Proposal for Amendment of Appendix I Or II for CITES Cop16

Home , Balearica, Grey crowned crane, Gruiformes

Original language: English CoP18 Prop. XXX

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ______

Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Colombo (Sri Lanka), 23 May – 3 June 2019

CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II

A. Proposal

Transfer from Appendix II to Appendix I of Balearica pavonina in accordance with Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16), Annex 1.

Paragraph C) i): A marked decline in the population size in the wild has been observed as ongoing.

Paragraph C) ii): A marked decline in the population size in the wild which has been inferred or projected on the basis of levels or patterns of exploitation and a decrease in area of habitat.

B. Proponent

Senegal and Burkina Faso*

C. Supporting statement

1. Taxonomy

1.1 Class: Aves

1.2 Order: Gruiformes

1.3 Family: Gruidae

1.4 Genus, species: Balearica pavonina (Linnaeus, 1758).

1.5 Scientific synonyms: Subspecies B. p. pavonina and B. p. ceciliae.

1.6 Common names: English: Black-crowned Crane, West African Crowned Crane French: Grue couronnée de l’Afrique de l’ouest et du Soudan, Grue couronnée Spanish: Grulla coronada del África occidental, Grulla coronada cuellinegra, Grulla coronada

1.7 Code numbers:

* The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author.

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 1 2. Overview

In 2010, Balearica pavonina was reclassified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red-list of Threatened Species. This classification was reaffirmed in 2012 and 2016 on the basis that “recent surveys have shown a rapid population decline which is predicted to continue into the future, primarily due to habitat loss and trapping for domestication or illegal international trade” (Birdlife International 2016). Trend data for the eastern sub- population B. p. ceciliae is poorly known but may warrant transferring the species from Appendix II to Appendix I if projections depicting a worst case scenario are realized (Birdlife 2016). This species has shown rapid population declines in recent surveys which are predicted to continue into the future (Birdlife International 2018). Transferring this species to Appendix I has been identified as a priority conservation need (Meine and Archibald 1996, Morrison et al. 2007).

This species was included in Appendix II as a part of a higher taxon listing at the Family level (Gruidae spp.) in 1995. Concerns for the trade and conservation of this crane were first raised in 1989 at CITES Animals Committee (AC2) when it was reported that most of the trade in Balearica pavonina was coming from wild-sourced birds from Tanzania, a country where black crowned cranes did not occur. By April of 2009 at AC24, Balearica pavonina was included in the Review of Significant Trade (RST) as an urgent case (CITES 2009). Range states included in the RST were Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leon, Sudan, Togo and Uganda (CITES 2011a). The Animals Committee retained all of the range States in the RST in 2011 as no response from the range States had been received (CITES 2011b). At AC26, in March of 2012, the majority of range countries received a provisional category of least concern and were removed from the RST. However, the AC found that there was urgent concern for Guinea and possible concern for Nigeria, Sudan and South Sudan (CITES 2012a). In March of 2013 at the CITES Standing Committee (SC63), it was noted that Nigeria had complied with all recommendations concerning Balearica pavonina and was removed from the RST process. It was also agreed that all Parties should suspend trade in this species from Guinea, the Sudan and South Sudan (CITES 2013). This trade suspension is still ongoing.

Black crowned cranes face significant threats across their range. Habitat loss is a key threat that includes the use of wetlands for agriculture, or extraction of water for irrigation (Meine and Archibald, 1996; Williams et al., 2003). Natural forces and the intensification of human land use have negatively impacted the wetlands and grasslands across the Sahel and Sudan Savannah regions (Tréca 1996). Drought, resulting in the loss of seasonal and permanent wetlands, has contributed to desertification (Williams 2003). Drought has also forced people to migrate to more moist and less populated areas resulting in wetland degradation from overgrazing, tree removal, pollution and the heavy use of agricultural chemicals (Scholte 1996, Williams et al. 2003). Tree removal for fuel and building material has reduced roosting sites in many areas of the western range such as the Senegal Delta, the Niger Delta, the lower Bafing, the Gambia River, and northern Côte d’Ivoire (Williams et al. 2003). Another important threat to the species is the removal of B. pavonina from the wild for domestication and trade, including illegal trade (Beilfuss et al., 2007, Kone et al., 2007, International Crane Foundation, 2009). Black crowned cranes are either trapped or eggs and chicks are removed from the nests and the individuals are raised in captivity and sold on the local, regional, or international market (Meine and Archibald 1996, CITES 2012b). It is believed that illegal trade and the continued capture of B. pavonina could lead to its extinction in Mali (Kone et al., 2007). Breeding success of cranes in captivity is considered to be very low and birds are known to generally be short-lived and prone to diseases and injury (International Crane Foundation did not breed successfully (Kone et al., 2007)). It has also been reported that this species is highly prized in private collections (K. Morrison, in litt. to UNEP- WCMC, 2011) and, in some areas, cranes were reported to be hunted for meat (Meine and Archibald 1996). International trade over the period between 1986 and 2017 consisted principally of live birds, with small quantities of bodies, skins, feathers, trophies and scientific specimens also reported in trade. The majority of trade involved wild-sourced birds, with trade in captive-bred specimens also reported (CITES 2012b). Trade was primarily for commercial purposes, with live animals also traded for breeding in captivity, as personal possessions and, to a lesser extent, for zoos, circuses or travelling exhibitions, education, and scientific purposes (CITES 2012b). With declining population levels, the current trade in wild sourced birds is not sustainable.

