(Fritsch, 1918; Fritsch & Rich, 1924, 1925, Phycological Trailblazer 1929, 1937; Fritsch & Stephens, 1921). He No. 37 worked up collecons of freshwater algae from the South Orkneys and elsewhere in the Felix Eugen Fritsch Antarcc (1912a, b, c, 1917). In his later studies (1929a) of the encrusng flora of rapid-moving streams on the north coast of (originally printed in the Phycological newsleer. 2012. Devonshire, he recognized that the blue- Vol. 48 No. 2) green algae were the most abundant constuents. He also noted the presence of Felix Eugen Fritsch (26 April 1879 – 2 diatoms and a new species of Gongrosira (G . May 1954) (Fig. 1) was a major figure in fluminensis). He published an account of our phycology in the first half of the 20th century knowledge of algal ecology of stac waters, (Lund, 1996). His accomplishments and providing an in-depth review of previous contribuons deserve a re-telling in this work (1931). With R. P. John, Fritsch newly series. Of German extracon, he was born recorded many taxa of algae from soils in the in London on 26 April, 1879, the son of a Brish Isles including a number of new schoolmaster. His species (Fritsch & John, educaon was from the 1942). He described University of London, several new species of and his D. Phil. degree Sphaeroplea (Fritsch was earned at the 1918, 1929b; Fritsch & University of Munich in Rich, 1929). 1899. He was an Fritsch demonstrated a instructor in the period remarkable ability at 1902 to 1911 back at the synthesis, in recognizing University College, the parallel trends London. Following that among the diverse algal snt, he moved to classes but yet the Queen Mary College, differences that London. He received separated them (1929c). the rank of Professor of He was able to apply Botany in 1924 and new data to innovave served unl his schemes of classificaon rerement in 1948. (Fritsch, 1944c). Fritsch Fritsch’s (1902a, b, described many new 1903b, 1905) early genera of algae and publicaons dealt with Cyanobacteria, including the phytoplankton of Fig. 1. Felix Eugen Fritsch and Mrs. Fritsch, Cladophorella (Fig. 2) the River Thames. He on a picnic near Stockholm, Sweden, 1950 (1944b) and (with M. F. paid aenon to (image by W. R. Taylor, MICH.) Rich) Pearsoniella periodicity in the algae (1924b) and Raphidiopsis (1906b). The scope of his (1929). But some of his interest in freshwater algae extended to Sri new genera did not stand the test of me. Lanka [Ceylon] (1907a) and other tropical His Chamaesiphonopsis (1929a) was later regions (1907b), including South Africa merged within Chamaesiphon by Komárek &

1 it invalid (ICN, Art.34.1). AlgaeBase does not recognize the name at this me (Guiry & Guiry, 2012). At the me of the Internaonal Botanical Congress held in Cambridge, England, in 1930, Fritsch was the recognized phycological authority on the world stage, and that pre-eminent stature is reflected in his front row, center posion in the photo that was taken of the assembled phycologists on that occasion (Fig. 3). Even then, his major achievement was in the future, namely, the publicaon of his two volumes The structure and reproducon of the algae (Fritsch, 1935, 1945a). Up to that me, there was no such comprehensive work, other than the volumes (in German) by Oltmanns (1904-1905). So his monumental synthesis of the literature on all groups of algae was a tremendous accomplishment. The high quality of his work and his insight sll stand as a bench mark in the annals of phycological literature. Fig. 2. Cladophorella calcicola. [From fig. 2 in Over his long career, Fritsch showed a Fritsch, 1944b.] special interest in the Cyanobacteria, producing treatments on Aphanochaete Anagnosdis (1999), and his Chrooderma (1902c), Anabaena (1949d), and blue-greens (1942a) was merged within Cephaleuros by with lime-producing capabilies (1946, Printz (1964). Although Geitler (1942) had 1949b, 1950a, b). His presidenal address for treated his two species of Fischerellopsis the Linnean Society demonstrated his long (1932) within Fischerella, the former name is fascinaon with the heterocyst in currently accepted by Komárek & Hauer Cyanobacteria (1951a). In a later presidenal (2012). His Isococcus (1914), based on his I. address, Fritsch (1953) presented his views sphagnicolus, was later regarded as within on the Desmidiaceae, which he considered “a the circumscripon of Chlamydomonas polyphylec group”. (Fritsch & Takeda, 1916). His Scoella, based He contributed his ideas on the on his S . antarcca (Fritsch, 1912a), has widespread occurrence of heterotrichous been variously interpreted, such as the growth in various unrelated groups of algae, zygotes of some snow algae (Stein & including Cyanobacteria (Fritsch, 1939), and Amunsen, 1967; Hoham & Mullet, 1978). In thought that from it advanced types of thalli referring to “all the Cosmarium -like forms, in originated (Fritsch, 1942b). His interest was which the endview is 3- or more-sided with not restricted to freshwater algae, but he non-produced angles, under one common showed a breadth of interest, including life- generic heading”, Fritsch (1953: 266) stated history differences and strategies in the “the name Cosmostaurastrum may be marine algae (1942c, 1943a, 1949c) and suggested”. The somewhat provisional anatomy of the Fucales (1945c, 1952a). In treatment of this generic name would render the laer phase of his career, he clearly

