DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethiopia Bellmon Analysis 2019/20

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethiopia Bellmon Analysis 2019/20 Ethiopia Bellmon Analysis 2019/20 October 2019 This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared independently by PM Consulting Group and George Gray, under the Innovative Design Services contract (#7200AA18C00078). ii Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2019/20 Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv Table of Acronyms iv Executive Summary v 1. Introduction 9 Methodology 11 2. Context 12 Socio - Economic Background 12 Population 12 Internal Displacement 12 Economic Growth 12 Balance of Trade and Exchange Rate 13 Inflation 14 Employment 15 Poverty 15 Poverty Alleviation Initiatives 16 Agriculture Sector Overview 16 Agricultural inputs 17 Production 18 Agricultural Market Structures and Stakeholders 20 Other stakeholders 20 Access to Credit 21 Transport 21 Government Policies Affecting the Agricultural Secto 21 Inputs 21 Commodity Marketing 22 Other Interventions 23 3. Food Supply 2018/20 23 Carryover stocks 23 Belg Production 2019 25 Meher Production 2018/19 28 Imports 31 Balance Sheet 32 Pulses and Edible Oils 35 iii Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2019/20 Prognosis for 2019/20 37 Summary 38 4. Market Trends 40 General 40 Recent Sales and Purchase Activities 40 Cereals 43 Pulses 52 Oilseeds/Edible Oils 55 5. Food Security 58 Wage Labor 59 Consumption 61 Access to Markets 64 Summary 66 6. Impact of DFSA (PSNP) and Humanitarian Interventions 67 Self-Monetization 71 Food/Cash Preferences 73 Market Variability 74 Summary 75 7. Logistics of Food Aid Distribution 76 Port Capacity 76 Inland Transport 78 Storage 80 8. Bellmon Considerations 81 Annex A: Study Areas 84 Annex B: Questionnaires 93 Annex C: Graphical Analysis of Cumulative Rainfall Estimate Data 125 Annex D: References for Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency 133 Annex E: Port Capacities 137 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. iv Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2019/20 Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the kind assistance of the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector in facilitating this exercise. The staff of Save The Children, Relief Society of Tigray, Food for the Hungry, and the Catholic Relief Services also provided essential information and the benefit of their experience. The staff of WFP kindly assisted with the provision of Import Data and staff of Sian Trans Express facilitated access to Port facilities and stakeholders in Djibouti. This report would not have been possible without the considerable efforts made by the Ethiopian Survey team to collect the Rapid Rural Appraisal data under uncertain conditions and from remote woredas. The results themselves reflect the patience of farmers and traders as well as other interviewees who kindly accepted to provide their time and to share the experiences that this report attempts to reflect. Table of Acronyms Abbr Description Abbr Description CPI Consumer Price Index MEWIT Merchandise Wholesale and Import Trading Enterprise CRS Catholic Relief Services MoALR Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resources CSA Central Statistical Agency MT Metric Ton DFSA Development Food Security Activity NDRMC National Disaster Risk Management Commission DMP Doraleh Multipurpose Port NGO Non-Governmental Organization ECX Ethiopian Commodity Exchange NMA National Meteorological Agency EGTE Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise NPS Nitrogen Phosphate Sulfur EIIDE Ethiopian Industrial Inputs Development PSNP Productive Safety Net Program Enterprise, ETB Ethiopian Birr REST Relief Society of Tigray ETBC Ethiopian Trading Businesses Corporation RFE Rainfall Estimate FEWS Famine Early Warning System RRA Rapid Rural Assessment FH Food for the Hungry SFR Strategic Food Reserve GDP Gross Domestic Product SFRA Strategic Food Reserve Agency GoE Government of Ethiopia SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region HICE Household Income Consumption and USAID United States Agency for International Expenditure Development HRP Humanitarian Response Plan USDA United States Department of Agriculture IDP Internally Displaced Person VAT Value Added Tax JEOP Joint Emergency Operations Program WFP World Food Program. v Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2019/20 Executive Summary Objective. This study provides the information necessary for USAID to make an accurate Bellmon determination for an anticipated volume of 325,000 MT of Food Aid for distribution in Ethiopia in FY 2020 through Development Food Security Activities (DFSA programs), the Joint Emergency Operations Program (JEOP) and related distribution programs undertaken by the World Food Program (WFP). In order to do so, it describes relevant developments in the Ethiopian economy and provides an overview of the agricultural sector. It provides an overview of government policies affecting food security, before assessing current levels of food production and the state of Ethiopian grain markets including recent price trends. Current and anticipated levels of food security are assessed as well as the impacts of food transfers on production and markets. Beneficiary preferences as to cash or food are discussed. The port, transport and storage capacity available for the importation of the anticipated volumes of Title II commodities are assessed against requirements. In the light of all of the above, recommendations are made to facilitate the final Bellmon determination for FY 2019/20. Methodology. The methodology adopted for this analysis has been a