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 2 The black crowned crane is legally protected in most countries where they are found but this protection is thought to be inadequate (Meine et al. 1996). Hunting legislation in most countries does not allow crane shooting but a number of countries do not have the financial resources to control illegal hunters (Tréca 1992). In many cases, wildlife laws are outdated or weak, there is low awareness of the laws among the public and there is insufficient resources to implement the laws (Morrison et al. 2007).

3. Species characteristics

3.1 Distribution

Balearica pavonina occurs from Senegambia to central Ethiopia, N. Uganda and NW Kenya and is known to occur as far south as Difule on Uganda-Sudan border, the northwest corner of Murchison Falls National Park and the northern portion of Lake Turkana (Keith 1968, Soothill 1982, Urban et al. 1986). See Figure 1. It is native to Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, South Sudan and Sudan (Birdlife 2016). The black-crowned crane occupies the western part of this range and scattered populations occur throughout sub- Saharan West Africa from Senegambia to Chad while B. p. ceciliae occurs in eastern sub-Saharan Africa from Chad to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and North Kenya, especially in the upper Nile River basin (Urban et al. 1986, Tréca 1992, Meine et al. 1996, Borrow et al. 2001). In West Africa there are two centers of concentration for the crane that serve as breeding areas, Senegambia and the Chad basin, with limited populations in between (Urban et al. 1986, Borrow et al. 2001). The crane is possibly extinct in Nigeria (Urban et al. 1986, Borrow et al. 2001, Birdlife 2016), considered a vagrant in Eritrea and its status is uncertain in the Central African Republic (Urban et al. 2007).

Figure 1. Range of Balearica pavonina

3.2 Habitat

Black crowned cranes inhabit dry and wet open habitats, preferring marshes, damp fields or wet grasslands and open edges of waterbodies (Urban et al. 1986,). It is rarely associated with open crop lands, but is sometimes found on dry lands and abandoned fields (Johnsgard 1983, Meine et al. 1996). They can also be found in areas with water up to 1 meter deep and knee to hip-high vegetation composed of leguminous and rosaceous plants and dominated by Cyperus, Scirpus, Cyonodon, Setaria and Eleocharis species (Johnsgard 1983). They are rarely associated with open water (Tréca 1992). They roost in large trees, having a preference for open trees such as mvule (Chlorphora) but will also use smaller trees or even roost in shallow water when necessary (Johnsgard 1983, Urban et al. 1986, Meine et al. 1996, Birdlife 2016). In the eastern portion of their range, they typically inhabit wet meadows and fields, larger freshwater marshes and margins of

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 3 ponds, lakes and rivers that have open areas of emergent vegetation (Meine et al. 1996). Black crowned cranes are both year-round residents and local migrants (Meine et al. 1996). During the non-breeding or dry season they often flock in large groups in large permanent wetlands and move to smaller temporary wetlands to breed during the rainy season (Urban et al. 1986, Meine et al. 1996, Birdlife 2016).

3.3 Biological characteristics

Of all the crane species, black crowned cranes are the least understood (International Crane Foundation (2016). They are considered monogamous and probably pair for life (Urban et al. 1986). Balearica pavonina does not breed until four years of age (Edet et al. 2018). Cranes normally only nest once each year and are considered seasonal breeders nesting in West Africa from May to December and in East Africa from July to January (Williams et al. 2003). This crane species has a low reproductive capacity. Average clutch size is 2 to 5 eggs per nest with an incubation period of 28-31 days and a fledging period of 60 to 100 days (Meine et al. 1996, Birdlife 2016, Edet et al. 2018). During drought conditions or if nests are negatively affected, the crane pairs will remain in flocks throughout the year (Williams et al. 2013). In Nigeria, eggs have been known to be destroyed by Pied Crows (Corvus albus) (Urban et al. 1986) and chicks are highly susceptible to predators including snakes, carnivorous birds and foxes (Edet et al. 2018). No records exist on the life span of the cranes in the wild (Edet et al. 2018) but it is thought that wild cranes may survive for 15-20 years (Olupot 2006). Birds in captivity can live for 25 to 40 years (Edet et al. 2018).

3.4 Morphological characteristics

Black-crowned Cranes have a distinctive yellow crown, white upper and under wing coverts, and flight feathers that black or darker brown (Johnsgard 1983). Body and neck plumage is long and dark slate or blackish in color. The iris is pale grey to pale blue in color and the birds have a small wattle (Archibald et al. 2018) The lower part of the cheek patch is red and extends halfway in B. p. pavonina and slightly further in B. p. ceciliae (Johnsgard 1983, Archibald et al. 2018). The wingspan measures approximately 180 – 200 cm; weight is 3000 – 4000 g, and the crane measures 100 – 15 cm (Archibald et al. 2018).

3.5 Role of the species in its ecosystem

Cranes are important to humans because they eat insects or rodents that might damage crops. Black crowned cranes are not viewed as a pest species by 93.3% of the community, based on surveys conducted in the Chora Boter district of Jimma Zone in Ethiopia (Gemeda 2016).

4. Status and trends

4.1 Habitat trends

Estimates of change in the habitat available for Balearica pavonina have not been made. However, habitat loss poses a significant threat and has had impacts on population numbers for the species. Across the Sahel and Sudan Savanna regions and especially in West Africa, wetlands and grasslands have been impacted by natural forces and increases in human land use (Meine and Archibald 1996, Oluput et al. 2009). In West Africa, increases in the human population are resulting in expanding cultivated areas, increases in livestock numbers and saturated pastoral space (Tréca 1992). People have migrated into prime crane habitat that is relatively moist and less populated because of drought and population growth (Meine and Archibald 1996), reducing available habitat. In addition, trees used for roosting by the cranes have suffered from both droughts and human utilization for building material, charcoal and firewood (Tréca 1992).

