Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. etst eeto trswt h reigpi ridvda hoigweet oaeadbidanest. a build and locate to where choosing individual or pair a breeding or the & species Fournier with focal Boylan, starts a Schuetz, for selection Nordstrom, plan Nest-site 2019). conservation 2003;Swaisgood, and Loock, (Hobbs, management de cranes(Gruidae) van effective as 2017; an towards Shemai, such selection step birds nest-site first of influence the variables group adult is environmental success, 2003). key species reproductive what (Hobbs, a maximize recovery understanding to in and evolved Therefore, that persistence survival. process species’ young behavioural strate- support and integrative effective that an developing areas is to natural selection critical restoring Nest-site is and quality preserving habitat for determine gies that features environmental sustainable of and Knowledge effective ensure population Crane. to species’ Crowned Park Grey the National of INTRODUCTION in favour a role in significant as lake its the re-gazetted around and study be and site This consequently in breeding management. activities should critical had and anthropogenic lake a height of modification The control as habitat vegetation key breeding Bolossat and survival. provide for Ol’ depth findings and basis Lake These Water recovery a of tendency. and quadratic m). importance ecology exhibits the (ca.100 nesting edge underscores water edge Crane to Crowned water distance Grey the the into while from insight probability distance nesting where and on models, effects cm) best positive 8 60-90 with of (above those subset height (i.e. a variables vegetation Grey yielded 6.50 predictor algorithm breeding was selection important of marshes model most database lake’s The the largest the selection. pairs the for nest-sites breeding providing density explaining 302.53 123 thus pair variables a of of wetlands environmental nests breeding as between total satellite Mean highlands distance surveyed A Kenya mean date. the a central to determined. in with Kenya the also 20 in in was and reported pairs located lake Cranes breeding wetland probability the Crowned of km2 the in pattern 43.3 influencing 103 distribution a Factors recorded, and Bolossat, were selection. number Ol’ nest-site The Lake others, as at resident. among such by investigated breeding hindered productivity were nonetheless breeding selection are Endangered influencing actions as nest-site conservation listed factors of its is towards on and Efforts grasslands knowledge and species. of wetlands Threatened Africa’s lack of of List icon Red an IUCN as the described on is regulorum Balearica Crane Crowned Grey Abstract 2020 6, May 5 4 3 2 1 Ndung’u George Wamiti Bolossat, Wanyoike Ol’ Lake at Crane Crowned critical Kenya Grey are for distance selection edge nest-site water in and height vegetation depth, Water nvriyo otn Missoula Montana of University Volunteers Conservation Crane Trust Wildlife Endangered Nairobi of University Kenya of Museums National 4 n unRubalcaba Juan and , 1 ahnGichuki Nathan , ± 70 S)m eeaie ierMdl eeue oslc h otimportant most the select to used were Models Linear Generalized m. (SE) 17.02 2 ocsSigana Dorcas , 5 Δ AICc 1 < )wr eemnda ae et peerdaoe5 cm), 50 above (preferred depth water as determined were 2) 2 ee Njoroge Peter , 1 ernMorrison Kerryn , ± .4(E pairs/km2 (SE) 0.84 3 , Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ait fhbtt n irhbtt rmoe ae oprnilmrhs pnwtrocpe c.23 occupies water Open marshes. perennial km to water 720 creates (c.20km open measuring vegetation area from of block diversity – a The microhabitats km. in c.30 and km restricted for habitats stretching was of direction study variety north-south a a The in 2019. oriented generally October is lake to 2017 December 1992)from h aesoeiewsdvddit etos(reigsts ecie sn h oa ilg ae.Clock- names. village local the using described has sites) area (breeding sections study (420m into The ha divided 1998). 0.042 was Gichuki, from shoreline varied leaving & lake areas (Gichuki up The study. whose drying 1992 this these, of in of of history being by Twenty change part a wetlands. were climate time described has natural ha, of such lake as or effects last The pattern man-made the the period. 