haplochromine spp. - 49 374 Total 101 665 595 5079 5.2.2.2 Herptiles Amphibians A total of 26 amphibian species belonging 10 genera and 8 families were recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road section (Table 5.11). This high diversity was influenced by the presence of numerous streams and Bugoma Central Forest Reserve. All recorded species belong to only 1 Order (Anura); which consists of all common frogs and toads in over 20 families of class Amphibia (Channing & Howell, 2006). Amphibians have relatively the same ecological needs (Behangana and Luiselli, 2008). Most amphibians were recorded in water logged areas within the forested habitats because amphibians utilize wetlands for breeding and feeding (Lukwago and Mwavu, 2014). Several families were found in co-existance with each other however the family Hyperoliidae had the highest number of species recorded (8 species) belonging to 2 genera (Afrixalus and Hyperolius) due to the Cyperaceae properties of wetlands and streams. The Cyperaceans provide excellent calling sites for adult male hyperolids (Nneoma & Wageningen, 2003), thus positively contributing to their reproductive success. In addition, most hyperolids lay eggs adhered by jelly to the Cyperaceans above the water level (Schiotz, 1999), hence reducing chances of desiccation and predation. Hyperoliidae was followed by Family Ranidae and Bufonidae (4 species each). These families have the widest terrestrial distribution (Inger & Stuebing, 2005), with massive breeding. Three 81 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (3) species belonging to Family Arthroleptidae were recorded in Bugoma Central Forest Reserve at the verges of streams. 82 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.11 Amphibian Species observed along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road wetlands outside Family Species Common Name IUCN Bugoma forest Farmland forests ARTHROLEPTIDAE Leptopelis christyi Christy's tree frog LC ● ● ARTHROLEPTIDAE Leptopelis kivuensis Kasenyi forest tree frog LC ● Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis stenodactylus Common squeaker LC ● BUFONIDAE Amietophrynus gutturalis Guttural Toad LC ● ● BUFONIDAE Amietophrynus maculatus Flat-backed Toad LC ● ● ● BUFONIDAE Amietophrynus regularis Common African toad LC ● ● ● BUFONIDAE Amietophrynus vittatus Lake Victoria Toad DD ● Dicroglossidae Hoplobatrachus occipitalis Crowned bullfrog LC ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Afrixalus fulvovittatus Banded Banana Frog LC ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Afrixalus osorioi Osorio's spiny reed frog. LC ● ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius acuticeps LC ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris Cinnamon-bellied Reed Frog LC ● ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius kivuensis Kivu reed Frog LC ● ● ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius langi LC ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius lateralis LC ● HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius viridiflavus Common Reed Frog LC ● ● ● PIPIDAE Xenopus laevis African Clawed Frog LC ● PIPIDAE Xenopus victorianus Lake Victoria clawed frog LC ● PRYNOBATRACHIDAE Phrynobatrachus auritus Golden puddle frog LC ● PRYNOBATRACHIDAE Phrynobatrachus mababiensis East Frican Puddle Frog LC ● ● PRYNOBATRACHIDAE Phrynobatrachus natalensis Natal dwarf puddle frog LC ● ● Pyxicephalidae Amietia angolensis Angola River Frog LC ● RANIDAE Ptychadena chrysogaster LC ● ● ● RANIDAE Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Grass Frog LC ● ● ● RANIDAE Ptychadena porosissima Grassland Ridged Frog LC ● ● ● RANIDAE Ptychadena anchietae Anchieta's ridged frog LC ● 83 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) There was a significant difference in amphibian species diversity within the sampled sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka road (RANOSIM = 1, p = 0.1). This is attributed to the significant differences in land use along the project area. The project area is a matrix of farmlands, wetlands and Tropical High Rain Forests. Bugoma Central Forest Reserve (CFR) recorded the highest species richness and diversity (r = 21; H’=3.045), followed by wetlands (r = 18; H’ = 2.89) (Figure 5.16Error! Reference source not found.). Species diversity Species richness 21 18 12 3.045 2.485 2.89 Bugoma forest Farmlands wetlands outide forests Figure 5.16 Amphibian species diversity within the key sampled sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka Some of the species encountered were habitat specialists such as Leptopelis and Arthroleptis species which are Forest specialists (Table 5.11). These were encountered only at the periphery of Bugoma Central Forest Reserve along streams and wetlands. The existence of these species is highly dependent on the integrity of forest ecosystem. Apart from Sclerophrys vittatus which is rated Data Deficient (DD) according to IUCN Redlist because less research has been conducted on its distribution within the great Lakes regions, all the encountered species were of least concern (LC) (Table 5.11). This is because they are wide spread, massive breeders and their populations are not threatened in any way. A pictorial of some species encountered is presented in Figure 5.17. Leptopelis christyi Afrixalus fulvovittatus Ptychadena chrysogaster Afrixalus osorioi Hyperolius osorioi Hyperolius kivuensis Figure 5.17 Some of the amphibian species found within the project area 84 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Reptile Diversity A total of 26 reptiles species were recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road, these belonged to 3 Orders, 15 families and 18 genera (Figure 5.18). Order Serpentes was the most abundant with 8 families, 10 genera and 13 species recorded. The Order Serpentes was the most dominant within the landscape due to mosaics of Forest habitats that are sandwiched between wetlands and fallows. Order Sauria had relative high species diversity because most lizards have well- developed limbs; the head is normally held high off the ground, and they are agile predators (Cogger, 2000), hence increasing their colonization success. Only two species belonging to order Testudinidae were recorded; because tortoises have very low dispersal ability (Sébastien, 2010). 13 11 10 8 8 Family Genus Species 6 1 2 2 Sauria Serpentes Testudinidae Figure 5.18 Reptile species diversity within the key sampled sites along Kabwoya- Buhuka Road The encountered species are not yet evaluated by IUCN Redlist of species, therefore rated Not-Evaluated (NE), and a few evaluated ones are of Least Concern (LC). Most of the encountered species are habitat generalist characteriesed by massive breeding and disturbance tolerance with a wide range of distribution. However some of the encountered species like; Python sebaeand Chamaeleo gracilisare protected by CITES. All encountered species are facing a risk of road kills due to heavy traffic (Figure 5.19). a b Figure 5.19 Some of road killed reptiles encountered: Bothrophthalmus lineatus (a); and Hapsidophrys lineata (b) 85 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.12 Reptiles recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road during the ESIA studies National FAMILY GENUS COMMON NAME IUCN status Bugoma Farmlands wetlands AGAMIDAE Agama agama Common Agama LC ● CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo ellioti Montane Side-striped Chameleon NE ● ● CHAMAELEONIDAE Chamaeleo gracilis Gracile Chameleon NE ● GEKKONIDAE Hemidactylus brookii Brook's House Gecko NE LC ● GEKKONIDAE Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Gecko NE LC ● GEKKONIDAE Lygodactylus gutturalis Chevron-throated Dwarf Gecko NE LC ● ● GERRHOSAURIDAE Gerrhosaurus major Tawny Plated-lizard NE VU ● SCINCIDAE Lygosoma fernandi Red And Black Writhing Skink NE ● ● SCINCIDAE Mabuya maculilabris Speckle-lipped Skink NE LC ● ● SCINCIDAE Mabuya quinquetaeniata Rainbow Skink NE LC ● ● VARANIDAE Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor NE LC ● ● ATRACTASPIDIDAE Aparallactus lunulatus Reticulated Centipede-eater NE ● ATRACTASPIDIDAE Aparallactus modestus Western Forest Centipede-eater NE ● BOIDAE Python sebae African Python NE LC ● COLUBRIDAE Hapsidophrys lineata Black-lined Green-snake NE ● COLUBRIDAE Thelotornis kirtlandii Forest Vine-snake, Bird Snake NE ● ● ELAPIDAE Dendroaspis jamesoni Jameson's Mamba NE ELAPIDAE Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba LC ● ELAPIDAE Naja melanoca Black-necked Splitting Cobra NE ● ● TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops punctatus Spotted Blind-snake NE ● TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops sudanensis Garamba gracile blind-snake NE ● TRIONYCHIDAE Testudo pardalis Leopard Tortoise NE ● TRIONYCHIDAE Pelusios subniger Black Terrapin LC ● COLUBRIDAE Bothrophthalmus lineatus Red And Black Striped Snake NE ● ● COLUBRIDAE Natriciteres olivacea Olive Marsh Snake NE ● ● ● Where: DD_ Data Deficient, LC_ Least Concern, NE_ Not Evaluated VU_Vulnerable 86 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) This road transverses a section of Bugoma Central Forest Reserve (Figure 5.20); a natural tropical high rain forest ecosystem that provides a wide range of natural habitat which favors the existence of a huge diversity of herpetofauna. Additionally, a multitude of wetlands and permanent fresh water rivers and streams are good herptile habitats. (a) (b) Figure 5.20 : A section of Bugoma CFR (a) and an extensive wetland (b) within the project area. Figure 5.21 Locations where herptiles were encountered within the project area 5.2.2.3 Mammals 17 sites were sampled along Kabwoya-Buhuka road using traplines (Rodent and bat traps) while others were sampled using Visual encounter surveys and Local consultations. 87 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.13 Sites that were used as sampling points for mammal surveys Point Northings Eastings TL/MN/Survey point Habitat 1 285517 137659 Kabwoya 1 Seasonally flooded bushed grassland 2 284950 137360 Kabwoya 2 swamp bushed grassland with scattered trees 3 283194 136674 Bugoma TL1 Bugoma Forest 4 281610 136229 Bugoma TL2 Bugoma Forest 5 281610 136229 Bugoma TL3 Bugoma Forest 6 277355 137522 Bugoma TL4 Bugoma Forest 7 273608 139352 Bugoma TL5 Bugoma Forest 8 272785 138285 Bugoma TL6 Bugoma Forest 9 269676 136305 Bugoma TL7 Bugoma Forest 10 268695 136025 Bugoma TL8 Bugoma Forest 11 267181 135899 Rwemisekye Bugoma/Rwemisekye stream 12 261870 135499 Kobusingye woodland marsh mosaic 13 259318 135381 Kitimwa swamp Degraded riverine forest 14 258549 135587 Nyamahwa Bushed woodland 15 258372 135673 Rwemisanga Degraded riverine forest 16 255487 134102 Nyabutokero Seasonally flooded grassland 17 251474 135604 Buhuka degraded bush land An overall total of 318 individuals of mammals were recorded from six (6) orders representing 13 families and 47 species. Order Artiodactyla had one species, Carnivora (five (5) species), Chiroptera (6 species), Insectivora (7 species), Primate (4 species) and Rodentia (23 species). Overall diversity was high in forested areas and associated forest woodland mosaics; however Kitimwa swamp and Rwemisekye recorded the highest mammal diversity (1.7). Various methods were used to survey, notably; trapping method (Mist nets and snap rodent traps) and Visual encounter survey (opportunistic encounters acoustic recordings and local consultations). Trapping yielded 142 specimens representing 27 species while VES yielded 176 specimens representing 29 species. A comparison of the diversities between the trapping sites in Bugoma CFR revealed that diversity was moderate in all sites however species richness was highest in Trap-line three (TL3). Point 5 (TL3) having 15 species was richer than the rest of the survey points followed by point 3 (TL1) at 12 species; both attained the asymptote unlike other survey points. This variation could be attributed to the fact that along the road there is continued forest disturbance through noise and dust from vehicles using the road, and continued extraction of resources by local people. Previous studies in this forest have reported more species than those encountered during this study for example studies by Davenport et al. 1996, and Plumptre et al. 2010. 88 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.22: Locations of Mammal survey points along Kabwoya-Buhuka road 89 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.14: Species relative abundance at different survey locations Site Relative abundance Bugoma TL1 Colobus guereza 22%, Praomys jacksoni 19% and Epomophorus labiatus 13% Bugoma TL2 Lophocebus albigena 27%,Pan troglodyte 22 % and Praomys jacksoni 17% Bugoma TL3 Lophocebus albigena 17%, Praomy jacksoni 10% and Rousettus angolensis 10% Bugoma TL4 Mastomys natalensis 33% and Crocidura olivieri 33% Bugoma TL5 Colobus guereza 25%, Praomys jacksoni 14%, and Hylomyscus stella 11% Bugoma TL6 Aethomys hindei 33%, Mastomys natalensis 22% and Lemniscomys striatus 22% Bugoma TL7 Mastomys natalensis 39% and Lophromys aquilus 22% Bugoma TL8 Praomys jacksoni 33%, Hybomys univittatus 11% and Hylomyscus stella 11% Rwemisekye Lemniscomys striatus 24% and Lophromys aquilus 12% Kobusingye Arvicanthis niloticus 45% and Rattus rattus 27% Kitimwa Aethomys hindei 23%, Mastomys natalensis 14% and Colobus guereza 14% Species Habitat association A species habitat association analysis was completed in R analysis tool with the multipatt function, and it revealed that Praomys jacksoni and Colobus guereza were significantly associated with forested habitats at 0.02 and 0.003 respectively. Some examples of mammals encountered are presented in Figure 5.23 and Figure 5.24. Figure 5.23 Epomophorus labiatus, one of the volant mammals recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road 90 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (a): Aethomys hindei (b): Mastomys natalensis Figure 5.24: Open country rats that were very abundant in bushed fallows and woodland mosaics Species of Conservation status According to IUCN (2016) majority of species recorded are mostly considered as Least Concern and Data deficient (Table 5.15) basing on their wide distribution, stable populations and not facing any alarming threats. IUCN however notes that populations of some species are decreasing due to hunting and Habitat loss for example the Tragelaphus scriptus,and the common Chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), are considered Endangered according to IUCN (2016). Chimpanzees are endangered due to their low popuulation and the fact that their reproductive ability to recover quickly from a population decline is poor, with interbirth intervals of between 4.4 to 6 years (Wrangham, de Waal, and McGrew, 1994; Boesch and Boesch-Achermann, 2000) and females commencing reproduction between 10- 15 years old (Wallis, 1997). As of 2010, it was found that the population of Chimpanzees within Bugoma forest had not significantly changed from that which was observed in 1999 (Plumptre, et al. 2010). The Uganda mangabey (Lophocebus ugandae) an endemic species to Uganda was observed in Bugoma CFR in 2010 (Plumptre, et al. 2010). It is also recorded as vulnerable in the Ugandan National Red list (2016). It was also encountered at the time of the ESIA studies. Table 5.15: Conservation status of Species recorded along Kabwoya-Buhuka road Order Family Species Common name Conservation Status Rodentia Muridae Aethomys_hindei Hinde's Rock Rat LC Canivora Nandiniidae Nandinia binotata African_palm_civet LC Rodentia Muridae Arvicanthis_niloticus African grass rat LC Aartiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck LC Chiroptera Mollosidae Chaerephon_pumilus Little free tailed bat LC 91 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Canivora Viverridae Civettictis_civetta African civet LC Primate Cercopithecid Colobus_guereza Black and white LC ae colobus monkey Rodentia Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Creasted_porcupine LC Rodentia Muridae Cricetomys_gambianus Giant rat LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_hildegarde Hildegarde,s shrew LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_luna Moon shine shrew LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_maurisca Dark shrew LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_nigrofusca African black shrew LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_olivieri African giant shrew LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_sp LC Insectivora Soricidae Crocidura_turba Tumulutuous shrew LC Rodentia Muridae Deomys ferrugineus Congo forest mouse LC Chiroptera Pteropodidae Epomophorus_labiatus Ethiopian epaulated LC fruit bat Chiroptera Pteropodidae Epomops_franqueti Franquet's epaulated LC fruit bat Rodentia Scuridae Funiscirus_Phyrropus Cuvier's tree squirrel LC Rodentia Muridae Gerbiliscus_validus Savanna gerbil LC Rodentia Muridae Grammomys_dolichurus woodland thicket rat LC Primate Cercopithecid Lophocebus ugandae Ugandan Mangabey Vu (Uganda ae redlist) Rodentia Muridae Xerus rutilus Unstriped ground LC squirrel Rodentia Muridae Hybomys_univittatus Peter's stripped mouse LC Rodentia Muridae Hylomyscus_stella Stella wood mouse LC Rodentia Muridae Lemniscomys_striatus Stripped grass mouse LC Rodentia Muridae Lepus_majorita Bunyoro rabbit LC Rodentia Muridae Lophromys_aquilus Gray bush furred rat LC Rodentia Muridae Lophromys_sikapusi Russty-bellied brush LC furred rat Rodentia Muridae Malacomys_longipes Big eared swamp rat LC Canivora Herpestidae Atilax paludinosus Marsh mongoose LC Rodentia Muridae Mastomys_natalensis Natal multimammate LC rat Chiroptera Mollosidae Mops_condylura Angolan free tailed rat LC Canivora Herpestidae Mungos_mungo Banded mongoose LC Rodentia Muridae Mus_grata LC Rodentia Muridae Mus_triton Mus_triton LC Rodentia Muridae Nycteris_thabaica Nycteridae LC Primate Cercopithecid Papio anubis Olive baboon LC ae Primate Hominidae Pan_troglodytes Common chimpanze EN (IUCN) Chiroptera Vespertilionid Pipistrellus_sp LC ae Rodentia Muridae Praomys_Jacksoni Jackson's soft furred LC mouse Rodentia Muridae Rattus_rattus Common house rat LC Chiroptera Pteropodidae Rousettus_angolensis Angolan rousette LC Rodentia Muridae Dendrohyrax dorsalis Tree hyrax LC 92 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Canivora Herpestidae Ichneumia albicauda White_tailed_mongoos LC e 5.2.2.4 Invertebrates A total of 143 butterfly species in five families were recorded along different road sections sampled. Bugoma CFR section registered the highest number of species (79%) of the total butterfly fauna recorded from the entire project area. Patches of disturbed forest registered 45%, Pine, Eucalyptus and Tea plantations registered 37% while Gardens and Papyrus swamps registered the least number of butterflies with only 30% and 21% respectively of the total species recorded by these surveys (Figure 5.25). Distribution of species in different habitats 45 40 35 30 Bugoma Forest 25 Gardens 20 15 Papyrus swamp Numberofspecies 10 Plantations 5 Disturbed Forest 0 F f. FL M O S W Species Ecotype/Habitat Preferences Figure 5.25 Distribution of different butterfly ecotypes within the different sampled sites The study did not record within the direct impact areas any globally or nationally threatened species of butterflies. No species of conservation concern in the sense of endemism, threat in IUCN context or rarity were recorded. These however could occur within the project area though not found at the time of sampling. Of the 143 butterfly species recorded by the surveys, only four species have been evaluated for the IUCN Red List, while the other species have not yet been evaluated. The four species are all categorized as being of least concern. Detailed account of each species is given in species account section. A number of habitat specific species were present for example 42 forest dependent butterfly species, 21 forests edge/woodland species, four lowland Forest species, 18 migrant species, 12 open habitat species, 44 widespread species and two wetland/Swamp species (Figure 5.25). The two wetland species Mylothris rubricosta and Eurema hapale, are sensitive species and are only found in such habitats therefore care should be taken while upgrading the road to preserve the ecological integrity of aquatic habitats. The major sensitive aquatic habitats identified for these butterflies included Rwemisekye stream, Ngoma stream and Nyakasikirano. Account of the four assessed species of butterflies 93 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) i. Bicyclus jefferyi has a large extent of occurrence and it is common in forest clearings and edges of relatively wet forests. However, population trend is unknown. ii. Eurema brigitta is one of the fifteen most common butterflies in most of Africa and Asia and has a stable population trend iii. Junonia oenone is found all over Africa and both its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are very large. The population trend is largely unknown but there are no present threats to its global population. iv. Zizina antanossa inhabits various types of open country, extending into disturbed area of the forest zone. Its population trend is unknown but it is not affected by any major threats at present, and is therefore very much a species of Least Concern. Junonia Chorimene Papilio Phorcas Cymothoe Jodutta Papilio bromius Figure 5.26 Some of the butterfly species recorded in the proect area 5.2.2.5 Avians Uganda has 1007 bird species, of which 7 are Endangered, 11 Vulnerable and 26 Near- threatened. 190 species are listed in the East Africa Regional Red List (Bennun and Njoroge 1996). The categories of birds according to their habitat include forest specialists 94 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (FF), forest generalists or forest edge species (F), forest visitors (f), species restricted to wetlands/open waters (W), water bird non-specialist, often found near water (w) and grassland species (G) (Caswell, et al., 2005, Bennun, et al., 1996). Uganda has 134 Palaearctic migrant species (species that breed in Europe and Asia during summer and migrate to Africa during winter season). It is also a range state for 56 species that are Afro-tropical migrants (birds that migrate within the African continent) (Caswel, et al., 2005). The avifauna in the project area was surveyed using Timed Species Counts (TSCs) in the morning and in the evening and supplemented by opportunistic observations and trapping with mist nets in the under-storey. Birds recorded were classified into ecological categories where possible basing on the standard habitat classification by Bennun et al (1996). Hence have been classified as; FF forest specialists – these are true forest species most characteristic of the interior of undisturbed forest. Breeding also happens in the forest. F Forest generalists – typical birds of forest edges and gaps. f species – forest visitors and breeding is outside the forest. G species – grassland species W Water birds normally found near water, in wetlands or open water. Overall 640 individuals of Birds were recorded representing 128 species. Diversity was high in forested areas and associated forest woodland mosaics. Outside forest Kitimwa swamp and Rwemisekye recorded the highest diversity. Various methods were used to survey notably trapping method (Mist nets) and Visual encounter survey (Timed Species Count). Trapping yielded 70 individuals representing 15 species while VES yielded 570 specimens representing 113 species. Figure 5.27 Cameroon sombre greenbul one of the most common understorey bird species caught in Bugoma central forest reserve A graph was prepared to compare diversities between the survey sites along Kabwoya- buhuka road (Figure 5.28). 95 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.28 Renyi diversities for the sites along Kabwoya-Buhuka road, the dots show the values for sites, and the lines the extremes (min max) and median in the data set. The graph shows that diversity ranged moderately high for most sites especially those along Bugoma CFR, Sites Bugoma MN4, Bugoma MN7 and Bugoma MN8 recorded the highest diversity Table 5.16 and graph 1 with the exception of Trap-line three (TL3). This could be attributed to the fact that along the road there is continued forest disturbance through noise and dust pollution by passing vehicles, and continued extraction of resources by local people. Previous studies in this forest have reported more species than those encountered during this study for example studies by Davenport et al. 1996, and Plumptre et al. 2010 Table 5.16 Diversity at different sites Sites Diversity Kabwoya_1 2.7 Bugoma MN1 2.5 Bugoma MN2 2.4 Bugoma MN3 2.6 Bugoma MN4 3.0 Bugoma MN5 2.2 Bugoma MN6 2.9 Bugoma MN7 3.4 Bugoma MN8 3.3 Rwemisekye 2.7 Kobusingye 2.6 Kitimwa_swamp 2.9 Nyamahwa 2.7 Rwemisanga 2.6 Nyabutokero 2.7 Buhuka 2.6 96 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Survey point Bugoma MN7 having 45 species was richer than the rest of the survey points followed by Bugoma MN8 36 species, it was however survey points Bugoma MN4 and Bugoma MN1 that attained the asymptote unlike the other survey points. The smoothed averages of the individual curves (Graph 2) represent the statistical expectation of species accumulation curve per study area. (a): Long Creasted Eagle (b): Pygmy King fisher Figure 5.29: Some of the notable charismtic bird species recorded along the Kabwoya-buhuka road Elative species Abundance Species abundance was generally low amongst most species while other species were dominant in particular habitats. Species such as Gray backed camaroptera; and Black and White Casqued Hornbill were dominant in forested sites, and are referred to as typical forest species that prefer forested environs. Out sited forest species such as Common bulbul, Common waxbill and Red bellied fire finch were dominant since they thrive in open country habitats. Relative species abundance also conformed to the abundance hollow curve implying a few species are common (abundant) a bulk of them is considered rare. Species Habitat association A species habitat association analysis was completed in R analysis tool with the multipatt function; the function first grouped the different habitats identified with respect to similarities in bird species communities there in. Seven micro habitat groupings were identified they included; Forest interior (Group1), Grass marsh with scattered trees (Group two), Forest woodland mosaic (Group 3), Forest edge (Group 4), Woodland marsh mosaic, Bushed woodland, Degraded bushland, forest woodland mosaic marsh and seasonally flooded grassland (Group 5), Tea plantation fallow (Group 6) and degraded riverine forest (Group 7). Compared to other habitats, most of the species recorded are those refered to as forest generalists and were mostly recorded along the forest woodland mosaic habitats followed by forest specialists (Table 5.17). Table 5.17: Species of different habitat categories recorded Habitat category No. Species Percentage 97 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) FF = Forest specialists 17 13 G= Grasslands specialists 12 9 Af= Woodland 7 5.4 W= Water bird non specialist 3 2 Af, W= Wooded grassland 15 11.5 Af, f= Forest woodland mosaic 44 34 Af, w= Marshy woodland 3 2 f= Non forest specialists / forest edge species 10 7.7 No species was found to be significantly associated with a single group of habitat, Little green bull (was found to be significantly associated with habitat groups 1, 3, 4 and 6 at P=0.04, Green headed sunbird was significantly associated with habitat groups 1, 4, 6 and 7 at P=0.04 while Vieillot’s black weaver was significantly associated with habitat groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 at P=0.02. Table 5.18: Species relative abundance at different survey locations Site Relative abundance Kabwoya Common bulbul 10% and Black and white casqued hornbill Bugoma MN1 Great blue turraco 9.6%, Splendid sterling 8% and Collared sunbird 8% Bugoma MN2 Little greenbul 14%, Gray backed camaroptera and great blue turraco at 10.7% Bugoma MN3 Cameroon somber greenbul 17% and Green hylia Bugoma MN4 Black crowned waxbill 13% and Black and white casqued hornbill 7% Bugoma MN5 Honey guide greeenbul 11% Cameroon somber greenbul and Common bulbul 19% Bugoma MN6 Black crowned waxbill and Angola swallow at 13.7% Bugoma MN7 Gray backed camaroptera 12.3% followed by black and white casqued hornbill 9% Rwemisekye Black and white mankin 14.3% Great blue turraco 14% Kobusingye Speckled mouse bird 13.5%, Red faced cisticola 10%, Olive sunbird 8% Kitimwa Common waxbill 13%, African reed warbler 8%, Vieillots Black weaver Nyamahwa Red cheeked codonblue 8%, Gray headed sparrow 8% Rwemisanga Common bulbul 13%, Gray backed camaroptera 9% Nyabutokero Common bulbul 18%, Trilling cisticolla 7% Buhuka Black faced waxbill 17%, Croaking cisticolla 10%, Grayheaded kingfisher 7% Species of Conservation concern According to IUCN (2016), most species recorded are mostly considered as Least Concern basing on their wide distribution, stable populations and not facing any alarming threats. Only the African gray parrot (Psittacus arithacus) is globally Endangered (G-EN). The rest of the threatened species are either of regional restricted range (R-RR), regionally near threatened (R-NT), regionally vulnerable (R-VU), or nationally threatened (Table 5.19). Table 5.19: Avian species of conservation concern recorded along Kabwoya buhuka road Common Name Scientific name Habitat Threat category 98 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) African Gray Parrot Psittacus arithacus Af,f G-EN African Pitta Pitta angolensis FF N-VU African Reed Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus w R-NT Ayre's Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii Af,f R-VU Grey-Capped Warbler Eminia Lepida Af,w R-RR Northern Brown-throated Weaver Ploceus castanops G, w R-RR Red-chested Sunbird Cinnyris erythrocerca Af,f R-RR This species has been uplisted to Endangered because the extent of the annual harvest for international trade, in combination with the rate of ongoing habitat loss, means it is now suspected to be undergoing rapid declines over three generations (47 years). Although typically inhabiting dense forest, they are commonly observed at forest edges, clearings, gallery forest, mangroves, wooded savannah, cultivated areas, and even gardens The bird is mainly threatened by illegal trade because It’s one of the most popular avian pets in Europe, the United States, and the Middle East due to its longevity and unparalleled ability to mimic human speech and other sounds. Forest loss is also negatively impacting populations, and is considered to have contributed to declines in Ghana and may be a larger threat than the pet trade in Cameroon (Annorbah et al. 2016). The loss of large trees with nesting cavities may be particularly detrimental. 99 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.3 Socio-economic baseline 5.3.1 Administrative units Hoima District is divided into two counties of Bugahya and Buhaguzi and one Municipality. The counties are sub-divided into 10 Sub-Counties and 1 Town Council and the Municipality is comprised of four Divisions. The proposed project area lies in Buhaguzi County which has five lower governments namely; Bugambe, Buhimba, Kabwoya, Kiziranfumbi and Kyangwali. The project road traverses only Kabwoya and Kyangwali sub counties of Buhaguzi County. In total, the district has 46 rural parishes and 20 town wards, 457 villages and 149 cells. The proposed road crosses a total of 28 villages as illustrated in Table 5.20. Table 5.20 Administrative areas traversed by the Kabwoya-Buhuka road Sub Village county Kabwoya Kikonda II, Kibaali, Nyakibumba, Kisaru, Kyabayanja, Nyaigugu, Nyakafunjo Kyangwali Nsozi, Kinyarwanda, Kyamugasha, kyakidondoro, kyabarongo, Nyamigisha, Mandwiga, Kamugamba, Wairagaza, Kikora, Mburara, Nyabunende, Kyarushesha, Kyarujumba, Butole, Nyamuhamba, Kitooke, Kituuti, Ngogola, Ngoma, Rwemiseke, 5.3.2 Population and demographic characteristics According to population and housing census 2014 provisional results, Hoima District is among the most populated districts in Uganda, with total population was 573,903 persons, comprising of 49.95% males (286,705) and 50.04% females (287,198). Hoima district population was 1.6 percent of the National population (34,856,813 persons). According to the local government development plan for 2015-2020, the distribution of the population by Sub County is uneven. Among the rural sub counties, Kyangwali is the most populated followed by Kigorobya and Kabwoya. The project road lies within Kyangwali and Kabwoya sub counties which have an estimated 13761 and 20911 households respectively and combined form 28% of the population of Hoima district ( Table 5.21). Table 5.21: Population of Kabwoya and Kyangwali sub counties (HDLG 2015) No. of House Males – Females – Total Pop - Av. House Sub County holds Households Pop House holds Households Hold Size Kabwoya 13761 32168 30846 63014 4.6 Kyangwali 20911 48384 47634 96018 4.6 District Total 125907 281353 283836 565189 4.5 Sex Ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. Sex composition is also valuable in understanding gender issues in development. According to the 2014 census, the sex ratio for Hoima District was 99.8 as compared to 95.4 at national level. The overall sex ratio in Hoima shows a declining trend between 1991 and 2014. 100 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.3.2.1 Current population structure A household survey conducted along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road revealed that the household size within the project area ranged from 1 to 27 members. The mean household size was established to be 7 which is higher than Uganda’s national average household size of 5 persons (UBOS, 2015). Such relatively large households are associated with high poverty levels according to UBOS (2015).Overall, 48% of the households had 6-10 (48%) members and 34% while only one household in the project area was noted to have more than 25 members. From these results it can be asserted that at least 82% of the homes have household sizes of ten or less. Lower household size is associated with ability for all people to have basic needs met including adequate feeding, health and education among others. Results from the survey indicate that approximately 37% of the population is aged between 18 and 65 years and 61.7% of the population is less than 18 years old (Table 5.22). This implies that there are more dependants within the project area when compared to the working age population and the younger population in the project area are hence at risk of being engaged in child labour. Table 5.22 Age of population along Kabwoya-Buhuka road Male Female Total % 0-5 183 221 404 24 6<17 313 321 634 37.7 18-35 172 206 378 22.5 36-65 119 125 244 14.52 >65 9 12 21 1.25 796 885 1681 100 5.3.2.2 Population Changes During the period 2002 - 2014, the population of Hoima increased from 343,480 to 573,903 thousand, an increase of 230,423 over a period of 12 years. This gives a growth rate of 4.27 percent, which is slight decline from the rate of 4.73 observed between 1991 and 2002. Hoima‘s high rate of population growth is mainly due to the high fertility levels (over six children per woman) that has been observed for the past four decades, combined with a faster decline in mortality levels, reflected by a decline in Infant and Childhood Mortality Rates as revealed by the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) of 2006 and 2011. The total fertility rate (TFR) for Hoima District has remained high at an average of about 7 children per woman, which is similar to the national level. This mainly is due to high birth rates amongst the reproductive population given that 21.6% (123,963) of the population are women of childbearing age (15 – 49 years). Mortality is measured by three major indicators i.e. Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate and under five mortality rate. These rates have continued to decline over the years. The Infant Mortality Rate declined from 121 to 76 deaths per 1,000 live births between 2006 and 2014 while under 5 mortality rate declined from 91 to 85 deaths per 1,000 live births over the same period. 