In many parts of the range, wetlands have been drained and groundwater extraction has occurred to provide water for irrigation projects and expand agricultural production such as rice in Senegal (Meine and Archibald 1996). In areas where wetlands are small, this has lowered the water table (Oluput et al. 2009). This has had a significant impact on crane habitat in Nigeria (the Hadejia floodplain and Chad basin) as well as other parts of West Africa (Fry 1987).

Wetlands have also deteriorated as a result of overgrazing and erosion in adjacent lands (Meine and Archibald 1996). Farming practices can have detrimental impacts on habitat suitability for the cranes. Oluput et al. (2009) found that moderate grazing and sound pasture management affect the supply of

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 4 grass seed available to the cranes. Increasing livestock populations has resulted in overgrazing of wetlands and a reduction of emergent vegetation resulting in a reduction of nesting by cranes. Heavy livestock grazing also disrupts foraging behaviour forcing cranes to use more marginal habitats, especially for nesting.

4.2 Population size

In 2004, it was estimated that the number of B. p. pavonina was approximately 15,000 individuals and the lesser known B. p. ceciliae had approximately 28,000 to 55,000 individuals in the wild (Birdlife International 2016). This would bring the total population estimate to 43,000 to 70,000 individuals or roughly 28,000 to 47,000 mature individuals (Birdlife International 2016).

4.3 Population structure

Poorly known.

4.4 Population trends

Balearica pavonina was re-categorized from Near Threatened to Vulnerable in 2010. The Vulnerable designation has remained in effect after subsequent assessments were conducted in 2012 and 2016 (Birdlife 2016). The justification for the classification is “primarily due to habitat loss and trapping for domestication or illegal international trade” (Birdlife 2016). Population trends by country are shown in Table 1. It is estimated that B. p. pavonina declined from 15,000 – 20,0000 individuals in 1985 to 15,000 individuals in 2004 (Beilfuss et al. 2007, Birdlife International 2016). Trend data for B. p. ceciliae is poorly known but may have undergone a more substantial decline from 50,000 – 70,000 individuals in 1985 to 28,000 – 55,000 individuals in 2004 (Beilfuss et al. 2007, Birdlife 2016). The accuracy of counts for B. p. ceciliae is questionable and basing trends on this data is not advisable (Beilfuss et al. 2007). Based on data from B. p. pavonina, from 1985 – 2004, the population is estimated to have declined between 0 – 25% with a provisional estimate of a worse-case decline over 3 generations or 45 years of 30 – 49% (Birdlife 2016). True figures may indicate a higher rate of decline depending on the status of B. p. ceciliae and this species may warrant transferring the species from Appendix II to Appendix I in the future if the worst case scenario for this subspecies proves accurate (Birdlife 2016).

Survey results indicate that the range of B.p. pavonina, that was nearly contiguous across West Africa, has been severely fragmented with large gaps between many of the sub-populations, clustering black Crowned Cranes in only a few regions (Wiliiams 2003). Human induced factors such as habitat modification, disturbance and conflict with cranes affect the distribution, population and reproductive success of cranes (Maxson et al. 2008). Cranes have a low reproductive capacity. Most often, initial attempts at breeding fail and individuals usually do not successfully reproduce until they are four to eight years old (Meine et al. 1996). There is usually one dominant crowned crane chick and if food is scarce the subordinate chick will die (Ellis et al. 1996). Loss and fragmentation of habitat, a decrease in food supplies and optimal breeding sites, a decreasing population trends and continued human disturbance significantly affect breeding success of the cranes.

Table 1. Population Trends by Country

B. p. Pavonina______

Country 1985 1994 1996 2000-2001 2004 Benin 50? 50? <1000 >20 50 Burkina Faso 100? 100? <1000 >10 50 Cameroon 2000 2000-3500 >1000 >3000 3000 Central African several 100s several 100s <1000 ~500 500 Republic Chad few 1000s 3500-5000 >1000 >5500 5500 Congo 600-700 0? 0? 0? 0 Cote d’Ivoire - Vagrant <1000 0? <30 D. R. Congo - - - - Equatorial Guinea - - ? 0? Gabon - - <1000 0? Gambia ? 100 <1000 >100 100

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 5 Ghana 50 50 <1000 >20 100 Guinea - - ? <25 200 Guinea-Bissau 0? ? ? >1500 1500 Liberia - - ? 0? Mali 7000-8000 3000-5000 >1000 >600 100 Mauritania 200 200 <1000 >300 500 Niger several 100s <1000 <1000 >300 1300 Nigeria several 100s <100 <1000 >20 20 Senegal 1000 1000-2000 >1000 >1900 1900 Sierra Leone - - Extirpated 0? Togo 50 50 <1000 >110 50

B. p. ceciliae______

Country 1985 1994 1996 2000-2001 2004 Chad ? ? - ? D. R. Congo - - - ? Visitor Egypt - vagrant? <1000 0? 0 Eritrea - - <1000 ? Ethiopia few 1000s few 1000s >1000 >2500 2500 Kenya few 100s 100s <1000 <10 250 Sudan 50000 50000 >1000 >25000 25000-52000 Uganda 500 500 <1000 <50 50 Source: Urban 1988 Urban 1996 Meine, Williams, Beilfuss, 1996 2003 2007

4.5 Geographic trends

The black crowned crane was once found across West Africa but its range has become severely fragmented and large gaps exist between subpopulations. Williams et al. (2003) reported that the majority of the population is now clustered in only a few regions “most notably the Senegal River Delta of Senegal and Mauritania, the coastal region from southern Senegal to Guinea-Bissau River, the Inner Niger Delta of Mali. The Sahelian zone of southwestern Niger, southeastern Mali, eastern Burkina Faso, and far northern Togo and Benin, the Chad River Basin of Chad and Cameroon, and Lac Fitri and the Bahr-Aouk Salamat floodplains of Chad.” These cranes are possibly extinct in Nigeria (where it is the country’s national bird) and Mali, and has not been recorded in Sierra Leon since the mid-1930s (Archibald et al. 2018).