120 to rainfall water, over study due bimodal of the predictable a during longer pools the observations receiving no scattered field with is climate The from pattern year, March). of experienced this to the type However, as December (1980). throughout equatorial from Britton grazed an (usually & season and are within Brown dry encroached parts falls the heavily some winds. area during prevailing are in tremendously study of increasing grasslands marshes direction livestock riparian These and of and strength young. number on basin rearing depending lake and positions The nesting shift roosting, that bogs foraging, floating for by marshes characterised the use that and end), northern (0 Bolossat Ol’ Lake at out carried km was study This Pomeroy as area such Study These Crane pairs. Crowned MATERIALS breeding Grey AND of of density METHODS (1998). behaviour and Bothma nesting (Wamiti pattern & Kenya the Morrison distribution in on and number, population studies (1980a) second-largest the its previous were holding complement determined site Crowned findings Also a Grey the the 2019). were basin, of in investigated Bolossat al., selection Specifically, Ol’ species habitat) et gap. (breeding Lake knowledge key nest-site at this a a population to of probability is contribute Crane the to hence influencing therefore, features grasslands was, critical study the and this wetlands of Africa’s purpose hinder The of this that Further, icon gap range. an knowledge African it as essential its where landscape. across an species rapid grasslands African (BirdLife actions as this of and wild conservation wetlands productivity result describes the and Africa’s management a breeding from author its of as eggs influencing of icon and factors Species implementation an birds Threatened listed effective as of of has it removal resident, List today describing illegal Red is world (2015), and IUCN the Morrison loss in the 2020). habitat cranes International on from of Endangered arising species Crane declines as extant Crowned population listed 15 Grey offspring currently for the its lacking is of and as most crane cited animal of is the behaviour it available, associates. breeding that 2018). is and the al. threats et. on conspecifics and (Tolvanen information from decision resources While available fitness-related food) important the as a an determines such often it Species resources nest-site is making precipitation. and a encounter, and and space & of generations wind Fowlie nesting sunlight, through choice as Russell, (for species The such (Hatchwell, a competition also factors success must of consider and Parents survival breeding predators 2018). also (Baden, the from species investment themselves in reproductive a cushioning organisms’ factor to consider many fundamental of linked a component organisms often understood also many is poorly for is success nest-site It reproductive important of a 1999). an determinant of Ross, hence major cavity- a quality are in and the 2017).Nest-sites or 2008), (Gould, 2002) Surmacki, since niche Janzen, & animal’s G (Podkowa & an 1991; of (Holway, illumination (Kolbe part predation survival ambient of offspring maximise risks increase reducing to 1995), or nesters, avoiding Bergkvistv, as where & such carefully very reasons Johansson choose various Blomqvist, therefore, for must, nests invertebrates, their and put birds, to reptiles, mammals, fish, as such Animals 2 2 rmtecnrlpr oad h ot,weetelk swdr(. m n epr h eto the of rest The deeper. and km) (c.4 wider is lake the where south, the towards part central the from nadlcsrn eln oae ntecnrlhglnso ey nNadraCut (Krhoda, County Nyandarua in Kenya of highlands central the in located wetland lacustrine inland 2 r ase,dmntdb egse.g. sedges by dominated marshes, are ) Typha p,adti steaalbehbttfrwtrol uha ryCondCrane Crowned Grey as such waterfowls for habitat available the is this and sp., 2 ° ’48”,36 5’24.84”S, Cyperus aerc regulorum Balearica sp., ° Papyrus 547”;eeain23ms) 43.3 a 2330masl), elevation 25’4.77”E; p ol on nteextreme the in found (only sp. ent 84Fgr ) This 1). 1834(Figure Bennett 2 o211 to ) ¨ otmark, 2 The . Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. vrdseso nalmdl,a ela o-rnfraino l rdco aibe,wr are u to out carried were variables, predictor all of log-transformation & and as Burnham VIF) well Factor, sizes; as Inflation sample Variance residuals. models, the their models small all (using normalize the for multi-collinearity in in for corrected terms Test dispersion (AICc quadratic out. over their carried Criterion were introducing Information 2002) by non- Akaike’s variables Anderson, potential for their predictor Tests the interactions. comparing pair-wise of and their each how and with intensity, investigate grazing relationships to edge, linear function water nest link the of to logit presence distance and (1, height, family nesting binomial of assuming probability chosen the were Models Linear Generalized analyses Statistical iv) evidence). or grazing evident) intensive more and i) grazing vegetation either nest. evident, as actual remains nest the nests. the ii) of absent around spoors), direction or assessed no any areas was grazing in unused score and 15-25m as intensity edge, at known characteristicsGrazing water arbitrarily also compare the sites, placed to from were randomly-selected selected was of distance nest-sites nest those nest, random active with samples the The each (presence) four of for over nests centre nest-site height- active and/or the random vegetation of from A egg mean below). m an and criteria 1.5 having depth (see at water intensity nest-site(one direction) mean active cardinal nest-sites: each each random assessed)at (at the (or at and measured as such (2009). cases, well were authors Yang chick),as variables various the & lake of four Zhang as the descriptions following Zha, of followed Wu, nest-sites The outside and nest-site and actual each (1992) within Tanner with at wetlands & sampled Data case-control Dwyer the Riggs,2008). stratified as by & defined a Fieberg strata (Maxson, was and controls, basin study the this as nest-sites in random employed design The months 13 lasting between approximately 2019. period period the mid-April this measurements as to fledged, Nest-site chick considered early-April2018 last was from the season study when Newly breeding current time study, found territorial. the the this often and were In for being clutch and lake. first as pairs the the Gombobaatar, breeding from of pairs territorial distance (Bradter, lying for breeding some considered account at of not not weather fields did were local positions in 2005).Flocks normal behaviour Exo, a confirm territorial & in to showing season Grazia, Uuganbayar, breeding and later breeding the afterwards of weeks of Mapping pairs brief peak two re-nesting). the a appearing of 2018, sign involving repeated nesting a December often gathering (as and in juvenile males, observed week a pattern, was one conspecific out iii) to driving confronted observed lake restricted past, aggressively was was the the pair male pairs of in a the section v) site and specific iv) the chase, a and nest, in within fight bred a frequent have from building was to i) and and known if material was relief), territory ii) breeding nest wetland; a man-made a occupying or as for additionally considered were going was telescopes pair observed cranes. A egg and was incubating Binoculars for to individual from marshes herdsmen. chicks an discerned scan and and was when to fishermen nests clutches (e.g. used volunteer of behaviour expose Location from these once. pair obtained and With visited nesting information waterfowls thus 1998). Crowned were a nesting Bothma, Grey nests vegetation of to sites– on & (2008). cues breeding trampling disturbance (Morrison Buhl the to frequent cause ground resulted & likely who the habitats, Austin have poachers would from by breeding this locate reported the as searched to as in actively difficult nests) not were as on (hand- nests direct birds described considerations, whether near are birds, (walking nests nesting indirect to Crane disturbance or potential eggs) involves waterfowls ling nesting on pairs data breeding Collecting of Gakoe, mapping Kianjata. Iria-Ini, and and Makereka, searching Kanguu Ngurumo, Gatumbiro, Nest Fuleni, Kanguyo, Karandi, Githungucu, Bahati, Mairo-Inya, Mukindu, Ziwani, Mugathika, include Kirima, sites these wise, low satrdfea ean,vgtto lgtygae,satrdspoors),iii) scattered grazed, slightly vegetation remains, faecal (scattered vs ,asneo et siflecdb ae et,vegetation depth, water by influenced is nest) of absence 0, 3 high fea ean rudtens,dnespoors dense nest, the around remains (faecal none n aclrmis eeainintact, vegetation remains, faecal (no medium (faecal Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ietc rzn,adco amn.Teszso hs a-aewtad 002-8 a r smaller are ha) 87 - (0.042 wetlands use, man-made domestic and these irrigation of for sizes abstraction wetlands water The man-made as small farming. such and lake crop activities main human and the of in grazing, influx bred livestock Bolossat high Ol’ a Lake by around different surrounded and in in Cranes vary Crowned to Grey