101 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The Household survey conducted during the ESIA studies established that overall 71% of respondents had stayed in the project area for over ten years. Interviews with the community members revealed that most of the new migrants to the project area came into the area as refugees and others are fishing communities especially at Ikamiro and Kasenyi villages that are closer to Lake Albert. Movements of the fishermen especially along the Lake Albert contribute to migrants into the project area. 5.3.2.3 Ethnicity The project area is ethnically heterogeneous and a number of tribes were established to exist in the area. Banyoro were the most predominant representing 45% followed by Bakiga at 29%. This implies that Lunyoro, Lukiga and Alur should be the languages used for communication in regard to the project. Other tribes recorded in the project area during the survey included; Bafumbira Banyankole Bagungu, Batoro and others as shown in Table 5.23. Table 5.23: Ethnic composition in the project area. Ethnicity Number of Households Percentage Munyoro 102 45 Mugungu 5 2.2 Mutoro 5 2.2 Munyankole 7 3.1 Munyarwanda 4 1.8 Muganda 1 0.4 Langi 1 0.4 Lugbara 3 1.3 Mukiga 64 29 Alur 12 5.4 Muteso 1 0.4 Musoga 3 1.3 Mukonjo 4 1.8 Mwamba 3 1.3 Mufumbira 9 4.0 Other 2 0.9 Total 224 100 5.3.2.4 Religion The household survey conducted along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road revealed that the population were predominantly of the Christian faith (91%) Several religions were recorded during household survey. Catholics are the most dominant (42%), followed by Protestants at 30%, Pentecostals at 16% Muslims at 8%, seventh day Adventists represented 3% while Jehovah’s whiteness represented 1.3% (Figure 5.30). The fact that almost all of households reported that they have a religion implies that religious affiliation (belief in God) is a value in this community. 102 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Religions of community along Kabwoya-Buhuka road Catholic Protestant Pentecostal Moslem Adventist Jehovah witness 3% 1% 8% 16% 42% 30% Figure 5.30: Religions of communities along Kabwoya-Buhuka road A number of worship centres were observed along the proposed road project with direct access from the existing road. These worship activities are likely to be affected mainly by noise generated and vibration from construction machinery. Days of worship at these worship centres were noted to be Saturday for Adventists, Sunday for Christians and Friday for Muslims. 5.3.3 Livelihood sources When asked about sources of income during the household survey at the time of the ESIA, it was established that subsistence agriculture is the main source of income for people in the project area with 74% of households within the project area being actively involved. This was followed by self-employment at 14%. Within substance farming; crop farming was the most dominant activity. Large scale farming (>10 acres), wage based activities and salaried employment each represented 3%. Other activities included livestock farming, property income, pension charity/donations and fishing (Table 5.24). Table 5.24 Main Source of Income for households involved in the survey along Kabwoya-Buhuka road Main Source of Income Frequency Percent Subsistence crop farming 165 73.7 Large scale farming (>10 acres) 6 2.7 Livestock farming (animals) 3 1.3 Fish farming 1 0.4 Self-employment 32 14.3 Wage-based activities/ casual labouring 6 2.7 Salaried employment 6 2.7 Rental/property income 2 0.9 Pension/public transfer 1 0.4 Charity/alms 1 0.4 Total households 223 99.6 No response 1 .4 Total 224 100 The most recent nationwide population and housing census recorded that at least 90% of children aged 10-17 are working (see Table 5.25). 103 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.25 Working Status of the population Persons aged 15+ Children Aged 10-17 Not Locale Working Not working Working working Kabwoya 7991 4240 30732 3004 Kyangwali 12918 4797 42963 2984 (Source: UBOS 2015: Census2014) From the household survey, it was established that 62% of the households’ income is below the national per capita income of 788 USD (Figure 5.31) (Approximately 250,000 Uganda shillings per month) according to the second national development plan 2015/2016-2019/2020. 40% 36% 35% 30% 25% 19% 20% 17% 15% 11% Percent 9% 10% 8% 5% 0% Figure 5.31: Income ranges among household. It was also established that many household members are not involved in any income generating activity which strains the few working household members. Several reasons were given for some household members not working which included; some members being too young to work (96%), lack of employment opportunities (2%). Other reasons for not working included, too old, physically incapacitated and a few members just preferred not to work. 5.3.3.1 Economic activities Economic activities observed during the ESIA studies included commercial tea farming, petty trade within towns, agriculture, hospitality industry, fuel trading, produce and charcoal sales. The district local government estimates that the percentage of people in Hoima District aged 10 and above who are economically active is 60%. The portion of males who are economically active is 66% while that of women is 54%. Small scale farming is the major economic activity in the district, engaging about 63% of the working population. Production is carried out on a myriad of small farms scattered all over the district with 104 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) average land holdings of about 10 hectares. Except for a few progressive farmers, most of the agricultural producers still rely on family Labor. Common crops include cassava, bananas (for food), bananas (for beer), sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, cotton, soya beans, groundnuts, pigeon peas, beans, sorghum and maize and tobacco. Hoima district is richly endowed with natural water resources and this has made fishing a major economic activity. Fishing has greatly influenced the social and economic development in sub counties of Kigorobya, Buseruka, Kabwoya and Kyangwali. A business inventory conducted by Hoima district local government within selected sub counties of the district revealed that majority of businesses within Kyangwali and Kabwoya were under the Agriculture category. This included small-scale and commercial farmers (all types of farmers), agro-processing (facilities – maize mills, rice mills, coffee, etc.), value addition, marketing, animal feeds and human foods. Transport and communication category had 119 enterprises (26.5% of all enterprises appraised in Kyangwali and Kabwoya sub counties) followed by foods and beverage enterprises with 41 enterprises (Table 5.26). Table 5.26 Business inventory for selected 15 priority enterprises in the district by sub-county Enterprises or business categories Hospitality Leisure Entertainment& Accommodation Communication Transport& Healthservices neering Construction/Engi Tourism beverages &Foods ICT services Environment fabrication Metalworks & Vocationskilling Cosmetology (crop/L Agriculture Financialservices Total Sub - county - s) dep’t Mgt Kabwoya 3 2 55 13 5 1 20 8 3 3 69 19 201 Kyangwali 3 2 2 64 12 6 1 21 9 4 5 102 16 247 TOTAL 6 4 2 119 25 11 2 41 17 0 7 0 8 171 35 Tobacco drying shed in right of way in Fuel Pump at Kyangwali trading centre Kyangwali trading centre 105 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Trade and retail shops Charcoal sales and metal fabrication Figure 5.32 Some of the Economic activities observed along the project road 5.3.3.2 Productive activities According to the study agriculture is the main livelihood activity in the project area whose patterns and practices vary. It was established that farmers have medium land holdings ranging between 2-5 acres per household. Maize was observed to be the dominant crop. This was further ascertained from the Focus group discussion held at Kabwoya Sub County. Upland rice has become a popular crop leading in earning income to many households in the district. However, due to high demand for food in the local and regional markets virtually all food crops are equally income earners in the households. “The sub county depends on agriculture as the main source of livelihood with crops grown being maize, beans, cassava and sweet potatoes with importance attached in that order. These serve as both cash and food crops. Other crops grown include sugar cane, tea, tobacco, cocoa, onions cabbages, pineapples and water melon which are mainly grown for sale”. Kabwoya sub county FGD. Large scale farming (tea growing) (Figure 5.33) was observed along the proposed road which belonged to Kilaru Tea estate although a few out growers were also noted to have gardens. Figure 5.33: Part of Kisaaru tea estate along Kabwoya-Buhuka road. 106 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Woodlots and tree plantation were also observed in Kamugamba village. These comprised of pine trees and eucalyptus. During community meetings it emerged that main challenges in crop farming include; climate change, pests and diseases, high costs of production and limited use of modern farming methods. Several maize and cassava grinding mills were observed in major trading centres such as Kabwoya, Butoole, Wairagaza and Kyangwali. The presence of such mills in the communities suggests the desire to add value to their produce before it is offered for sale. In regard to marketing of agricultural produce, weekly village markets were the main trading avenues. These are held on specific days for each trading centre. It was observed that agricultural produce was mainly sold in the local trading centres and road side market stalls. 5.3.4 Food Security The participants in the focus group discussions reported that food security is not an issue in the area. They however noted that the project area was the known for supplying food to Hoima district. According to Hoima District Development Plan 2015-2020, the incidence of hunger is not common and the project area particularly Kyangwali Sub County is considered a food basket for the entire district. This notwithstanding 24% of the district population is said to live below the poverty line the majority of who are subsistence farmers. During preliminary meetings with community leaders at village levels it emerged that incidences of hunger are normally because of selling of most agriculture produce by family members without planning for their consumption needs before the next season. 5.3.5 Land tenure and land use The landuse type along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road comprised of some peri-urban areas with small trading centers, subsistence farmland, commercial farmland, woodlots and belts of natural vegetation dominated by Bugoma forest, and residential settlements/ built up area. Notable within the vicinity of the project road is the Bugoma forest, the Kisaaru tea estate and the Kyangwali refugee settlement camp which is said to own most of the land from Kituti through to Ikamiro along the left hand side of the project road. The major land tenure systems in Hoima District include customary, freehold, leasehold and public land. All protected forests and wildlife conservation areas are under the jurisdiction of government agencies including NFA or UWA, in addition to areas accommodating government institutions and infrastructure. An estimated 11kmsection along the road is gazetted forest reserve which is therefore under the protection of the National Forestry Authority (NFA). Results from the household survey indicate that an estimated 90.2% of the households along Kabwoya-Buhuka road own land. Residents within the project area reported that the following tenure systems within the project area include customary and freehold. 99.5% of households reported that their land is owned under the customary system (possessed through inheritance and without any certificate) while only 0.5% of land was under the freehold system. However consultation with the district land board reveals that Mailo, freehold and customary tenure are in play within the project area. Furthermore 69.7% of households reported that they own less than 2 acres of land while 14.4% own between 2-5 acres and 15.9% own above 5 acres of land. Most respondents 107 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) said they had land along the proposed road, 5.4% said the land is within the vicinity from the project area while 1% said the land they own is away from the project area. The size of land holdings is an indicator of the capacity for commercial agriculture; implying that majority of the homesteads can use their land for subsistence agriculture only. Having land as customary or freehold has implications for land acquisition. Customarily owned land in particular is tied to families and hence sharing of compensation benefits could prove challenging. All in all it will be imperative to ensure that the primary occupants at the time of the RAP or ESIA studies are not left worse off than they were prior to commencement of the road upgrade. 5.3.6 Health 5.3.6.1 Access to health care When consulted about the health centres that they attend; majority of the households attended the nearest government health centre (Figure 5.34). However it was reported during the focus group discussion at Kabwoya that some ailments dictated that one must travel further for example residents cited that animal bites are only treated at Kituti health centre and that Nsozi health centre was more reliable for most residents within Kabwoya Sub County due to availability of drugs. The participants further noted that Kituti health centre was better facilitated in terms of medical workers and supplies. The Kituti health centre was also unanimously voted health centre of preference during the focus group discussion at Kyangwali Sub County. Health Centres Attended by residents 1%1% 24% Kabwoya Health centre III 36% Kituti Health Centre III Nsozi Kisaaru OTHER 38% Figure 5.34 Health centres used by residents along Kabwoya-Buhuka road (source: household survey) It should be noted that Kituti health centre serves both community and the refugee population. One key informant interviewee noted that “The health centre has arrange of services like the OPD, ART clinic, Antenatal, Nutrition services, In patient, Blood transfusion, Deliveries, immunisation, laboratory services health education and promotion and an Ambulance. He added that between 1500-2000 people seek medical care from the OPD monthly while an average of 450 patients get admitted on a monthly basis. He noted that May- June is mainly characterised by high malaria cases, 108 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) December has high incidences of Pneumonia while in March there are waterborne ailments due to the poor sanitation in the area (Key Informant at Kyangwali Health Centre III). Observations along the Kabwoya- Buhuka road revealed that Nsozi and Kituti health centres were located along the road and their boundaries could be affected if the right of way is not restricted to 30m where they are located. Nsozi in particular is not within a trading centre hence the right of way should be reduced for the sake of its preservation. Private health centres including Think Humanity, EBB Health Centre Wairagaza were also observed. The think Humanity health centre has access to funding from Rotary international and mainly serves the refugee population in Kyangwali. 5.3.6.2 Common illnesses Health information for the year 2016 was obtained from the district local government health department. From the data it was observed that top common ailments differ at different health centres; for example whilst Malaria is within the top five ailments reported for all health centres, it is not the top cause of morbidity reported at all the health centres (Table 5.27). At Kituti for example cough or cold (no pneumonia) were recorded as the top cause of morbidity. From the HMIS data it is also evident that animal bites are only treated at Kituti health centre; this was further confirmed during focus group discussions with residents of Kabwoya and Kyangwali. The data indicated that acute diarrhoea is the forth common cause of morbidity reported in Buhuka health centre. Cases of dysentery, skin disease, typhoid were also higher at Buhuka when compared to those reported at the other health centres which are further away from Lake Albert. Table 5.27: Top 12 Communicable illnesses diagnosed within the project area in 2016 Diagnosis Kisaaru Nsozi Kituti Buhuka 1. Malaria Confirmed (Microscopic & RDT) 591 5566 6681 4146 2. No Pneumonia - Cough or Cold 5307 2926 9546 1509 3. Pneumonia 93 442 265 3576 4. Skin Diseases 741 324 750 697 5. Other Types of Meningitis No 316 2 No results results 6. Intestinal Worms 1141 275 2902 142 7. Diarrhoea-Acute 543 251 1574 1119 8. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) 193 248 1044 91 9. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 176 218 143 291 10. Other Sexually Transmitted Infections 165 116 320 84 11. Typhoid Fever 50 72 12 174 12. Dysentery 58 30 151 181 5.3.6.3 Reproductive health Teenage pregnancy is an issue of concern when it comes to influx of workers in a project area hence baseline data is relevant for future monitoring. Number of births attended at 109 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) health centres in the project area serve as an indicator for future monitoring and has hence been used for this report (Table 5.28). Findings from births attended at Kabwoya health centre indicate that 7.9% of mothers attended to in the first half of 2017 were teenage mothers (aged 18 or less at time of conception). Table 5.28 Number of Births Attended at Kabwoya Health Centre during the first half of 2017 Month <18yr 18-25 >25 Total January 21 177 142 340 February 25 184 161 370 March 27 118 154 299 April 28 184 144 356 May 28 208 174 410 June 49 209 198 456 Total 178 1,080 973 2,231 Source: Kabwoya HIMS data sheets (January- June 2017) 5.3.6.4 HIV Construction sites particularly road construction has been associated with increased influx of workers, camp followers and promiscuous sexual behaviour from construction crews who are usually estranged from their families for work purposes. Construction activities are hence a risk factor for new HIV infections. The national HIV prevalence stands at 7.3%. According to the district development plan, the HIV prevalence for Hoima district is at 6.7%. Consultations with Kabwoya HC III revealed that the prevalence in the area is high due to high numbers of migrant workers working on tea and sugar cane plantations. It was reported that 931 patients are enrolled for antiretroviral treatment at Kabwoya H.C III. During the household survey, 100% of respondents were aware of the existence of HIV/AIDS and its' transmission. Ways of HIV transmission stated as highlighted during interviews included, unprotected sex with infected persons, infected blood transfusion, sharing of sharp instruments and mother to child transmission. Survey findings showed that the commonest way of prevention of contraction and spread of the disease was identified to be proper condom use, faithfulness, abstinence and avoiding sharing sharp instruments. According to the local government development plan (DDP 2015-2020) implementing multiple (biomedical, behavioural, and structural) prevention interventions has been adopted by combining strategies to reduce both infectiousness of HIV infected persons and strategies to reduce susceptibility of uninfected individuals. The workplace HIV/AIDS prevention programs need to align with the recommended local government strategy. 5.3.7 Water sources According to the Hoima district local government, safe water coverage in the district stands at 74.2% (Hoima District Local Government 2016). During the ESIA study, it was reported that a piped water system was launched by the ministry of water and environment in Kabwoya Sub County. It was envisaged that service delivery in Kabwoya health centre III would greatly improve due to this water distribution initiative. A number of water sources were noted to exist within the project area as established during the study (Figure 5.35). These included ground water sources, rain water and 110 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) surface water streams; both seasonal and permanent. It was observed that community washed clothes, bathed, washed motorcycles and also fetched water from streams oblivious of the colour or odour from the water. Figure 5.35 Domestic activity at the Ngoma and Nyakatehe streams Safe drinking water to the communities along this road is majorly supplied through communally owned boreholes (49% of households reported that they get their water from communal borehole) (Figure 5.36). Majority of these boreholes are located at least 50 meters off the road. Boreholes were observed in communal locations including the Kyangwali sub county headquarters and Nsozi Health Centre among others. Water sources used by the respondents to the household survey are presented in Table 5.29. Table 5.29 Main water sources in the project area Water source Number of Household Percent Stream 9 3.1 Communal borehole 110 49.1 Springs 103 44.6 Household water tank 2 0.8 Total 224 100 111 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.36: A borehole near Kyangwali sub county A number of challenges were identified in regard to access to water. Bad taste and color was the commonest problem in relation to main water source as stated by 65% of the respondents. This was followed distantly by long queues at 11% and long distances at 8% and seasonal drying up at 7%. The instituted monthly user fee of 2000 thousand shillings for each household that uses boreholes was cited as a challenge by 4% of all sampled households. Other problems included occasional breakdown and lack of maintenance which were cited by 3 and 2% of the respondents respectively. 5.3.8 Sanitation facilities Consultations with residents along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road revealed that approximately 59% of households in the project area have access to their own toilet facilities and 39.8% have access to communal toilet facilities (Table 5.30). Table 5.30 Household Access to sanitary facilities Toilet facility Number Percentage None 2 9% Communal pit latrine (ordinary) 68 30.4% Communal VIP 21 9.4% Own pit latrine (ordinary) 90 40.2% Own pit latrine VIP 42 18.8% No response 1 0.4 Total 224 100% It was however observed that at least 9% of the respondents reported that they have no access to a toilet facility; this implies that they are practicing open defecation. This is hazardous because of the community's dependence on surface water resources as observed at several streams along the road during the time for the ESIA. 5.3.9 Waste Management During the focus group discussions participants were asked how they dispose of waste and it was found that waste is managed at household level. It was reported that domestic waste was managed by open dumping in the back yard; some said they have shallow pits whereas others said they burn their waste particularly the non-biodegradable waste. Respondents indicated that food waste is usually fed to domestic animals such as pigs and chicken. In the rural growth centres, the waste was noted to be collected in sacks that are later scattered in gardens and none had a central collection point. Also indiscriminate disposal of waste especially used polythene bags was observed within the rural growth centres and removal of such waste did not seem to be regular (Figure 5.37). 112 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.37 Waste Dumped on the edges of Bugoma forest 5.3.10 Transport During the study it was evident that available means of transport were not sufficient to satisfy the demand as five seater vehicles were seen to be used as means of public transport ( Figure 5.38); these are typically loaded over their intended carrying capacity. Focus group discussions at Kyangwali and Kabwoya sub counties also revealed that the travel costs are high when compared to the distance of travel. Figure 5.38 Small cars used for public transport parked in Kabwoya Trading Centre It was noted that travelling from Kabwoya to Kyangwali costs 10,000shs while moving from Kabwoya to Hoima costs 15,000. In regard to frequency of travel it was established that 69% travel on a daily basis, 24% of the respondents said they travel once or twice while the other 4% rarely travel. It was established that most of the movement is within less than 3 km from the households with 42% of respondents reporting this followed by those who travel for than 10km. These reported that they usually travel to Hoima and Kampala. It was further established that the main reason for travel was to go to work, followed by going to the garden and travel to the market represented by 49%, 24% and 21% respectively. The other reasons for travelling were visiting family members, health facility and travel to collect firewood and water each represented by 2.7, 1.8 and 0.5% respectively. As illustrated with Figure 5.39 below, the largest proportion of respondents (39%) walk to their destinations. The second largest proportion 35% use hired motorcycles locally known as “boda boda” to their destinations. The two least commonly used means of transport were a bus and own car at 1% and 2% respectively. 113 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 2.2 11.6 Walk Bus 9.8 39 Lorry Motorcycle/boda boda Bicycle Own car 35 Taxi 1.3 0.4 Figure 5.39: Commonly used means of transport 5.3.11 Communication Households reported that they mainly received information through radio which was represented by 50%, followed closely by mobile phones at 44%. Local council meetings were mentioned by 2.7% of the respondents. The household survey further established that the main radio stations listened to in the project area are Spice FM, Liberty and Hoima FM and these are the most convenient avenues of conveying information about the project. It was recorded that 83% of the households in the project area have a working radio set in working condition. Mobile phones were also noted to be an important source of information with MTN and Airtel being the most common networks in the area. The other sources of information for households were newspapers, places of worship, village groups and neighbours as indicated in Table 5.31. The study team observed that along the proposed project road, MTN network did not have clear coverage; hence some sections within Kabwoya and Kyangwali Sub County are not well served with common telecommunication networks. Table 5.31 Sources of Information as reported by respondents to the household survey Source of information Frequency Percent Radio 113 50.6 News Paper 1 0.4 Mobile phone 99 44.2 LC meetings 7 3 Places of worship 2 1 Groups 1 0.4 Neighbors 1 0.4 Total 224 100 5.3.12 Education It was deduced from the survey findings that the household heads predominantly have low level of education with up to 61% of reporting that they did not attain a primary seven leaving certificate. Only 22% of household heads were recorded to have completed 114 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) primary seven (Figure 5.40) in comparison to the national education average of 71% of Ugandans having attained primary level education. Education Level Attained by Household Head Tertiary Secondary (A 4% Level) None 0.4% 12% Secondary (O Level) Below P.7 13% 49% At least P.7 22% Figure 5.40 Level of education attained by household heads From these findings it can be asserted that over half of the population is not able to communicate in written or spoken English. Any future communication with the community should therefore be inclusive and mindful of local languages within the project area. The school enrolment data collected for various schools (Table 5.32) along the road also reveal a low level of enrolment and generally fewer children are enrolled for the primary school completion class of P7 when compared to those who enrol for primary level one. Table 5.32 School enrolment data for select primary schools along Kabwoya- Buhuka road School Rwemisanga Kabwoya PS Kisaaru PS Tontema PS Buhuka Class M F M F M F M F M F P1 38 34 48 36 75 65 72 84 97 130 P2 33 32 39 33 60 63 72 60 72 82 P3 19 30 33 38 67 60 52 74 64 85 P4 20 16 38 31 57 50 43 45 76 79 P5 18 23 29 26 44 46 39 41 49 36 P6 6 16 25 28 30 38 25 21 35 28 P7 11 4 14 18 28 20 27 24 22 0 During the household survey, 73% of the participating households reported that they had children attending school. Findings further indicated that 47% of those attending school live in a distance of less than a kilometre from a primary school while 29% estimated the distance of the school to be between 1 and 2.5km while 12.5% live over 5km from the nearest primary school. Some respondents (2.5%) could not estimate the distance from their home to the nearest school. Interviews and observations revealed that a total of 9 primary schools along the road in the two sub counties. During the study it was ascertained that the two sub counties had one secondary school each thus Kabwoya secondary and St. John Paul II Memorial secondary schools in Kabwoya and Kyangwali respectively. 115 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) During a key informant interview with the head mistress Kabwoya secondary school it was indicated that the biggest challenge they face is the high dropout rate. She said, "This is for both boys and girls although the latter are higher". Reasons for dropout she cited included limited support from parents and the community who don’t fully appreciate education, early pregnancies poverty and long distance from home to school The development of the road will impact on schools in different ways but for the most part the fences and playgrounds may be affected (Figure 5.41). Figure 5.41 Location of schools along the project road 5.3.13 Housing and settlement The population is generally densely populated around the trading centres (Figure 5.42) which have nucleated settlements whilst homesteads with subsistence farms are located off the road. The presence of forested area along the main road means that at least 11km of road is not covered in residential settlements. 116 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.42 Kyangwali trading centre The household survey revealed that 86.2% of the respondents owned the houses in which they stayed, 13.4% of the households were reported to stay in rented houses while 0.4% was squatters taking care of properties belonging to others as shown in Table 5.33. The majority of the households (95%) were recorded to have iron sheet roofed houses, 5% had grass thatched roofed huts. Table 5.33 House ownership and quality of housing Ownership No. % Roofing No. % Walls No. % Grass/that Un-burnt Self owned 193 86.2 ch 11 5 bricks 4 1.8 Rented 30 13.4 Iron sheets 207 95 Burnt bricks 111 49.96 Squatting 1 0.4 Concrete 0 0 Iron sheets 2 0.9 10 Total 224 100 Total 218 0 Wood/ Mud 105 46.9 Cement blocks 2 0.9 Total 224 100 The nature of walls for a structure is an indication of the level of financial investment and also the quality of housing. Almost half of the participating households had burnt brick walls and an almost similar proportion had their walls made of mud or wood; these are deemed to be semi-permanent structures because they need to be renovated within shorter periods when compared with brick wall homes. 5.3.14 Gender Through focus group discussions it was recorded that men are responsible for building a home and acquiring assets whilst women were caretakers of children and the home. The household survey also recorded that men are more likely to be responsible for; buying or acquiring assets as reported by 57% of the homes consulted as compared to the likelihood of women rated at only 20%. 117 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Women are more involved in domestic activities participating in 83% of the household chores as compared to men who only participate in 4%. Survey findings revealed that only 4% of the household activities are jointly done by all family members. Though farming was noted as an activity in which all family members participate, marketing of agricultural produce was however a male dominated activity. From the survey it was established that boys mainly participate in animal rearing, farming, participating in sports, domestic chores and buying basic necessities while girls are mainly involved in helping with domestic chores, child caring and marketing of agriculture produce. It was noted that roles participated in by girls are similar to those for women which can be attributed to cultural practices that tend to prepare girls for future roles as house wives. The gender dynamics within the wider community were also investigated through considering activities in which the larger community participates. Sports were mainly defined as a male dominated activity with men and boys’ participation standing at 37 and 30% respectively. Both men and women participated in attending community meetings although the percentage of men still outweighed that of women in all meetings held during consultations. Men also participate widely in communal work such as cleaning wells with participation standing at 64%. Both men and Women were involved in helping at funerals and wedding each represented by 57% and 58% respectively. 5.3.15 Energy sources The project area like most of Uganda is highly dependent on biomass fuel for cooking. This was affirmed by the household survey data which indicated that the majority of the households (80.4%) used firewood for cooking, while 17.9% used charcoal as shown in Table 5.34. The household survey results also indicated solar energy was the most common source of lighting (used by 75.7% of the households); while only 0.5% stated that they used electricity from the national grid Table 5.34 Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting Fuel source No. % Light source No. % Firewood 180 80.4 Electricity 1 0.5 Charcoal 40 17.9 Candles/tadooba 29 13.1 Others 1 0.4 Paraffin or gas lamp 21 9.5 no response 3 1.3 Solar 168 75.7 Total 224 100 Others 3 1.4 Total 222 100 Newly erected distribution lines were observed during the time for the ESIA, these are likely to be energized by the time road construction will commence. Construction works have potential to interrupt utility supply and those dependent on electricity would be affected. 5.3.16 Vulnerable groups Findings from the focus group discussions indicate that access to and decision to use the family land is mainly dominated by the head of the household who is usually a man. Women are generally reduced to land users and they do not own or make major decisions about land use unless they purchased the land or are the head of the home. 118 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Among other methods, participatory identification of vulnerable groups was undertaken within engagements with the community. The Kabwoya Focus group discussion participants characterized the poor as those “without shelter, with no land, no food, do not work, and are basically dependents”. The participants put the poor in Kabwoya at 5%; basically because they failed to identify anyone without the basic need of shelter. They unanimously stated that they have no homeless people amongst them. Five percent of households that participated in the household survey live with members who have a disability. This is lower than the national average of 12.5% (2014 National census). The most common form of disability reported was physical. Other forms of disabilities noted in the community were blindness or sight impairment, mental illness (including epilepsy), hearing impairment and speech impairment. The elderly are also vulnerable because of their reduced ability to do manual work. Amongst 224 household heads, 8% were above 60years old. The survey also included 38 female headed households which were 17% of the households sampled. Additionally 17% of the households reported that they earned less than Ug.X 100,000 a month. Aspects of vulnerability shall be considered during the resettlement action planning process and also during the construction period. It is imperative that the construction project accrue benefits to all people including but not limited to availing gainful employment opportunities to the less affluent in society. 