combination of both primary and secondary data collection. Primary data has been collected from smallholders and traders in both PSNP and non-PSNP woredas using a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) methodology. Altogether 82 woredas were visited, of which 52 were PSNP and 30 were non-PSNP. Focus group discussions were held with smallholders and three or more traders were interviewed in each market. The analysis also interviewed key commercial and public sector stakeholders, as well as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Secondary data has been gathered from a number of sources including the market information system of the Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise (EGTE), WFP bulk shipping data, National Rainfall Estimates and reports as well as bulletins of the Central Statistical Agency and National Bank of Ethiopia. Findings. Levels of non-food inflation have been increasing driven in part by the recent devaluation of the Ethiopian Birr against the dollar. Food prices have increased faster than the non-food consumer price index, suggesting that at least in the short term, the supply of food to the market does not meet demand. In the longer term, the value of imports continues to exceed that of exports leading to a substantial balance of payments deficit. Demand for forex exceeds supply, causing distortions in export markets and limiting the private sector’s capacity to import wheat and edible oil. Nevertheless, continued economic growth is reflected in increasing rural and peri urban wage rates, to a degree that may offset some of the effects of rising food prices on poor households. Government policies affecting the food supply continue largely unchanged, including the market stabilization program to constrain bread prices, the importation of sugar and of edible oil. Nevertheless, the importation of both wheat and edible oil appear to have faltered in the last year, leading to an increase in the price of bread in some markets and the reduced availability of edible oil being reported by some smallholders. Cereal production in 2018/19 was estimated to have decreased slightly relative to the previous year, but this was not uniform and in some areas, especially the more productive zones, production increased, while in the less productive areas, the majority of respondents reported decreased production resulting in increased demand for cereals from outside those areas. Smallholders reported the carryover of considerable cereal stocks (2.4-3.4 million MT) into the 2018/19 production year. These, together with cereal production estimated at 22.1 million MT for the 2018/19 Meher season and 1.4 million MT for the 2019 Belg, and an expected 1.5 million MT of imported cereals will, after accounting for post-harvest losses, be adequate to meet estimated national consumption, seed , industrial use and stock-feed requirements, leaving a surplus of 2.9 million MT to be carried over into the 2019/20 production year. vi Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2019/20 Early assessment of the current Meher season indicates that it should be no less productive than 2018/19. In the continued absence of unpredictable pests and diseases, the well-distributed rainfall should result in an above average harvest. The production of pulses and oilseeds continues to stagnate, with areas under production being only 2% greater for pulses and 13% less for oilseeds than they were 10 years ago. This reflects the weakening export market for pulses and the impact of palm oil imports on local production. The national balance sheet for pulses records a reduced surplus for domestically consumed pulses of 79,000 MT, while the balance sheet for edible oils predicts an overall deficit. The latter is however based upon an estimate of consumer demand that is has demonstrated considerable elasticity. A (quite feasible) lower estimate could equally result in the prediction of a surplus. Market conditions have changed significantly over the last year, with a widely reported reduction in regulation,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PDF Download
    Integrated Blood Pressure Control Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Knowledge and Attitude of Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure Among Adult Hypertensive Patients on Follow-Up at Selected Public Hospitals in Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Integrated Blood Pressure Control Addisu Dabi Wake 1 Background: Self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) among hypertensive patients is an Daniel Mengistu Bekele 2 important aspect of the management and prevention of complication related to hypertension. Techane Sisay Tuji 1 However, self-monitoring of BP among hypertensive patients on scheduled follow-up in hospitals in Ethiopia is unknown. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge and attitude 1Nursing Department, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Arsi University, of self-monitoring of BP among adult hypertensive patients. Asella, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 400 adult hypertensive patients attend- Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, ing follow-up clinics at four public hospitals of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia The data were collected from patients from March 10, 2019 to April 8, 2019 by face-to-face interview using a pretested questionnaire and augmented by a retrospective patients’ medical records review. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0 software. Results: A total of 400 patients were enrolled into the study with the response rate of 97.6%. The median age of the participants was 49 years (range 23–90 years).