expected selection change. be habitat nest-site would clusters breeding influencing and different the Factors Lake, in in vary conditions the and to CONCLUSION of territories observed AND sections up however DISCUSSION south take were pairs and distances new middle ( These as north, 5). seasons majority the breeding (Figure A in respectively. m nests m 201-280 of 759 of and range 302.53 the m was in 47 pairs of breeding neighbouring maximum 4.76 two and any at between section distance northern mean the The in was breeding density middle of lowest density the average the in The while were 7.14 north. pairs 6.50 at the breeding was sites in of breeding marshes were section number 19 lake’s highest while the the (32) in section long, southern pairs km the during c.10 by each followed breeding sections (52) the attempted section 3 in pairs into incubating) breeding lake least the 123 of are Dividing at the 80% which as and of of observed 61% consideration. 64% most three was only in Overall, wetlands, and pair that season satellite respectively. note the hundred the the wetlands to (where A in satellite important breeding were however, and attempted (20) season. is, lake rest pairs It breeding the breeding 4). 2018/2019 while mapped (Figure lake the the land main during private the in mapped in reservoirs were were man-made pairs pairs the and breeding of Ziwani/Mairo-Inya 123 (103) as such of wide) total m A (100-500 as narrow such distributed was randomly sites were breadth breeding pairs marshes lake, local the the in of where Kanguu. parts (clumped) manner other linear clusters In a in 4). in occurred (Figure Fuleni mostly and lake Kirima Makereka, the Kianjata, in distribution nesting pairs 3). pairs on breeding (Figure Breeding effects of tendency positive densities quadratic had a and height exhibited vegetation pattern edge variables and Distribution water predictor depth to Water important distance 2). most the (Figure the while edge where probability water models, the best of The from 8 multicollinearity. location number for of correcting with equal subset ( without those a low an model (i.e. were yielded the values and algorithm in VIF included The water) selection were to model accuracy). variables standing (water analysis of predictor for variables degree of all considered substantial first predictor therefore levels a were and intensity) between with varying grazing (prediction Correlation and multicollinearity wetlands edge for water measured. test the in to and distance located height, accessed vegetation (all were depth, nest-sites nests selected 33 randomly of total A selection nest-site influencing Factors was pairs breeding area. of marshes RESULTS density the analyse The above approximate (km to the 2019). to area of Team, models unit used All Core was per candidate R variables. pairs tool of 2019; predictor breeding set (Barton, important several v3.5.3 most as the the R computed over of in (Burnham computed each conducted included with were were is probability analyses variable predictions nesting this average of where The relationship models the the of 2002). (i.e. weights computed Anderson, AIC multi-model were the & using models summing candidate by investigated variable best was predictor of each set selection the nest-site First, with 2002). for those Anderson, variables & (Burnham predictor methods different inference of importance The Δ AICc Δ AICc < )uiga uoai oe eeto loih,adte eie h motneof importance the derived then and algorithm, selection model automatic an using 2) < )wr eemnda )wtrdph i eeainhih,adii itneo nest of distance iii) and height, vegetation ii) depth, water i) as determined were 2) ± .4pairs/km 1.64 ± .4(E pairs/km (SE) 0.84 2 lsl olwdb h otenscina 7.10 at section southern the by followed closely 4 2 fmrhsweeGol at r AdPolygon” “Add Pro Earth Google where marshes of ) 2 h ihs est a eoddi h middle the in recorded was density highest The . ± .8pairs/km 1.28 n 2)o h reigpis oiin were positions pairs’ breeding the of =20) 2 ± . 