2 Fig. 3. Phycologists aending the Internaonal Botanical Congress, Cambridge, 1930. Front row: Robert W. Kolbe, Gustav A. Senn, Gilbert Morgan Smith, Adolf Pascher, Felix Eugen Fritsch, Nils Svedelius, Margery Knight, Harald Kylin, Nellie Carter; Back row: Bruno Schussnig, Arthur Disbrowe Coon, M. O. P. Iyengar, Benjamin Millard Griffiths, Geoffrey Tandy, William Randolph Taylor,Anne Hof Blinks, W. H. Pearsall, M. Alison Westbrook, Ethel M. Poulton; on grass: Anthony Rees, Lothar Geitler [Courtesy of Univ. Mich. Herb. archives.]

became more occupied with quesons on illustraons from the literature, such that by the evoluon within the groups of algae and the me of his death, the collecon the relaonships of algae to land plants contained around 20,000 illustraons. They (1949c). were donated by his widow to the Fritsch (1951b) contributed a chapter Freshwater Biological Associaon, which has on the Chrysophyta in G. M. Smith’s Manual connued the pracce of gathering images of of Phycology, and at that me that phylum freshwater algae, thanks largely to Dr. John consisted of only three classes, the W. G. Lund (Lund, 1961). The Inter Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Documentaon Company issued a microfiche Bacillariophyceae. In the 60+ years that have of the collecon of illustraons in 1964, with followed, our understanding of that algal a series of supplements later being issued assemblage, now usually called the (1972, 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1996). The Ochrophyta, has come to recognize (at the Fritsch Collecon of Illustraons of moment) a total of 18 classes (Guiry, 2012). Freshwater Algae has grown to more than One of Fritsch’s legacies is the on- half a million figures (Dorr & Nicolson, 2009). going accumulaon of illustraons of Many of these images were used in the freshwater algae. He started it around 1912, producon of The freshwater algal flora of with his own illustraons, and he kept adding the Brish Isles (John et al., 2002, 2011). to it his own sketches and as well as Fritsch was a significant force in the founding