    [Show full text]
  • ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010
    ETHIOPIA - National Hot Spot Map 31 May 2010 R Legend Eritrea E Tigray R egion !ª D 450 ho uses burned do wn d ue to th e re ce nt International Boundary !ª !ª Ahferom Sudan Tahtay Erob fire incid ent in Keft a hum era woreda. I nhabitan ts Laelay Ahferom !ª Regional Boundary > Mereb Leke " !ª S are repo rted to be lef t out o f sh elter; UNI CEF !ª Adiyabo Adiyabo Gulomekeda W W W 7 Dalul E !Ò Laelay togethe r w ith the regiona l g ove rnm ent is Zonal Boundary North Western A Kafta Humera Maychew Eastern !ª sup portin g the victim s with provision o f wate r Measle Cas es Woreda Boundary Central and oth er imm ediate n eeds Measles co ntinues to b e re ported > Western Berahle with new four cases in Arada Zone 2 Lakes WBN BN Tsel emt !A !ª A! Sub-city,Ad dis Ababa ; and one Addi Arekay> W b Afa r Region N b Afdera Military Operation BeyedaB Ab Ala ! case in Ahfe rom woreda, Tig ray > > bb The re a re d isplaced pe ople from fo ur A Debark > > b o N W b B N Abergele Erebtoi B N W Southern keb eles of Mille and also five kebeles B N Janam ora Moegale Bidu Dabat Wag HiomraW B of Da llol woreda s (400 0 persons) a ff ected Hot Spot Areas AWD C ases N N N > N > B B W Sahl a B W > B N W Raya A zebo due to flo oding from Awash rive r an d ru n Since t he beg in nin g of th e year, Wegera B N No Data/No Humanitarian Concern > Ziquala Sekota B a total of 967 cases of AWD w ith East bb BN > Teru > off fro m Tigray highlands, respective ly.
    [Show full text]
  • Limnologica 65 (2017) 61–75
    Limnologica 65 (2017) 61–75 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Limnologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/limno Farmers’ awareness and perception of Lake Ziway (Ethiopia) and its MARK watershed management ⁎ Hayal Destaa,b, , Brook Lemmab,c, Till Stellmacherd a Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Leopoldstr. 11a, D-80802, Munich, Germany b Chair of Ecosystem Planning and Management, EiABC, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 518, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia c Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia d Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113, Bonn, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The article examines how heads of farmers’ households perceive the socioeconomic benefits of Lake Ziway Watershed management (Ethiopia), the causes of its current degradation, and the state of land and water use management in its wa- Local perception tershed. The investigation was based on in-depth empirical field work including a survey with 635 heads of Awareness smallholder farmers’ households via interview using semi-structured questionnaires. Further, water abstraction Lake was estimated from three districts that border with the lake. Respondents believe that Lake Ziway provides a Water abstraction number of individual and collective benefits for local communities, private companies and public institution. They stated, however, that the lake is under pressure from the floriculture industry and other investment pro- jects, high population growth and subsequent expansion of settlements and irrigation farms, high applications of agrochemicals, soil erosion, uncontrolled water abstraction, and deforestation in the watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • S P E C I a L R E P O
    S P E C I A L R E P O R T FAO/WFP CROP AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT MISSION TO ETHIOPIA (Phase 2) Integrating the Crop and Food Supply and the Emergency Food Security Assessments 27 July 2009 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, ROME WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME, ROME - 2 - This report has been prepared by Mario Zappacosta, Jonathan Pound and Prisca Kathuku, under the responsibility of the FAO and WFP Secretariats. It is based on information from official and other sources. Since conditions may change rapidly, please contact the undersigned if further information is required. Henri Josserand Mustapha Darboe Deputy Director, GIEWS, FAO Regional Director for Southern, Eastern Fax: 