5. Threats

Black crowned cranes face serious threats throughout their range. Habitat loss and live trapping are the most serious threats (Williams et al. 2003, International Crane Foundation 2009). Habitat loss and degradation occur through conversion of wetlands to agriculture, over-exploitation of wetlands, overgrazing, wetland drainage, dam construction (floods upstream wetlands and dries out wetlands downstream), cutting of roost trees, agricultural and industrial pollution, and industrial construction (Meine and Archibald 1996, Williams et al. 2003, Beilfus et al. 2007, Birdlife International 2016). Direct threats include fire, egg removal, nest disturbance, poisoning, subsistence hunting, live trapping for commercial trade and domestication, poaching for food and feathers (for fans) and the use of heads and wings in traditional medicine (Williams et al. 2003, Meine and Archibald 1996, Williams et al. 2013, Williams et al. 2014). In Chad, threats to black crowned cranes are thought to include: cattle ranching, intensive agriculture and disturbances to the country’s protected area network as a result of the civil war (Tréca (1996).

In addition to habitat loss, live trapping may be the most significant threat to black crowned cranes (Williams et al. 2003, Kone et al. 2007, Beilfuss et al. 2007). A major cause of population decline is considered to be the trade in live birds (Tursha and Boyi 2011). The cranes are trapped and sold to local, regional and international markets for considerable profit (Williams et al. 2003, Beilfuss et al. 2007). In Mali, between 1998 and 2000, 165 birds were bought and sold and 70 were exported to other

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 6 countries (Kone et al. 2007). In the inner Niger Delta, the selling price was on average 36 278 FCFA (francs of the African Financial Community) and 104 778 FCFA (US$182) in the towns (Kone et al. 2007). In Nigeria in the Kano market, a profit of around 15,000 naira (US$150) could be made in the trade of one bird (Boyi 2001). The domestication of cranes within West Africa is encouraged, however the breeding of cranes in captivity is difficult and, in Mali, breeding attempts have been unsuccessful (Kone et al. 2007, Beilfuss et al. 2007). In Mali, where the species is close to being extirpated, there are more cranes in captivity than there are in the wild (Williams 2003). In the Kantchari-Macalondi area of Burkina Faso, it has been reported that young birds were captured by villagers before they were able to fly (Fry, 1983). The hunting and trapping of B. pavonina has severely affected the population in Nigeria and has resulted in the virtual elimination of the species (Elgood et al. 1994).

6. Utilization and trade

6.1 National utilization

There is considerable hunting pressures placed on cranes in African countries (Ilyashenko et al. 2017). Hunting of Black Crowned cranes occurs for both food and traditional purposes (Williams et al. 2013). Traditions regarding hunting practices vary widely within the range of the species (Williams et al. 2003). In the Casamance region of Senegal and in parts of Burkina Faso, the eating of cranes is taboo (Williams et al. 2003). Cranes are not considered edible and not normally hunted in the Sudan (Eljack 1996) but have been hunted during wartime when famine occurs and local populations in rural areas are unable to grow crops and must rely on bushmeat (Williams et al. 2003, Oglethorpe et al. 2004).

Traditional use of wildlife parts for traditional medicine is widespread in nearly every country in West Africa (Nikolaus 2011). This practice has become uncommon in a few countries such as Ghana and Guinea but still remains a strong cultural tradition in countries such as Benin, where it is a practice supported by the government, and Nigeria (Nikolaus 2011). In Nigeria, black crowned cranes are believed to guarantee a lucky wedding and a successful family future (Nikolaus 2001). Black crowned cranes were found to be used or traded for traditional medicine in Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti and Nigeria (Williams et al. 2003). The trade of black crowned crane heads in countries such as Côte d’Ivoire is a cause for concern (Williams 2014). Around the area of Niokolo-koba National Park in southeastern Senegal, near the Guinea-Bissau border, black crowned crane feathers are used in ritualised traditional dance and this has seriously affected the species (Williams et al. 2003). The heads and feathers are also used in traditional healing practices (Williams 2003)

6.2 Legal trade

Trade in black crowned cranes has been recorded in the CITES trade database since 1983 and includes live specimens, along with bodies, skulls, skins, specimens and feathers that were traded as derivatives. Since B. p. parvonina, along with the other crane species, were included in CITES Appendix II in August 1985, only data beginning in 1986 is included from the CITES trade database. Additionally, 2017 was excluded as the data are incomplete. The following analysis is based on data obtained from the UNEP-WCMC Trade Database.

During the period of 1986 to 2016, 8,916 live birds were exported by 47 countries, twelve of which were range countries. Nine countries exported more than 50 cranes during this time period (Table 2). Of the total exports of 8,916 live birds, these 9 countries alone exported 8,426 birds.

Table 2. Countries that exported more than 50 black crowned cranes between 1986 and 2016.