70 S)m n minimum a and m, (SE) 17.02 ± .0pairs/km 1.10 < 1.3), 2 Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eylkl edt h cuaino oebedn ertre nteetniemrhssneteminimum the since marshes extensive the in territories would humans breeding and more livestock of from occupation disturbances of the absence to ground, 6.50 lead the of likely density on very breeding observed average As an Crane. area), Crowned wetland Grey entire congregate conditions. the and desirable not pairs/km offering seek (and (SE) or area to marsh safe cranes the habitats, relatively forcing only breeding still Considering sites of are degradation breeding that for of other sites choice suggestion preferred in few a a a threats breeding be as in moreover by and wetland might a disturbances occupation wetlands density of for poaching, suitability breeding satellite the sites high increased widespread of environment a of indication site, breeding diversity an favourable breeding Lake rich being a of a than a vastness affect density, providing Other by the this Cranes. area), potentially from supported Crowned determining study possible stretch, therefore Grey are the is km could observed in factors 30 density 120 and other a The probably (over that nest-site. across factor, as a shown marshes ultimate of wetlands been Bolossat suitability overriding perennial has Ol’ the the it being in food study, one not supply of critical current the is abundance the food and In it describe availability densities. that (1980) in breeding variance Britton disagree suggest & they lake Brown stable, the though across Even densities resources. pair breeding pairs varying breeding The of density legal and in pattern adopted Distribution be Species Single can International information be wetlands and this extensive can Policy Wetlands Besides, of this Plans. National areas. cm parts and Plans, conservation Action 50 Management or own, in Integrated marshes least fence its as elephants, electric spring such at on buffalos, documents an natural flourish reaches or as wetlands, and back chain-link (such medium-sized regenerate a held herbivores to with to water large small vegetation for the of fencing allow wetlands, exclusion that by naturally degraded or achieved ensure would In grazing to etc) Low-level Grey pair(s). donkey raised end. breeding of cattle, or shallow a requirements constructed the habitat attract breeding in be habitat crane’s to in-depth could of and wetlands management weir of and ecology a improvement modification breeding for instance, or basis into manipulation a as insight as nesting-site. utilised such valuable a be as can provide intensity They Crane. study grazing grazing Crowned since high this and of selection of areas nest-site (Morrison, avoid Findings affecting Crane likely variable Crowned key will Grey a cranes to is height, suitable such height vegetation ways less the vegetation affects several success. in is that result in that show breeding also waterfowls results structure could affect The a cranes pressure 2015). to and 1969).Grazing in as known composition (Kirsch, measured is vegetation success factor was nesting of Grazing intensity important and succession bias). grazing densities a an (e.g. grazing nesting power had numbers, of as have statistical pair effect of as may considered the lack that is a Although variable from categorical 2008). grazing was a Dugger, potential study, results & a significant this (Ivey of as lack Crane observed in Possible well Sandhill detected as the by was not in Cranes Grazing loses was White-naped birds. nest harming good breeding to potentially a disturbing contributor as as and chicks.direct grazing habitat important their livestock the breeding also feed reported their from (2005) is cranes degrading al. which 100m depth et Water on least Bradter accessed. 1988), at only Mongolia, were Smith, nests In because & distance perhaps their (Smith 100m tendency place abundance beyond quadratic and invertebrate a nests wetlands cm) showed of of select edge predictor (60-90 size water species vegetation the sample this tall to in that small distance deep, suggests consider a However, cm strongly Cranes wetland. result 50 the Crowned The of least Grey location. edge cranes that at nest-site variables that of a important water and for three wetland with elsewhere, are a sites of there breeding choice that of the established deterioration by has that within of study site Crane landscapes indication This sites. human-dominated nesting Crowned an breeding in Grey a be suitable wetlands the of well for small particularly choice desperate as of and are This could the use impact, 1998). area that The human Bothma, study interference. (1998) & upon our human Bothma (Morrison dependent tolerate & ha less to Morrison 162 is appears of with general, Africa opinion in South same cranes, in the observed have size observation wetland minimum to compared 2 eosrt h motneo aeO’Blsa sakybedn iefrteEndangered the for site