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Results of a 2017 Crane Balearica 2017 Partial Survey of Grey Grey Crowned Crane Research & Conservation Programme in Kenya Results of a 2017 partial survey of Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum gibbericeps in Kenya Wanyoike Wamiti1, Werner Schröder2, Günter Nowald3, David Fox4, Xavier Chauby5, George Ndung’u6, Mary Waweru6,7, Eva Cherotich8, Bakari Ng’ang’a4, Maina Gichia4 and Dominic Kimani1,4,7 1National Museums of Kenya, 2The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union-NABU, 3Cranes Conservation Germany, 4Friends of Kinangop Plateau, 5Nationale Reserve Arjuzanx, France, 6Cranes Conservation Volunteers, 7University of Eldoret, 8Kenya Cranes Conservation Forum Corresponding Authors: [email protected] & [email protected] January 2018 Wamiti et al. (2018): A 2017 partial Cranes survey in Kenya Summary This report on partial counting of Grey they attended to eggs or chicks deep in Crowned Crane in Kenya took place the swamps and/or were skulking. between 1st and 15th Dec. 2017, with Additionally, areas surveyed were not additional observations until 31st Dec. In comprehensively covered. This survey nearly four decades, there has not been also followed heavy rains across the any national-level regular counting of country meaning that most cranes were cranes in Kenya except the African widely spread. Consequently, it should Waterbird Census whose coverage be considered to recommend a leaves out potential sites that cranes comprehensive survey in mid March, occupy. Different authors have reported when adults and young flock together a continuously declining population of and can be counted more easily. A cranes in eastern Africa and therefore, bigger team too could ensure that an attempt to determine the current counting lasts a shorter time than two status of the Kenyan population, its weeks. In terms of threats, it is evident distribution and threats facing the that adult cranes are still being poached species was deemed imperative. A total (mostly for local consumption and/or of 43 localities in 15 Counties were trade) besides collection of eggs and covered by this survey. The Lake juveniles at breeding sites and habitat Victoria basin was not incorporated due loss. These factors are negatively to uncertain political situation at the time affecting the crane populations across of the survey. A total of 1,234 Grey Kenya severely and therefore, practical Crowned Cranes were recorded, 3.24% actions are urgently required to enhance being juveniles. This figure was conservation and protection of the unexpected given that most of the species and their habitats. This may cranes’ strongholds were visited include stamping out poaching, halting compared to an estimated population of wetlands and grassland loss and/or 10,000 to 12,500 individuals (Morrison, degradation, restoration of habitats, and 2015). This raises uncertainty about the enactment or amendment of legislation status of the Kenyan cranes population. and policies as necessary. The latter Nyandarua and Uasin Gishu Counties could embrace drafting and had the highest number of cranes with implementation of a National Single 302 and 198 individuals respectively. At Species Action Plan for the Grey single sites, Lake Ol’ Bolossat had the Crowned Crane, banning of captive highest population of 286 while custody of ALL endangered species, and Northlands had the largest flock of 124 robust management of suitable breeding cranes. This survey took place during sites such as the recently gazetted Lake the peak of the breeding season where Ol’ Bolossat Protected Wetlands Area birds could have been missed out as and several others across Kenya. Cover photo: A flock of Grey Crowned Cranes feeding in a wheat stubble field in Kasuku, Lake Ol’ Bolossat, Nyandarua County. (Photo: Günter Nowald, CCG) 2 Wamiti et al. (2018): A 2017 partial Cranes survey in Kenya Background Morrison (2015) describes the Grey conservation and survival is proposed to Crowned Crane (Balearica reguloram) as start in March 2018. an icon of Africa’s wetlands and grasslands. It is an African endemic Other than the AfWC programme that species currently listed as Endangered started in Kenya in 1991 (Nasirwa & on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Bennun, 2000), there has been no other Species (BirdLife International, 2016), on way of monitoring the Grey Crowned Appendix II of CITES (CITES-UNEP, Crane population in Kenya. In Kenya, local cranes counts were organised in the 2017), and Appendix I Category 3(c) of the African-Eurasian Waterbird late 1980s, but have not been conducted Agreement (AEWA) (Wetlands on a regular basis since 1990 (Hill, 1988). International, 2005) due to a continued The Kenyan crane population has been population decline across its range, reported as declining over the years. For mainly arising from illegal trade in their example, Urban et al. (1986) estimated a eggs and wild caught cranes, alongside a population of 35,000 individuals; Gichuki precipitous loss of wetlands and (1993) reported 22,000 to 27,000, while grassland habitats (BirdLife International, Morrison (2015) gives an even lower 