5.3.17 Community safety and security An investigation into the nature of crimes reported within the project area was used as an indicator for the safety/security situation in the project area (Table 5.35). Thefts or robberies rank highest amongst the crimes that were reported to Kyangwali police post for the first half of 2017. There are also a high number of violence, defilement, murder and rape cases in this region. Table 5.35 Crimes reported at Kyangwali police post during the January-June 2017 Crime Frequency Percent Criminal trespass 4 4.3 Abduction 2 2.2 Impersonation of army 1 1.1 Malicious damage 4 4.3 Theft or robbery 26 28.0 Rape 7 7.5 Defilement 19 20.4 Murder 7 7.5 Arson 1 1.1 Violence threatened or harm 21 22.6 Drugs related 1 1.1 Total 93 100.0 5.4 Physical cultural resources During the ESIA, specialists from the Department of Museums and Monuments undertook an assessment within the project area and encountered several archaeological, historical and cultural sites in the project area with some in the right of way (RoW). Spiritual sites like churches were also recorded, details of which are given in the sections that follow. 119 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) No fossil was identified in the road project area as it contained mainly alluvial deposits young for fossilization. 5.4.1 Historic sites 5.4.1.1 Sir Samuel Bakers view. According to Madam Joyce Kyamuresire a councillor at Kyangwali Sub County headquarters, this site was formerly in Kabwoya wildlife reserve where Sir Samuel Baker stood as he watched the beautiful Lake Albert scenery in 1864 (Figure 5.43). Sir Samuel Baker named the lake which was locally known as Mutanzige to Albert (C.D.Warner, et., 1917). This site is located on GPS coordinates 36N 0250718 0135915. Oral traditions has it that Sir Samuel Baker rested on the rock at this site, they base their assertions on the engravings on the rock which are still visible even today. From the cultural point of view at GPS coordinates 36N 0250711 0135932 at elevation 953meters there is another rock attached to the Banyoro people who visited the lake, they used to tie a small stone and small stick together, they would then kneel before the rock and throw these tied items on to it asking not to get tired on their way to and fro the lake as narrated by Mr. Jawoth Nassan. It is located approximately 55m (out of the RoW) away from the new tarmac road going to Buhuka fishing village. Figure 5.43: Sir Samuel Bakers view 5.4.1.2 The ruins of Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church These ruins of the old church are located in Kikonda II, Mboga parish, Kabwoya Sub County; Hoima district on GPS coordinates 36N 0286348E 0137845N (Figure 5.44). According to Fr. Kajira Rapheal, the parish priest, this church was constructed in 1920’s. The ruins of the old church are still protected as they are important to the community in keeping their history of how far they have come. Significance Historical monuments/building, landscapes and events are important for the memory of the country. For every society history brings memories. It does not matter either bad or good history. Bad history alerts the recent societies not repeat the same mistakes while good history is nostalgic. All history is resourceful and worthy to be conserved and packaged for tourism development. 120 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.44: The ruins of Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church 5.4.2 Archaeological features The project area and the surroundings are archaeologically rich with numerous pottery sites, iron slag, lithic artifacts and bones. Common archaeological materials collected were potsherds especially in Kyangwali Sub County. Field research (foot surveys and observation) revealed that the technology of pottery making still exists (see Figure 5.45). Fragments (debit age) of quartz were identified in the project area but few lithic artifacts were recorded including a core, point and flakes/points. Figure 5.45: Pottery making technology still practiced in the region; Mburara village, Kyangwali Sub County 5.4.2.1 Pottery scatters, Ngoma village 1 This is located in Ngoma village, Ikamiro L.C I, Kyangwali sub county, Hoima district on GPS coordinates 36N 0252095E 0135666N. It is located just 12 meters from the 121 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) centreline of the existing road and is hence within the right of way. The recovered potsherds (Figure 5.46) part of the pot body, tempered with grog, with knotted roulette and Urewe type decoration and show evidence of reduced firing. Significance Existence of grog in the potsherds collected from this site indicated that they are of Early Iron Age as this period is known for use of grog. b a c Figure 5.46: a and b=knotted roulette sherds, c=urewe sherd at Ngoma village in the RoW 5.4.2.2 Ngogole 1 archaeological site Two points were surveyed, one within Ngogole 1 village, Kyangwali sub county located around coordinates 36N 0257770E 0135670N at an elevation of 1184m above the sea level and the second point at 0257722E 0135698N. Potsherds and bones (Figure 5.47) were found at the second survey point at 22.4meters (in the RoW) from the middle of the existing road. Analysis revealed the evidence of knotted roulette, twisted grass roulette, grooves, as some of the decorations that were used, grog, and coarse sand, fine sand as tempering materials; reduced and oxidized as forms of firing techniques. The collected bone samples were pre-fossil teeth of a bovid. d e a b c Figure 5.47: a, b=knotted strip roulette, c=knotted string roulette, d= knotted roulette and e= Bovidae tooth at Ngogole 1 archaeological site. 122 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Significance Pottery collected from this site indicates several decoration types of Knotted roulette together with twisted grass roulette; presence of grog in some potsherds is a direct characteristic of Early Iron Age pottery tradition. Collections of teeth probably of a bovid indicates that past people in the area not only depended on cultivation but also survived on other food source in form of meat from hunted and domestic grass eating animals (bovines). Therefore there is a need to preserve and reserve such archaeological sites in their natural context for future and further research for both current and future generations. The development impact is likely to be high and direct which might destroy the cultural heritage of the area. 5.4.2.3 Potsherds at Ikamiro Numerous potsherd (Figure 5.48) were collected from Ikamiro ‘A’ village, Kyangwali sub County, Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0251802E 0135620N approximately 45 meters from the existing road. The recovered potsherds revealed that were part of the body of the pot, tempered with grog, with knotted roulette decoration, and indication of Early Iron Age. Figure 5.48: Knotted roulette Potsherds at Ikamiro Significance Pottery is a direct evidence of early human settlement which helps to determine the lifestyle of pre-historic societies such as social ranking, gender. These potsherds are used to decipher how various areas within the societies were used. 5.4.2.4 Potsherds at Ngoma site 2 At Ngoma Trading Centre ; coordinates 36N 0252414 0135538 ,1124m above sea level, a number of potsherds (Figure 5.48) spread all over the place were collected together with tooth pieces probably of a bovid, artifacts samples were collected for further analysis. Significance Results from analysis showed that this site is gifted with both undecorated and decorated pottery, kinds of decoration motifs identified in the area include; knotted roulette, irregular 123 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) grooves and red burnishing. Fine sand, very fine sand crystals, course gravel of quartz, and grog were among the tempering materials used; and all these show the nature and kind of pottery making of Early and Late Iron Age. Basing on the shape, type and form of the recovered tooth pieces, it shows that they belong to the Bovines. The occurrence of these bone pieces in association with roulette decorate pottery of Iron Age period indicates that past people in the area did not only depend on cultivation but also survived on other food sources from hunting and domestic grass feeding animals. Hence, is likely to face destruction during the construction works and the impact magnitude of the development is high since it is in the RoW. a b Figure 5.49: a= a collection of Knotted strip roulette Potsherds and b=bone fragments of an animal jaw probably of a bovine at Ngoma village in the RoW. 5.4.2.5 Butoole pottery This site is located in Butoole West, Kyangwali Sub County, Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0260817E 0135754N at an elevation of 1164m within the right of way at 18.9 meters from the middle of the existing road. 5.4.2.6 Kyangwali pottery This site is located in Kyangwali village, Kyangwali parish, Kyangwali Sub County; Hoima district on GPS coordinates 36N 0267399 UTM 0136028. The potsherds (Figure 5.50) both decorated of mainly roulette and undecorated in the RoW at 15.7 meters from the middle of the existing road. More artifacts were collected in the same village at GPS coordinates 36N 0256241 UTM 0134615 in the edges of the cross section of the existing road. 124 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) c a b D c Figure 5.50: a and b are curved wood roulette, c and d are knotted strip roulette in Kyangwali village. Significance The record of pottery with knotted roulette, reduced firing, with grog and some with course and fine as temper in this area affirms to previous reports that have indicated pottery production in the greater Bunyoro Kitara kingdom during Early and late Iron Age in the pre-colonial times. This activity made Bunyoro a great economic polite by then but the skill has disappeared. There is need to preserve evidence of this for posterity. This site can therefore be developed into an archaeological site and preserved for education purposes. The effect on this site by the development is high and direct. 5.4.2.7 Kikunda II iron slag site. It is located in Kikunda II, Mboga parish, Kabwoya Sub County; Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0286478E 0137960N at an elevation of 1178m approximately 86 meters from the middle existing road (out of the RoW) behind the church (Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church).The site bears numerous iron slag and ores (Figure 5.51), a direct evidence of iron smelting on the site. The site has been disturbed by human activities but the heaps of the iron slag have been left intact in the ground. Figure 5.51: Kikunda II iron slag site out of the RoW Significance Iron slag are usually one of the remains preserved in the Paleolithic sites and are also major component of late prehistoric assemblages important in understanding how ancient humans lived. Iron slag in the area portrays the ancient technology that contributed to the economic development of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom in the pre-colonial times. This site is very important for preservation but the impact magnitude by the development is very low 125 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) since it’s out of the RoW. However we anticipate that there might be sites of the same kind within the vicinity of the project area. 5.4.2.8 Kibaali archaeological site This site is located in Kibaali village, Igwanjura parish; Kabwoya Sub County at coordinates 36N 0284025E 0136894N at an elevation of 1147m. On the site are potsherds and cores (Figure 5.52) were collected together with an iron slag at 20metres (in the RoW) from the middle of the existing road. b c a Figure 5.52: a is knotted strip roulette, b is core and c is iron slag at Kibaali archeological site Significance The record of iron slag in this area affirms to previous reports that have indicated iron production in the greater Bunyoro Kitara kingdom during the pre-colonial times. As earlier mentioned this was the main economic that made the Bunyoro Kitara kingdom powerful. Evidence of this technology is the iron slag though the skill and technology has disappeared. This site can therefore be developed into a cultural tourism site or preserved for education purposes. The effect on this site by the development is high and direct. 5.4.2.9 Wemisiki Archeologically site The site is located around coordinates 36N 0267399E 03136027N in Wemisiki village, Kyangwali sub county, Hoima district. Material collected (Figure 5.53) and recorded at this site included pottery and lithics in the RoW embedded within the soil layers of the edges of the existing road. Other lithic materials were collected from the same locality at coordinates 36N 0266438E 0135141N all in the RoW. 126 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) b e c a d Figure 5.53: a and d are chobi ware sherds, b is Urewe horizontal incisions (EIA), c is quartz flake and e is fragments of quartz at Wemisiki Archaeological site Significance Basing on the evidence of the recovered materials the sites are equipped with LSA and EIA artifacts. The recovered pottery with irregular engravings (groove like- impression) was one of the common decorations used by the first pottery markers in the transitional period from Stone Age to Iron Age. Urewe pottery recorded is a representation of EIA dating about third century AD and Chobi ware, which is probably partly contemporary with and partly later than Urewe ware and roulette decorated pottery of recent. (Robert Soper 2010). Also the micro lithic materials of clear quartz from the edges of the cross section of the existing road show stone tool production in the area. Therefore there is need to preserve, protect and conserve the area for posterity, research and cultural tourism. The effect on this site by the development is high and direct. 5.4.2.10 Potsherds at Kisaru These potsherds (Figure 5.54) are found in Kisaaru village, Kimbugu Parish, Kabwoya sub County around coordinates 36N 0279434E 0136296N at an elevation of 1187m. According to Mr. Karubanga William, this was a manufacturing point for pots. The point is 30m from the middle of the existing road. a c b Figure 5.54: a, b and c are chobi ware sherds and undecorated sherd with a rim at Kisaaru village. 127 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Significance Borrowing a leaf from the information we got from the elders in the area, they strongly argue that this was a manufacturing areas of pottery materials. Also the presence and scatters of potsherds all over the place confirms the elders’ arguments. Collections of Chobi ware pottery presumes to belong to the first millennium AD suggesting the settlement by food producers. (Connah1997). Therefore there is a need to preserve, protect, and conserve the area because it has a special history to the people as potters, but also is important heritage education and development. The area starts from the current road sloping downwards, thus the development impact is high and direct. 5.4.2.11 Kyabasala lithic site This site is located in Kyabasala village, Kimbugu parish, Kabwoya Sub county at coordinates 36N 0267176E 0135893N. On the site there are scatters of lithic artifacts (Figure 5.55) on the edges of the existing road in the RoW within the road reserve. Figure 5.55: Fragments of quartz lithic artifacts containing smoky quartz at Kyabasala lithic site Significance Lithic materials are major components of prehistoric assemblages important in understanding how ancient humans lived. Recovery of the lithic artefacts is a direct indication of stone tool usage in the area probably hunting since the area was formerly in Kabwoya wildlife reserve. There is direct impact of the site since it is in the RoW. Therefore chance finds should be considered. 5.4.2.12 Test pit at Kyangwali The test pit was set up in Kyangwali village, Kyangwali parish, Kyangwali Sub County around coordinates 36N 0256237E 0134616N. It was in the RoW at a distance of 8.2m from the middle of the road. The test pit (Figure 5.56) had four arbitrary levels of 10cm with the first three measuring 1x1m and the forth level 1x0.5m. The third level had fewer artifacts when compared to the first two levels; therefore a 1x0.5m portion of the unit was established to confirm if no more artifacts were beneath. The pit was back filled after level four. Artifacts recovered include; lithics, pottery and bones. 128 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.56: Test pit at Kyangwali Results of the test pit. Only one potsherd was collected on the surface, but having observed artifacts in the edges (cross section) of the existing road, expectations of recovering more were high. Level one (0-10cm) produced a lot of potsherds (decorated and undecorated), bones of fish and lithics. The color of the soil in level one was black loam, with a fairly smooth texture in hands. Level two (10-20cm) produced the high number of potsherds, one lithic artifacts and several bones. The soil color changed to dark brown in the south eastern, south parts of the excavation unit and black loam from the northern part. The soil texture was fairly smooth but sticky in hands. The third level (20-30cm) produced potsherds and bones of fish. The color of the soil was dark brown with rough particles of gravel. Level four (30-40cm). This level was established to proof whether no more artifacts materials down and this was that no more artifacts when the level reached the barren marrum soils. From this level, few potsherds and bones were recovered from the first 5cm and the last 5cm were barren hence the closure of the test pit. Significance/ conclusion from the test pit. The site excavated is one of the naturally preserved archaeological sites recovered in the area. It is a complex site accommodating different archaeological data including pottery of early and late iron periods which is evidenced by the presence of knotted and twisted roulette potsherds, fish and animal bones which can show the type of subsistence lifestyle of the past people who lived in the area. The development impact will be high and direct since the site in located in the RoW. 129 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 5.36: Result from surveyed sites and Test Pit Excavation Site Provenanc Pottery Teeth/bone Lithics Metallurgy Name e s Un decorated Non Decorated Core scrapper Flake debit age Slag Ngogole Surface 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 Kyangwal Surface 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 i Wemisiki Surface 1 3 0 0 1 10 0 Ikamiro Surface 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Kibaali Surface 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 Kikunda II Surface 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Ngoma Surface 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 site 1 Ngoma Surface 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 site 2 Butoore Surface 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 Kisaru Surface 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 Kyabasal Surface 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 a Test pit at Surface 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kyangwal Level 1 3 17 11 0 1 2 0 i Level 2 54 15 15 0 2 1 0 Level 3 18 1 18 0 0 1 0 Level 4 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 5.4.3 Living Cultural sites Several living culture features were identified along the proposed project road alignment. Among the sites include traditional/spiritual trees, places of worship and burial sites. The survey team documented individual graves, burial sites, and a cemetery in the vicinity of the project area, some in the RoW and others out of the RoW. 5.4.3.1 Burial ground at Ikamiro There are four graves within this burial ground located in Ikamiro ‘A’ village, Kyangwali sub County, Hoima district approximately 50m from the existing road around coordinates 36N 0251802 , 0135596. The person responsible for these graves is Mr. Ndyanabo Samuel who can be contacted on 0772267806. The graves will not be affected by the construction. 130 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 5.4.3.2 Kinyamahwa burial site The site is located in Kinyamahwa, Butoore parish, Kyangwali Sub County, Hoima district. It is at coordinates 36N 0258723 0135567. The site has four graves out of the RoW at 35m from the middle of the existing road. Mr. Asiimwe Lawrence should be contacted on 0777513777 incase the graves are to be relocated. 5.4.3.3 Burial site 1 at Butoore East out of the RoW The burial site is located in Butoore East, Kyangwali sub county, Hoima district at coordinates 36N 0259842, 0135426 at an elevation of 1160m above the sea level. The site has five graves (Figure 5.57) at 29.9m from the middle of the existing road (in the RoW). Mrs. Ntabwete Margret can be contacted on 0788763885 before ground breaking. However this site is unlikely to be affected by construction of the road. Figure 5.57: Burial site 1 at Butoore East out of the RoW 5.4.3.4 Burial site 2 in Butoore This burial site is also found in Butoore East Kyangwali sub county at coordinates 36N 0259684E 0135382N at an elevation of 1156m. The graves are found in a garden (Figure 5.58) and can be identified with the potsherds that had been placed on them but are now scattered all over the place. There are 10 graves in this area found 29.5m from the existing road and Mrs.Ntabwete Margret can be contacted on 0788763885 in case the graves are to be affected. 131 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.58: Burial site 2 in Butoole 5.4.3.5 A grave at Kyabasara This grave is located in Kyabasara village, Kimbugu parish, Kabwoya Sub County in Bugoma CFR (Figure 5.59). It is located around coordinates 36N 0273921 0139545 at an elevation of 1192m and is 16.6m from the middle of the existing road. According to Mr. Arituha Muhereza, the chairperson of Kyamugasa village, the grave is of a thief who was killed under mob justice after stealing a motor cycle. He has been buried here in the forest reserve since 2016. The forest reserve is not to be acquired by UNRA hence there is a low likelihood that this grave shall be affected by the construction of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Figure 5.59: A grave at Kyabasara. 5.4.3.6 Cemetery at Kikonda II The cemetery (Figure 5.60) belongs to Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church located in Kikonda II, Mboga parish, Kabwoya Sub County, Hoima district. The cemetery is close to Kabwoya town at coordinates 36N 0286318 0137850 at an elevation of 1169m. According to the parish priest Rev.Fr. Rafael Kajira, the cemetery was established in 1982 and it accommodates over 23 graves for the Christians of the parish who wish to be buried near their church. In order to respect their wish, the cemetery was put in place. There is no any parish Priest buried at this cemetery, it is only for good Christians and most of the times people visit the cemetery to pray for their relatives who left them. The cemetery is located 132 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 20.7m from the middle of the existing road. Rev. Fr. Rafael Kijura the current parish priest should be contacted on 0780228545 before ground breaking at this point. Figure 5.60: Cemetery at Kikonda II 5.4.3.7 Burial place 1 at Kitaga village This site is found in Kitaga village (Figure 5.61), Kituti L.C I, Kyangwali sub county, Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0254229 0134577 at an elevation of 1143m within the right of way for the existing alignment at 9.1m from the middle of the existing road. There are 30 graves at this site and Mr. Tusiime Eria, the clan head is responsible for them and can be contacted on 0788763630 during the RAP implementation. Figure 5.61: Burial site 1 at Kitaga village. 5.4.3.8 Burial site 2 at Kitaga Village This site is found in Kitaga village, Kituti L.C I, Kyangwali sub county Hoima district around 36N 0253979E 0134689N at an elevation of 1129m .The burial site is within the right of way at 14.8m from the middle of the existing road. Mrs Nyakato Diana Tusiime Eria the clan head should be contacted on 0788763630 before any construction on this site which has 3 graves. 133 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.62: Burial site 2 at Kitaga Village 5.4.3.9 Burial site 1 at Kisaru This burial site (Fgure 5.61) is located in Kisaaru village; Kabwoya sub county at coordinates 36N 0279408, 0136300 at an elevation of 1164m. There are six graves about 30m from the existing road with one grave approximately 8meters away from the rest. Mr. Karubange William who is responsible for these graves should be contacted on 0781422447 before any construction on the site. Figure 5.63: Burial site 1 at Kisaru 5.4.3.10 Burial site 2 at Kisaru This burial site is located in Kisaru village; Kyamayanja LC I, Kabwoya Sub County, Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0279177E 0136507N at an elevation of 1162m. There are 12 graves (Figure 5.64) at this site all located at least 29m from the existing road. These shall not be affected during construction. 134 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.64: Burial site 2 at Kisaru 5.4.3.11 Grave at Kyabazara This grave is found at Kyabazara LCI, Kabwoya Sub County, and Hoima district on GPS coordinates 36N 0275758 UTM 0138534 at an elevation of 1161m. The grave at the site is in the RoW at 10.4meters from the middle of the existing road. Mr. Tinkasiimire John can be contacted 0783482603. Figure 5.65: Grave at Kyabazara 5.4.3.12 Burial ground 1 at Kibaali This site is located in Kibaali LC I, Kabwoya Sub County, and Hoima district (Figure 5.66). One grave is 28.2 m from the middle of the existing road slightly out of the right of way at coordinates 36N 02840802E 0136890N at an elevation of 1150m. There are other graves that are located at a distance of 80m away from the first grave at GPS coordinates 36N 0284031E 0136882N at an elevation of 1149m. All are outside the right of way for the road however Mr. Baronge Eliab is responsible for this site and can be contacted on 0785384061. 135 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.66: Grave at Kibaali and other graves approximately 80m away. 5.4.3.13 Burial site 2 at Kibaali This burial site is located within the right of way a distance of 17.6m from the existing road in Kibaali village; Kabwoya sub county Hoima district on GPS coordinates 36N 0284429E 0137051N. Mr. Baronge Eriab is responsible for this site and can be contacted on 0785384061. Unless practically impossible; the right of way within this section could be reduced to 30 to avoid destruction of the graves. 5.4.3.14 Cultural trees in Bugoma forest These trees (Figure 5.67) are found in Nsozi village, Kyangwali sub county Hoima district around coordinates 36N 0269403E 0136163N within the RoW along the road in Bugoma forest reserve. According to Jawoth Nassan, the head of traditional doctors in the area, several sacrifices are made to these trees on 2nd June every year. Once this has been done any witchdoctor of any gender can come to the area to collect medicine. This place was given to them by Omukama Solomon Gafabusa Iguru. He also adds that nobody can walk through the area at 9pm, midnight and 3am for if they try, they lose their way. Mr. Jawoth maintains that it is very dangerous to cut down these trees though he doesn’t know what exactly can happen since the trees have never been cut. Figure 5.67: Cultural trees in Bugoma forest 5.4.3.15 Medicinal tree at Kituti village This tree (Figure 5.68) is locally known as ‘Omunyazabakazi’ in ‘located in Kituti village of Kyangwali sub county and is just 5 meters from the centre of existing road around coordinates 36N 0254164E 0134584N. According to Mr. Jawoth, the tree provides herbs 136 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) that are used to treat barren women so that they can give birth and also induce birth in the pregnant women who have exceeded 9 months. He adds that this tree can be cut as on condition that the same species is planted within the area. Mr. Tebagwa Gerald can be contacted on 0775082072 before cutting and replanting this tree since it is in his land. Figure 5.68: Medicinal tree at Kituti village 137 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Figure 5.69 Location of sites of physical cultural importance within the project area 138 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 6.1 Participation Objectives The stakeholder engagement and consultation processes were undertaken as per the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations S.I. No. 13/1998. Regulation 12 of the Environmental Impact Assessment regulations for Uganda details about Public participation during the study. (1) The developer shall take all measures necessary to seek the views of the people in the communities which may be affected by the project during the process of conducting the study under these regulations. (2) In seeking the views of the people under sub-regulation (1), the developer shall - (a) publicise the intended project, its anticipated effects and benefits through the mass media in a language understood by the affected communities for a period of not less than fourteen days; (b) after the expiration of the period of fourteen days, hold meetings with the affected communities to explain the project and its effects; and (c) Ensure that the venues and times of the meetings shall be convenient to the affected persons and shall be agreed with the leaders of local councils. (Extract from Environmental Impact Assessment regulations, 1998) The main objectives of the stakeholder engagement were to: • Identify all those affected by or interested in the Project • To seek the views of the people in the communities which may be affected by the project during the process of conducting the study and make sure that stakeholders adequately understand the positive and negative impacts of the Project. • Inform the ESIA study including document/information acquisition • Build relationships through supporting open dialogue and engagement with stakeholders. • Engage with all Stakeholders including vulnerable and marginalized groups by having an inclusive approach to consultation and participation. • Manage Expectations and Concerns by providing a mechanism for stakeholders to engage with the Project about their concerns and expectations and provide a mechanism for receiving, documenting and addressing comments received. • Ensure Compliance with both national regulations and international best practice 6.2 Public Participation Process 6.2.1 Stakeholder Identification The ESIA team formulated a stakeholder matrix and identified key stakeholders who shall be engaged during the scoping phase. A stakeholder engagement plan was drafted during the scoping phase of the ESIA and populated with additional stakeholders during the ESIA study. These include community, directly affected and indirectly affected people, institutional stakeholders including government and civil society, and stakeholders to be 139 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) involved in project implementation and regulation/ monitoring, NGOs with an interest in conservation, Oil production partners and the academia. Stakeholders that have been consulted during the ESIA include Community within the project area The Hoima district local government Local leadership within areas by the Kabwoya-Buhuka road China National Offshore Oil Cooperation (CNOOC). Kyangwali refugee settlement camp (Office of the prime minister) Uganda Wildlife Authority National Forestry Authority Ministry of gender labour and social development (Labour, OSH, community development departments) Department of Museums and Monuments Directorate of Physical Planning, Ministry of Lands housing and urban development Ministry of Water and Environment Rural Electrification Agency Uganda AIDS Commission The Jane Goodall Institute Nature Uganda Uganda Tourism Board Association of Uganda Tour Operators Table 6.1 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement undertaken Activities Stakeholder Information sharing/ disclosure Awareness/sensitiz PAPs General overview of project and ation meetings by And implications the RAP team Land owners Property and assets valuation Disclosure of compensation and grievance redress mechanism Household surveys PAPs General overview of project and (households in project implications affected area) Acquisition of social economic and demographic information Focus groups Women General overview of project and Youth implications Ethnic minorities Elderly Disclosure of mitigation measures and Persons with disability grievance mechanism Vulnerable groups Identification of views and expectations Elected and non-elected leaders Other special interest groups Village meeting / All PAPs General project overview public consultation Indirectly affected people Disclosure of mitigation measures and grievance mechanism Formal meetings Government bodies Overview of project and implications Local government Disclosure of mitigation measures CBOs Acquisition of information for input into ESIA 140 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Activities Stakeholder Information sharing/ disclosure Stakeholder Local government Overview of project and implications workshops Disclosure of mitigation and enhancement measures Feedback on the draft ESIA, RAP... Key informant Local government Overview of project and implications interviews Government ministries Feedback on the project proposals Local and political leaders Baseline data Senior citizens Cultural Leaders 6.2.2 Stakeholder sensitization and consultation Stakeholder engagement during the ESIA studies has involved different methods for different stakeholders, including; formal meetings with institutions, home visits for directly and indirectly affected people, stakeholder workshops at district local government headquarters, key informant interviews, and public meetings. For formal meetings and Key informant interviews; formal letters were issued in advance to facilitate engagement with the ESIA team. Before community meetings were convened, members of the EIA team visited a Local Council I leader to introduce the subject and request for assistance to mobilize the community, who own land along the proposed road and those with interest. Letters of introduction for the purpose were issued by UNRA to all Local Councils and District authorities. Details of institutions, communities and interest groups consulted and detailed minutes of the consultations are contained in Appendix 3. Figure 6.1 Focus group discussion at Kabwoya Sub County headquarters 141 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 6.3 Key Findings 6.3.1 Consultation with National level stakeholders Engagement with government institutions is a continuous process and shall not be limited to the ESIA stage. The summary of discussions held with government stakeholders to date is presented in Table 6.2 and full record of meetings and persons attending appended to this ESIA. The summaries depict that meetings were quite informative and that stakeholders express the willingness to work collaboratively and promote their interests (mandate) alongside UNRA. Measures of performance (monitoring indicators) specifically for social and environmental safeguarding have been suggested by most departments in line with their interests. Table 6.2 Extracts from Record of Meetings with Government of Uganda stakeholders Stakeholder Summary of Deliberations National There was concern that opening up roads increases human activity in Forestry forests the key ones being charcoal burning and illegal lumbering. Authority (NFA) Concern was expressed about camps that are sometimes located near forests which tempt its occupants into obtaining firewood. If this is required during implementation of the proposed roads then a license should be obtained. In regard to Bugoma, NFA said it is one of the recognized forests therefore, resources likely to be affected should be valued and commensurate compensation paid before construction starts. Biodiversity offsets and appropriate measures should be put in place to minimize likely environmental impacts. They cautioned against realignment Uganda The meeting focused mainly on roads going through protected areas, Wildlife nonetheless key areas of interest for the stakeholder were expressed Authority including barriers to movement of animals, threats to biodiversity that arise (UWA) from vegetation clearing and traffic management. They stressed that the roads target oil production activities which have a limited lifespan therefore care should be exercised to ensure that when the oil is fully exploited wildlife remains. NEMA The team advised UNRA to ensure the quality of reports is in line with NEMA requirements to facilitate faster review. The reports should be customised to the sites and funder requirements incorporated to avoid delayed funding. Joint reviews with the funder should be conducted to prevent repetitive requests for amendment of the ESIA reports after they have been submitted to NEMA for review. Recommendations of the SEA should be incorporated; in case the team is not familiar with this the SEA must be reviewed and recommendations utilised in the ESIA. RAP should be undertaken to establish proper ownership and adequate compensation. Livelihood restoration should be embedded in the project planning process. The welfare of PAPs should be periodically monitored citing oil companies as a bench mark. It was stressed that the study should consider auxiliary such as camp sites, quarry and borrow-pits if possible to avoid leaving these to the contractors. 