breeding key a as Bolossat Ol’ Lake of importance the demonstrate 5 ± 0.84 Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. uhrzn hsrsac N.KSBM50) n oteNtoa uem fKnaadteUniversity the and Kenya of for Museums Service National Crane Wildlife the Werner Kenya (International to to Didrickson USA), and grateful KWS/BRM/5001), Betsy are CO., (No. Archibaldand authors research (Denver, The George this literature. authorizing IdeaWild Dr relevant availed USA). from WI) WI, equipment Baraboo, first Foundation, (Baraboo, field The Thousand (CCV). of Darcy Volunteers & support Conservation Crane in-kind to an Schr project Trust granted Foun- CEPF-funded Wildlife Conservation was Foundation/Endangered a Crane Leiden author of International Award), the activities (Conservation of and Club courtesy Partnership) Cranes Bird for African Fund (African from dation funding received research undesirable This of control land sufficient riparian higher ensure and a wetland will ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the accorded This of be degradation Park. the Bolossat National on Ol’ presence control a conditions. and Lake the as poaching that alongside especially re-gazetted propose activities species be anthropogenic we Endangered i.e. Longclaw biodiversity, an Sharpe’s status studied for Endangered inadequately protection the site an (e.g. breeding and species key plants bird a globally-threatened activities as other local/site captured significance the of the be prominent understand to at its any, need to ultimately if Given made species. population would challenges, be the are densities the the for breeding will efforts address where and plans sites that challenges conservation and Africa, sites, in These paramount sites eastern breeding sites. is breeding on In potential Information it breeding plans. level. and/or declining, key would recovery known rapidly of Africa all population as protection in surrounding long-term range described and the species still identification in establish the is for to magnitude across determined established wetlands great be be other of to in to deserves densities seasons require breeding Breeding also capacity. different fishermen, in carrying livestock, Bolossat lake’s of Ol’ the landscape Lake number unfavourable at an large densities present fences. a now Breeding wire by that barbed parcels frequented and heavily smaller are cover homes into the continuous marshes by subdivided the to in recently dominated the from are quarry time were shelter However, marshes busy and and from m. Kianjata security poachers a position substrates), hand, 1 and and (nest other changes exceeding rafters vegetation the of drum that sedges On terms plastic could of marsh disturbance. in or This stable a floating and canoes densities. creating a out hence on grassland least spread largely were fishermen riparian the and is settled of had marshes and traffic Gatumbiro surprisingly encroached of high that but area a pairs fact largest besides breeding of the the time of pair to had density breeding sites attributed that highest breeding be shore the Kianjata the have and along to Gatumbiro marshes expected area, of study heavily lack by the complete dominated In a Karandi is to too and here addition Bahati grassland in riparian require. between parts open The cranes of chicks. stretch some of their shoreline in km consociation and steep fields grass cranes a 4 grazed tussock for by a tall characterised area m foraging is along 1 high-risk section dense except a This a 4). lake waves, Figure violent the (see with water shores around south-western all the on occur villages pairs breeding breeding The sandhill of greater of terms that 222 breeding with in at suitable reasonably nests gap compare of study between amount knowledge this the of this of been results ( estimate to The has cranes accurate Bolossat. contributes habitat Ol’ an 2015). Lake study and breeding (Morrison, at available pairs this gap Crown sites breeding knowledge in Crowned of priority number Grey reported high requirements, and a density habitat essential of pair an features breeding future. therefore the and the the The as lacking, in on However, the extremely rise information and as m. to 2018 earlier, reported expected c.50 July out is be in density pointed Area to breeding As Wetland plan, observed Protected management was a integrated as study an gazettement of this its drafting in following management pairs assumes breeding wetland neighbouring between