The Liverworts, Mosses and Ferns of Europe

Wolfgang Frey {Hornworts and Liverworts) Jan-Peter Frahm {Mosses) Eberhard Fischer and Wolfram Lobin (Ferns and Fern-allies) translated and updated by the authors

with illustrations prepared by H. Liinser (Bryophytes) and E. Fischer (Ferns)

English edition revised and edited by T. L. Blocked Contents

Editor's Preface page x Division Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses) 16

Authors Preface to English 1. Subdivision Hepaticophytina Edition xiv (Hepaticae) - Liverworts 16 1. Class Marchantiopsida - 1. Hornworts, Liverworts and thallose Liverworts p.p. 16 Mosses - Anthocerotophy ta and Bryophyta 1 1. Subclass Monocleidae 16 2. Subclass Sphaerocarpidae 16 I. Key to Anthocerotophyta 1. Order Sphaerocarpales 16 (Hornworts), Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses) and Pteridophyta 1, 2. Families (Ferns and their allies) 3 Sphaerocarpaceae, Riellaceae 16 II. Key to the main groups of 3. Subclass Marchantiidae 17 Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) and Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses) 1. Order Marchantiales 17 using sporophyte characters 4 Families Corsiniaceae - Marchantiaceae 17 III. Key to the main groups of 2 Order Rirrialps 28 Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) and Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses) Families using gametophyte characters 8 Oxymitraceae, Ricciaceae 28 IV. Systematic part - Key to the 2. Class Blasiopsida 41 species 14 1. Order Blasiales 41 Division Anthocerotophyta 1. Family Blasiaceae 41 (Hornworts) 14 3. Class Treubiopsida 41 1. Class Anthocerotopsida 4. Class Jungermanniopsida 41 (Anthocerotae) 14 1. Order Anthocerotales 14 1. Subclass Metzgeriidae - thallose T 1 T7*H*TAT/^T*t'C TA TA 4.1 Families LilVCI WUI Lo p.p. Notothyladaceae - 1. Order Calobryales 42 Anthocerotaceae 14 1. Family Haplomitriaceae 42 Liverworts, Mosses and Ferns of Europe

2.0rderMetzgeriales 42 19. Family Acrobolbaceae 114 1. Family Metzgeriaceae 4 3 20. Family Pleuroziaceae 116 2. Family Aneuraceae 44 21. Family Radulaceae 117 3. Family Pelliaceae 47 2 2. Family Ptilidiaceae 117 4. Family Pallaviciniaceae 47 2 3. Family Porellaceae 117 5. Family Fossombroniaceae 24. Family Frullaniaceae 119 (Codoniaceae) 49 2 5. Family Jubulaceae 123 2. Subclass Jungermanniidae - 26. Family Lejeuneaceae 123 foliose (leafy) Liverworts 50 2. Subdivision Bryophy tina - 1. Order Jungermanniales 50 Mosses 128 1. Family Lepicoleaceae 51 1. Class Sphagnopsida - 2. Family Herbertaceae 51 Peat-mosses 128 3. Family 1. Subclass Sphagnidae 128 Pseudolepicoleaceae 52 1. Order Sphagnales 128 4. Family Trichocoleaceae 52 1. Family Sphagnaceae 128 5. Family Lepidoziaceae 5 3 2. Class Andreaeopsida 138 6. Family Calypogeiaceae 5 6 2. Subclass Andreaeidae 138 7. Family Adelanthaceae 5 7 1. Order Andreaeales 138 8. Family Cephaloziaceae 5 8 3.ClassBryopsida 140 9. Family Cephaloziellaceae 63 3. Subclass Bryidae 140 10. Family Antheliaceae 67 Key for acrocarpous mosses 141 11. Family Lophoziaceae 6 7 Key for pleurocarpous mosses 146 12. Family 1. Subclass Polytrichidae 151 Jungermanniaceae 83 1. Order Polytrichales 151 13. Family Mesoptychiaceae 90 1. Family Poly trichaceae 151 14. Family Gymnomitriaceae 90 2. Subclass Tetraphiidae 158 15. Family Scapaniaceae 9 6 1. Order Tetraphidales 158 16. Family Geocalycaceae 107 1. Family Tetraphidaceae 158 17. Family Plagiochilaceae 110 3. Subclass Oedipodiidae 159 1. Order Oedipodiales 159 18. Family Arnelliaceae (Southby aceae) 114 1. Family Oedipodiaceae 159