142 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) They emphasised that impacts should be site specific. In addition cumulative impacts of projects should be comprehensively assessed. They indicated that oil companies are very sensitive to conservation issues therefore it is expected that the contractor observes stipulated speed limits. The road width should fit in the existing foot print. China National Concerning timing of the project the CNOOC team reported that a Offshore Oil discussion with UNRA at technical planning level was held and timelines Company set thus the name Critical Oil Roads. It then follows that construction of (CNOOC) Buhuka-Kabwoya road should have started by now. CNOOC technical team advised that 8 meters width of road would be the ideal taking into consideration the size of equipment to be moved, however, the 7meters that were provided would serve the purpose. They noted that the planned road development was likely to coincide with the proposed movement of equipment which might make both activities difficult. Emphasis was made to ensure that the road within Bugoma forest be kept at current width to minimise vegetation clearance and damage to forest. On safety during the intended use, CNOOC officials indicated that the newly constructed power line is too close to the road in some sections therefore surging wires could interrupt their work during transportation of out of gauge cargo. Ministry of The team explained the directorates' mandates, organisational structure Gender Labour and local government structures including the probation and community and Social development offices. They further made mention of key aspects of development importance to social impact assessment, physical cultural resources and resettlement action planning. They gave intuitive advice on mitigation of impacts from involuntary resettlement with emphasis on livelihoods restoration and adequate valuation that looks beyond monetary value of land but also considers community perceptions and values, social connectivity among other issues to ensure project affected people are left off in better state not worse off as a result of the project. They noted several aspects associated with road works including influx of labour and associated impacts, social disruption, and potential linkages with gender based violence, exacerbation of the risks of new HIV infections, security incidents like thefts, and children's rights abuse among others. Uganda AIDS Reiterated that the National HIV prevention strategies and policies focus Commission on the reduction of adult and new infections with special emphasis on key populations, the vulnerable and youth. They stated that the expectation was for UNRA to mainstream HIV into all road projects; for contractors to have adequate functional work place HIV policies and funding for HIV&AIDS services. They also expressed the desire to work in collaboration with UNRA to ensure adequate mainstreaming through provision of in-kind resources (e.g. educational booklets) and project monitoring and supervision. Furthermore they noted that HIV prevention efforts should make the most of existing structures at the district local government level HIV/AIDS Focal persons are available as well as HIV committees at district, sub county and LC level. 143 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) They noted key issues like Gender Based violence, human resources management, and contractor obligations when it comes to reporting on HIV indicators necessary for monitoring. Encouraged UNRA to participate in the National Coordination Committee Ministry of A discussion was held on the policy and legislative framework, evolution Lands Housing of land policies, and land acquisition frameworks. The team discussed and Urban challenges in land acquisition and technicalities involved in identification Development of owners, rights of tenants among others. Furthermore the UNRA team was advised to incorporate design measures that take urban development into perspective, and to collaborate continuously with the ministry on land acquisition and physical planning. Directorate of The team discussed their regulatory role and permitting processes and Water activities requiring permits before work commences. Permits were Resources considered in general regarding all Critical Oil Roads including Dredging Management permits, Waste water discharge permits, Easement certificates, Water abstraction permits for each abstraction point and Construction permits (DWRM) over water bodies It was noted that it was important to avoid interference with ground water sources in the project area, and the requirement of the developer to provide productive alternative water sources to the community in case of disruptions of the existing ones. They also expressed that implementation of the project should not interfere with the hydrology of the of area traversed by the roads; and urged that Integrated water resources management and monitoring is incorporated into the activities. Rural The team explained to UNRA ESIA team that REA builds lines and hands Electrification them over to operators. They expressed the need to share GIS data for Agency roads and powerlines so as to clearly see the interactions. The REA team made mention of anticipated impacts of construction particularly down time of power distribution. They reminded the ESIA team that private developers lose revenue when asked not to generate power for a day. They also explained that REA gets owners consent to traverse land and only pay for temporary disturbance and compensate for damaged crops and plants, but does not acquire land. Additional impacts cited include management of Old poles and wiring. The team stated that the utility company should be engaged prior to removal of old poles seeing as most of these are fully anchored will be damaged by removal and therefore will not be easily transferred. Basically new poles will be required. They spoke of planned developments including operations of the Lower Nkusi hydropower plant. There was additional discussion about hydrological impacts of roads, gender impacts including family disruption Wetlands The ESIA team was urged to enrich studies by identification of any major Management wetlands crossed by the roads, and their functionality, including Department 144 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Ministry of establishing species contained therein and consultation with the District Water and Environment officers, NEMA, NFA and other relevant institutions. Environment The team discussed driving forces that exert pressure on wetlands including population growth, need for new areas for settlement and agriculture, and unclear tenure (communal ownership which limits responsibility for control). Involuntary resettlement was also mentioned as a potential driver for wetlands degradation. UNRA was urged to ensure that adequate management plans are in place prior to commencement of works and that the district leadership, affected communities and all relevant stakeholders are consulted before the project starts. The team advised that the roads be suspended over permanent wetlands, as was the case for the Entebbe express highway and that all forested areas be mapped out and valuation made in collaboration with the National Forestry Authority to ensure that all affected forests are compensated for. Ministry of Concerning planned infrastructure for oil production, they said there will Energy and be a central processing facility in Buliisa for the crude oil, and gave detail Mineral on location of other facilities around Uganda. It was indicated that a risk Development study was commissioned within the Albertine region and they requested that shape files for the roads be shared so that they are able to locate PEPD facilities in relation to the proposed roads and thereby determine associated impacts. There was concern expressed about the Kaiso Tonya road because of a reported increase in the number of road kills since the road was paved. It was noted that construction of roadside drains interferes with movement of wildlife Concern was expressed in regard to interaction between construction workers and the community which they said could lead to increase in HIV, early pregnancies and family breakdown. It was stressed that such social disorders are associated with road construction projects so they should be planned for before the project starts. An escalation in land related wrangles was cited because speculators could acquire land cheaply from locals in anticipation of high rates during compensation. This is common in the Albertine region since the discovery of oil. It was emphasized that borrow pits should be restored and a certificate of restoration duly issued after inspection. In instances where communities express interest in using borrow pits without restoration there should be written intent or consent. It was stressed that the local content provision should be embedded within contractor’s contracts so that foreign contractors are regulated. The project should also clearly show how local communities will benefit from the project within their area. Additionally the need to have a comprehensive HSE management system was emphasized 6.3.2 Local Government Key informant interviews and meetings were held with the Hoima district local government within the period of 11th - 19th July 2017. In addition to a general meeting with the 145 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) technical and political wing; the ESIA team consulted with the various local government departments for literature and other information deemed vital for the ESIA study. Whilst not all engagements were documented (largely because some were consultations to obtain data); the team consulted with the public health department, the natural resources, education, lands, economic planning and production departments. Key findings from the consultative meetings with the local government 1. Leasehold, Freehold and customary land tenure systems are the most prominent in the project area; most customary owners do not have titled land 2. Kyangwali is an agricultural area significant for commercial agriculture 3. The project area shall soon be within Kihube district owing to administrative changes Concerns rose included assistance with development of urban centres by paving feeder roads ensuring that road designs cater for existing population and infrastructure specifically within trading centres to prevent adverse changes in levels ensuring valuation for crops is in line with district valuation rates having in place adequate grievance handling committee ensuring that personnel who communicate with the local government regularly are available for the project Table 6.3 Summary of engagement with the Hoima district local government Office consulted Discussion Secretary Land Board, Within the project area some people have registered titles and Hoima district local customary (unregistered). Registered titles are leasehold and government freehold for example the tea plantation is on titled land. Titles were obtained by some individuals from the Uganda Land Commission several years ago. Most of the land is owned by the people; government land is that on which schools, health centres and government institutions are built. There is also land owned by institutions like private schools and the church. The sub county offices are built on government and however, the kingdom could also lay claim on such properties because they originally belonged to Bunyoro. Education department Primary schools generally submit enrolment data to the district for monitoring purposes. There are number of reasons but still factors that can be attributed to the low attendance of school in the rural areas need to be ascertained to curb this. Production department Kyangwali is the food basket of Hoima district; maize is a key commodity. Other production statistics were provided in documentation Planning department The road has been in existence since the 1990's as a national road; however property needs to be compensated for. These are relatively new communities because the project area is an agricultural zone. Health services may be interrupted. The land office has developed crop valuation rates with the production department; these should be considered by the UNRA RAP teams. 146 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Natural resources The road traverses Kyangwali and Kabwoya sub counties, Next department financial year this might be a new district; Kihube district. We would want feedback on the RAP implementation for the existing roads. The road reserve is currently 15m from the centre of the road however for trunk roads the district has been communicating 25m from the centre of the road. Joint planning for infrastructure including roads; transmission and distribution lines is required to avoid wastage of resources. Distribution lines have just been installed, now the road is being constructed and therefore utility agencies shall have to replace these poles. It is hoped that at least the pipeline project shall involve UNRA so that this integrated planning in incorporated. The Eucalyptus plantation is owned by one individual whilst Bugooma is for NFA. Nsozi health centre is to be upgraded to a Health Centre IV. (There are plans for construction already approved, how is this to be compensated if the land take affects the health centre?) There is a wetland inventory for Hoima district; it is available however the sub county names have changed since 2001. Mark-stones for road reserves should be placed so that community are aware of their boundaries. General meeting with all Consider upgrading streets that connect to booming town centres departments including Wairagaza, Kabwoya, Kyangwali. At least 5km of paved road should be incorporated into the project for each trading centre to facilitate urban growth and get some benefits to the community and not just for oil production Congested trading centres should be avoided when considering storage for materials and worker camps Community compensation rates are low. Cut and fill in some trading centres as observed along the Kyenjojo-Hoima road which is now under construction are not aligned with the remaining population. Some trading centres are left too high or too low when compared to the road level. Ensure that the trading centres remain accessible; even if this requires introducing a bypass to avoid the trading centre Conflict management committees should be introduced at an early stage Responsibilities during the construction period should be clearly outlined to the district local government to facilitate monitoring and enforcement. Dust management has been a key issue and it is rare to find responsible liaison persons at the road construction sites. Ensure that the road design is updated excluding sharp bends and blackspots which cause accidents. Local content needs to be incorporated into the project; a policy for hiring local residents should be in place. 147 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 6.3.2.1 Lower local government Meetings were held at district and sub county level where both technical staff and political leaders expressed their views and concerns about the proposed project. Below is a summary of findings at this level. Kabwoya sub county Anticipated benefits Negative impacts Reduced transport fares because Increase in transmission of HIV/AIDS and currently they pay 10,000 to Buhuka other sexually transmitted diseases. because of the poor state of the road. Incidences of defilement, early marriage Job creation for the youth during and school dropout are likely to increase. construction Population influx will increase crimes like They indicated that the number of drug abuse, alcoholism, theft and tourists to Bugoma and nearby game prostitution. reserves will increase. Increased number of accidents due to Increased. Value of property along the excitement among road users. proposed road. Fear of contractor importing labour. Improvement in the road will increase Low compensation rates which challenge access to market for agricultural is compounded by delayed produce implementation of the compensation Influx of people will lead to increased exercise. growth and expansion of areas next to Domestic violence/neglect could arise workers camps. when men desert their family upon receipt Improved access to social services of compensation. especially health centres and schools.6.3.3 Suggested mitigation measures Continuous community sensitization about the project and likely long term impacts like HIV. Formulate by-laws. Ensure that humps and other safety signs are put in place. Traffic police should be put in place to ensure that only qualified drivers us the road. Involve communities in project activities through their leaders and CSR. Involve local leaders and sub county leaders during the recruitment exercise. Form grievance committees at all levels to manage community conflicts/complaints Restore all borrow pits and other material sources sites to limit likely dangers. Kyangwali sub county Anticipated benefits Negative impacts Population influx will lead to Members envisaged increased number of development of the area because more accident along the road business ventures will come up to Increased rate of spread of HIV/AIDS serve the demands and interests of the among the population. different people. Displacement in instances where people’s houses are affected. 148 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Reduced transport costs. Currently the Land shortage due to population pressure. cost of travel is high and this is Increase in the cost of living attributed to the poor state of the road. Loss/damage of property Creation of employment opportunities They indicated that prostitution was likely especially for the youth during the to increase construction phase. Economic activities in trading centres will Increased number of tourists as a be affected during the construction phase. result of improved accessibility. Disruption of families. Members indicated that tourist could Increased number of fatherless children come into the area to view sites such Disruption of water sources. as Lake Albert, Bugoma forest and Environmental degradation is likely to some mini hydro power plants. arise from vegetation clearance. The value of property would increase. Air pollution due to increased dust Intermarriages were also cited as one emissions of the positive things which if it The cut and fill process is likely to create occurred would be associated with the loose soils that could easily be carried project. away by wind of running water. Social service centres are likely to be affected by the proposed project. There is a historical monument; a stone where Sir Samuel baker stood while naming Lake Albert which they feared might be destroyed. Low compensation rates. Con men during the valuation and compensation exercise Proposed mitigation measures Sharp corners are realigned. Sensitize communities and construction workers about STD and the dangers of family disintegration. UNRA should avail community members with tree seedlings Involve the community in project activities. It was suggested that CSR should focus on livelihood restoration of PAPs Restore all affected community resources such as water points. 6.3.4 Community In addition to door to door visits during which a questionnaire was administered and the project publicised, community meetings were held; with Kikondwa, Kibali, Wairagaza, Ngoma, Mburara, Kisaaru, Kyabayanja, Nyaigugu, Kyabasars and Butoole villages. Additionally, meetings with focus group discussions were conducted at the two sub county headquarters. All meetings commenced with disclosure of the project by UNRA ESIA team leader. During the meetings, community members were informed that this activity (ESIA process) was mandatory and a legal requirement by the laws of Uganda. They were informed that projects of this magnitude had great impact on their livelihood therefore their views were vital. The group discussion was then facilitated by the Sociologist who explored several social and economic aspects within the community. Specific information on livelihoods, culture and social networks was also collected from the groups. 149 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) During public consultations in the above areas, a number of concerns were raised most of which were common and repetitive in all areas. These concerns included but were not limited to the following; Anticipated benefits Community members expressed that the proposed project will lead to better access of the area. Being farmers they hoped that their produce will be easily transported to better markets. They indicated that development of the oil industry for which the roads are targeting will be enhanced. This in turn will contribute to district national and regional development. In regard to social services, it was reported that the project will enhance access to health and education services. They noted that improved access will lead to reduction in travel time thereby attracting better service delivery in the area. Reduced dust that is currently experience because of the gravel road Job opportunities during construction. They emphasized this by stressing that priority should be given to community member who have required skills and willingness. Tarmacking the road will create opportunities for business which will lead to increased income at household level. This they said would attract growth and development of different sectors in the project area. They anticipate reduction in transport costs between Kabwoya, Kyangwali and Buhuka. Currently they said it cost10, 000-15,000 for a distance of 42km which they consider as too high. Compensation for affected people Improved tourism citing Bugoma and Lake Albert as tourist destinations. Concerns It was noted that some contractors don’t pay the agreed upon salaries/wages when they employ the locals. Therefore it was suggested that contracts be prepared and issued to workers before commencement of work. They emphasized that local people should be given priority during the recruitment exercise so that they also benefit. Likely increase in HIV/AIDS infections was also cited. According to the community this is likely to arise from interaction between construction workers and community members. Delayed compensation by government; in this regard the community indicated that the time lag between valuation and compensation results into loss of income. They wanted to know where the contractor’s camp would be set up but they were informed that this would depend on availability of land and it was to be determined by the contractor. Failure to compensate was cited by community members as one of the fears likely to be encountered by property owners. Likely increase in early pregnancy likely to arise when construction workers lure young girls into sexual relations. Increase in the number of accidents resulting from speeding road construction trucks and motorists not observing road signs and set speed limits. 150 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Community members wanted to know where the centre line will be determined so that they know who exactly is affected. They were informed that a survey team would determine and mark the road reserve before the valuation exercise starts. They wanted to know the kind of property that would be compensated and how its value will be determine. It was indicated to the community by the ESIA team that the RAP team will exclusively discuss matters of compensation. Concern was expressed about domestic animals that are likely to be knocked down by construction vehicles. They wanted to know who and how they should demand for compensation for such losses. During the meeting it emerged that there would be interruption of movement of agricultural produce during peak harvest seasons. A suggestion was made that an alternative route could be opened to ease movement. Community members wanted to know how land without titles will be compensated. Concerning compensation they were informed that a RAP team would come and exhaustively sensitize communities about resettlement and land acquisition matters. In all the meetings, a majority of the participants were aware of the project but had not received formal communication since the meeting held were the first about the project in all villages they were held. Participants emphasized that proper community consultation by professionals should be carried out continuously for this project to progress with minimum interruption to the community. 6.4 Conclusion Community discussions and stakeholder interviews showed that communities along the road will support the project if anticipated social issues are addressed in a comprehensive manner. The community and the key stakeholders expressed support for the project since they see it as a way of enhancing transport reliability in the area. The community also envisaged that the proposed project would promote development as well as employment creation for themselves or their children during construction and after because a good road is likely to attract investors. Despite the anticipated benefits, the project will lead to negative social and economic impacts. It is recommended that the developer implements all the mitigation measures suggested in the ESIA report. To ensure that the project is managed perfectly to a logical conclusion, the developer should make the necessary budgetary provisions to ensure that mitigation commitments in the ESIA as well as in the RAP and monitoring programs stated herein are effectively implemented. In addition, public consultation and sensitization shall continue during the disclosure period in order to capture any other issues that could have been left out during the consultation exercise. 151 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 7 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 No Project Option This option requires that UNRA continues with the periodic maintenance of the road as gravel without upgrading it. The proposed road was earmarked among the road infrastructure that will aid the production of First Oil by 2020. Additionally, in its current state, the road surface generates a lot of dust which impacts on the community along the road. It is also prone to erosion and rainy seasons generate faster wear and tear when compared to paved roads. The no project option would not be practical given that in its current state the design does not meet requirements of the Geometric Design Manual 2010. The no project option would rid the community of benefits of an improved road surface including benefits to their health (improving access to health facilities as well as improving the travel experience along the road). It is also anticipated that with improvement in road quality; the cost of vehicle maintenance shall reduce as well as transportation costs for the community. This option is not preferred. 7.2 Upgrading Existing road to bituminous standard This option shall involve upgrade of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road which is currently a 40km gravel road into a class II paved road with a carriage way of 7m. The proposed upgrade presents several benefits for travellers as well as persons who live along the road. Figure 7.1 Passengers about to cross the Rwemisekye along Kabwoya-Buhuka road Other than walking, two wheel vehicles i.e. bicycle or boda boda are the most accessible forms of transport to the community. The state of the road is a health hazard. Upgrading the road to paved status will come with benefits that include appropriate hydrological design to reduce on creation of fords and improved surface to reduce on the dust generated from the surface, it will improve the general aesthetics and facilitate faster 152 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) travel of vehicles. Speed of vehicles within a community area is associated with road accidents, but also poor road condition has been reported to be the cause of several accidents. Speed control has been incorporated into the road design including use of road signs, and humps. The upgrade from gravel to bituminous standard is hence preferred based on the benefits to the environment and for health which include improved road safety due to the improved design and surface, reduced impacts from frequent Contruction and maintenance, reduced impact on air quality. 7.3 Alternative Road design The road design parameters presented in chapter three of this report indicate that the road width is 10m including a 7m carriageway and a pair of 1.5m shoulders. The right of way varies within rural (50m), urban (30m) and conservation area (30m). It has however been decided to avoid clearance within Bugooma forest hence, the right of way may not be acquired for this section. This road traverses rural areas with a refugee camp, several schools and agricultural activities that are quite close to the road with several children walking in the centre of the road currently owing to the fact that pedestrian movement are never considered in gravel road design; alternatives that favour community safety and health should be considered. The team considered a scenario of increasing the shoulder of the road to provide additional access for pedestrian and cyclists along this road. This option might require increasing the shoulder to 2.5m instead of the planned 1.5m; this would not increase the right of way but might have a higher cost of implementation than the proposed 10m width. 7.4 Comparison of Alternatives Comparative analysis of the project alternatives ( Table 7.1) shows that Option 1 had the highest NPV and BCR of UGX 65.685 billion and 1.29 compared to option 2 (alternative design) with NPV and BCR of UGX 59.761 billion and 1.25 respectively. However, option 2 scores better on Cost Effectiveness Ratio. The cost effectiveness ratio (CER) i.e. the value of ecosystem and ecosystem services and social impacts per kilometre of road, was UGX 8726.859/km (option 1) and UGX 8889.567/km (option 2). In such cases the economic welfare impacts are used as the determinant. Therefore, option 2 would be chosen because of higher economic welfare impacts. Table 7.1: Cost-benefit Analysis for the proposed road project Amount (million UGX) 153 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Description of the categories of benefits and Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 costs Upgrading Alternative (no project Existing road to Road designs alternative) bituminous Standard BENEFITS Economic Project Investment Multiplier less Project 288,547 288,547 Investment Social Creation of business opportunities (household 158.4 175.43 beneficiaries) Appreciation of property value & land/ Hold 1,980.00 2192.90 Employment opportunities (persons) 309.58 342.87 Improved Transport and access to social services 264.792 293.26 persons Total Social Benefits 2,713 3004.47 Environmental Total benefits 291,259.97 291,552 COSTS Environmental costs Carbon values amount (m. UGX) 150.95 167.18 Land amount (m. UGX) 28242.72 31279.57 Poles flows amount (m. UGX/yr.) 105.94 117.33 Timber flows Amount (m. UGX/yr.) 274.99 304.55 Hydrology Amount (m. UGX) 11,635.89 12887.06 Standing stock amount (m. UGX) 5499.73 6091.09 Fuel wood amount (m. UGX/yr.) 7422.66 8220.79 Tourism* amount (m. UGX/yr.) 141.63 156.85 Habitat* Amount (m. UGX/y) 2.40 2.66 Fish flows values (m. UGX/yr.) 9.05 10.02 Total Environmental Costs 53,486 59237.12 Social costs Added burden of treatment, care for increased 84.2 93.25 HIV/AIDs Health impacts of environmental contamination 2859.7536 3167.25 Social impacts of prostitution, crime, drug abuse 1204.5 1334.01 Days of school lost due to disruption of schools 180 199.35 Total Social Costs 4328.4536 4793.88 Economic Project cost 167,760 167,760.00 Total Costs 225,574 231,791 Net Present Value 65,686 59,761 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.29 1.26 Total km to be constructed (Km) 40 40 Net Environmental Social Cost (UGX 349,074 355,583 CER million (UGX/Km) 8726.86 8889.57 7.5 Cost Benefit Analysis for the proposed option The total area under the right of way (ROW) for Kabwoya-Buhuka road is estimated at 205.257 ha. This is based on a length of 41.051km and ROW of 50 metres wide. The area of the existing road estimated at approximately 7 meters was excluded from the calculations of the area of ROW as it was considered to already have been in existence 154 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) its impacts will have already been considered prior to the baseline for the critical oil roads ESIA. 7.5.1 Impact on Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services The largest area of the road lies on community land. All sections of the road lie on community land while the Tropical High Rain Forest (THRF) areas, woodlands and grasslands lie within Bugoma CFR. The farmlands, swamp (wetland), plantation and open waters are all located on community and/or private land (Table 7.2). Table 7.2: Area of ROW under different ecosystems Ecosystem Area/ha Percent Designated ownership Grasslands 88.987 50.41 Community/private land/ Bugoma CFR Woodlands 21.02 11.91 Community/private land/ Bugoma CFR Open Water 0.32 0.18 Community/private land Built-in 20.14 11.41 Community/private land Swamps 0.79 0.45 Community/private land Farmland 11.3 6.40 Community/private land Forest 26.45 14.98 Bugoma CFR Plantation 7.51 4.25 Community/private land 100 Table 7.2 also shows the proportions of land cover/ecosystems by area in hectares and percentage. The largest area was under grassland followed by woodland and forest. A valuation exercise to determine both the physical and monetary impacts of the proposed land use change was conducted. The specific focus of the environmental economic valuation was to determine the impact on the stocks and flows of the ecosystems and ecosystem services (Table 7.3). . Table 7.3: Ecosystem services and interest for ecosystem service valuation Type of Associated ecosystem Interest for ecosystem service ecosystem services valuation Grasslands Habitat/ forage for wildlife The valuation was built from Carbon Stock spatial analysis to determine first the Hydrological services area impacted. Forests and Habitat/ forage for wildlife Woodlands Carbon Stock, Hydrological The physiological impacts services associated with ecosystem services Fuel wood, Poles generated are based on literature review, Standing wood stock and estimates based on existing Bushland Habitat/ forage for wildlife research analyses (MWE/NFA 2016; Carbon Stock USAID (unpub.) 2017), among others. Hydrological services Fuel wood, Standing wood stock The monetary values developed in Open water Hydrological value of water the study were generally based on storage benefit transfer techniques for valuation Fisheries production work conducted in the same landscapes Values not considered including USAID (unpub.) 