0039-06-5705-4495 and Central Africa, WFP E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 0027-11-5171634 E-mail: : [email protected] Please note that this Special Report is also available on the Internet as part of the FAO World Wide Web (www.fao.org ) at the following URL address: http://www.fao.org/giews/ The Special Alerts/Reports can also be received automatically by E-mail as soon as they are published, by subscribing to the GIEWS/Alerts report ListServ. To do so, please send an E-mail to the FAO-Mail-Server at the following address: [email protected] , leaving the subject blank, with the following message: subscribe GIEWSAlertsWorld-L To be deleted from the list, send the message: unsubscribe GIEWSAlertsWorld-L Please note that it is now possible to subscribe to regional lists to only receive Special Reports/Alerts by region: Africa, Asia, Europe or Latin America (GIEWSAlertsAfrica-L, GIEWSAlertsAsia-L, GIEWSAlertsEurope-L and GIEWSAlertsLA-L).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia Bellmon Analysis 2015/16 and Reassessment of Crop
    Ethiopia Bellmon Analysis 2015/16 And Reassessment Of Crop Production and Marketing For 2014/15 October 2015 Final Report Ethiopia: Bellmon Analysis - 2014/15 i Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Economic Background ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Poverty ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 Wage Labor ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Agriculture Sector Overview ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AMHARA REGION : Who Does What Where (3W) (As of 13 February 2013)
    AMHARA REGION : Who Does What Where (3W) (as of 13 February 2013) Tigray Tigray Interventions/Projects at Woreda Level Afar Amhara ERCS: Lay Gayint: Beneshangul Gumu / Dire Dawa Plan Int.: Addis Ababa Hareri Save the fk Save the Save the df d/k/ CARE:f k Save the Children:f Gambela Save the Oromia Children: Children:f Children: Somali FHI: Welthungerhilfe: SNNPR j j Children:l lf/k / Oxfam GB:af ACF: ACF: Save the Save the af/k af/k Save the df Save the Save the Tach Gayint: Children:f Children: Children:fj Children:l Children: l FHI:l/k MSF Holand:f/ ! kj CARE: k Save the Children:f ! FHI:lf/k Oxfam GB: a Tselemt Save the Childrenf: j Addi Dessie Zuria: WVE: Arekay dlfk Tsegede ! Beyeda Concern:î l/ Mirab ! Concern:/ Welthungerhilfe:k Save the Children: Armacho f/k Debark Save the Children:fj Kelela: Welthungerhilfe: ! / Tach Abergele CRS: ak Save the Children:fj ! Armacho ! FHI: Save the l/k Save thef Dabat Janamora Legambo: Children:dfkj Children: ! Plan Int.:d/ j WVE: Concern: GOAL: Save the Children: dlfk Sahla k/ a / f ! ! Save the ! Lay Metema North Ziquala Children:fkj Armacho Wegera ACF: Save the Children: Tenta: ! k f Gonder ! Wag WVE: Plan Int.: / Concern: Save the dlfk Himra d k/ a WVE: ! Children: f Sekota GOAL: dlf Save the Children: Concern: Save the / ! Save: f/k Chilga ! a/ j East Children:f West ! Belesa FHI:l Save the Children:/ /k ! Gonder Belesa Dehana ! CRS: Welthungerhilfe:/ Dembia Zuria ! î Save thedf Gaz GOAL: Children: Quara ! / j CARE: WVE: Gibla ! l ! Save the Children: Welthungerhilfe: k d k/ Takusa dlfj k
    [Show full text]
  • Full Report (Pdf)
    Working Together The sharing of water and sanitation support services for small towns and villages A WELL study produced under Task 510 by Brian Reed WELL Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK [email protected] www.lboro.ac.uk/WELL © LSHTM/WEDC, 2001 Reed, B.J. (2001) Working Together -the sharing of water and sanitation support services for small towns and villages WELL. Contents amendment record This report has been issued and amended as follows: Revision Description Date Signed 1 Draft final July 01 APC 2 Final 01/10/01 APC Designed and produced at WEDC Task Management by Andrew Cotton Quality Assurance by Andrew Cotton Cover photograph: Brian Reed (W/r Dirbe Ebrahem, village water committee member and w/r Likehesh Mengesha, tap attendant, Tereta, Ethiopia) WELL TASK 510 Working Together: draft final report Table of contents Table of contents...........................................................................................................................i List of tables................................................................................................................................ ii List of figures .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................iii Summary .......................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • EWCP Annual Report April 2017.Pdf