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4. Subclass Buxbaumiidae 159 4. Order Pottiales 194 1. Order Buxbaumiales 159 1. FamilyCinclidotaceae 194 1,2. Families Diphysciaceae, 2. Family Pottiaceae 195 Buxbaumiaceae 159 Key to subfamilies 196 5. Subclass Bryidae 160 1. Subfamily 1. Order Archidiales 160 Merceyoideae 198 1. Family Archidiaceae 160 2. Subfamily Trichostomoideae 198 2. Order Dicranales 160 3. Subfamily Pottioideae 204 1. Family Fissidentaceae 160 5. Order Grimmiales 232 2. Family Bruchiaceae 165 1. Family Grimmiaceae 232 3. Family Distichiaceae 166 6. Order Funariales 242 4. Family Ditrichaceae 167 1. Family Ephemeraceae 242 5. Family Seligeriaceae 170 2. Family Funariaceae 243 6. Family Schistostegaceae 173 3. Family 7. Family Dicranaceae 174 Gigaspermaceae 247 Key to subfamilies 174 4. Family Disceliaceae 247 1. Subfamily Dicranoideae 174 5. Family Voitiaceae 248 2. Subfamily Dicranelloideae 180 6. Family Splachnobryaceae 248 3. Subfamily Cynodontioideae 183 7. Family Splachnaceae 248 4. Subfamily 7. Order Bryales 251 Rhabdoweisioideae 185 1. Family Bry aceae 251 5. Subfamily 2. Family Mniaceae 271 Campylopodioideae 186 3. Family 6. Subfamily Ptychomitriaceae 275 Paraleucobry oideae 189 4. Family Timmiaceae 276 7. Subfamily Leucobryoideae 190 5. Family Bartramiaceae 277 8. Family Calymperaceae 191 6. Family Aulacomniaceae 280 3. Order Encalyptales 191 7. Family Meesiaceae 281 1. Family Encalyptaceae 191 8. Family Catoscopiaceae 282 Liverworts, Mosses and Ferns of Europe

8. Order Orthotrichales 282 3. Family Brachytheciaceae 326 1. Family Orthotrichaceae 283 4. Family Entodontaceae 343 2. Family Hedwigiaceae 291 5. Family Rhytidiaceae 344 9. Order Neckerales 292 6. Family Plagiotheciaceae 345 1. Family Fontinalaceae 292 7. Family 2. Family Cryphaeaceae 294 Sematophyllaceae 349 3. Family Leucodontaceae 295 8. Family Hypnaceae 351 4. Family Neckeraceae 296 1. Subfamily Ctenidioideae 351 5. Family Thamnobryaceae 298 2. Subfamily Pylaisioideae 352 6. Family Climaciaceae 299 3. Subfamily Orthothecioideae 353 7. Family Myuriaceae 299 4. Subfamily Hypnoideae 353 8. Family Echinodiaceae 300 5. Subfamily 10. Order Hookeriales 300 Hylocomioideae 357 Families Hypopterygiaceae, Hookeriaceae, 2. Ferns, Clubmosses and Leucomiaceae, Horsetails-Pteridophyta 361 Pilotrichaceae, Daltoniaceae 300 Introductory notes 363 11. Order Thuidiales 302 Synopsis of Classification of 1. Family Fabroniaceae European Pteridophy tes 363 (incl. Myriniaceae) 302 I. Key to native and introduced 2. Family genera of ferns and fern-allies 365 Pterigynandraceae 303 3. Family Leskeaceae 305 II. Systematic part - Key to the species 371 4. Family Anomodontaceae 308 5. Family Thuidiaceae 309 Division Pteridophyta 371 6. Family Helodiaceae 311 1. Class Lycopodiopsida 371 12. Order Hypnales 311 1. Order Lycopodiales 371 1. Family Cratoneuraceae 311 1. Family Lycopodiaceae - 2. Family Amblystegiaceae 313 Clubmosses 371 (Family 2. Order Selaginellales 376 Hypnobartlettiaceae) 325 1. Family Selaginellaceae 376 viii Contents

3.OrderIsoetales 378 5. Order Polypodiales 404 1. Family Isoe taceae - 1. Family Jolypodiaceae 404 378 Quillworts 2. Family Grammitidaceae 406 382 2. Class Equisetopsida 6. Order Cyatheales 406 382 1. Order Equisetales 1. Family Dicksoniaceae 406 1. Family Equisetaceae - 2. Family Cyatheaceae 406 Horsetails 382 7. Order Aspidiales 407 3. Class Pteridopsida - Ferns 386 407 1. Subclass Ophioglossidae 386 1. Family Thelypteridaceae 1. Order Ophioglossales 386 2. Family Lomariopsidaceae 408 1. Family Ophioglossaceae 386 3. Family 2. Subclass Pterididae 390 Nephrolepidaceae 408 1. Order Psilotales 390 4. Family Aspleniaceae 410 1. Family Psilotaceae - 5. Family Woodsiaceae 427 Whisk Ferns 390 6. Family Dryopteridaceae 435 2. Order Osmundales 390 8. Order Blechnales 450 1. Family Osmundaceae 390 1. Family Blechnaceae 450 3.0rderPteridales 390 3. Subclass Salviniidae 452 1. Family Adiantaceae 390 452 9 Fnmilv 1. Order Salviniales £. V alXXliy Cryptogrammaceae 392 1. Family Salviniaceae 452 3.Familv 2. Family Marsileaceae 452 Gymnogrammaceae 392 4. Family 3. Glossary of terms 456 Actiniopteridaceae 394 5. Family Sinopteridaceae 394 4. Sources of illustrations 46 7 6. Family Parkeriaceae 396 5. References and further reading 471 7. Family Pteridaceae 398 8. Family Hypolepidaceae 400 6.1ndextotaxa 485 9. Family Davalliaceae 402 4. Order Hymenophyllales 402 1. Family Hymenophyllaceae 402

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