2017; NEMA (navigation, cultural values, 2011. bequest and existence values) Built-up area Value of land, the values of property captured in socioeconomic values 155 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Swamp Habitat/ forage for wildlife Carbon Stock Hydrological services Water supply, fisheries, papyrus, mulch etc. Farmland Crop production values, captured in socioeconomic values of land Plantations Carbon Stock Hydrological services 7.5.1.1 Cost of Environmental Impacts The cost of the impact of the road projected on ecosystems and ecosystems services in the impacted areas was converted into monetary estimates (Table 7.4). The economic values elaborated include projected losses in values of carbon stock, land and property, poles, timber flows, hydrology, standing stock of wood, fuel wood flows, tourism value, and wildlife habitat. The losses of tourism values and wildlife habitat are only associated with the protected Bugoma CFR while the value of carbon stock and hydrological values as well as standing stock of wood were for all the areas which the proposed road project crosses. The total cost of environmental impacts for Kabwoya-Buhuka was estimated as Ug.X 150.95 million of carbon stock (for a 30-year cycle of biomass sequestered), UGX 28242.72 million of land at a purchase rate of UGX 20 million (USAID in print 2017), poles and timber flows were estimated at UGX 105.94 and 274.99 million/ha, a sustainable harvest rate was assumed, standing stock of timber and poles was estimated at UGX 5499.73 million, fuel wood estimated at UGX 7422.66 million/year, tourism and habitat values estimated at UGX 141.63 and 30 million/year, only on the basis where no major influences on the protected areas being reported. Fish flows from open water were estimated at UGX 5.1million/year. Table 7.4 : Economic value of ecosystems and ecosystem services impacted UGX) amount(m. values Carbon UGX) amount(m. Land UGX/ amount(m. Polesflows UGX/ Amount(m. flows Timber UGX) Amount(m. Hydrology UGX) amount(m. stock Standing UGX/ amount(m. Fuel wood UGX) amount(m. Tourism* UGX/ Amount Habitat* UGX/ values(m. flows Fish yr. yr. yr. yr. yr. ) ) ) ) ) (m. grassland 40.91 1779.74 469.28 0.27 0.29 s woodland 24.71 420.40 110.85 197.06 s open 6.40 1.69 water built-in 402.80 106.21 swamps 15.80 4.17 farmland 5.20 226.00 59.59 forest 76.69 529.00 8.48 22.00 139.49 439.98 396.75 11.06 2.11 9.05 plantation 3.45 150.20 39.60 156 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Total 150.9 28242.7 8.48 22.00 930.87 439.98 593.81 11.33 2.40 9.05 5 2 TEV 150.9 28242.7 105.9 274.9 11635.8 5499.7 7422.6 141.6 30.0 113.1 5 2 4 9 9 3 6 3 0 3 *Tourism and Habitat only refers to Bugoma CFR 7.5.1.2 Social and Economic costs The estimated financial cost for the proposed upgrade of the Kabwoya-Buhuka road is 167.76 billion Ugandan shillings. The standard social-economic impacts identified for the roads comprise of an aggregate of five positive and 19 negative impacts of the project. These were identified and listed in Table 7.5 including the indicators that would be used to measure the impacts. The positive impacts range from job creation and employment to business opportunities and improved transport. Other positive impacts such as tourism and other conservation benefits were already attributed in the environmental economic analysis component as well as the cost- benefit analysis. The negative socio-economic impacts ranged from increased prevalence of diseases spread through contagious diseases especially HIV/AIDS, losses of land and property, and negative behavioral trends such as crime, drugs and prostitute, conflict over resources, child abuse, among others. The expected influx of migrants and changes in economic structure will generally lead to a large number of social and socioeconomic challenges that have to be addressed. Table 7.5: Socio-economic impacts associated with the road construction Impacts on Socio-economic Types of indicators environment Positive impacts 1. Creation of business opportunities Number of local businesses developed Number of self-employed youth due to Road project 2. Appreciation of Property Value and % increase in land premiums over the years land 3. Employment opportunities Percentage of employed youth Number of employed women on the project 4. Improved Transport and access to Amount of agricultural produce transported to and from the social services project area Number of transport routes to neighbouring large towns. Percentage drops in travel time on different road sections. Transport costs 5. Improvement in tourism Anural number of tourists visiting MFNP Negative impacts on Socio-economic environment 1. Increased HIV/AIDs due to influx of Number of new infections; rate of HIV transmission workers 2. Environmental Contamination due waste collection increased, cost of water collection to hazardous waste from Workers’ camps Prevalence of sanitation related illness Sanitation related complaints from the communities 157 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 3. Prostitution, crime and drug abuse Crime rates (average property loss) due to influx of people Prostitution rates 4. Loss of agricultural land, property, Stability of the communities and other stakeholders crops and businesses Complaints raised to grievances management committees Number of meetings organised between the contractor and Project Affected Persons (PAPs) 5. Disruption of schools and learning School attendances processes by Noise, Vibrations and dust Cases of dust related illnesses among students/pupils Teachers and students’ Time of arrival 6. Potential of child abuse e.g. child Number of child abuse cases pregnancy/ marriage, sex work, school dropout and defilement Rate of school drop outs Premature pregnancies 7. Social order disruption: Increased Cases of gender based violence (productivity loss) gender based violence 8. Public health and safety Accident reports involving the public 9. Impacts on vulnerable groups Complaints from vulnerable people 10. Temporary loss of livelihoods Level of litigation involving communities and road contractors 11. Occupational Hazards and Risks Number of injuries reported per day during construction phase. 12. Air pollution Level of suspended particulate matter in air at areas under construction Level of complaints from the public 13. Storage of construction materials, Regular audits on performance of pollution control systems accidental spills and fires 14. Increased noise levels Monitored noise levels at construction sites Level of complaints from the public 15. Disruption of roadside trade Number of unsolved cases 16. Cliffs resulting from deep cuts Rate of siltation in nearby surface water Rate of rill formation on road sides 17. Conflict over Water Use Accessibility to water 18. Traffic diversions Time spent on the road 19. Increased Road Accidents Number of road accidents 7.5.1.2.1 Monetary value of social and socio-economic impacts The monetized socio-economic benefits and costs were estimated at UGX 2.712 billion and UGX 4.328 billion, respectively (Table 7.6). The potential socio-economic costs outweigh the benefits. Therefore, a social impact mitigation hierarchy must be followed both articulated in the ESIA and in the implementation of the project to minimize the negative consequences of associated with the project. 158 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 7.6: Monetary value of the Social and Economic impacts Full value (10% Impact/ Mitigation/ No of target Cost or Amount discount rate) Enhancement Commitments persons/units rate/person (UGX) (million UGX) Positive impacts on Socio- A economic environment (occur over 2 years) Creation of business 1 6.6 2.4 15.84 158.4 opportunities Appreciation of property value 2 66 30 1,980.00 1,980.00 & land Employment opportunities 3 99.2 3.12 309.58 309.58 (persons) Improved Transport and 4 220.66 0.12 26.48 264.79 access to social services Sub-total 2,331.90 2,712.77 Negative impacts on Socio- B economic environment (3% discount rate) Additional burden of treatment and care for increased 8 6.5 1.296 8.42 84.2 HIV/AIDs illnesses due to influx of workers Health impacts of environmental contamination 9 due to hazardous waste from 220.66 1.30 285.98 2859.76 workers’ camps and road works Social impacts of Prostitution, crime and drug abuse due to 10 3.3 36.5 120.45 1204.5 influx of people (community wealth converted to social ills) (Days of school lost due to Disruption of schools and 12 60 0.3 18 180 learning processes by Noise, Vibrations and dust Sub –total 432.84536 4328.4536 7.5.1.2.2 Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio Cost-Benefit Analysis conducted for the ESIA showed that the Net Present Value (NPV) of the road was about UGX 65.686 billion (Table 7.7). The economic benefit of the road construction was based on the road industry sector multiplier of 2.72 (Bwire et al., 2015). Therefore, the projected investment of UGX 167.76 billion resulted into an economic benefit or surplus of UGX 288.547 billion. These values were estimated with full consideration of discount values. The other component of the cost-benefit results is the environment and social impacts (both positive and negative) that were monetized. The benefit-cost ratio shows that the benefits outweigh the costs of taking the project by at least 56.35%, and therefore, it is worthwhile to go ahead and implement the project 159 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) . Nonetheless, the project has to put in place measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate and/or offset against negative impacts. Whereas a 56% margin projects a good cover for the incurred costs, additional changes in size of community impacted and/or extent of the impacts, especially, if unmitigated could reduce the strength of the current project design. Table 7.7: Cost-benefit Analysis for the proposed road upgrade project Description of benefit and cost categories Amount in Mil. UGX Benefits Economic Project Investment Multiplier less Project Investment = Economic Benefit 288,547 Social Creation of business opportunities (household beneficiaries) 158.4 Appreciation of property value & land (per household) 1,980.00 Employment opportunities (persons) 309.58 Improved Transport and access to social services(10% discount rate) 264.792 persons Total Social Benefits 2,713 Environmental Total Benefits 291,259.97 Costs Environmental costs Carbon values amount (m. UGX) 150.95 Land amount (m. UGX) 28242.72 Poles flows amount (m. UGX/yr.) 105.94 Timber flows Amount (m. UGX/yr.) 274.99 Hydrology Amount (m. UGX) 11,635.89 Standing stock amount (m. UGX) 5499.73 Fuel wood amount (m. UGX/yr.) 7422.66 Tourism* 141.63 Habitat* Amount (m. UGX/yr) 2.40 Fish flows values (m. UGX/yr.) 9.05 Total Environmental Costs 53,486 Social costs Additional burden of treatment and care for increased HIV/AIDs illnesses 84.2 due to influx of workers Health impacts of environmental Contamination, waste from Workers’ 2859.7536 camps and road works Social impacts of Prostitution, crime and drug abuse (community wealth 1204.5 converted to social ills) Days of school lost due to disruption of schools and learning processes 180 by noise, vibrations dust Total Social Costs 4328.4536 Economic Project cost 167760 Total Costs 225,574.40 Net Present Value 65,685.57 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.29 160 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 8.1 Approach to impact assessment Impact have been analysed in themes below: Impacts on fauna Impacts on flora Impacts on geology and soil Impact on water resources Impacts on the atmosphere Impacts on sound levels Impacts on the human environment Impacts on economy Impact on visual and aesthetic quality 8.1.1 Activities to be assessed The impact assessment presented in this chapter is carried out for each of following phases of the project: Construction phase: implementation of the project through physical activities on site. Construction phase impacts are typically temporally. Operations phase: normal use of the project facilities. Operation stage impacts are usually permanent. Abandonment and Rehabilitation phase: at the end of the operation, the sites will be abandoned and a rehabilitation programme implemented. For all phases, the main impacts on the natural (biotic and abiotic) and social environment are presented. The process of the impact assessment is presented in chapter 2 Impact prediction and evaluation involved analysis of the impacts identified in the scoping and baseline studies to determine their nature, temporal and spatial scale, reversibility, magnitude, likelihood, extent and effect. Input from relevant experts, including ecologists, biologists, sociologists and economists was utilised to form arguments for professional judgement and gauge sensitivity of the receiving environment. 8.1.2 Impact significance rating Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in determination of the significance of impacts. Potential impacts were then ranked in terms of significance to determine whether each impact is acceptable, requires mitigation or is unacceptable. A number of factors affect the significance ranking, including the importance of resources at local, regional, national or international levels; whether the area is subject to formal or informal protection; the ecological values of potentially affected animal and plant species 161 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) and habitats, and the value of the ecosystems as sources of food or livelihood for local communities. The criteria for evaluation of magnitude of environmental and social impacts has been categorised in terms of: . Extent: evaluates the area of occurrence/influence by the impact on the subject environment; whether the impact will occur ; 1. on the site, in a limited area (within 1 km radius of the site); 2. locally (within 5 km radius of the site); 3. Regionally (district wide, nationally or internationally). . Persistence: evaluates the duration of impact on the subject environment, whether the impact will be 1. temporary (< 1 year) or during construction phase only; 2. medium term (5 – 10 years or lasting after construction has been completed); 3. Long term (>10) or permanent. . Intensity: the quantifiable effects of impacts, measured where possible, against the appropriate standard for a respective environmental component. This includes existing standards, guidelines or scientific evidence and in worst case scenario expert judgment, (Scale of 1 -3: Low, Medium or High). . Magnitude has been represented by the combination of intensity, duration, frequency of occurrence of event or impact, and anticipated extent of impact. . Probability: Evaluates the likelihood of occurrence of predicted impact on the subject environment on a Likert scale (Very Unlikely, Unlikely, Likely, Certain, Definite) 5 – Certain Almost certain to occur in most circumstances 4 - Likely Likely to occur frequently 3 - Possible Possible and likely to occur at some time 2 - Unlikely Unlikely to occur but could happen Likelihood 1 - Rare May occur but only in rare and exceptional circumstances Overall Impact Significance: A product of sensitivity and Magnitude and is assigned a rating of Low, Medium or High. Type of Impact: Categorises into direct, indirect or cumulative effects of the specific impact. Direction: Negative or Positive Reversibility: Irreversible or Reversible A tabulated summary of all impacts is presented followed by a discussion of impacts anticipated, mitigation or enhancement measures proposed 162 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8.1.3 Cumulative impacts Cumulative environmental effects can be defined as effects on the environment which are caused by the combined results of past, current and future activities. Over time, direct and indirect human activities combine to collectively impact the environment (Bailey, et al, 2014), Oil companies especially CNOOC have previously carried out oil exploration activities in Hoima District and the surrounding areas. There are now plans to move to development phase where multiple infrastructures for oil and gas will be established in the project area. Further infrastructural developments in form of Hydro power plants and transmission lines are underway in the project area and the neighborhoods. All these infrastructural development projects have similar previous, current and future socio-economic and biophysical impacts all major impacts of these projects have been highlighted (Table 8-1). Table 8.1: Identified cumulative impacts Source/project Cumulative impact Receptor environment i. Oil and gas, Socio-economic: ii. Hydro-power , Loss of land and property iii. Tourism HIV/AIDS and other sexually Transmitted communities developments, Diseases iv. Road mantatince by Dominance of Immigrant workers on Local government employment v. Development Opportunities projects Social disruption of communities Potential of child abuse Accumulation of waste Human wildlife conflict Bio-physical impacts: Wildlife Vegetation Clearances Loss of Threatened species Loss of aesthetic beauty Habitat Fragmentation Spread Colonies of Invasive plants Soil erosion Disruption of arboreal animal crossing points Human wildlife conflict Habitat alteration and destruction 163 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8.2 Pre-Construction phase Pre-Construction are activities undertaken before commencement of construction. These activities include; feasibility studies, engineering designs, ESIA and RAP studies and mobilization by the contractor. The ESIA is one of the pre-construction activities that provide a road map for environmental and social planning while mobilization involves preparations prior to starting works including acquiring equipment, planning and preparing their storage, setting up offices and recruitment of workers. The major environmental activity is location and constructing camps. Location of camps, their design and construction has the potential to result into negative environmental and social impacts. These include location in sensitive environmental and social setups, designing of camps with inadequate amenities and construction impacts. At the time of preparation of the ESIA, locations of workers’ camps were not yet established. The Pre-construction phase has the potential to result into higher social expectations in anticipation for jobs, compensation, speculation and hostility from affected communities. Similarly, inadequacy of integration of environmental and social considerations during feasibility assessments and engineering designs may result into poor and inappropriate environmental and social safeguards designs and project implementation. The impacts above are high negative short to medium term irreversible reversible and can re-surface in the project cycle. Mitigation measures i. Information regarding the project and its relationship with the local community, including aspects of hiring labour and compensation should be transparently disseminated to the community. ii. Community engagements should be continuous throughout the project cycle so that all concerns are addressed. iii. Undertaking environmental and social planning with the engineering design team. iv. Conducting comprehensive studies covering environmental and socio-economic issues. v. Camps should not be permitted in the forest reserve. vi. The responsibility for environmental and social planning and their establishment lies with the contractors. A standalone environmental and assessments should be conducted for camps and equipment yards and approvals obtained as required by law before works commences. vii. The plans of camps should conform to standard planning requirements and the plans should have approvals from relevant planning authorities and UNRA. 8.3 Construction phase Several impacts of associated with road construction phase were identified in regard to biophysical and socio-economic environment. 164 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8.3.1.1 Impact on Biophysical Environment Compone Overall significance nt Magnitude Impact Source of Impact Probability Receptor Receptor Magnitud Impact of sensitivit 3) 3) e significance 3) 3) occurrence - - - - y (L.M H) (1 (1 Frequency (1 Duration Extent intensity (1 Change in species Clearing vegetation M Mammals, reptiles 1 3 2 3 Medium Medium Medium population, Introduction of barriers to amphibians, (2) (6) Negative abundance, movement of animals fish distribution Disruption/ Use of motorized H Mammals , birds 3 1 1 1 High Medium High disorientation by equipment (3) (6) Negative noise Unintentional kills Ground disturbance H Small mammals 1 1 1 2 Low Low Minor reptiles amphibians (1) (5) Negative Intentional kills & Use of motorized M Large Mammals , 1 3 1 1 High Low Medium Road Kills equipment reptiles, (3) (5) negative Human presence Ground dwelling birds Deteriorated quality Use of chemical M Reptiles amphibians, 1 2 2 1 Medium Medium Medium of surface water substances fish (2) (6) negative Deteriorated quality Use of chemical M Reptiles amphibians, 1 2 1 2 Medium Medium Medium of soil substances small & large (2) (6) negative Human presence mammals Increased risk of Presence of humans M Large mammals, 2 1 1 2 Medium Medium Medium diseases spread to sanitation and waste Birds , (2) (6) negative fauna management Herpetiles, fish FAUNA Change in species clearing vegetation in right population, all vegetation Medium Medium Medium of way , Poor management H 1 2 1 3 abundance, Key stone species (2) (7) negative of invasive species distribution Opening canopy Medium Medium Medium Habitat modification H All vegetation 1 2 1 3 Clearing vegetation (2) (7) Negative Vegetation clearing Proliferation of Transportation and Medium Medium Medium H All vegetation 1 1 2 3 invasive species disposal of cleared (2) (7) Negative vegetation Deteriorated quality Use of chemical M All vegetation 1 2 2 1 Medium Medium Medium of surface water substances (2) (6) negative Flora 165 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Use of chemical All vegetation Deteriorated quality Medium Medium Medium substances M 1 2 1 2 of soil (2) (6) negative Human presence Contamination of Waste management H Soil, 1 2 1 3 Medium Medium soil Operation of machinery Plants and animals (2) (7) Medium Vehicle/ machinery repairs dependent on soil Negative Ground water Changes in physical Opening canopy H Soil, 1 2 2 2 Medium Medium Medium chemical properties Clearing vegetation Plants and animals (2) (7) Negative (temperature, dependent on soil oxidation, aggregation) Erosion Vegetation clearing H Cultivated areas 1 1 2 2 Medium Medium Medium Communities (2) (7) Negative Surface water Geology soil and Increased levels of Workers Medium Medium Medium particulate matter Community 1 3 (2) (7) Negative (dust) Excavation and road works H Plants and animals 1 2 Workers Deteriorated quality Operation of vehicles & Community Medium Medium Medium 2 2 due to emissions of equipment Plants and animals (2) (7) Negative gaseous pollutants Construction chemicals H atmosphere 1 2 Workers Excavation and road works Community High Medium Medium 1 2 Increased levels of Movement of vehicles Wildlife, Domestic (3) (6) Negative noise Operation of equipment H animals 2 1 Atmosphere Water Changes in physical resources chemical properties Waste management Aquatic fauna and flora High Medium High 2 3 (Contamination , Operation of machinery Wildlife and human (3) (8) Negative sedimentation) Vehicle/ machinery repairs M Water users 1 2 Changes in fish populations Blockage of water courses Aquatic fauna and flora (mortality, Sedimentation Medium Medium High M Wildlife and human 1 2 2 3 destruction of spawn Erosion (2) (8) Negative Water users sites, blockage of Water contamination passage) Inappropriate culvert size Cultivated lands, Changes in Medium Low Medium or placement L buildings along road, 1 1 1 2 hydrology/ drainage (2) (5) Negative Blockage of water course Wildlife 166 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8.3.1.1.1 Impact on Fauna Within the fabric of this ESIA, fauna includes vertebrate (birds, mammals including bats, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish) and invertebrate (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and worms) groups. Detail of fauna that is found within the project area is presented in chapter 5 of this report. Impact Fauna shall be impacted on through modification and alternation of habitats including; change in the quality of the atmosphere (sound and air), vegetation coverage and ground disturbance through excavations, vibrations and compaction. Impacts from habitat modification include but may not be limited to; Disturbance resulting from changes in noise levels. Deteriorated quality of feeding or breeding sites due to changes in physical or chemical properties of the habitat. These are not restricted to changes in soil, air, lighting or water quality. Accidental or intentional kills for small fauna: Kills will occur to invertebrates, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians during the ground disturbance. Accidental or intentional kills for large fauna: Larger fauna face a threat of accidental road kills, and intentional kills by poachers or persons citing self defense Increased risk of diseases spread to fauna: for example Chimpanzees that forage along human trails/ dwell nearer to humans have been reported to catch more infections than those which are far from humans (Zommers, et al. 2012) Reduction in species diversity and abundance due to habitat fragmentation Source of impact Potential impact on fauna is related to changes in the habitat including size and quality Direct changes in habitat are anticipated as a result of; i) use of motorized equipment ii) use of chemical substances iii) human presence iv) vegetation clearance v) ground disturbance Nature of receiving environment: Considering the entire stretch of the road, fauna dependent on forested and wetland areas are considered most sensitive. For the most part the wetland dependent species are considered Least Concern in accordance with IUCN red list criteria. However species living in the forest including Tragelaphus scriptus, and the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), are considered Endangered according to IUCN (2016). The Uganda 167 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Mangabey (Lophocebus ugandae) which was found in Bugoma forest is an endemic species to Uganda Design controls The existing road alignment is to be maintained as well as the canopy within areas across Bugoma CFR; where canopy exists. No clearance beyond the requirement for carriage way, shoulders and drainage shall be expected within the forested area Mitigation measures: i. Maintain the closed up canopies of Bugoma CFR by avoiding tree cutting. ii. A “soft start” approach should be used within wetlands and other ecologically sensitive areas such as breeding sites to enable sensitive and shy animals move farther before construction begins. iii. Avoid dumping spoil into wetlands as it directly affects aquatic fauna. iv. The contractor should suppress dust during earthworks through continuous watering. v. The contractor should install appropriate road signage on speed limits during construction. vi. Install culverts along Bugoma central Forest Reserve at an interval to ensure habitat connectivity. vii. A comprehensive waste management plan should be in place to ensure that impacts on fauna that could emanate from waste management are controlled viii. Vegetation clearance will be minimized to surveyed routes for the road. ix. The contractor teams will undergo induction on UNRA Environmental and Social Safeguard policy and strict penalties imposed for poaching especially by employees. x. Regular monitoring will be adopted throughout to ensure that effects on fauna are identified and where possible avoided, eliminated or reduced xi. Possible injury to animals during construction should be prevented by ensuring that wildlife awareness training is part and parcel of contractors' HSE training for the workers and visitors throughout the construction period. xii. Vehicles and equipment shall be operated only during the day for the construction period to limit noise impact at night. xiii. Speed limits shall be in place in addition to physical barriers to reduce speed especially in sensitive areas for animal crossing. xiv. Where breeding sites are identified; care shall be taken to relocate these without damage or temporarily halt construction until offspring are mobile. 8.3.1.1.2 Impact on Terrestrial Flora Vegetation shall be cleared as part of the proposed upgrade works on the Kabwoya-Buhuka road. Impact 168 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Loss of vegetation cover The proposed upgrade shall involve acquisition of a 50m Right of Way (RoW) in rural areas, the 30m RoW is observed within trading centres which are covered in bare ground. About 29.3km of Kabwoya-Buhuka road cuts through modified environment which including; settlements, subsistence agriculture, commercial farmlands, planted woodlots, grasslands, fallow lands, seasonal wetland and permanent wetlands; 3km of natural forest on either side of the road, 8km of one side of the forest and modified environment on the other side. The right of way within forested area is not to be cleared of vegetation therefore vegetation clearance of an estimated 129.607 hectares is expected. Incremental degradation of wetlands is expected seeing as the road cuts across some wetlands Proliferation of invasive plant species: Construction and maintenance activities will increase disturbance in the environment, and this may induce growth of invasive species if not well monitored and managed. At least six species of invasive plants (Lantana camara, Mimosa pigra, and Senna spectabilis, Senna siamea, Ricinus communis, and Chromolaena odorata) occur within the project corridor. These pose a threat to the natural vegetation especially herbaceous plants. Invasive plant species are fugitive, with a “weedy tendency” i.e. ecologically adapted to open, disturbed, or unstable environments. Source of impact The most obvious impact on flora is related to actual construction works (the vegetation clearing stage). The impacts can be exacerbated by; i) Vegetation removal methods (Logging, bush clearing or grass removal method); ii) Transportation and disposal of the vegetation removed; iii) Unregulated human presence within the central forest reserve areas and wetlands; iv) Timing for implementation of compensatory re-vegetation. Nature of receiving environment: 542 species of plants in 354 genera and 97 families were recorded. Eleven threatened species of plants at national scale and three threatened species at global scale (as described by the International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCN)) were encountered and recorded from the proposed road corridor mainly from Bugoma CFR, though some were encountered within the modified section of the road. Given that the forested area is not likely to be directly affected by construction activities when considering clearing of vegetation, the receptor sensitivity is medium. It is however important to note that there are already impacts related to exploitation of fuel wood from the Bugoma CFR. Fuel wood is the predominant source of energy for cooking within the project area which hardly has access to other options. Charcoal burning alongside logging of timber is therefore a common illegal practice within the forest reserve. This could 169 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) be exacerbated by improved access to the project area when majority of the oil roads are paved and also by influx of people into the project area. Figure 8.1: Charcoal sales point along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road Design controls The existing road alignment is to be followed; this for the most part is at least 7m wide and hence minimal clearance of vegetation is anticipated; Vegetation within the forested area shall not be cleared; along the section where the forest is already degraded, the road will skew towards farmlands to avoid further encroachment on Bugoma central forest reserve; Where closed canopy is found, this will be maintained as much as is practically possible. The project's contribution to the cumulative impacts on the Bugoma forest particularly loss of vegetation cover is low. There is likely increase in energy demands for the construction workforce hence pressure on forest reserves. Mitigation measures: i. The contractor should clearly document his sources of energy especially for the worker’s camp. This could also require any migrant laborer to be accommodated by the main contractor so as not to increase pressure on Forest reserves. ii. Establishment of tree nursery for propagation of native planting material especially the threatened species reported in this report during the time of construction in preparation for restoration of affected sites. These should also be shared with local communities through established community partnerships so that they can plant on their land 170 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) iii. Restore the ecological state of the surrounding sites immediately after portions and/or all project activities in the area have been accomplished, planting of affected wetland with aquatic plants. iv. The clearance of land should be minimized by limiting activities to designated carriage way, cross fall shoulders and drainage. v. Appropriate methods (physical, mechanical and biological can be applied to effectively control and manage invasive species. vi. Other impacts from waste management and construction operations which can impact on flora should be managed adequately by having pollution prevention procedures in place and adequate monitoring systems. vii. The construction workforce who is not originally from within the project area should be accommodated within designated workers camp at locations approved by the district local government. viii. Meals should be provided to the workforce accommodated within the camps to prevent potential impacts on the natural or private forests that could arise from workers seeking cheaper cooking fuel. ix. A vehicle journey management plan system must be in place to monitor the movement of project vehicles and hence avoid incidents of vehicles being engaged in ferrying illegally harvested timber or charcoal. 8.3.1.1.3 Impact on Geology and Soils Preparations and construction activities shall involve actual excavations for the road, fill and compaction of soils. Impact Potential impacts include; Contamination Erosion risk rock movement loss of productive soil due to land take Potential impacts from the presence of vehicles and mechanical equipment include direct contamination from spills and leaks. Presence of people means that there will be need for use of sanitary facilities and other domestic waste shall be generated. Poor waste management could contaminate ground water and surface water with consequences to human and wildlife health. The site is surrounded by mostly sandy-clay and loam soils. The project area is generally filled with cultivated area, swamp and forested areas. The intensity of the impact from contamination with leaked oil other waste/ contaminants is medium given that it is possible that this could happen as an accident during construction. Soils will also be excavated, moved, and road foundation compacted though this shall be restricted to the road and shoulders area. Vibrations from machinery also may result in tremors or faulting. The possibility of faulting is low but cannot be dismissed. Also slope 171 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) stability can be upset by creation of road cuts or embankments and risk of mass movements is present particularly for excavation in hilly areas. It would happen only over short distance given that compaction is over a short distance at a time and that adequate geotechnical and soil tests are conducted prior to approval of construction method. Around densely vegetated area, clearing vegetation exposes soils to higher temperatures and thereafter leads to changes in the life supported by these soils. Soils are also made loose when vegetation is removed and could easily be eroded. Source of impact: The presence of people, use of vehicles, generators, excavation in hilly area and improvements of drainage may impact on soils, geology and ground water. Nature of receiving environment: The receptor sensitivity is low because the steepest portion of the road from Kabwoya to Buhuka is after Ikamiro however rock outcrops are observed along the first few kilometers from Ikamiro towards Kyangwali sub country; even up to 3.2 km away from the escarpment. Some of these are within subsistence gardens but majority are within residential areas and are adjacent to homes or used as seating. . Figure 8.2 Rock outcrop within subsistence garden Majority of these seem to be detached superficial deposits however investigations need to be undertaken prior to construction to ensure that these are detached from the parent. The Ikamiro area is adjacent to the escarpment and contiguous with a deep that was caused by rifting. The seismicity risk for this portion of project road is high. Hence additional measures need to be implemented. The dominant subgrade soil types from Kabwoya to Buhuka are residual soils. These soils occur as a result of in-situ weathering of the parent rocks. The residual soils are commonly reddish to light brown in color. 