1986- 1991- 1996- 2001- 2006- 2011- 2016- Totals 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 1986- 2017

Germany 50 6 0 6 4 2 0 68

France 2 70 16 12 0 0 0 100

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 7 Belgium 65 1 11 28 14 17 0 136

Netherlands 83 18 43 14 2 100 8 268

Mali 20 15 561 15 0 237 30 878

Sudan 0 0 60 600 70 74 0 860

Guinea 22 750 269 128 42 20 0 1231

Tanzania 2191 2692 0 4 0 0 0 4887

Source: UNEP-WCMC Gross Exports database

Tanzania was the biggest exporter of black crowned cranes between 1986 and 1995 even though the black crowned crane is not found in this country. It is unclear whether the trade was misidentified and the birds exported were actually grey crowned cranes (Balearica regulorum) which Tanzania is a range country, or the birds were brought in from other countries where it is indigenous and sold by Tanzania (Birdlife 2007). Guinea also exported a large number of cranes, having its largest export between 1991 and 1995, but this number has been reduced in subsequent years. Between 1996 and 2000 Mali was a significant exporter with a decrease in exports between 2001 and 2010 but rising again between 2011 and 2015. Sudan had was the highest exporter between 2001 and 2005. Of note is that Nigeria reported 8 exports of black crowned cranes in 2014 which is of concern since recent surveys indicate this species is extinct in the wild.

In total, in the period between 1986 and 1999, trade in 6,299 live birds was reported by exporters of which 3,413 were wild sourced, 51 were reported as captive bred, 3 were reported as having a unknown source and 2,832 had no source identified. The corresponding trade reported by importers involved 2,856 live birds of which 893 were reported as wild sourced, 64 were reported as captive bred, 17 were reported as confiscated and 1,882 had no source identified. Tanzania was the main exporter during this time period even though black crowned cranes do not occur there. In the period between 2000 and 2010, trade in 600 live birds was reported by exporters of which 505 were wild-sourced. The corresponding trade reported by importers involved 791 live birds of which 529 were wild-sourced. The main range State exporting the species was Sudan. Between 2011 and 2017, trade in 476 live birds was reported by exporters of which 262 were reported as wild sourced and 214 were reported as captive bred. The corresponding trade reported by importers involved 263 live birds of which 161 were wild sourced and 102 were captive bred. Mali was the major exporting country.

Currently, there are no CITES export quotas in place for black crowned cranes. Guinea is the only country that received a quota for wild caught cranes that occurred from 2001 through 2003. In 2001, the quota of 50 birds was exceeded with Guinea exporting 80 black crowned cranes. Exports were below the quota in 2002 and 2003.

A trade suspension was issued to Guinea, Sudan and South Sudan in May 2013 that is still in effect. South Sudan seceded from Sudan in July 2011 and is not a Party to CITES. The status of the species in South Sudan is unknown and the country does not appear to have the scientific capacity to advise that any exports are not detrimental to the survival of the species (CITES 2016). Therefore, no trade data exists for this country in the UNEP-WCMC Trade Database. No trade has been reported from Guinea since 2012 presumably due to the trade suspension. However, exports of black crowned cranes from Sudan may have occurred following the trade suspension but no annual reports have been submitted since 2010 (CITES 2016). Unreported trade from Sudan has been previously noted as a concern (CITES 2016).

6.3 Parts and derivatives in trade

Between 1986 to 2016, 29 bodies (plus 5.6 kg), 2,433 feathers, 27 skins, 2 skulls, 6 specimens and 3 trophies were exported. There has been no trade in feathers reported since 2001. The largest numbers of feathers exported was 2,400 by the Netherlands in 1992. Netherlands also exported the largest number of skins (20) in 1992.

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 8 6.4 Illegal trade

Three seizures have been reported for black crowned cranes in the UNEP-WCMC database. One body was seized in the United States that was exported from the Netherlands that originated from Belgium. Four live birds were seized in the United Arab Emirates that were exported from Russia and 13 live birds were seized in the Netherlands, exporting country unknown (UNEP-WCMC 2018).

Illegal trade remains a threat in Guinea and the Sudan (CITES 2016). In Guinea, black crowned cranes are commonly traded on the black market (Clemmons 2003). Market trading of black crowned cranes is having a tremendous impact on this species in the Inner Niger Delta of Mali (Kone et al. 2007). It has been noted that captured chicks and eggs, when hatched, are raised in captivity and sold illegally (Walkinshaw 1973). Illegal trade was reported to be a concern in Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria and Sudan (CITES 2012b). Tursha and Boyi (2011) reported evidence of cross border illegal trade between Chad, Cameroon and Nigeria and consider this a main threat to the species.

6.5 Actual or potential trade impacts

There is strong evidence that both the legal and illegal trade in black crowned cranes is having significant effects on the black crowned crane population and depleting the species in the wild (Beilfuss et al. 2005). A key factor in the population decline of black crowned cranes has been the removal of cranes from the wild for domestication and trade (CITES 2009). Birds were either wild caught or of unknown origin in Tanzania, which was one of the major exporting countries in the mid-90s. There is strong evidence that the international trade of black crowned cranes is depleting the wild population (Williams et al. 2003). For example, trade in cranes was extremely common in Mali and between 1998 and 2000, 524 individuals were captured in the Mopti, Tenenkou and Youwarou areas (Kone et al., 2007). This is a region where only about 1500 wild individuals were thought to live, most individuals were reportedly obtained as chicks and they reached the highest value per bird of any waterbird on the market (Kone et al., 2007).

7. Legal instruments

7.1 National

National Protections of Black crowned cranes.

Extracted from AC26 Doc 12.2 Annex. Review of significant trade: species selected by the CITES Animal Committee following CoP 14 and retained in the review following AC25.