    April 2017 Annual Report Prepared by Jorgelina Marino, Eric Bedin Claudio Sillero-Zubiri and EWCP Team ©ThierryGrobet ewcp annual report | 1 Contents p3, Executive Summary p4, A letter from our Founder & Director p5, Invited Contribution p6, Monitoring wolves and threats p15, Disease control and prevention p18, Habitat protection p20, Outreach and education p24, Research and capacity building p27, News p29, Project Administration p30, Our donors p32, The EWCP Team p34, Why Choose EWCP p34, Contact Us Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme Our Vision Our vision is to secure Ethiopian wolf populations and habitats across their present distribution, and to extend the species range, stressing its role as a flagship for the conservation of the Afroalpine ecosystem on which present and future generations of Ethiopians also depend. ewcp annual report | 2 Executive Summary 2016 was marked by widespread unrest in Ethiopia affecting several EWCP sites, culminating with the declaration of a state of emergency in September. In spite of the many logistic and administrative complications that ensued, most of our activities were implemented in full and with positive results. Thanks to the hard work of our Wolf Monitors we can report that wolves in Bale Mountains are on their way to recovery from recent rabies and distemper epizootics, with a 30% growth. Many pups were born, and we are confident this will translate to successful recruitment into the population. Our monitoring teams continue to expand, with more Wolf Monitors and Wolf Ambassadors recruited across the Ethiopian highlands. To ensure that threats to wolves are detected and reported efficiently, we are providing training to staff in the Arsi, South Wollo and Simien mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • Aalborg Universitet Restructuring State and Society Ethnic
    Aalborg Universitet Restructuring State and Society Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia Balcha, Berhanu Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Balcha, B. (2007). Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia. SPIRIT. Spirit PhD Series No. 8 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: November 29, 2020 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Kroghstraede 3-3.237 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 9810 Mail: [email protected] Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia Berhanu Gutema Balcha SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 8 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2007 Berhanu Gutema Balcha Restructuring State and Society: Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia Round 6 SDP Questionnaire
    Ethiopia Round 6 SDP Questionnaire Always 001a. Your name: [NAME] Is this your name? ◯ Yes ◯ No 001b. Enter your name below. 001a = 0 Please record your name 002a = 0 Day: 002b. Record the correct date and time. Month: Year: ◯ TIGRAY ◯ AFAR ◯ AMHARA ◯ OROMIYA ◯ SOMALIE BENISHANGUL GUMZ 003a. Region ◯ ◯ S.N.N.P ◯ GAMBELA ◯ HARARI ◯ ADDIS ABABA ◯ DIRE DAWA filter_list=${this_country} ◯ NORTH WEST TIGRAY ◯ CENTRAL TIGRAY ◯ EASTERN TIGRAY ◯ SOUTHERN TIGRAY ◯ WESTERN TIGRAY ◯ MEKELE TOWN SPECIAL ◯ ZONE 1 ◯ ZONE 2 ◯ ZONE 3 ZONE 5 003b. Zone ◯ ◯ NORTH GONDAR ◯ SOUTH GONDAR ◯ NORTH WELLO ◯ SOUTH WELLO ◯ NORTH SHEWA ◯ EAST GOJAM ◯ WEST GOJAM ◯ WAG HIMRA ◯ AWI ◯ OROMIYA 1 ◯ BAHIR DAR SPECIAL ◯ WEST WELLEGA ◯ EAST WELLEGA ◯ ILU ABA BORA ◯ JIMMA ◯ WEST SHEWA ◯ NORTH SHEWA ◯ EAST SHEWA ◯ ARSI ◯ WEST HARARGE ◯ EAST HARARGE ◯ BALE ◯ SOUTH WEST SHEWA ◯ GUJI ◯ ADAMA SPECIAL ◯ WEST ARSI ◯ KELEM WELLEGA ◯ HORO GUDRU WELLEGA ◯ Shinile ◯ Jijiga ◯ Liben ◯ METEKEL ◯ ASOSA ◯ PAWE SPECIAL ◯ GURAGE ◯ HADIYA ◯ KEMBATA TIBARO ◯ SIDAMA ◯ GEDEO ◯ WOLAYITA ◯ SOUTH OMO ◯ SHEKA ◯ KEFA ◯ GAMO GOFA ◯ BENCH MAJI ◯ AMARO SPECIAL ◯ DAWURO ◯ SILTIE ◯ ALABA SPECIAL ◯ HAWASSA CITY ADMINISTRATION ◯ AGNEWAK ◯ MEJENGER ◯ HARARI ◯ AKAKI KALITY ◯ NEFAS SILK-LAFTO ◯ KOLFE KERANIYO 2 ◯ GULELE ◯ LIDETA ◯ KIRKOS-SUB CITY ◯ ARADA ◯ ADDIS KETEMA ◯ YEKA ◯ BOLE ◯ DIRE DAWA filter_list=${level1} ◯ TAHTAY ADIYABO ◯ MEDEBAY ZANA ◯ TSELEMTI ◯ SHIRE ENIDASILASE/TOWN/ ◯ AHIFEROM ◯ ADWA ◯ TAHTAY MAYCHEW ◯ NADER ADET ◯ DEGUA TEMBEN ◯ ABIYI ADI/TOWN/ ◯ ADWA/TOWN/ ◯ AXUM/TOWN/ ◯ SAESI TSADAMBA ◯ KLITE