172 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 8.2 Definition of subgrade soils along the Kabwoya-Buhuka road S/N From To Visual Description 1 0+000 5+000 Generally moist brown silty crumbling gravel 2 5+000 10+000 Generally loose moist reddish brown clayey silts 3 10+000 15+000 Generally loose moist brown clayey silts 4 15+000 20+000 Generally loose moist brown clayey silts 5 20+000 25+000 Generally dense to loose moist brown silty sand 6 25+000 30+000 Generally moist brown slightly clayey silty sand 7 30+000 35+000 Generally loose reddish brown silty clay 8 35+000 40+000 Generally dense to loose moist brown clayey silty sand Design controls The alignment soils survey was conducted in April 2017 from Kabwoya to Buhuka. The investigation covered the visual inspection, excavation of trial pits (TPs) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) tests to obtain data on the type of soils in the wearing course and subgrade and strength of the sub-soils, which would form the basis for design of the future pavement. Test pits spaced at 2km distances apart located on alternate sections along the road were excavated manually to a depth of 1000mm. Geotechnical investigations were also undertaken to ascertain subsurface conditions and evaluate the stratigraphy. These reveal the soil depths encountered in different sections of road and hence are a commencement point to guide future investigations by the contractor. The investigations also reveal that the risk for rock movement due to excavation of the required carriage way and shoulders is very low. • As much as is practically possible, excavations shall be limited to the area required for the road surface shoulders and drainage Mitigation measures: i. Ensure presence of mobile toilets and adequate sanitary facilities for workers camps should be provided to prevent soil contamination with biological agents ii. Ensure that compaction works and cut and fill are restricted to the designated road/ surveyed area iii. Fuel and other potentially contaminative liquid storage areas will be enclosed within the contractors camp with bunds designed to hold 110% of the volume of the largest tank, or 25% of the total stored volume, whichever is the larger iv. Petroleum operations license must be obtained from the ministry of energy prior to commencement of storage and dispensing operations v. Equipment and vehicle servicing should be at designated service stations licensed by the local government and ministry of energy and mineral development vi. Spill contingency plan should be in place to ensure minimal effects from any chemical spillage 173 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) vii. replant disturbed areas immediately after disturbance has stopped not after completion of construction viii. avoid creation of cut slopes and embankments which are of an angle greater than the natural angle of repose for the local soil type ix. Slope protection measures including a combination of engineering and biological methods such as combined riprap with vegetation planting along slopes are required to ease runoff from the road. 8.3.1.1.4 Atmosphere Impact Increased levels of dust and particulate matter in the troposphere during construction Increased levels of gaseous emissions including pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds among others Decreased dust from road during operations phase Emissions to air from the road works may primarily affect the workers onsite and immediate communities along the road whilst emissions and dust generated during transportation affects road users as well. Impacts from dust on humans are not limited to nuisance and respiration-related impacts but also include transportation of pathogens to skin, foreign bodies to eyes or ears and general dirt accumulation on food and the body which can increase risk for infectious diseases. Increments in the levels of primary pollutants have implications for health of humans and wildlife as well as for climate change. Receptor sensitivity is primarily dependent on the presence of communities, road users or wildlife that is negatively affected by emissions, dust and air pollution to be generated. The receptor sensitivity is high given constant presence of workers and community throughout the construction phase. The intensity of the impact is considered medium given an anticipated reduction in speed of moving vehicles and the temporary nature of the excavation and other construction activities. Air quality deterioration due to construction and transportation activities would have a direct negative impact. Bitumen before being used in road construction has to be heated to make it less viscous and in the process releasing volatile compounds which contaminate the air. Activities such as earth works and vehicle movements will create dust which will be blown over the immediate area. Usually the large part of this dust would be expected to settle within a few hundred metres, depending on soil type and wind conditions, and will affect a small area of the immediate vicinity. During transportation in the construction period, these impacts are experienced for a short period of time in any one area. Emissions from vehicle exhausts and equipment will be temporarily felt. The cumulative impacts of similar exhaust emissions in association with 174 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) other similar operations past or in the future contributes towards causing increments in greenhouse gas concentrations which are of global significance as contributors to climate change. Source of Impact Activities during the construction phase that may result in significant impacts to air quality include: • Emissions from petroleum fueled equipment • Dust generation from open excavation and transportation of soil/ gravel • Dust generated from vehicle movements and transportation. • Emissions from substances used in construction Nature of receiving environment: Approximately 29km of the project road is community area, this is predominantly covered by vegetation however dwellings are clustered along the road near trading centres and some homes are also just within meters of the carriage way. Majority of those in the rural sections are to face involuntary resettlement however those in trading centres shall remain close to the source of dust and will temporarily be inconvenienced during the construction period. Figure 8.3 Buildings adjacent to the existing carriage way The human environment would therefore most frequently be affected by dust from construction works. Vegetation including vegetables within subsistence gardens would also be covered in dust if appropriate measures are not in place during the construction phase. The impact severity without mitigation is Medium. Mitigation measures: i. Dust suppression methods should be employed throughout the construction period, these should include but not restricted to sprinkling of roads with water, speed control and diversions where possible; 175 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) ii. Workforce should be provided with adequate overall body protection from dust including skin, eyes and nose; iii. Efforts will be made to use the most fuel-efficient machinery and vehicles, which will be serviced regularly and in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications to maintain efficiency. 8.3.1.1.5 Impacts on Ambience Impact Noise levels are likely to increase due to construction works. Changes in noise levels affect animals and humans and cause different reactions in different species of animals. Some animals may feel threatened by noise whilst others may simply be attracted to the noise source. All in all noise can lead to changes the distribution of animals temporarily and also is a nuisance to humans in many ways including interrupting conversations/ affecting the ability for humans to communicate, sleep disturbance, interruption of concentration for children in schools and other impacts on health for some people. Noise is unavoidable during construction. Generally increments of 3dB (A) or more result in nuisance to residential properties and the human environment. Actual details regarding the construction techniques and location of auxiliary infrastructure are vague at present and, therefore, the potential magnitude of potential noise and vibration effects on local receptors cannot be predicted accurately. However it is known that noise from construction activities depends on the actual activity being undertaken, is felt at various degrees of intensity at different sections of road at any point in time and is temporary-short term. Noise can be intermittent during the day, or can be continuous depending on activity at hand. Receptors also perceive noise differently depending on distance from the road; in this case with a RoW of 50m, it is likely several persons within 100m of the construction shall be able to perceive the noise. The operations phase shall also involve vehicle movement along the road, only that the road will be upgraded and better than the current conditions hence faster movement and fewer potholes. The area does not have heavy traffic but is likely to receive more vehicles once upgrade is complete. Source of impact Noisy activities include earth works, operation of construction equipment, and delivery of materials and movement of heavy and light vehicles on the road. Mitigation measures: i. Planned construction works should be disseminated to local collaborators including LC's to ensure that any vulnerable members of community are forewarned about the noise; ii. Noisy activities and construction in general should be restricted to day time hours (7am-10pm); 176 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) iii. Where workers are exposed to noise beyond statutory limits, hearing protection should be provided. 8.3.1.1.6 Impact on Water Resources Preparations and construction activities shall involve actual excavations for the road, fill and compaction of soils. The road traverses several surface water streams and majority of these are currently strained from anthropogenic activity including direct washing of clothes or motorbikes by community; among other uses. Impact Potential impacts on surface water include; sedimentation changes in physical chemical properties of water mortality of supported aquatic fauna and flora over exploitation changes in population of aquatic fauna due to habitat fragmentation or destruction of critical fish habitats such as spawning and nursery areas changes in hydrology (including flooding) Construction could affect fish and fish habitat through alteration of riparian vegetation, blockage of fish passage, and water quality through discharge, leaks or spillage of contaminated waste to water bodies, destruction of critical fish habitat, sedimentation of rivers and streams and direct mortality of fish. Such effects may occur during the construction and post-construction phases of the project. Suspended sediment reduces water clarity and can cause damage to gills. Sediment can also settle onto the bottom of the rivers/streams smothering eggs and/or rendering gravel substrate unsuitable for spawning. Potential impacts from the presence of vehicles and mechanical equipment include direct contamination from spills and leaks. Presence of people means that there will be need for use of sanitary facilities and other domestic waste shall be generated. Poor waste management (including spoil from road construction, human waste, and oil contaminated wastes among others) could contaminate surface water with consequences for human and wildlife health. Water is also utilized for construction and dust control. The actual source of water for construction is not confirmed at this point in time however if not adequately sighted and agreed with resident district authorities could result into competition for water with local community or overexploitation of existing water sources. The project road is designed to have 87 culverts; 48 of these are new whilst 39 are to be replaced. Twelve sections will have major culverts fitted. The details of the design flood and total crossing capacity for the installations is presented in Table 3.7. The total crossing capacity for all structures exceeds the design flood; an indication that they are of sufficient 177 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) sizing and will not exacerbate the problem of flooding that is eminent in some sections along the road. Source of impact: The presence of people, use of petroleum fueled equipment and vehicles, ground disturbance, working on the drainage (culvert installation), embankment creation Design controls • Culverts of adequate size are being designed to ensure fish passage and control flows • Ponds have been recommended for incorporation into the design at locations where the culverts are pouring into homesteads or farmland to reduce the speed of water Mitigation measures: (i) Water sources for use during the construction period must be identified in collaboration with Hoima district local government Water Officers and District natural resources officers. (ii) Develop an erosion control program and implement proper site preparation procedures (iii) Install, inspect, and maintain erosion and sediment control structures to ensure effective and efficient operation. (iv) Create and maintain buffer zones to protect water quality by acting as a sediment trap between the water body and an area of significant land disturbance. The buffer zones also help in protecting riparian vegetation to provide shading, bank stability and food supply for fish. (v) Equip bridges with wing-walls to prevent bank erosion (vi) Ensure presence of mobile toilets and adequate sanitary facilities for workers camps (vii) Ensure that compaction works and cut and fill are restricted to the designated road/ surveyed area (viii) Fuel and other potentially contaminative liquid storage areas will be enclosed within the contractors camp with bunds designed to hold 110% of the volume of the largest tank, or 25% of the total stored volume, whichever is the larger (ix) Petroleum operations license must be obtained from the ministry of energy prior to commencement of storage and dispensing operations (x) Equipment and vehicle servicing should be at designated service stations licensed by the local government and ministry of energy and mineral development (xi) Spill contingency plan should be in place to ensure minimal effects from any chemical spillage (xii) replant disturbed areas immediately after disturbance has stopped not after completion of construction 178 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (xiii) Establish a rig of stones around stockpiles to prevent materials being washed away (xiv) Avoid stock piling near waterways (streams) or on slopes 179 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 8.3.1.2 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment Positive impacts during Construction phase 8.3.1.2.1 Creation of employment and sources of income A limited number of employment opportunities have been realised by skilled members of the community during the planning phase. These included but may not limited to participation in household surveys as enumerators, surveyor assistants; meeting facilitation/moderation. These short term employment opportunities have temporarily benefited only a few individuals seeing as transferable skills were learnt. It is however unlikely that the employment significantly changed the community or standard of living for the individuals. The construction phase shall involve employment of skilled and non-skilled labour. Considering that very few members within the project area have a tertiary education, it is likely that majority of skilled personnel will be sourced from the contractor's own team regarding the urgency of the project; it is unlikely that the contractor will be employing new personnel to train in managerial or highly skilled capacities however junior positions may be available for trained or entry level personnel. With regards to catering and hospitality, several employment opportunities shall be opened up including those for cleaning operatives, food preparation, food purchasing, accommodation service provision; among others. Community members who already engage in construction activities like welding, brick making, sand mining might also be engaged in supporting the construction crews. Furthermore, local people whose land has raw materials such as timber, gravel, stones and sand among others could sell the raw materials to the project. It’s estimated that about 30 skilled workers and 60-150 unskilled workers will be employed on the road project. Creation of employment and sources of income will both be a direct and indirect impact to the people. Those who will be directly employed by the project will benefit directly while those who will offer services or sales will benefit indirectly. Significance of Impact The Impact is positive however is of medium impact and the employment will be temporary limited to the construction period only. The extent is regional considering that it employment shall be open to personnel from other districts. Enhancement measures: (i) The skills learnt by workers during this period are transferable however in order for employment to be gainful; it is recommended that Employees are given employment contracts that clearly stipulate their job descriptions. Documented contracts are a testimony of previous employment history and enable employees compete actively on the job market in future. (ii) Additionally, to ensure that equal opportunity is accorded to the local community, transparent advertisement of jobs through accessible media such as the radio and the community notice boards at the sub county should be considered. Job advertisements should include details of required number of workers, required sex of workers, skills level and job title. 180 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (iii) Furthermore a reasonable amount of jobs should be set aside for women to increase their participation in construction activities. Whilst traffic control or administration jobs might seem the most obvious, some other roles exist which are less manual including but not limited to road marking, steel binding, driving, surveying ; among others. (iv) Adequate notice prior to termination should be given to those employed temporarily so that they can be able to plan for returning into the job-seeker pool. (v) A clear code of conduct should be provided to all workers on the road project. (vi) Equal remuneration for equal work roles should be emphasized and where this is not possible clear communication about the inconsistency made known to all workers in order to avoid conflict with workers that are not local to the project area. (vii) Local leaders should be involved in the recruitment process to ensure fair and full participation of local communities in the construction phase. (viii) Promote workers welfare by providing clean water and food at the work place 8.3.1.2.2 Short-term economic activities During the construction period, there is need to source for earth materials locally, as well as food and shelter. Persons in possession of gravel, sand, stones, timber and other hardware will therefore have the opportunity to get market for their goods. Fresh food and cooked food sales might also increase due to the increased number of workers on the construction project. Other services such as barber shops, entertainment centres; among others might also be boosted from the increased number of employed people with disposable incomes. Rental incomes are likely to be increased and some land or property owners shall benefit from renting out their property temporarily for use by persons involved in the construction. This could include property used for temporary storage of materials among others. The impact shall be temporary given the temporary nature of the construction period but is positive with medium magnitude. Enhancement Measures: (i) Documented contracts shall be awarded to ensure minimal conflict (ii) Quality of supply should be specified by contractor to avoid misunderstandings that result in non-payment for services rendered 8.3.1.2.3 Opportunities for edification The construction and preconstruction periods come with opportunities for learning including and not limited to involving the community in participatory / interactive planning for infrastructure. Furthermore, community sensitization shall be heightened during preparatory and construction periods; these are opportunities for community to learn from each other; meet together ; gain camaraderie and also learn about road design process, HIV/AIDS and STI prevention, recruitment processes and also topics such as land acquisition and tenure. It can therefore be asserted that the project comes with an element of knowledge enhancement for the community to a medium extent. Enhancement Measures: 181 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (i) A community liaison officer shall be employed by the contractor to ensure adequate participation of all stakeholders. (ii) Work in collaboration with local district to ensure success of health outreaches and other sensitization activities within their jurisdiction. Negative impact During Construction Phase 8.3.1.2.4 Loss of Properties The upgrade of the project road shall involve involuntary resettlement prior to commencement of the construction works. Land acquisition will impact on some social amenities, residential properties and agricultural land. Impacts will affect the host community including the project affected people (facing involuntary resettlement or reduced size of land holding) and resident community that will not be directly affected by land take. Impact For project affected people, the impacts include; landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, social dislodgment (loss of social network and standing), food insecurity, morbidity, Interruption to schooling for children, strained access to public services like health centres, water supply and energy among others For the general host community, loss of social amenities including but not limited to reduction in land holding for worship centres Loss of productive land ( e.g. for agriculture or business) Loss or relocation of physical cultural resources Source of Impact Land acquisition Design Controls A comprehensive Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is being developed to manage impacts from land acquisition; Resettlement activities are to be implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation and the informed participation of those affected. Mitigation measures: i. Adequate, fair, and prompt compensation and resettlement of PAPs should be done before project construction activities commence. ii. Timely communicate to PAPs on schedules of project activities to enable them adjust their livelihoods plans. iii. The RAP should define mechanisms that are responsive to the extent possible to the prevailing needs of the beneficiaries/PAPs. iv. Resettlement actions should consider differential treatment of vulnerable groups particularly households with ethnic minorities, chronically ill, persons with disability and children with disability; 182 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) v. Social amenities should be included as part of road furniture, including but not limited to resting/ seating places in form of bus stops, green spaces in compensation for public green space lost. 8.3.1.2.5 Impacts on Public Safety and Security 8.3.1.2.5.1 Increase in crime rates Construction projects are frequently associated with theft of construction material. Consultation with police records reveals that theft is responsible for 28% of crime reported in the project area. The details of thefts include forced shop entry, armed robberies of church, theft of produce in storage, theft of food from commercial and subsistence gardens and theft of vehicle spares from parked vehicles. Majority of thefts were reported in Wairagaza, Kyebitaka, Nsonga, Nsozi and Mburara. Other crimes within the area include possession of opium, violence, defilement and murder. At least 7 murder cases had been reported to Kyangwali police post between January and July 2017. The construction project will have construction material which is attractive for thieves. Vehicles and equipment parts as well as fuel will need to be secured. The construction workforce shall include migrant workers or at least workers from regions outside the project area seeing as majority in the project area are not educated to tertiary standards. The disposable income for the workforce is likely to be higher than that of the host population. Higher amounts of disposable income have been cited as facilitating factors for defilement and prostitution during consultative meetings with locals and leaders. Mitigation measures: (i) The contractor’s code of conduct should be elaborate on involvement in crime (ii) Sensitization on effects of drug abuse, transactional sex and other crimes should be part of the worker induction (iii) The contractor should have an independent security system that collaborates with the local security organs (iv) Development and implementation of security plans should involve local (LC) leaders and police. (v) Create awareness and build capacity within communities, workers, security agencies on the dangers of prostitution, crime and drug abuse; to resist the temptation. (vi) Capacity of local authorities should be enhanced to handle challenges associated with migrant and immigrant workers. (vii) All migrant workers must be accommodated within a designated camp sites. (viii) Adequate controls on materials in storage and fuel should be in place to minimize on the possibility of their theft 183 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (ix) A journey management plan must be in place to monitor movement of all project vehicles (x) Recruitment of local persons should be subject to police checks alongside recommendation from their respective local leaders or local government (xi) Storage facilities should be designated and situated in collaboration with the police and district local government 8.3.1.2.5.2 Influences on domestic violence Consultative meetings with communities reveal that there is anticipated increase in disposable income to construction workers. The communities anticipate that persons with higher amounts of disposable income might attract women and young girls and lead to breakdown of existing relationships which could result in crimes of passion and domestic violence. Mitigation measures: (i) A rigorous workplace code of conduct should be in place to govern all staff working on the project. This should include issues like engagement with community, penalties for engagement in crime and disciplinary action among others. (ii) Community sensitization against domestic violence should be in place throughout the construction period. 8.3.1.2.5.3 Impact on Children The proposed project traverses areas with a number of schools and settlements. It is likely that workers associated with the project will engage in sexual relationships with school and under aged children. The community indicated that occurrence of such behaviour may reduce community support for the project. According to Kabwoya HC III HIMS data sheets 2017 Child pregnancy was documented at 7.9% which is associated with defilement and early marriage. There is also a low level of attendance of schools and a risk of children getting employed to do construction work. Mitigation measures: (i) The contractor will be required to develop a child protection plan which will be implemented in collaboration with community leaders, schools and districts. (ii) The contractor will be required to develop child protection plan which will be implemented in collaboration with community leaders, schools and districts. (iii) The contractor will be required to collaborate with communities to provide information regarding child abuse incidences. (iv) The community should be sensitized on the risks of child abuse. (v) Minimize the interaction of children with the workers, and closely monitor and report worker’s behaviour/conduct. (vi) Cases of abuse should be reported to the police for investigation and prosecution 184 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (vii) The contractor should ensure to have a strict policy on child labour including peer investigation to ensure that no children (under 18) are employed at the site 8.3.1.2.6 Impact on lifestyle and behaviour Within all community meetings it was reported that workers with disposable income usually "steal" wives. There was genuine apprehension that this could happen during the construction period for this road. Mitigation measures: (i) An HIV/STI Community sensitization program should be in place. (ii) The implementing contractor must have in place a strict workplace policy on interaction with the community, and mandatory HIV and STI training at least once in every three months. (iii) Migrant workers (workers not recruited from within the project area) should be given adequate paid leave to ensure that they keep in touch with their families to avoid unfavorable associations or sexual relations within the project area. (iv) A workers' camp with strict entrance, exit and curfew policy should be in place. 8.3.1.2.7 Impacts on Utilities Supply It is highly likely that utility infrastructure found within the road reserve shall be affected temporarily during the construction period. This includes electricity, water and possibly communication infrastructure. This shall impact on the users of the utilities, as well as the supply chain. For electricity, this includes the companies involved in power generation and distribution. Impact Interruption in supply of electricity and water Interruptions in communication (where fiber optic and telecommunication lines are installed) Low sales periods for utility supply chain stakeholders loss of revenues (e.g. loss of revenues for power generation companies and distribution companies) Source of Impact The impact shall be caused by site preparations; mainly ground disturbance and vegetation clearing 185 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) There is a newly erected electricity distribution line for the project area. This was not yet energised at the time of the ESIA studies. Additionally majority of residents reported that they utilise solar energy for lighting The sensitivity of the community to interrupted power supply from the national grid is therefore low however for the utilities companies disconnections could result in high impact. Mitigation measures: (i) Utility infrastructure must be identified in collaboration with distribution agencies prior to commencement of ground disturbance (ii) Electricity distribution poles identified to be damaged by the road works should be replaced beforehand to ensure that there is no interruption in power supply on commencement of the civil works (iii) In the event that interruptions to supply are made, compensation should be agreed and paid to mitigate the loss of revenue borne by supply chain actors 8.3.1.2.8 Impacts on human health 8.3.1.2.8.1 Noise and vibrations Noise shall be generated during the construction period. This has an impact on psychosocial health of human beings. Additionally noise can cause sleep disturbance and interfere with conversations. Noise can also create problem animals when animals disperse due to the change in tranquillity. Impact Sleep disturbance 186 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Interference with conversation/communication Problem animals Source of Impact Site preparations Movement of vehicles Excavations and compaction Delivery of materials Mitigation measures: (i) Noisy activities should be restricted to day time only; (ii) Community sensitization is advised prior to commencement of activities particularly communicating schedules to schools and local council chairpersons; (iii) Material stockpiles should be located as far as practically possible from homesteads along the road; (iv) Worker camps should be governed by strict regulations against noise after 10pm; (v) Continuous noise monitoring should be conducted during the construction period to ensure that persons adversely affected along the road are identified and noise controls implemented 8.3.1.2.8.2 Impaired Air Quality Dust shall be generated temporarily during the construction phase as well as gaseous emissions. This impact is discussed within section 8.3.1.1.4. Impact increased dust increase in gaseous emissions Source of Impact Site preparations Movement of vehicles Excavations and compaction Delivery of materials Mitigation measures: (i) Dust suppression methods should be employed throughout the construction period, these should include but not be restricted to sprinkling of roads with water, speed control and diversions where possible; (ii) Workforce should be provided with adequate overall body protection from dust including skin, eyes and nose; (iii) Efforts will be made to use the most fuel-efficient machinery and vehicles, which will be serviced regularly and in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications to maintain efficiency; 187 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (iv) Materials storage areas should be located as far as practically possible from homesteads; (v) Bitumen heating areas should be placed as far as possible from homesteads. 8.3.1.2.8.3 Increased spread of infectious diseases There will be more people employed and living within the project area as a result of construction works. Malaria, coughs/colds, intestinal worms, epilepsy, acute diarrhoea, skin diseases, sexually transmitted infections, meningitis, pneumonia and Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are the top ten causes of morbidity in the project area. Of these malaria, coughs, diarrhoea, skin infections, STI's, meningitis and UTI's spread speedily within densely populated areas. Construction workers frequently live in crowded accommodation and share sanitation facilities with masses. Additionally sexually transmitted infections including HIV infections can be transmitted from or to resident communities. Camp followers are also common at large construction sites. These are usually persons not directly engaged in construction activities but usually provide a service to construction workers and scout for opportunities to follow construction crews around the country. These may include caterers, sex workers, laundry service providers, accommodation service providers, materials suppliers, among others. Impact Increase in spread of infectious diseases Source of Impact Increase in population (influx of workers and camp followers) Mitigation measures: (i) The contractor's recruitment policy should be stringent to ensure that any direct recruitment of labour at the site is restricted to persons living within the direct impact zone of the project (in the worst case scenario from within Hoima district); (ii) Contractor should have in place adequate accommodation facilities for both migrant and Ugandan workers who were not living within the project area prior to their recruitment; (iii) As much as is practically possible meals (particularly lunch) should be provided for all directly employed workers regardless of origin to limit the spread of food borne infections in the workplace and community and also indirectly regulate commercial camp followers; (iv) Adequate provision should be made for sanitary facilities in accommodation camps and along the project road (mobile toilets); (v) In line with the employment Act, all workforce must be provided with safe drinking water at the workplace throughout the construction period; (vi) Ensure that the contractor has a workplace STI and HIV prevention program in place throughout the site preparation and construction period. This should include awareness campaigns, condom distribution and voluntary counseling and testing at 188 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) least once every quarter in collaboration with existing local governments and health centers; (vii) Ensure that the selected contractor has a workplace HIV/AIDS policy prior to selection during procurement; (viii) Pre-employment medical examination should be conducted at the contractor's expense as recommended in the employment act (mandatory for persons employed in tar and bitumen surfacing, welding and motor vehicle repairs); (ix) The workplace should have in place an equipped emergency clinic with a trained health professional and rapid malaria diagnosis kits to encourage early diagnosis and reduce the possibility of low productivity of workers due to illness; (x) A comprehensive waste management plan must be in place. 