Benin B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species under Annex I of the law No 87-014 (1987) regulating nature protection and hunting in Benin (République Populaire du Benin, 1987). The law banned hunting or capture of the species, with the exception of self defense or permits given for scientific purposes (République Populaire du Benin, 1987). Burkina Faso B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species under Annex I of the Decree No 96- 061 (1996) on the exploitation of wildlife (Burkina Faso, 1996). Burundi The Burundi regulations for Hunting and the Protection of Animals (1971) specified the need for valid hunting licences (Burundi, 1971). B. pavonina was not listed as a protected species in the country (Burundi, 1971). Cameroon B. pavonina was listed as a Class A protected species under Law No. 94/01 on forestry, wildlife and fisheries regulations (Republic of Cameroon and Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, 1994; Djeukam, 2007). The killing of these species was banned, except as self defence or when protecting property, such as livestock or crops (Republic of Cameroon and Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, 1994). It was reported that permits were needed for the capture of B. pavonina and for keeping it in captivity (Djeukam, 2007). Central African B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species under Annex II of the Ordinance no Republic 84/045 on wildlife protection and hunting regulations (Direction de la Faune et des Aires protégées, 2009). The Ordinance banned all hunting and capture of the species (Direction de la Faune et des Aires protégées, 2009). Chad The Ordinance No. 14-63 (1963) on hunting and nature protection, which applies to all animals, prohibits hunting without a permit and lists the requirements for permits

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 9 depending on the purpose of hunting (Chad Ministere de l'Information et du Tourisme, 1963). B. pavonina was not included in the list of protected species in the country (Chad Ministere de l'Information et du Tourisme, 1963). Côte d’Ivoire B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species under Annex I of the Law 94-442 (1994), which was an amendment to Law No. 65-255 on wildlife protection and hunting (Republique de Côte d'Ivoire, 1994). The Law prohibited hunting and capture of the species, including chicks and eggs, but specified that permits may be acquired for capture for scientific purposes (Republique de Côte d'Ivoire, 1994) Democratic B. pavonina was listed as a partially protected species (Republique Democratique du Republic of Congo Congo, 2006), and may be hunted with authorization (Journal Officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo, 2005). The Hunting Law of 1982 specified the need for permits depending on the purpose of hunting (Journal Officiel de la Republique du Zaire, 1982). Eritrea According to the Eritrean Regulations for the issuance of wildlife permits (2006), the hunting, capture and export of wildlife were only allowed with permits or licences issued by the relevant authorities (Eritrea, 2006b). B. pavonina was not listed as a threatened species requiring special attention under the Annexes of proclamation No. 155/2006 on forestry and wildlife conservation and development (Eritrea, 2006a). Ethiopia According to the CITES MA of Ethiopia, B. pavonina is fully protected in the country, “although this protection is often ineffective” (F. Debushe, in litt. to UNEP-WCMC, 2011). The Ethiopian Wildlife Development, Conservation and Utilization Council of Ministers Regulation No. 163/2008 did not include B. pavonina in the ‘list of birds to be allowed for Hunting by Foreign Tourists and Resident Hunters’ (F. Debushe, in litt. to UNEP-WCMC, 2011). Gabon Law No. 115/PR/MAEFDR (1981) prohibited the killing or capturing of any wildlife, except with permits issued by the relevant authority (Gabon, 1981). Gambia The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 36 of 1978 did not include B. pavonina in the list of species for lawful hunting under Schedule III (The Republic of the Gambia, 1978). Ghana B. pavonina was listed under the First Schedule of the Wildlife conservation regulations of 1971, prohibiting the hunting and capturing of the species (Ghana, 1971). Guinea B. pavonina was listed under Annex I of the Wildlife law (1999), banning the hunting, capture, egg collection and export of the species except for permits given for scientific purposes (Republique de Guinee, 1999). Guinea Bissau B. pavonina was not listed as a protected species in Appendix I of the Decree No 40.040 (1955) on the Protection of Land, Flora and Fauna (Ministério do Ultramar, 1955). It is not known whether more recent legislation has been published. Kenya The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (amended in 1989) declared B. pavonina a protected animal in Kenya, along with all other birds that were not classified as game animals. The Wildlife Act also specified that permits/licenses were needed for the ownership of live animals and trophies and the export of live protected animals. Mali B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species in Law No. 95-031 on the management of wildlife and habitats. However, interviews conducted by Kone et al. (2007) revealed that few crane owners were aware of the legislation. The authors reported that the National Directorate for the Preservation of Natural Reserves had made B. pavonina exports from Mali illegal in 1998, however, exports had continued, albeit limited by the high costs of transportation and taxes. Mauritania B. pavonina was not included in the list of protected species in Law No. 97-006 on hunting and conservation. Niger B. pavonina was classified as a fully protected animal species according to the law on hunting and wildlife protection No. 98-07. Tréca (1996b) considered that protection in most wetlands was insufficient and reported that hunting and capture, although illegal, was still taking place on a small scale. Nigeria B. pavonina was listed in the Second Schedule (Animals relation to which international trade may only be conducted under licence) of the Endangered species (control of international trade and traffic) Act of 1985, specifying that the hunting, capture, and trade of the species required an official licence. Senegal B. pavonina was listed as a fully protected species in decree No. 86-866 on hunting and wildlife protection. The hunting, capturing, and collecting of eggs was prohibited, however it was noted that permits for hunt on the species could be issued when population numbers were high within a certain area. Sierra Leone B. pavonina was classified as a ‘Prohibited animal’ under the Second Schedule of the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 27 of 1972, making any hunting or capturing of the species illegal.