distance dr(AU idieGray,D G Dr Germany), BirdLife (NABU, ¨ oder rscndni tabida canadensis Grus ± 0m(azn u ay osn or,2016) Moore, & Gossens Lacy, Su, (Barzen, m 70 hthda vrg est f5.25 of density average an had that ) ne oad(rn nomto ete emn)adTed and Germany) Centre, Information (Crane Nowald unter ¨ 6 ± .6nests/km 0.36 enstmspacelata Pennisetum arnxsharpei Macronyx 2 n naeaedistance average an and hspresenting thus ,rare ), Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ol,JL 20) onto n eaiua clg.I:SE ogne ..Ft,(Eds). Fath, B.D. trade-off & Jorgensen A S.E. Selection: In: Site Ecology. Nest Behavioural Ecology and of Cognition pedia (1995). J. (2008). J.L. Bergkvistv, surroundings? Gould, & the of C.F. view Johansson, and concealment D., between Blomqvist, Bolossat. Ol F., Lake Gotmark, (1998). Cranes. C. Sandhill Gichuki, Florida & N. in Gichuki, Success http://www.jstor.org/stable/4163113. Nesting from Retrieved (1992). 22-31. G.W. 104(1): Tanner, & N.C. Dwyer, Cranes performance International Reproductive White-naped Conservation (2005). of Bird K-M. Exo, selection & T.E. nest-site Grazia, and C., Uuganbayar, S., Gombobaatar, (2002). U., Bradter, D.R. Anderson, factsheet: Approach & Information-Theoretic Species K.P. Burnham, (1980). Nairobi. P.L. Society, Britton, History (2020). & L.H. Brown, cranes sandhill of density http://www.birdlife.org. nest from International. High (2016). D.M. BirdLife &Moore, A.P. Gossens, Wisconsin. A.E., central activi- Lacy, in L., Su, research J.A., Barzen, to in Cranes selection, site (2019). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn nest Sandhill K. impacting factors Barton, nesting including behaviours, nesting ( of lemurs of ruffed description black-and-white Responses A survival. (2018). A.L. (2008). nest Baden, D.A. on effects Buhl, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nacwgproc/156 and & ties J.E. Austin, requirement. REFERENCES this of for waiver a request granting Wamiti kindly or we W. sensitive site, as study considered the be at could species collection ORCID that Endangered chicks data an and of being eggs nature this as However, on such acceptance. guidance threats manuscript rampant upon DRYAD facing to currently uploaded be will Data high review a and ensure results of to ACCESSIBILITY interpretation participated DATA manuscript analysis, GN and data manuscript. with concept the assisted manuscript. the reviewed acqui- JGR the and of acquisition. the of data acquisition review in and data critical led searching facilitated provided and nests KM in analysis) PN content. data and intellectual techniques, DAS of field level NG, objectives, data. (design, of concept sition study the developed WW CONTRIBUTIONS AUTHOR declared None INTEREST OF CONFLICT it. endorsing for Nairobi of https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-2101 : p6862 cdmcPress. Academic pp.668-672. , rceig fteNrhAeia rn Workshop Crane American North the of Proceedings uI:MliMdlInference Multi-Model MuMIn: aei variegata Varecia Springer. . 5 1–2.DI 10.1017/S0959270905000663 DOI: 313–326. 15: , h reigsaoso atArcnBirds African East of seasons Breeding The ot mrcnCaeWrso Proceedings. Workshop Crane American North oe eeto n utmdlIfrne Practical A Inference: Multimodel and Selection Model rsvipio Grus ). clg&Evolution Ecology& ora fAinBiology Avian of Journal 7 ey atadPresent and Past Kenya akg eso .36 eree from Retrieved 1.43.6. version package R . nteUzrvrvle,nrhesenMongolia. north-eastern valley, river Ulz the in aerc regulorum Balearica :1010-1028. 9: , 13:13-24. , 01:25-28. 30(1): , 64:305-312. 26(4): , atArcnNatural African East . h isnBulletin Wilson The Retrieved . eree from Retrieved Encyclo- , Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. u . h,K,Zag .&Yn,X 20) etst eeto yBaknce Crane Black-necked by selection site Nest Grey of (2009). X. census China. Yang, Wetland, countrywide & Ruoergai first E., M. the Kenya’s Zhang, Bii, in K., G., (2019). Zha, Ndung’u, D. H., B., Wu, Walter, Kimani, G., & Nowald, G. W., Waiguchu, Crane Schroder, V., Crowned N., Nekesa, Bakari, D., M., Fox, Wanjala, J., Mwangi, W., Wamiti, forest cloud ical Inter- bird. D.