8.3.1.2.9 Impact on physical cultural resources Material source points for gravel have been identified to be far off from identified physical cultural resources however road upgrade shall involve excavation and earth works. Material of physical cultural importance could be unearthed or destroyed. Mitigation measures: (i) Contractor staff should be trained on identification of archeological resource materials, salvaging and documentation prior to commencement of the construction works (ii) All graves and other living culture that are in the vicinity or within the planned development area should be relocated in consultation with tribal/cultural leaders and owners 8.3.1.2.10 Impacts on transport systems There is potential for paths or roads to be opened up, closed, and re-routed during the construction phase. Road works may result into restricted or inconvenient access to social facilities and property through cutting, filling, dumping of gravel, heaping of spoil and barricades. Facilities identified along the proposed road that could be affected include Kyangwali and Nsozi H.CIII, worship centres, schools and weekly markets. This could result into considerable disruption of economic and social activities in the project area and may cause stress and resentment of project activities. This impact is negative, moderate, short term and reversible Impact Barriers to movement for pedestrians Loss of revenues for business owners along excluded roads Lower attendance at schools Interruption to movement of vehicles including slowing down or longer journeys through diversions Source of Impact 189 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Road diversions Mitigation measures: (i) Ensure that appropriate road diversions for vehicle traffic are in place and in condition for vehicle access prior to commencement of construction works; (ii) Ensure that adequate notification regarding the presence of road works on the Kabwoya- Buhuka road to enable the general public to plan adequately; (iii) The contractor should always consult and plan with communities on convenient stock piling areas and accesses during construction; (iv) Proper signage for road users should be in place showing diversions to be visible even at night to prevent injury; (v) Existing access routes should be restored after works, or convenient alternatives provided; (vi) Pedestrian paths should be maintained throughout the construction period to permit access to homesteads, social services including schools and health centers; (vii) Owners of business premises should be included within the resettlement action planning as well as business operators to account for losses over the construction period; (viii) Duration of construction should be communicated to all community prior to commencement of works and adhered to as much as is practically possible; (ix) The duration of construction should be minimized and restricted to the least possible time frame in order to minimize the duration that impacts from interrupted movement/use of the road are experienced; (x) Appropriate road signage should be in place to direct traffic throughout the construction period; (xi) Any re-routing should be through established road network however where this is not existing; temporary land acquisition with consent of the land owners should be undertaken prior to confirming diversions. 8.4 Operational Phase 8.4.1 Positive impacts during Operational phase 8.4.1.1 Improved road surface Paving the road is significant because it will reduce on dust generation. Currently dust is generated each time vehicles traverse the road. This sometimes affects visibility along the route. 8.4.1.2 Improved transportation The community expressed that they anticipate improvement in access to health care services when the road is paved. Furthermore it was expressed that it is seemingly slow and difficult to transport patients to health centres mainly because there are few vehicles which serve the public along the road. Transportation of drugs, health service providers and emergency cases such as expectant mothers, infants etc. will also be facilitated. 190 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Hence they stated that a paved road would be beneficial in terms of attracting options for public transport which will increase in number once the roads within the project area are better. Better roads are associated with fewer breakdowns and less costs for maintenance. Additionally, the community foresee changes in the costs for transportation given that with a paved road, vehicles shall not frequently require maintenance and eventually the transport costs shall be lower than they are at the moment. The current gravel road is synonymous with high maintenance costs for vehicle owners hence discouraging public transport and leaving it to just a few players who monopolise the situation. Consequently, a journey from Kabwoya to Buhuka costs 10,000 in a taxi and 20,000 on the back of a motorcycle (boda boda). Enhancement Measures Bus bays should be appropriately placed including at health centres such as Nsozi and Kituti to permit stopovers for public service vehicles. 8.4.1.3 Improved road safety due to upgrade of the road Consultations with community and observations during the time for the ESIA reveal that there will definitely be an improvement in road geometry which in turn will improve safety of road users and community who live or work alongside the road. This is a positive impact of high magnitude considering that it will avert several fatalities associated with the former road design. 8.4.1.4 Improved design Observations reveal that there are several sharp bends and blind spots. These are flattened out with the proposed design for the upgraded road. Enhancement Measures Ensure that sensitization on meaning and purpose of road signs is undertaken for local community 8.4.1.5 Appreciation of property value With improved road infrastructure, the value of land in the project area as well as rents is likely to increase. This is beneficial to property owners and will generate more revenues. Enhancement Measures The RAP implementation team shall work with the district local government valuation experts to ensure that compensation rates are fair and cover replacement costs. 8.4.2 Negative Impacts during the operational Phase 8.4.2.1 Increased road kills Improved roads through Bugoma CFR and higher travel speed could raise incidents of road kill of primates especially chimpanzees. Other species including reptiles (especially snakes and tortoises) could be at risk of road kill. Mitigation measures: 191 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (i) Speed limit measures should be installed e.g. humps at interval of 0.15 km along the forested stretch of Bugoma Central Forest Reserve; operational speed should be 20- 40 km/hr. (ii) Install appropriate safety signs and speed humps along the stretch through the Forest reserve. The signage to be installed should indicate to motorist’s narrowness of the stretch, humps, wildlife crossing and speed limits. (iii) Install wildlife crossing structures that can facilitate wildlife movement across roads. These structures include culverts and pipes. 8.4.2.2 Climate change Greenhouse gases will be emitted as a consequence of all internal and external combustion equipment on site (operational machinery and generators), motor-cars using the road plus land clearing burning. Greenhouse gasses generally include all emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). The sum of all greenhouse gasses is generally expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Accumulation of Greenhouse gases leads to climate change; Likelihood of impact occurrence is high and impact significancy accumulates with time. Mitigation measures: i. All combustion equipment on site including operational machinery and generators should be serviceed regularly. ii. High carbon sequestrating tree planting should be planted along road corridors in communities. iii. Avoid using dilapidated machinery on the road. iv. All on site burning should be done and controlled under a proper chimney. v. Avoid cutting trees as much as possible. 8.4.2.3 Impacts on drainage Changes in drainage are anticipated during the construction period and the operations phase. Potential changes may include reduced availability of water for agriculture due to diversions of surface water intensive flooding within homesteads or home gardens change in habitats due to diverted surface water flows risk of transmission of vector borne diseases and other excreta related illness transportation of wastes from road into built up areas, and gardens Design controls Cross drains and side drains with appropriate outfall and erosion protection have been proposed Mitigation measures: 192 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) (i) Hydrological studies shall inform the final designs to ensure that critical habitats remain in receipt of surface water flows necessary for sustaining the living organisms currently supported. (ii) Diversion ponds should be designed with adequate slope to prevent stagnation. (iii) Grills/ traps should be installed at culverts and drain outlets to reduce on the amount of waste flowing from roads into built-up or cultivated area. (iv) Side drains running parallel and adjacent to the dual carriageway should be constructed, to drain water from the road and adjacent lands and dispose it away from the road. (v) Regular de-silting and cleaning of drains should be carried out regularly. (vi) Construction of infiltration ditches must be considered as an alternative to flows into homesteads. (vii) Dig infiltration ditches and soak pits within the road reserve; and Outfall drains with erosion protection works should be installed. 8.4.2.4 Road accidents Drivers on a newly improved road commonly excitedly drive faster. This is a risky Behavior common on new road in Uganda and is referred to as “new road effect”. This usually happens in the first few months of commissioning a new road and is associated with frequent road accidents, especially at pedestrian crossings, sharp corners and blind spots, often leading to loss of life or commercial goods. This impact can be reversible with safe road use sensitization campaigns for 1-2 months before road commissioning. Likelihood of impact occurrence is medium but severity high where accidents lead to loss of life Impact significance is therefore high. Mitigation measures: i. Potential accident hotspots should be marked with appropriate road signs. ii. Provide necessary road signs along the constructed roads. iii. UNRA and respective district local governments should undertake road safety campaigns for at least 1 month before and 1 month after commissioning the road. 193 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 9 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.1 Introduction This section summarises the various mitigation measures to be implemented during the pre- construction, construction and operations phase of the project. In addition to this, a detailed Resettlement Action Plan is being prepared which will guide the land acquisition process. The objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Management Plan (ESMP) are: i. To bring the project into compliance with applicable national environmental and social legal requirements and the international best practice ii. To outline the mitigating /management, consultative and institutional measures required to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse environmental and social impacts 9.2 Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan The main stakeholder responsible for implementing the plan will be the implementing Contractor awarded to construct this road on behalf of the Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA). The Contractor shall use the ESMP to develop the Environmental and Social Implementation Plan (ESIP). The ESIP will be prepared before commencement of works and will be reviewed, with input from UNRA, and approved by the Supervising Consultant. This ESIP should meet the UNRA procedure on “Obtaining a suitable ESIP” and IFC performance standards. The ESIP will include, but not be limited to, the following plans: i. Emergency preparedness and response ii. Stakeholder Engagement iii. Waste management iv. Traffic management v. Labour and working conditions management vi. Public safety and health management (including HIV prevention) vii. Security management viii. Biodiversity Protection ix. Pollution Prevention and Control x. Physical Cultural Resource management xi. Auxiliary sites management xii. Material sourcing and restoration xiii. Grievance Management 194 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The ESIP will set out the precise measures that the Contractor will take to implement the Environmental and Social statutory, ESIS and contractual requirements and identify the tools and equipment required. UNRA (the developer) will additionally undertake monitoring alongside the Supervising Consultant to ensure compliance during construction, operation and maintenance of the road and associated secondary infrastructure. 9.3 MONITORING Compliance monitoring shall be undertaken by UNRA to ensure compliance to social and environmental impact management objectives. Organisational structure for environmental and social compliance monitoring shall be as presented in Error! Reference source not found.. UNRA Supervising Contractor Consultant Occupational Social Impact Environmental Biodiversity Environmental Safety and Health Management Sociologist Engineer officer Specialist specialist Expert Figure 9.1 Proposed Environmental and Social Impact Management & monitoring team Monitoring will involve measurements, observations, evaluations, assessment and reporting on the indicators specified within chapter 8 and table 9.1, which will have been incorporated into the ESIP. These include but are not limited to; Implementation of the statutory approval conditions Auxiliary sites acquisition and restoration Gender mainstreaming Child Protection traffic incidents during road construction Impacts on traffic movement impacts on water courses impacts on physical cultural resources impacts on air and noise quality 195 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) impacts from material sourcing (specifically quarry or burrow pits) occupational safety and health incidents waste management impacts on community safety and health security incidents cut and fill management grievances Monitoring activities and findings associated with afore mentioned issues should be documented and reported regularly by the contractor to the Supervising Consultant who in turn will report to UNRA. 196 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Table 9.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan Key activities Predicted Impacts Proposed Mitigation measures Indicators for Implementer/ Period/schedule Monitoring Timing for Budget (USD) under each mitigation Target Baseline value stakeholder in works/ timing agency monitoring phase Surveys and Community anxiety Undertake community sensitization prior Meeting minutes with meeting with each Each project affected UNRA RAP RAP valuation to commencement of surveys and households, local project affected village has been team implementation District Local Monthly 30000 valuation authorities, public village contacted by RAP government team Trespass onto Undertake community sensitization prior Community anxiety/ At least one house Zero conflict with UNRA RAP RAP District Local Monthly Inclusive in private land to commencement of surveys and expressed visit to each Project community team implementation government above misconception by valuation apprehension Affected Person community community meeting minutes Conflicts/ Undertake community sensitization prior Meeting minutes with Signed consent with No agreements as yet UNRA RAP RAP UNRA ESS Monthly Inclusive in disagreement with to commencement of land acquisition households, local land owners with land owners or team implementation team RAP existing land users; Ensure involvement of district valuation authorities, public Approved valuation land users District local implementation office and community development Consultative with government and government budget office meetings with district local government ensure adequate consultation with local valuation experts valuation teams leaders Complaints from Sustained access to ensure participation of all household women regarding land for all members including women and the sharing of household members vulnerable members of households compensation Resettlement action plan to be developed Approved RAP Loss of land for Skills enhancement & Livelihood Number of Agricultural Households have UNRA RAP RAP UNRA ESS Bi annually Inclusive in agriculture restoration support for relocated PAPs participants in extension support for sufficie nt food supply team implementation team du ring the RAP Provide replacement land with equivalent livelihood restoration all project affected District local District local first 3 implementation or better quality than that lost by project projects households government government years budget affected people Percentage of host resilience of Production Production following Agricultural extension for affected host community reached households/food Office Office land communities to increase yield from by extension security acquisition remnant space services quantity and quality of land given in replacement Reduced size of Ensure adequate compensation for land Size of land holdings Equivalent or better Average household UNRA RAP RAP District local Monthly Inclusive in land holding for lost with preference to provision of for project affected quality and quantity land holding Team implementation government RAP budget households replacement land versus cash people of land holding for compensation affected households Involuntary resettlement resettlement Involuntary Disruption of Promptly compensate economically Number of business Relocation of less Majority of UNRA RAP & RAP UNRA ESS Monthly Inclusive in economic activities displaced persons at full replacement cost owners displaced than 10% of commercial structures land implementation & team RAP budget including cost for re-establishment at Number of businesses are at least 15m away acquisition land acquisition District local another location commercial Acquisition of from the centre line of Team government structures 30m right of way in the road Production restrict right of way to 30m in urban areas demolished urban areas Office Size of Right of way acquired in urban Land acquisition & areas Loss of means of Minimise relocation of people by Number of Equivalent or better 90.2%of population UNRA RAP RAP UNRA ESS Monthly Inclusive in livelihoods restricting land take in urban areas to homesteads quality and quantity own land; majority of & land implementation & team RAP budget 30m right of way relocated of life for affected these use it for acquisition land acquisition District local Ensure that compensation package is Number of households subsistence or Team government sufficient to provide housing plus land for sensitization commercial farming valuation agriculture as well as feeding for at least meetings office, DCDO 6 months before the crops harvest Compensation conduct sensitization workshops with values community prior to receipt of compensation Loss of social Undertake community sensitization Equivalent or better Number of UNRA RAP & support networks ensure adequate consultation with local quality and quantity UNRA ESS sensitization Ethnically diverse land RAP Inclusive in leaders team Monthly meetings of life for affected community acquisition implementation RAP budget ensure participation of all household DCDO households Team members 197 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Key activities Predicted Impacts Proposed Mitigation measures Indicators for Implementer/ Period/schedule Monitoring Timing for Budget (USD) under each mitigation Target Baseline value stakeholder in works/ timing agency monitoring phase Minimise relocations Equivalent or better 73% households have Number of UNRA RAP & Interruption in Undertake community sensitization quality and quantity school going children, UNRA ESS sensitization land RAP Inclusive in school attendance Where possible identify areas with majority (76%) of team Monthly meetings of life for affected acquisition implementation RAP budget for children/ change adequate access to social services and these have schools DCDO Relocation villages households Team of school relocate the vulnerable to these within 2.5km Land take for camp Formal lease agreements with the Tenure agreements Tenure agreement No land has been Contractor Mobilization Supervising Monthly Inclusive in and auxiliary landowners prior to the construction of the for each area of land allocated for Consultant during boq infrastructure camps or storage areas being utilised contractor camp mobilization Absence of conflict Loss of land cover Restrict vegetation clearing to carriage Area cleared No more than 7m All areas other than Contractor Civil works Supervising Weekly Inclusive in /vegetation way, shoulders and drain from the centre line existing carriage way Consultant during site boq Plant indigenous trees within the right of Size of area planted should be cleared and trading centres clearing way NFA clearances are covered in UNRA ESS 6 months Ensure involvement of NFA in road reserve planted vegetation prior to pre- enumeration of any losses within Bugoma with indigenous trees commission ing Change in fauna Avoid introduction of barriers to Presence of Crossings present at Crossings are present Contractor Civil works Supervising Design Cross drains species population, movement by placement of appropriate crossings at wetland all stream and at all affected streams Consultant review Inclusive in abundance, animal crossings; including culverts& road areas and surface wetland crossings stage boq distribution crossings for reptiles and amphibians water crossings UNRA ESS Look out for nesting sites including trees Number of nesting No more than 10m About 7m width is Weekly to ensure young have hatched prior to sites disturbed width of un- already cleared of during site vegetation clearing vegetated area vegetation within the clearing Restrict vegetation clearance within the should remain within Bugoma area forested section of Bugoma the forested section Contamination of Only licensed designated service stations designated service No pollution of soil, (water results Contractor Throughout Supervising Monthly Inclusive in soil or water should be used for vehicle repairs or stations surface or ground appended to this construction Consultant boq courses service Oil or chemical spills water report) phase Spill contingency plan should be in place UNRA ESS to ensure minimal effects from any Inventory of fuel or chemical spillage chemicals in storage Any fuel in storage must be stored within Number of fuel phase secondary containment & in accordance storage areas with the Ministry of Energy& Mineral Petroleum storage development petroleum supplies permits regulations Erosion control Provide adequate sanitation facilities structures Temporary measures should be % of soil reused in fill Construction employed to control soil erosion during operations construction Employ a NEMA licensed waste handler for transportation of hazardous waste Dust nuisance and Employ dust suppression measures Number of water Compliance with Little or no Contractor, Weekly Supervising Monthly 6000-15000 for exhaust emissions including wet excavations and road tankers per day draft air quality disturbance to air throughout Consultant appropriate air sprinkling wet earth works , standards for quality construction quality conduct periodic air quality Record of particulate Uganda phase UNRA ESS equipment measurements, matter institute speed limits of 10-30kph within measurements, Daily dust working area evidence of speed suppression by locate concrete mixing and material limit signage sprinkler storage as far as is practically possible location of material from buildings storage and mixers Weekly air quality ensure adequate size of vehicles are covers over sand reporting used for materials transport and covered and gravel in ensure construction vehicles are serviced transportation on time Noise nuisance Conduct periodic noise measurements, Record of noise Compliance with Sound pressure level Contractor, Weekly LEQ Supervising Monthly 1500-3500 for institute speed limits of 10-30kph within measurements, National values of 30-62 dB(A) measurements Consultant integrating working area measurements, Environment (Noise recorded in project throughout averaging locate concrete mixing and material evidence of speed Standards and area construction UNRA ESS noise meter storage as far as is practically possible limit signage Control) Regulations phase from buildings location of material 2003 storage and mixers 198 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Key activities Predicted Impacts Proposed Mitigation measures Indicators for Implementer/ Period/schedule Monitoring Timing for Budget (USD) under each mitigation Target Baseline value stakeholder in works/ timing agency monitoring phase restrict works to day time; at most till observed working 10pm in populated area hours Ensure provision of adequate PPE for workers with ear workers plugs or muffs Impacts on Ensure trained persons are in place to Presence of security Zero incidents No incidents Contractor Throughout Supervising Monthly 36000 per year community safety deter the public from the construction & liaison personnel involving community construction Consultant and health area Number of meetings members period Ensure adequate sensitization of or announcements UNRA ESS community on safety and health hazards Signage in place HIV/STI voluntary Have in place appropriate signage for testing once every hazard warnings Presence of mobile three months Ensure that mobile toilets are provided for toilets the construction workforce Attendance lists for Toilet available Have in place an HIV/AIDS & STI workers and within 200m of prevention campaign including all workers community working area and surrounding community Posters on display Ensure that bitumen burning or hot Number of HIV asphalt mix is done at least 50m from testing & training residential or public establishments events Have in place a strict code of conduct for Location of workers processing area Compliance to Ensure that all workers not sourced from Documented worker National environment within the project area are accommodated code of conduct (waste management) within one camp Workers camp regulations & Ensure appropriate waste management Effluent discharge plan is in place to effectively manage all Implementation and regulations waste documentation of waste plan Traffic interruption Ensure provision for appropriate Presence of Zero incidents No incidents Contractor Daily Supervising Monthly Inclusive in communication & signage regarding road appropriate signage Throughout Consultant boq works along connecting construction ensure that detours are well maintained roads period UNRA ESS prior to creation of road diversions Community Work on single lane of carriage way, to complaints permit road usage as much as is Flags persons practically possible Have trained flags persons in place to direct traffic Presence of traffic Have in place a documented traffic management plan management plan for implementation Grievances Clear communication protocol should be Understood Knowledge of all No grievances UNRA During NEMA Monthly USD 12000 per established and communicated to all communication stakeholder No UNRA road mobilization during year community and local authorities procedure grievances committee phase prior to District local construction Roads committees should be established Presence of roads commencement government phase & maintained committee Timely resolution of of construction Grievance records book should be placed Presence of all stakeholder And monthly at sub county or parish headquarters grievance records grievances reviews Dedicated UNRA Grievance monitoring officer should be employed Loss of land cover Restore material source points by Number of acres Levelled and fully Majority of material Contractor Monthly Supervising Monthly Inclusive in at material source levelling and planting vegetation planted , permits for restored material source points are pre- throughout Consultant, during contract points, over obtain statutory approvals for extraction of burrow pits, status of source points existing burrow pits construction NEMA construction boqs exploitation/degrada materials e.g. murram, ground water burrow pits, permits phase District phase tion of source abstraction for ground water Environment points, increased abstraction Officer vector breeding prevalence of sites malaria Increased pressure Ensure contractor camps have own water Number of toilets Little of no impact on No camps as yet Contractor Throughout Supervising Monthly Meals per day on social services supply and sanitary facilities constructed social services mobilisation and Consultant during approximately Ensure provision of health facility within presence of clinic in construction construction USD 7 per worker camp contractor camp phase phase worker per day 199 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Key activities Predicted Impacts Proposed Mitigation measures Indicators for Implementer/ Period/schedule Monitoring Timing for Budget (USD) under each mitigation Target Baseline value stakeholder in works/ timing agency monitoring phase Ensure adequate provision for meals, Presence of meals drinking water and leisure & recreation for all construction facilities within contractor camps workers Ensure provision for grocery shop within Presence of contractor camp recreation facilities Have in place mobile toilet facilities Occupational safety Ensure provision of first aid kits in Number of first aid At least one kit for Zero accidents Contractor Throughout Supervising Weekly OSH included and health incidents appropriate quantity and quality as kits every working area construction Consultant in contract required by the OSH Act for Uganda Contents of first aid Zero accidents Zero impact to health period budget Ensure provision of adequate training kits Daily tool box talks of employees UNRA ESS Monthly including worker inductions, periodic Number of workers Orientation or throughout safety and health training inducted versus total induction training for construction Establish, document and communicate number of workforce all new workers incident reporting procedures Training attendance Periodic training at Ensure provision for appropriate eye lists least once a month wash stations Workers knowledge Full PPE for all Ensure for provision of trained first aid Presence of trained construction crew & administrators first aid personnel supervisors Ensure provision of personal protective Documented incident Timely incident equipment to all persons involved in reporting procedure reports construction and incident reports Undertake pre-employment & periodic Pre-employment medical examinations as required by the medical exam record Employment act Ensure daily provision of drinking water at Presence of drinking the construction site & camps water Ensure presence of a camp clinic for Presence of workers and ambulance dedicated clinic Presence of ambulance Impacts on objects Ensure that the identified custodians of Record of meetings Minimal impact on Several sites were Contractor During contractor Supervising Monthly Inclusive in of cultural value physical cultural property are consulted with stakeholders physical cultural observed with surveys, and Consultant RAP budget prior to commencement of construction Training records on resources physical cultural excavations Train contractor crews to Implement a physical cultural property that can be Dept. of chance finds procedure; resources salvaged Monuments Ensure that any suspect material is Salvaged material & Museums salvaged and taken to the department of Constructionphase monuments and museums Fire incidents Removal of all slash material from ROW Record of incidents Zero incidents No fires recorded Contractor Throughout Supervising Monthly inclusive in Provision of adequate fire-fighting gear for Presence of fire construction Consultant contractor BoQ camps and proper housekeeping readiness plans period Ensure asphalt heating is undertaken by Worker's knowledge qualified personnel and away from of emergency community reach procedures Train workers on how to respond in case of fire & other emergency Security incidents Ensure storage areas are guarded with Number of thefts Zero incidents Project area has a Contractor Throughout Supervising Weekly No additional appropriate controls and security reported high record of thefts, construction Consultant budget personnel Security Incidents murders among other period Restrict entrance to storage areas and reported crimes workers camps to authorized persons ID cards for workers Have in place appropriate identification Entrance and exit for staff and casual workers controls at camps Have in place an emergency response plan and communicate procedures to all construction crew Ensure recruitment is through cv banks pre-screened by local authorities Establish working relationship with local police 200 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Key activities Predicted Impacts Proposed Mitigation measures Indicators for Implementer/ Period/schedule Monitoring Timing for Budget (USD) under each mitigation Target Baseline value stakeholder in works/ timing agency monitoring phase Impacts on Install traffic calming bumps to slow traffic Humps Zero incidents Several road safety Contractor Design UNRA Design Inclusive in community safety Zebra crossings related incidents per review & boq and health Install marked pedestrian and animal Road signs month approval crossings Presence of stage Install appropriate signage walkways Walkways for pedestrians shall be provided Presence of bus Install bus bays with seating to cater for stops with seat areas elderly & vulnerable passengers Have in place road committees for Functioning road monitoring feedback committee Noise Design speeds around residential Community Less than 3 decibels 30-70 dB(A) Contractor Design UNRA Design Inclusive in hotspots should be reduced to 40kph complaints increase in noise review & boq Undertake noise monitoring levels approval stage & maintenance phase & Heat exposure due Undertake roadside tree planting with fast Planted trees At least 16km of road About 11km of road Contractor During final UNRA Recommiss USD 300/ha to reduced shade growing indigenous trees reserve shall be length has forest trees stages of ioning trees in road planted but most of the rural construction reserve area hardly has any Operations shade trees Impacts from Design of cross drains and outfalls has Community 87 cross drain Inadequate drainage Contractor During design & Supervising Monthly Inclusive in drainage been informed by hydrological studies complaints structures including 8 in several locations, construction Consultant supervision Undertake construction according to the box culverts flooding observed period UNRA contract recommended design Culvert sizes and Conformity to road placement location design manual vol 4 Animal road kills Speed limit measures should be installed Road signs Supervising Quaterly Inclusive in along the forest reserve Zero animal kills Many road kills Contractor During design & Consultant supervision Wildlife crossing construction UNRA contract Signage should be installed to indicate to period motorist’s narrowness of the stretch, Speed control humps, wildlife crossing and speed limits. measures Install wildlife crossing strictures Road accidents Speed limit measures should be installed Road signs Zero road accidents Several accidents Contractor During design & Supervising Monthly Inclusive in along the forest reserve around trading construction Consultant during supervision Speed control Centres period UNRA construction contract Signage should be installed to indicate to measures and for the motorist’s narrowness of the stretch, first year of humps, wildlife crossing and speed limits. Sentitize operation communities Climate Change Operational Contractor Inclusive in Plant trees of high carbon sequestration Number and type of Reduced carbon Deforestation, usage Contractor period boq capacity along communities at an interval trees spcies planted emmissions of delapided cars, of 10m on both sides of the road reserve 201 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 9.4 Institutional Stakeholders Involvement Other institutional stakeholders will be involved in impact management as presented in Table 9.2 Table 9.2 Anticipated Stakeholder Involvement in Monitoring and Implementation of the ESMP Stakeholder Influence/ Mandate In Relation To Project Relevance To Project UNRA Establish an overarching policy defining the Lead agency environmental and social objectives and principles that guide the project to achieve sound environmental and social performance Department of Approval of chance finds procedures to be Training construction Monuments and used in construction phase of the project, crews Museums Identification of physical cultural resources, advise on handling and salvaging of material of archaeological value Directorate of Water Responsible for issuance of abstraction and Issuance of Resources wastewater discharge permits. abstraction permits (if Management any) (DWRM) Occupational Health The Department administers and enforces Statutory Inspection of and Safety the Occupational Safety and Health Act, lifting equipment Department No.9, 2006, the Laws of Uganda and its MoGLSD subsidiary Issuance of workplace registration certificates Legislation. Mandated to Evaluating and Controlling the Physical, Chemical, Periodic monitoring Physiological, Social and Technical factors with focus on labour, that affect persons at Work and the Working child protection and Environment. gender issues Ministry of Energy Government ministry to manage utilization of Issuance of and Mineral energy and mineral resources for construction and Development development of Uganda and its people and is operations licenses for (MEMD) concerned with matters such as energy policy petroleum storage Inspection of quarry sites Ministry of Internal Mandated to regulate labour immigration and Issuance of work Affairs use of explosives permit to expatriate workers and explosives use / storage permits. The National Forest Mandated to manage all forest reserves. Issuance of consent to Authority conduct activities within a forest reserve 202 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Monitor project operations with the forest sections. District Local District local governments are responsible for Planning permissions Governments administration of Uganda government particularly for support functions in accordance with the Local infrastructure Government Act. They provide services, protect the Constitution and other laws of Supporting Uganda and promote democratic government health governance, ensure the implementation and units compliance with Government policy Arbitration for grievances National The principal Agency in Uganda responsible Issuance of EIA Environment for the management of the environment by Approvals, site Management coordinating, monitoring, regulating, and restoration plan Authority supervising all activities in the field of approvals and environment Wetlands resource use permits. Periodic monitoring Local Community mobilization and communication Sensitization meetings leaders(chairpersons and parish chiefs) Facilitation of employment for community Recruitment period through identification and character testimony Security monitoring & support 9.5 Stakeholder Engagement Plan In conformance with IFC Performance standard one and UNRA's Environmental and Social Safeguard policy, a stakeholder engagement plan has been incorporated into the Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Proposed Upgrade of the Kabwoya- Buhuka road. Various categories of stakeholders have been identified and potential mode of engagement and level of engagement determined. Timing for engagement for the various stakeholders shall differ; however the affected community is to be consistently engaged prior and through all project stages as they evolve. 