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 10 Sudan and South In Sudan, the species was listed as protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Sudan Act of 1986 and its hunting or capture without a license was prohibited (The CITES Management Authority of Sudan, O. Sulieman, pers. comm. to UNEP-WCMC, 2011). No information on legislation was located for South Sudan. Togo The Decree No 90-178 of hunting regulations specified the need for hunting permits and established a tax of XOF 5000 (~USD 10) for the hunting or capture of B. pavonina. Uganda The Uganda Wildlife Statute No. 14 of 1996 specified the need of permits for hunting and trading protected species. According to the Game (Preservation and Control) Act of 1959 Cap. 226, Revision (1964), all cranes were included in First Schedule, Part A (animals not to be hunted or captured throughout Uganda except under special permit).

7.2 International

B. pavonina has been included in CITES Appendix II since 1985. International trade is regulated by Article IV of the Convention.

8. Species management

8.1 Management measures

In 1999, the Black Crowned Crane programme was launched by the International Crane Foundation and Wetlands International to identify key areas where effective projects could be conducted to help in the conservation of the cranes and their habitat (Williams et al. 2003). As part of this effort, a black crowned crane network was established across 20 nations in West, Central and East Africa to identify key areas where effective projects could be established for conservation of the species and their habitat (Williams et al. 2003).

8.2 Population monitoring

The first rangewide survey of black crowned cranes was conducted from January to April 2000 and 2001 in 20 African nations (Williams et al. 2003, Beilfuss et al. 2007). Two hundred and twenty six areas were surveyed (Appendix 1). The surveys were conducted using ground and aerial surveys, questionnaires, interviews and records (Williams et al. 2003, Beilfuss et al. 2007). The purpose of these surveys were to assess population size, distribution, habitat use and threats (Williams et al. 2003). The data was analysed and used to develop population estimates for crane areas and was the basis for developing a Conservation Management Plan that was published in 2003 (Boere et al. 2006).

In Sudan, efforts have been made to undertake monitoring and surveys but these attempts have been limited due to political instability and insufficient funding (CITES 2016).

8.3 Control measures

8.3.1 International

There are no international control measures beyond those of CITES.

8.3.2 Domestic

Domestic control measures implemented in range States need to be clarified.

8.4 Captive breeding and artificial propagation

There have not been any formal reintroduction programs undertaken for black crowned cranes although the potential for this to occur is being considered (Meine et al. 1996, Archibald et al. 2018). Due to unpredictable breeding results, this species is moderately difficult to keep in captivity (Kone et al. 2007, Edet et al. 2018). Nigeria conducted an experimental release in 1992 in association with the West African Crane Conference (Meine et al. 1996, Edet et al. 2018). There have been discussions of developing a captive breeding program in Borno State, Nigeria and a release program in the Chingurme-Duguma section of the Chad Basin National Park but only if habitat conditions are assessed and a habitat management plan is implemented (Meine et al. 1996).

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 11 8.5 Habitat conservation

Williams et al. (2003) identified 226 sites that supported black crowned cranes. Approximately 21% or 48 of these sites have some degree of official habitat protection that includes National Parks (12%), Ramsar sites (4%), reserves (4%), and locally protected sites (1%). Seventy nine percent of the sites are unprotected. Of these numbers, only 17% of the protected sites occur in the range of B. p. ceciliae, while 41% occur in the range of B. p. pavonina.

8.6 Safeguards

Other than the legal instruments and management efforts previously described, no safeguards are in place for this species.

9. Information on similar species

The grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) looks very similar to the black crowned crane (B. pavonina). The black crowned crane is distinguished from the grey crowned crane by the red found in the lower part of the cheek patch, a darker neck and smaller wattle (Archibald et al. 2018). The grey crowned crane is also included in CITES Appendix II.

10. Consultations

Consultations were led during a regional meeting of representatives from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member States which took place in Abuja, Nigeria, on 2-4 July 2018, and during a meeting of representatives from the African Union which took place in Luanda, Angola on 19-20 December 2018. The proposal was also sent out to range States representatives by email in English and in French on 7 December 2018. Feedback received in the course of these consultations was supportive of the proposal.

11. Additional remarks

12. References

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CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 16 Appendix 1. Black crowned crane survey sites conducted in 2000-2001. Directly taken from Williams et al. 2003.

Country Sites surveyed by air or ground Sites surveyed by Key Sites not surveyed questionnaire Benin Parc National de la Pendjari P. N. Pendjari

Burkina Faso Mare aux Hippopotames Pama Game Reserve Parc National d’Arly Kompienga Lake Barrage de Bagré Parc National du « W » Mare d’Oursi

Cameroon Waza-Logone Waza-Logone Lac Tchad

Central African Republic

Chad Lac Tchad Plaine du Logone : Mare de Katoa Depression de Toubouri (1987) Bas Chari Plaine du Logone : Mare Cuvette de M’bourao (1987) Toufgounou Marsay Plaine du Logone:Bongor - Ndjamena Au abords du fleuve Logone Mayo Kebbi :Lac Tikem (1987) Au abords du fleuve Logone Plaine du Logone : Mare Kiamé ?? Parc National de Manda Télém(Bongor) Fleuve Chari (amont de Njamena) Plaine du Logone : Mare Lifi-Baki (Bongor) Lac Fitri Plaine du Logone : Mare Mana- Toura (Bongor) N’Djamena:Massaguet -Bisney Plaine du Logone : Mare Dogoya- Yamatcha (Holom) Plaine du Logone : Mare de Katoa Plaine du Logone : Casiers rizicoles de Bongor Plaine du Logone : Mare Toufgounou Marsay Au abords du fleuve Logone Plaine du Logone : Mare Kiamé Télém(Bongor) Plaine du Logone : Mare Lifi-Baki (Bongor) Plaine du Logone : Mare Mana-Toura (Bongor) Plaine du Logone : Mare Dogoya-Yamatcha (Holom) Plaine du Logone : Casiers rizicoles de Bongor Parc National de Zakouma