(2019). passerine Loock, (2018). a de J.T. in van Forsman, choice & site https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1301-3. H. nest from Ylonen, affects Retrieved risk R.L., 181. predation Thomson, on M., information Monkkonen, specific J-T, Seppanen, man- J., (2017).A Tolvanen, B. Shemai, birds. & beach-nesting J.J. by 82(1):192–201. Fournier, selection , J.T., nest-site Boylan, evaluating Agencies J.G., experiment Wildlife Schuetz, agement and L.A., Fish Nordstrom, Cranes. of Sandhill R.R., Mississippi Association Swaisgood, by Southeast selection of site Conference nest for Annual criteria the Environmental of Proceedings (1988). W.P. Smith, & B. https://www.R-project.org/ Smith, from Retrieved Computing. Statistical for Foundation Team.(2019). Core R Cranes Crowned character- of nest ecology 29-35. and the Grey choice of 4: site Aspects the nest (1980a). of in D.E. Pomeroy, Conservation illumination of the birds. importance nesting for The cavity Plan of (2017). istics A. Action Surmacki, the Species & on P. Single Podkowa, crane International crowned grey (Ed.) and Crane wattled Crowned (2015). of K. sites nesting Morrison, Wetland Africa. (1998). South J.P. Plateau, Bothma, Steenkampsberg & K.L. affecting Morrison, factors and selection G.W. habitat nest & http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nacwgproc/186. Crane Njuguna from Sandhill S.G. Minnesota. (2008). Northwestern M.R. Crafter, in success Riggs, S.A. nest & In J.R. Fieberg, Wetlands. S.J., Maxson, of Function natural in and temperature Hydrology and (Eds), The Howard success (1992). nest G.O. on selection Krhoda, nest-site of Impact habitats. disturbed (2002). and F.J. &Janzen, J.J. Kolbe, Grazing. Malheur to at Relation in Cranes Production 821-828. Sandhill Waterfowl Greater (1969). of L.M. Kirsch, Success Nest Oregon. Influencing (2008).Factors Refuge, Wildlife B.D. National Blue Dugger, Black-throated & the G.L in concealment Ivey, nest of importance the suc- and measuring Warbler. selection Nest-site and goals (1991). D.A. setting Holway, assessment, helping. restoration: of and benefit management direct Ecological cess. a (2003). and selection R.J. experience nest-site of Hobbs, and success effect Reproductive breeder: (1999). cooperative D.J. Ross, a & in M.K. Fowlie, A.E., Russell, B.J., Hatchwell, clgclMngmn Restoration & Management Ecological TheCondor, elnso Kenya, of Wetlands aerc reguloram Balearica regulorum Balearica h israin nwr,Belgium. Antwerp, Dissertation. PhD . 33:575-581. 93(3): Ecology :Alnug n niomn o ttsia computing statistical for environment and language A R: iehsoysrtge fafclaiecoeaiebedri rgetdAfrotrop- fragmented a in breeder cooperative facultative a of strategies Life-history cetfi Reports Scientific 31:2921 O:10.2307/2680137. DOI: 269-281. 83(1): , idCnevto International Conservation Bird Waterbirds p1-2 ln,IUCN. Gland, pp.13-22. erayMrh21.NB ehia eot eln Germany Berlin, Report. Technical NABU 2019. February-March : EATcnclSeries. Technical AEWA . ot fiaJunlo idieResearch Wildlife of Journal Africa South ot mrcnCae okhpProceedings Workshop Cranes American North (upeet,S2-S4. 4(Supplement), , 11:52-61. 31(1): , :12.DI 10.1038/s41598-017-01430-y DOI: 1329. 7: , 8 aerc regulorum Balearica ora fWllf Management Wildlife of Journal 9 277-286. 19: , ora fWllf Management Wildlife of Journal h Auk The vltoayBiology Evolutionary 84:110-170. 28(4): , ina uti:R Austria: Vienna, . 1() 355-363. 116(2): , nUganda. in o 8.Retrieved 186. No. , rsnigricollis Grus 2 431-442. 42: , Scopus 33(4): , 18: , . , Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 1.06 -2.11 7.67 0.99 3.55 31.23 4.70 DW 10.96 Wd 6.81 1.04 significant VH indicate figures Bolded DWE (Gr). intensity grazing and (Wd) at variables depth predictor water (VH), height vegetation 1: Table TABLE .868 18 19 23 -2.51 -2.30 21.94 0.98 -1.84 1.11 6.81 9.58 5.38 3.53 1.34 3.11 1.11 0.98 aibevle ftebs addt oes( models candidate best the of values Variable 43 .7-19 0.09 1.91 0.09 1.90 - 0.67 - - 0.95 ------0.83 -4.38 -6.94 2.99 2.86 p .9--19 0.09 1.90 0.22 0.19 0.00 0.12 0.28 - 1.16 - 0.29 ------2.11 ------11.35 - - - -1.20 -0.73 - < 0.05. 2 rDWE Gr -0.65 × HGr VH 9 .60.11 1.36 - - - - Δ × AICc dVH Wd < )icuigdsac owtreg (DWE), edge water to distance including 2) - - 2 Wd 2 -2.43 DWE × Gr .30.09 1.83 Δ IcWeight AICc Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 10 Posted on Authorea 6 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158880177.75891321 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue5-Hsormo reigpairs.docx breeding nest-site-selection-for-grey-crowned-crane-at-lake-ol-bolossat-kenya of Histogram articles/447739-water-depth-vegetation-height-and-water-edge-distance-are-critical-in- - 5 Figure file Hosted 11 vial at available

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