203 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 9.5.1 Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders Stakeholders Mandate Influence on the Expectations Potential Communication Category /Interest project Level of influence Ability to Potential mode (H,M,L) communicate of communication Community Project Affected . Sustainability . Can influence . Getting fair H Mostly in local Focus group (Households people of their the timing for compensation language only discussion Cultural groups land owners livelihoods project for all property Farmers land users and identity activities . sustenance of Low levels of Home visits Vulnerable, other property . Restoration/ their livelihoods literacy Forest users, owners relocation of . Can influence . new jobs Face to face local leaders property users cultural site(s) the cost and . sustenance of Have access interviews . Fair Cultural custodians of mode of their cultural to mobile Compensation compensation practice and leaders etc.) cultural phones Local Media property for land and retaining their property business identity . Accessibility No internet Community owners . food security to natural access meetings vulnerable resources and groups public services Indirectly affected . Sustainability Can influence Sustainability of their M In local Local Media other residents of their choices made by livelihoods language only within the local livelihoods community Public hearing administrative . Employment Have access Community area opportunities to mobile meeting residents or . Traffic phones land users No internet interruption adjacent to the access project area NGOs & National & Conservation of Can influence Conservation of M Can easily Formal CBOS international endangered monitoring biodiversity communicate communication (Human rights, species That rights of people in English, via Wildlife etc.) will not be violated 204 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Stakeholders Stakeholders Mandate Influence on the Expectations Potential Communication Category /Interest project Level of influence Ability to Potential mode (H,M,L) communicate of communication Protection of Can influence Fair land acquisition email and ESIA human rights implementation That benefits shall telephone engagement at Sustainable action or progress be shared equitably NGO offices development Can provide Project baseline information information disclosure meetings Government As listed in Table As outlined in Licensing Compliance to H Easy to Stakeholder institutions 9.2 Table 9.2 ,integrated approved EIAs & communicate workshops monitoring and associated in English, Formal risk identification permits/licences email, meetings Timely reporting on telephone or Key technocrat project progress formal interviews Sustainable meetings development Have internet access National Forestry Sustainable Approvals for To be part of the H communicate Formal Authority management of right of way project monitoring in English, meetings forests resources clearances (if team email, Key technocrat any) Compliance to telephone or interviews Bugoma forest construction/ formal Stakeholder alignment plans in meetings workshops forested sections Have internet Conservation of the access endangered species Biodiversity offset/ compensation for lost ecosystem services 205 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Stakeholders Stakeholders Mandate Influence on the Expectations Potential Communication Category /Interest project Level of influence Ability to Potential mode (H,M,L) communicate of communication Ministry of gender Child protection EIA approval Restoration of M-H Easy to Stakeholder labour and social Labour & working decisions livelihoods communicate workshops development conditions creation of jobs for in English, Formal Cultural Approval of PAPs email, meetings preservation resettlement To be part of the telephone or Key technocrat Sustainable action plan (RAP) project monitoring formal interviews development and OHS plans team meetings Protection of Compliance to RAP, Have internet human OHS, Community access livelihoods safety plans Community Compensation for health and safety lost physical cultural resources Govt Department of physical cultural Baseline data Relocation of lost M Easy to Field institutions monuments and resources collection physical cultural communicate engagement museums Monitoring for resources in English, Formal chance finds Implementation of email, meetings cultural heritage telephone or management plan & formal Stakeholder Chance finds meetings workshops procedures Have internet access Ministry of Lands, Responsible for Verification of Compliance with the H Easy to Stakeholder housing and urban lands ownership of national roads plans communicate workshops development administration , property and and policies in English, Formal (Physical planning titling etc. tenure systems email, meetings department, To contribute to the telephone or Key technocrat Lands) Resettlement action formal interviews planning exercise meetings Have internet access 206 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Stakeholders Stakeholders Mandate Influence on the Expectations Potential Communication Category /Interest project Level of influence Ability to Potential mode (H,M,L) communicate of communication Local government Sustainable Planning Compliance with M communicate Formal development of permissions, RAP, OHS, in English meetings their locales Monitoring, Community Key technocrat Licensing for use Arbitration development plans, formal interviews of local natural livelihood restoration meetings resources plans etc. Have internet Community Management of Use and payments access meetings public services for local materials That the project shall Stakeholder not result in stress to workshops existing public services Employment of locals Involvement during the ESIA exercise, RAP valuations & project execution Organizations Designers Complete project Can provide data Complete project H communicate Design review involved in Engineers on time for impact excellently and on in English, meetings project surveyors Maintaining client analysis time email, Formal implementation hydrologists confidentiality telephone meetings (UNRA, Can influence Have internet contractors, construction access supervising quality and ESMS consultant) implementation 207 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 9.5.2 Engagement Plan Activities Stakeholder Information Documentati Resources Needed Timing for Responsibility TENTATIVE sharing/ on engagement disclosure ESIAPhase construction Pre Construction Operations BUDGET (USD) needed - Home visits All PAPs General Audio record Camera X X ESIA and RAP 40,000 overview of Written Audio recorder teams project and minutes Transportation implications Photographs Local translators Property and Stationery and assets prints valuation Disclosure of compensation and grievance redress mechanism Household All PAPs General Survey Printer X X ESIA team + 20,000 surveys (households overview of questionnair Stationery RAP team in project project and es Enumerators affected area) implications Village Transportation Acquisition of profile social reports economic and demographic information Focus Women General Video and Video camera X X ESIA team + 5,500 groups Youth overview of audio Audio recorder RAP teams Elderly project and records Facilitators implications 208 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Activities Stakeholder Information Documentati Resources Needed Timing for Responsibility TENTATIVE sharing/ on engagement disclosure ESIAPhase construction Pre Construction Operations BUDGET (USD) needed - Opinion Disclosure of Written leaders mitigation minutes Cultural measures and groups grievance Transcribed Business mechanism notes owners Probe to People with identify disability expectations Forest user groups Vulnerable groups Village All PAPs General Photos Camera X X X ESIA team 26,000 meetings / Indirectly project Minutes Vehicle RAP Team public affected overview UNRA ESS consultation people Disclosure of mitigation measures and grievance mechanism Disclosure of project activities & safety measures Formal Government Overview of Audio Stationery and X X X X UNRA ESIA 5,000 meetings bodies project and records prints Team implications Staff 209 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Activities Stakeholder Information Documentati Resources Needed Timing for Responsibility TENTATIVE sharing/ on engagement disclosure ESIAPhase construction Pre Construction Operations BUDGET (USD) needed - Local Written government Disclosure of minutes CBOs mitigation Village measures profiles Project progress during and after construction Stakeholder PAPs Overview of Video and Stationery and X X X UNRA ESS, 15,000 workshops Government project and Audio prints ESIA team, institutions implications records Staff RAP TEAM Local government Disclosure of Written Media mitigation and minutes NGOs enhancement measures RAP framework Feedback on the draft ESIA , RAP and other issues Key Local Overview of Written Stationery and X x x x UNRA ESS, 4,000 informant government project and minutes prints ESIA team, interviews Government implications Staff RAP Team ministries 210 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Activities Stakeholder Information Documentati Resources Needed Timing for Responsibility TENTATIVE sharing/ on engagement disclosure ESIAPhase construction Pre Construction Operations BUDGET (USD) needed - Local and Feedback on political the project leaders proposals Senior Baseline data citizens Design Government Overview of Written Stationery and X X X UNRA Network 5,000 review bodies project minutes prints planning dept. meetings Local Staff government Design Organizations documents involved in project Feedback on implementatio the project n proposals Information Media Project Audio and Camera X X X UNRA 2,100 disseminati General progress video record Stationery on public Community Minutes programs Community health &safety Special/ PAPs Feedback Written Stationery and X X UNRA 4,000 Adhoc Local Grievance minutes prints Monitoring meetings government management Staff agencies government Project progress TOTAL 126,600 211 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10.1 Conclusions Upgrading of Kabwoya-Buhuka from gravel to bituminous standard constitute an integrated project that supports oil and gas infrastructural development and providing an opportunity for equal development in the Albertine region. The road development project has potential to result into adverse negative and positive environmental and social impacts. Mitigation measures for negative impacts have been identified as well as enhancement measures for some positive impacts. Management measures have been proposed and can be easily implemented with available resources (Table 10.1). A review of international safeguard policies recommends observation of guidelines related to Environment Impact Assessment, Involuntary Resettlement, biodiversity and ecosystem services, labour and working conditions, community health and safety, cultural heritage, information disclosure and stakeholder engagement. Table 10.1 Main Impact Issues and mitigation proposed Environmen Impact Source Of Impact Significance Of Mitigation Measures t Impact Component Change in Clearing Forest Medium Cross drains have been provided species vegetation Negative Ensure other crossings for population Introduction of barriers herpetiles are incorporated abundance, to movement Right of way for forested area is distribution restricted to 20m Vegetation in the forested area will not be cleared to maintain canopy Noise Use of motorised High Reduce the area and time of nuisance equipment Negative works within conservation area Unintentional Ground disturbance Minor Have in place a trained field kills Negative environment officer to salvage some animals prior to excavation Breeding sites where encountered should be avoided temporarily to permit hatching or relocation of fauna Intentional Use of motorized Medium Institute speed limits within kills & Road equipment Negative construction area Kills Human presence Deteriorated Use of chemical Medium negative Ensure appropriate storage and quality of substances handling according to MSDS surface water Deteriorated Use of chemical Medium negative Ensure spill cleanup procedures quality of soil substances are in place Human presence Increased Presence of humans Medium negative Have in place adequate sanitary risk of sanitation and waste facilities diseases management spread to FAUNA fauna Change in Clearing vegetation Identify invasive species prior to species Poor management of clearing & ensure proper disposal Medium population, invasive species Negative abundance, distribution Habitat Clearing vegetation Medium Plant roadside trees modification Negative Proliferation Vegetation clearing Ensure transportation and of invasive Transportation and disposal in approved location Medium Negative species disposal of cleared Flora vegetation 212 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Contaminatio Waste management Ensure secondary containment for n of soil Operation of machinery Medium all fuels or chemicals Vehicle/ machinery Negative repairs Erosion Vegetation clearing Area other than carriage way , Medium Negative shoulders & drain should not be Geology and and Geology soil completely stripped of vegetation Increased Excavation and road Dust control by water sprinkling levels of works Medium daily particulate Negative matter (dust) Deteriorated Operation of vehicles & Vehicle servicing to be scheduled, quality due to equipment service centers to be designated Medium emissions of Construction chemicals Negative gaseous pollutants Increased Excavation and road Works to be limited to day time Medium levels of works, Movement of Atmosphere Atmosphere Negative noise vehicles, equipment Changes in Waste management Having in place spill contingency physical Operation of machinery plan &waste management plan chemical Vehicle/ machinery Only designated / approved properties repairs Medium service areas should be used for Contaminatio Negative repairs or maintenance of vehicles n , and generators sedimentatio n Changes in Blockage of water Cross drains of adequate size fish courses have been provided populations Sedimentation Erosion control features are (mortality, Erosion Medium incorporated in design destruction of Water contamination Negative spawn sites, blockage of passage) Changes in Inappropriate culvert Cross drains of adequate size hydrology/ size or placement Medium have been provided drainage Blockage of water Negative Water resources Water course Creation of Road upgrade works locals should be given first priority employment Support infrastructure for employment Medium positive opportunities Adhere to Employment Act and OSH Acts Disruption of Road upgrade works Ensure that timely communication utilities & and compensation is made for economic business owners and utilities Medium negative activities suppliers Identify and replace utilities prior to interruption of the supply Loss of Involuntary resettlement Resettlement Action Plan is being livelihood, developed and shall be interrupted implemented schooling, Ensure resettlement action plan High negative loss of social conforms to IFC Performance networks, Standards and National legislation homelessnes s Community Resettlement , road Stakeholder engagement pan Social Environment Social anxiety upgrade , influx of should be in place workers Ensure timely and adequate communication to all project affected community and hosts Medium negative Ensure provision of accommodation camp for migrant workers (foreign to project area) Have in place & communicate to all stakeholders the grievance handling procedure Security Presence of road works Ensure coordinated effort with incidents Medium negative local leadership, have in place security personnel, recruitment 213 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) processes should be stringent enough to include security checks Traffic Road works Have in place a traffic interruption management plan Medium negative Employ flags persons and signage Timely sensitization should be undertaken Accidents New road effect Design speed for urban areas is reduced to 50kph, road safety Medium negative signs to be in place Humps to be placed on approach to busy areas Health and Road works, induction training, PPE, and safety employment of labour regular training to be provided, incidents on have in place adequate workers or sensitization drives for community, public appropriate signage to be in place HIV/AIDS STI Prevention program Medium Negative shall be in place Contractor shall adhere to provisions within the Workers compensation Act, OSH Act and employment Act Have in place strict code of conduct for workforce 10.2 Recommendations Active involvement of local leaders, household heads and community members in the process of land acquisition for the project and subsequent project implementation activities would enhance project acceptance. Gender sensitive interventions aimed at improving household livelihoods and a deliberate and effective communication strategy to improve community attitudes about the project is also recommended. Adequate and prompt compensation and resettlement of PAPs should be done before project constructions activities commence as well as timely communication to PAPs on schedules of project activities to enable them adjust their livelihoods. The project area traverses highly sensitive Physical Cultural Resources which should be preserved and protected. 10.2.1 Communication of Implementation schedules A project implementation schedule covering all project activities should be communicated to PAPs and all Stakeholders. The schedule should indicate how the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project. 10.2.2 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Property Valuation All valuation activities should be conducted alongside the District or Regional Valuation Officers and the office of Chief Government Valuer. Clear communication and signed consent with property owners should be accorded to prevent conflicts and anxiety. 10.2.3 Grievance mechanisms The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) will be popularized such that every project aggrieved person has access to the mechanism. UNRA’s approach to manage grievances involves formation of Grievance Management Committees (GMCs) at community, sub-county and district level. 214 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Contact information should be available in conspicuous area for the general public to access in case of any grievances during the pre-construction, construction and post- construction period. A liaison officer should be engaged full time to handle grievances. 10.2.4 Environmental Monitoring Monitoring of impacts on the biophysical and social environment should be continuous through the construction and post-construction period in order to inform planning for future developments by the national roads authority. 215 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) References Andrews, Kimberly M., Priya Nanjappa, and Seth P. D. Riley. Roads and Ecological Infrastructure: Concepts and Applications for Small Animals. John Hopkins University Press, 2015. Bahati, Joseph. EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS,NATURAL REGENERATION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED MAHOGANY SPECIES IN BUDONGO FOREST RESERVE, UGANDA. PhD Thesis, KAMPALA: MAKERERE UNIVERSITY, 2005. Hoima District Local Government. DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015/2016 - 2019/2020. Hoima: HDLG, 2016. IFC. International Finance Corporation’s Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability. Washington: International Finance Corporation, 2012. IFC. Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. Washington: International Finance Corporation, 2012. Newton-Fisher, N.E,, H Notman, and V Reynolds. “Hunting of Mammalian Prey by Budongo Forest Chimpanzees.” Folia Primatol 2002, no. 73 (2002): 281–283. Nkimba, Kato. IMPACT STORIES: A documentation of the Community Amber Alert Against Child Sacrifice (CAAACS) Project 2013-2015. World Vision Uganda, 2015. Plumptre, A, et al. Biodiversity surveys of Bugoma forest reserve, smaller central forest reserves, and corridor forests south of Bugoma. Uganda: Jane Goodall Institute., 2010. Vanclay, Frank, Ana Maria Esteves, Ilse Aucamp, and Daniel Franks. Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects. International Association of Impact Assessment, 2015. Zommers, Zinta, David W Macdonald, Paul J. Johnson, and Thomas R. Gillespie. “Impact of human activities on chimpanzee ground use and parasitism (Pan troglodytes).” Conservation Letters 6, no. 4 (2012): 264- 273. 216 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 11 APPENDICES Appendix I ToR approval Letter 217 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 218 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Appendix 2 Water Analysis Reports 1 KABWOYA BUHUKA ROAD The Road starts at Ngoma Village, Kyangwali Sub County in Hoima District on the road that leads to Kingfisher Oil Well. It stretches up to 42 kilometres, going through swamps, a forest reserve, trading communities, tea estate etc. among others before ending at Kabwoya Trading Center. 17 samples were collected from streams (9), boreholes (3) and swamps (1) along the road. 1.1.1 Water Sources 1. Along the road are numerous streams, some of which are seasonal others permanent depending on the hydrological make up of their vicinity and rainfall patterns. These resources arise from the swamps and Bugoma forest reserve drainages. The seasonal streams include Lwekuringe Stream and Ngoma stream is permanent. 2. The team noted that there is a lot of domestic activity at the streams near the communities. The people wash clothes and motor bicycles, bathe and fetch drinking water in the streams close to their residences. Fig.9 & 10; showing the different activities taking place in Ngoma Stream upstream and Nyakatehe Stream upstream 3. The big Rwemiseke stream that flows over the road was especially noted to be smelling sewerage yet children were bathing in it while other washed motorcycles at the time of the field trip. Fig.11: Showing River Rwemiseke stream with black and smelly water. 219 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 1.1.2 Portable Water 4. Safe drinking water to the communities along this road is majorly supplied through communally owned boreholes. They are averagely about 50 meters off the road. 5. The residents however also fetch water from the streams especially those that are far from the boreholes. Rain water harvesting is practiced on a very small scale by the relatively more established households and health centers. 6. Some boreholes were noted not to be in use such as the one at St. Augustine as well as the one at Nsozi Health Center seemed to be abandoned yet functional. Fig.12; showing Nsozi Health Centre Borehole at abandoned 1.2.3 Other observations 1. The forest is significantly being encroached on or cleared for farmland; this could affect the areas’ hydrology and water quality. 220 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Water Source Dist. Observations from Rd (Mrs) Water Sources Ngoma Stream 10 A lot of human activity is done on the stream; activities such as washing clothes, bathing and 36N 0252651 0135720 fetching water for domestic use. Subsistence farming is also carried out just besides the stream. Nyakatehe Stream 15 Little human activity at the stream There are banana plantations downstream that are 36N 0253641 0135194 watered by the stream using gullies. Nyakasikirano Steam 10 Papyrus vegetation is dominant along the stream with scattered tress 36N 0258325 0135967 The stream is used for watering domestic animals Kitimu Stream 7 There are no human activities upstream Papyrus vegetation is dominant on the stream’s 36N 0259248 0135693 banks The water is brown with visible humus Rwemiseke Stream 5 Smells of sewerage Subsistence farming is carried out up steam 36N 0267094 0136179 There is a ford at this location There is a lot of human activity at the stream examples including washing cars, motor cycles and clothes, bathing Eucalyptus trees are planted down stream Kamugamba Stream 10 Subsistence agriculture is done upstream; bananas are the main crops grown. The locals say that the 36N 0268510 0136333 stream is seasonal Nsozi Stream 15 A visibly former forest has been cleared for agriculture for farming 36N 0271418 0138114 Some eucalyptus trees have been planted downstream on which birds nest Nyakibumba Steam 20 The water is brown in color Subsistence agriculture is done down stream 36N 0281862 0136459 Tropical forest vegetation is dominant upstream There is minimal human activity upstream Lwekuronge Stream 15 Limited human activity downstream Maize is planted upstream on a small scale 36N 0282552 0136860 The water is brown with humus Tropical vegetation is dominant downstream Kyangwali Swamp 20 The swamp has a lot of vegetation characterized by scattered tress, papyrus and grass 36N 0255404 0134409 Part of the swamp is used for grazing and watering animals. Kyangwali S/C Borehole 20 The borehole isn’t fenced Sanitation of the borehole is poor 0256774 135414 Drainage of the borehole is busy The water is ever present Reddish particles are seen in the water during morning hours Nsozi Health Center 15 The borehole has been abandoned Borehole Its vicinity is so busy 221 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) The pipes of the borehole seemed to have corroded 0271598 138203 as seen from metal particles in the water St. Peter's P/S Borehole 15 The borehole isn’t fenced Sanitation at the borehole is poor 36N 0279020 0136831 The water has brown particles 2.0 RESULTS 2.1 Portable Water The team collected three samples of groundwater (Annex 5), two were contaminated with Total Coliforms showing that there is interaction of the water with the surrounding environment.All the three samples were free from E.coli contamination 2.2 Surface Water From Annex 5; the team collected 14 samples from streams and swamps along the Road. The streams showed contamination by bacteriological organisms of up to >2420 CFU/100ml. These streams and swamps serve as a source of water for some people for domestic use. This contamination could be from continual open defecation, watering animals and will definitely translate into health problems especially in Nyakibumba Stream. All physical and chemical characteristics (Annex 5) of the water were relatively low thereby not causing any health risks to people using the water. 2.3 Heavy Metals Heavy metals are trace elements found naturally in the water and are derived from the geological formation of the area where the water source is located or where it drains. These metals can also be introduced into the water system through contamination with synthetic chemicals used for various industrial activities. Some of these are dangerous to human and environmental health even in small quantities. However, some of them are very useful to our health but in right quantities. Annex 4 & 6 show the results for heavy metals for all the samples collected. The team collected 3 potable water samples of which two samples had heavy metals/trace elements within acceptable values as per the National Standards. One sample had results slightly higher than the standard of the following metals Arsenic (As), Manganese (Mn) and Selenium (Se). 3.0 CONCLUSION Potable water sources sampled in Kabwoya – Buhuka Road showed good physical, chemical and heavy metal quality except in a few cases where the characteristics were above the limit. The Bacteriological quality of the potable water showed 100% compliance to the Drinking water Standard except for the PSP tap. Streams sampled showed water quality characteristics indicating good environment although activities taking place here like boda boda washing and clothes washing are a threat to good water resource quality. 4.0 RECOMMENDATION 222 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 1) Drinking water sources located very close to the road should be relocated within the same locality but at a reasonable distance from the road to avoid accidents. Alternatively, the road could be passed on the other side of the road. 2) Monitoring of water quality during and after the roads constructions should be done. 3) The constant flow of the streams should be maintained after the construction of the road 4) Good hygiene and sanitation should be improved at water sources and the Landing sites. 5) Good operation and maintenance of water sources should be improved in all drinking water sources. List of sites where samples were collected Source Name Source Type Village Parish Sub-County County District Coordinates Ngoma Stream (Upstream) Surface water Ngoma Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0252651 UTM 135720 Ngoma Stream (Down stream) Surface water Ngoma Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0252646 UTM 135704 Nyakatehe Stream (Up stream) Surface water Nyakatehe Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0253641 UTM 135194 Nyyakatehe Stream (Down stream) Surface water Nyakatehe Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0253636 UTM 135179 Nyakasikirano Steam (Up stream) Surface water Kinyamahwa Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0258325 UTM 135967 Kitimu Stream (Down stream) Surface water Butoole west Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0259248 UTM 135693 Rwemiseke Stream (Up stream) Surface water Rwemiseke Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0267094 UTM 136179 Rwemiseke Stream (Down stream) Surface water Rwemiseke Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0267089 UTM 136193 Kamugamba Stream (Down stream) Surface water Kamugamba Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0268510 UTM 136333 Nsozi Stream Surface water Nsozi Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0271418 UTM 138114 Nyakibumba Steam Surface water Nyakibumba Igwanjura Kabwoya Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0281862 UTM 136459 Lwekuronge Stream (Down stream) Surface water Nyakibumba Igwanjura Kabwoya Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0282552 UTM 136860 Kyangwali Swamp (Up stream) Surface water Kyangwali Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0255404 UTM 134409 Kyangwali Swamp (Down stream) Surface water Kyangwali Kyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0255402 UTM 134391 Kyangwali S/C Borehole Ground water NyamiyehemboKyangwali Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0256774 UTM 135414 Nsozi Health Center Borehole Ground water Nsozi Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0271598 UTM 138203 St. Peter's P/S Borehole Ground water Nsozi Butoole Kyangwali Buhaguzi Hoima 36N 0279020 UTM 136831 223 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 224 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 225 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 226 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 227 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Appendix 3 Stakeholder Consultations 228 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) 229 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Appendix 4 CENTRELINE COORDINATES FOR THE KABWOYA BUHUKA ROAD 230 ESIA for proposed upgrade of Kabwoya-Buhuka Road (40km) Appendix 5 LIST OF PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE 231