Côte d’Ivoire Région of d’Odienne (1985) ?? Parc National de la Comoé

Gambia Dankunkwu rice field Dankunkwu rice field Bambali Swamp Bambali Swamp Pirang Tendaba (1999) Samba Soto Swamp Kaur (1999) Balangar (1995) Pirang Samba Soto Swamp Sotokoi rice field (?) Kajalat Island (?) Scan-Gambia Shrimp (?) Pakali Ba (1995) Allahein River shores (1995) Kiang West National Park (1995) Ghana Volta Basin (1990/9) White Volta: Bawku (?) White Volta:Nasia (?) Black Volta:Lawra (?) Black/White Volta:Mpaha (1999) Guinea Koundara (?) Kadiene (199?) Guinea Bissau Lago de Cufur/Catió (1997)

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 17 Mali Délta Intérieur du fleuve Niger Délta Intérieur du fleuve Niger Fleuve Niger:Gao -Labezenga (1984) Cercle de Djenné: Djenné Senessa Cercle de Djenné: Djenné Senessa ?? Réserve de Faune du Bafing (1996) Diountou (Koubi) Diountou (Koubi) Mopti :Sibo Niala (1999) Cercle de Djenné: Diera (1990) Cercle de Djenné:Sekoula (1997) Goumitogo Mare (1997) Focoloré:Mare Bilade (1996) Focoloré:Mare Tidda Leida (1996) Focoloré:Mare Nouré Oumalou (1996) Focoloré:Mare Mini Mana (1996) Mauritania Parc National du Diawling Parc National du Diawling Lac d’Aleg Gâat Mahamouda Gâat Mahamouda Niger Fleuve:Tillabery: Mare de Kero Fleuve Niger: Tillabery: Mare de Fleuve Niger: Ayorou (1995) Kero Fleuve Niger:Tillabery: Kokorou Fleuve Niger: Tillabery: Kokorou Département de Zinder (Damergou/Damagaram) Fleuve Niger:Tillabery: Ossolo Tillabery: Ossolo Département de Diffa (Mandaram/Manga) Fleuve Niger :Tillabery: Dortoir de Tillabery Fleuve Niger : Tillabery: Dortoir de Tillabery Flueve Niger : Parc National du W Fleuve Niger : Parc National du W Fleuve Niger : La Tapoa Pékinga Tillabery : Youmba Fleuve Niger:Tillabery : Youmba Tahoua :Dossey Abalak: Chimzazoren Tahoua: Tabalak Abalak: Mare de Tabalak Tahoua :Dossey Tahoua: Tabalak Diomona Namga Kpennuya/Kpeniago Fleuve Niger :N’Dounga Fleuve Niger :Sébéri Fleuve Niger/Rive gauche : Périmètre de Saga Fleuve Niger:Liboré/N’Doungo Nigeria Hadejia – Nguru Chad Basin N. P. Chingurume – Upper Benue System (1996) Wetlands (including Dagona National Park) Duguma (1998) Chad Bassin N. P: Bula Tura Oasis (?1996) Chad Basin N. P: Kujila Oasis (?1996) Bama :Mboro (1996) Gulumba : Kutila (1996) Hadejia - Nguru Wetlands (including Dagona N. P) Bal Oasis (1990) Senegal Parc National Oiseaux du Djoudj Delta du fleuve Senegal Louga/Ferlo (1987) ZIC de Djeuss Parc National Oiseaux du Djoudj Bassin du Ndiael ZIC de Djeuss Lac de Guier-Vallée de Ferlo Bassin du Ndiael Fleuve Casamance Fleuve Casamance Kolda Kolda Parc National du Niokolokoba Togo Oti ( ?1990) Valée Oti -Mandouri( ?1990) Parc National de la Kéran (?1990) Eritrea Asmara Asmara?

Ethiopia Akaki Lakes Lake Awassa Abijatta-Shalla Lakes National Park Kurt Bahir Kirigna (1999) Lake Awassa Shesher-Wallala Wetland Boyo Wetland Wagetera Marsh Barbu Gaya Wetland Yiganda Wetland (1998/9) Bahir Dar Zuria Cheleleka Wetland Enfraz Wetland Koka Dam Kurt Bahir Shesher-Wallala Wetland

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 18 Tikur Wuha Marsh Wagetera Marsh Lake Ziway Kenya Lake Turkana (1992) Sudan Western Kordufan:Dambloia Western The Sudd Kordufan:Dambloia Southern Darfur:Radom National Park Southern Darfur:Radom National Park Southern Kordufan:Lac Keilak Southern Kordufan:Lac Keilak Southern Darfur: Lake Kundi Southern Darfur: Lake Kundi Southern Darfur: Um-Dafog (?) Southern Darfur:Kelling Swamps Southern Darfur:Kelling Swamps Western Darfur:Tesi Swamp Sennar: Dinder National Park (?) Western Darfur:Tesi Swamp

Uganda Arua Town (1998) Arua Town:West Nile Golf field (1998) Rhino Camp: Ewanyapa (1998) Rhino Camp: Ayilo Valley (1998)

CoP17 Prop. XXX – p. 19