    [Show full text]
  • Famine and Survival Strategies Famine and Survival Strategies
    Famine and Survival Strategies Famine and Survival Strategies A Case Study from Northeast Ethiopia Dessalegn Rahmato Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala 199 1 (The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies) This book is published with support from The Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) ISBN 91-7106-314-5 O Dessalegn Rahmato and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 1991 Typeset and printed in Sweden by Bohuslaningens Boktryckeri AB, Uddevalla 199 1 Contents Abbreviations 6 Glossary 7 Acknowledgements 9 Section I INTRODUCTION 1. Objectives of the Study 13 Community and the ethic of cooperation 18 2. Organization of the Study 35 Sources for the Study 36 Technical problems and usage 43 Section I1 FAMINE: HIDING BEHIND THE MOUNTAINS 3. Wollo and Ambassel: The Setting 47 4. The Economy of Wollo 57 5. The Peasant Mode of Production 69 Farming practices 76 The control of the micro-environment 81 Consumption, marketing and prices 87 6. Famine in Wollo 99 The death toll (1984-85) 107 Section 111 SURVIVAL: COMMUNITY AND COOPERATION 7. The Community in Distress 117 Crisis anticipation 118 Magic and divination 125 Crisis management 141 Exhaustion and dispersal 156 8. Survival Strategies 163 Austerity and reduced consumption 165 Divestment and asset disposal 171 Livestock flows during the famine 176 Normal and abnormal behaviour 182 9. Post Famine Recovery 193 Section IV BEYOND SURVIVAL 10. Neither Feast Nor Famine 21 1 Disaster designation and early warning 219 References 227 Information from Official Records 227 Primary Sources 227 Secondary Sources 230 Annexes 1. Rainfall Data, Haiq Station, Ambassel 1963-1984 2. Livestock Supply and Prices, Haiq Market 3. Grain Prices, Bistima Market, Ambassel 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Returns of Foliar Fungicides Application to Control Yellow Rust in Bread Wheat Cultivars in Arsi High Lands of Ethiopia
    Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research DOI: 10.32474/CIACR.2021.09.000317 ISSN: 2637-4676 Research Article Economic Returns of Foliar Fungicides Application to Control Yellow Rust in Bread Wheat Cultivars in Arsi high lands of Ethiopia Alemu Ayele Zerihun* and Getnet Muche Abebele Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Asella, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Alemu Ayele Zerihun, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Asella, Ethiopia Received: April 21, 2021 Published: May 17, 2021 Abstract Wheat yellow rust caused by Puccinic Striiformis f. sp tritici is the most widespread and destructive disease of wheat, especially in the highlands of Ethiopia. Application of foliar fungicides are important mechanisms to control wheat yellow rust disease. The activity was conducted at two experimental sites Meraro and Bekoji in 2018 main cropping season, in order to determine net returns of wheat yields from the application of fungicides. The aim of the study was to know net reruns obtained from the application of propiconazole and Thiophanate-methyl 310g/l +Epoxiconazole 187g/l fungicides with twice application frequency in four bread wheat cultivars with different resistance level, being susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant including Kubsa, Danda’a, Lemu and Wane against wheat yellow rust respectively in 2018. The positive net returns at Meraro, 12.66, 11.4, 8.39 and 7.65, and at Bekoji 12.14, 11.4, 7.92 and 5.18 on Kubsa, Lemu, Danda’a and Wane (susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant bread wheat varieties by the twice application of RexDuo respectively.
    [Show full text]