2016). figure of between 10,000 to 12,500 cranes. These estimates indicate a In the recent past, there has been continuously declining population whose advances in cranes research and status is currently unknown. This paucity conservation in Kenya. Muigai (2016), of knowledge on the Kenyan cranes’ through a support from The Nature and population hence necessitated the need Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU, for the current survey. BirdLife Germany) has been monitoring threats facing cranes population at Lake It is apparent that a national-level survey Ol’ Bolossat since 2015. The results of a is needed especially now that different proactive awareness campaign are quite institutions are coming together to draw a remarkable; some of the achievements National Single Species Action Plan for being a great reduction in poaching of the Grey Crowned Crane and establish adult cranes, collection of eggs and cranes conservation programmes that chicks, and increased awareness among includes research. Such action plans the local community. This has seen an require a more recent estimate of the increase in number of fledged chicks from species’ population including its 1 in 2016-2017 to over 25 in 2017-2018 distribution. This survey aimed at breeding seasons. conducting a ground count of cranes in sites where the species has been Waweru (In prep.) recently concluded an reported in the past or is expected based MSc thesis on the Lake Ol’ Bolossat on habitat suitability. In fact, BirdLife cranes population looking at some International (2018) has proposed several aspects of its conservation biology. conservation actions including conducting Further, a PhD-level research on the of standardised and coordinated surveys, status of Lake Ol’ Bolossat’s cranes raising awareness and population population and factors affecting their monitoring of this species. 3 Wamiti et al. (2018): A 2017 partial Cranes survey in Kenya Survey objectives National Single Species Action Plan for the Grey Crowned Crane, and use The objectives of this survey were: the data for other reasons i. Identify sites where the Grey Crowned iii. Embrace lessons on what is needed Cranes are currently found in Kenya to plan and execute comprehensive including assessment of habitat surveys in the future to yield reliable status, threats and an estimate of the and regular estimates of the Grey species’ population. Crowned Crane’s population and its ii. Use the findings to inform and provide status in Kenya. guidance towards development of a Methods and Materials Grey Crowned Cranes (hereafter may be 500m radius, prevailing weather referred to as cranes) in general occupy conditions and other observations. mixed wetland-grassland habitats with a Interviews were conducted to source preference for short to medium height information from the local communities open grasslands adjacent to wetlands such as how many cranes they usually where they forage (Meine & Archibald, see around their homes and whether 1996). They also occupy agricultural land they are aware of any poaching and such as cultivated croplands, fallow and trapping of cranes. irrigated fields. We therefore targeted making observations in such habitats. Counting cranes: Three teams Prior to the survey, the Kenya Bird Map comprising of 3 or more members, and Project (http://kenyabirdmap.adu.org.za/) sometimes accompanied by a local was consulted for recent sightings of guide, drove at a speed of c.20-30 km/hr Grey Crowned Cranes in Kenya as well along the roads and designated tracks in as referring to past distribution records conservation or public areas. Due to their and team’s personal experiences. A few large size and white patches on the individuals reached out to assist with wings, cranes’ presence was easily counting cranes in areas where the detected from 20m to 1.5 km without the teams were not able to reach! help of a pair of binoculars or telescope, although these were then used to Materials: The following were used improve on observations and in counting. during the census: telescope, 8-10x42 In open and vegetated areas, the teams binoculars, notebooks, camera and a walked out of the car or used the roof to datasheet. The following data was scan for cranes. In national parks and recorded: date, observers, name of areas with dangerous wildlife, armed site/locality, GPS coordinates, habitat rangers accompanied the team. Vantage type, number of cranes in each age class points were also used to scan for cranes. (chick, juvenile, immature/sub-adult, The knowledge of local guides was adult), group type (single, pair, family, invaluable. At Lake Naivasha, a motor flock), number and species of wildlife and boat was used. Vehicles were branded waterbirds in proximity of cranes, number with two A2 crane posters, one on either of humans and activities near sighting, side. The poster served the purposes of types and number of livestock within avoiding suspicion and identifying what 4 Wamiti et al. (2018): A 2017 partial Cranes survey in Kenya the teams were after, especially in public counted in Kinangop, Lake Naivasha, places without a local guide.
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