3 of the Freshwater Biological Associaon in 1929. An anonymous note (1955) on his passing recounted the launching of the Freshwater Biological Associaon and its “struggle” to come into existence, at a meeng in June, 1929. Then on a cold day in March, 1931, Fritsch and Mr. J. T. Saunders, the Hon. Secretary, traveled to Windemere to inspect a few rooms in Wray Castle. Three rooms were available to rent to start the fledgling Associaon (a boudoir, a smoking room, and a library, which was the third and largest room). With its limited funds, then insufficient to build a new staon or a laboratory, the Associaon “would have to make the best of what had been offered in the Castle”. With me, the whole building would be later occupied by the Associaon. Fig. 4. Fritschiella tuberosa Iyengar. [From Fritsch was elected as a Fellow of the figs 3-8 in Fritsch (1945b), based on Iyengar Royal Society in 1932 and was honored with (1932) and Singh (1941)]. their Darwin Medal in 1950. From 1949 to 1952 he served as President of the Linnean periodical development of the algae in the Society. Iyengar (1932) remembered him arficial waters of Kew. Annals of Botany 17: with the honorific Fritschiella (Fig. 4), a 274-278. genus possessing several disncve features, ______. 1903b. Further observaons on the including the formaon of parenchyma and phytoplankton of the River Thames. Annals of perennang “tubers” (Fritsch, 1945b). Botany 17: 631-647. ______. 1905. The plankton of some English rivers. Anonymous. 1955. Report of the Council for 1954-55. Annals of Botany 19: 163-167. Freshwater Biological Associaon Twenty- ______. 1906a. Algae. Bullen of miscellaneous Third Annual report for the year ended 31 informaon. The wild fauna and flora of the March, 1955…pp. 7-10, with portrait of Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew Bullen, Fritsch. Addional Series V: 187-220. Dorr, L. J. & D. H. Nicolson. 2009. Taxonomic ______. 1906b. Problems in aquac biology, with literature…Supplement VIII: Fres-G. Regnum special reference to the study of algal Vegetabile vol. 150. Gantner Verlag. periodicity. New Phytologist 5: 149-169. Fritsch, F. E. 1902a. Algological notes I. Preliminary ______. 1907a. A general consideraon of the report on the phytoplankton of the Thames. subaërial and fresh-water algal flora of Annals of Botany 16: 1-9. Ceylon. A contribuon to the study of tropical ______. 1902b. Algological notes III. Preliminary algal ecology. Part I. - subaërial algaeand report on the phytoplankton of the Thames. algae of the inland freshwaters. Proceedings Annals of Botany 16: 576-584. of theRoyal Society, London, Series B, 79: ______. 1902c. Observaons on species of 197-254. Aphanochaete Braun. Annals of Botany 16: ______. 1907b. The subaerial and freshwater algal 403-417. flora of the tropics. Annals of Botany 21: ______. 1903a. Algological notes IV. Remarks on the 235-275

4 ______. 1912a. Freshwater algae collected in the ______. 1929a. The encrusng algal communies of South Orkneys by Mr. R. N. Rudmose Brown, certain fast-flowing streams. New Phytologist B.Sc., of the Scosh Naonal Antarcc 28: 165-196, pl. V. Expedion, 1902-04. Journal of the Linnean ______. 1929b. The genus Sphaeroplea. Annals of Society of London, Botany, 40: 293-338, pls Botany 43: 1-26. 10, 11. ______. 1929c. Evoluonary sequence and affinies ______. 1912b. Freshwater algae. Naonal Antarcc among Protophyta. Biological Reviews 4: (“Discovery”) Expedion 1901-1904. Brish 103-151. Museum Natural History 6: 1-66, pls 1-3. ______. 1930. Über Entwicklungstendenzen bei ______. 1912c. Freshwater algae of the South Orkney. Desmidiaceen. Zeitschri für Botanik 23: Report on the Scienfic Results of the 402-418. Scosh Antarcc (“Scoa”) Expedion 3: ______. 1931. Some aspects of the ecology of fresh- 95-134. water algae (with special reference to stac ______. 1913. Studies of the occurrence and waters). J. Ecology 19: 233-272. reproducon of Brish freshwater algae in ______. 1932. Contribuons to our knowledge of nature. Annales de Biologie Lacustre 6: 1-83. Brish algae. J. Science 70: 121-131. ______. 1914. Notes on Brish flagellates. I-IV. New ______. 1933. Contribuon to our knowledge of Phytologist 13: 341-352. Brish algae V. A Brish species of ______. 1916a. The morphology and ecology of an Ecballocyss (E. fluvitans sp. nov.). Journal of extreme terrestrial form of Zygnema Botany 71: 187-196. (Zygogonium) ericetorum (Kuetz.) Hansg. ______. 1935. The structure and reproducon of the Annals of Botany 30: 135-149. algae. Volume I. Introducon, Chlorophyceae. ______. 1916b. The algal ancestry of the higher plants. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, New Phytologist 15: 233-249. Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, ______. 1917. Freshwater algae. Brish Antarcc Dinophyceae, Chloromonineae, Euglenineae, (“Terra Nova”) Expedion, 1910. Natural Colourless Flagellata . Vol. I. pp. xvii + 791. History Reports, Botany, Part 1, 16 pp., 1 pl. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ______. 1918. Contribuons to our knowledge of the ______. 1936. The rôle of the terrestrial algae in freshwater algae of Africa. (2). A first report nature. In: Essays in geobotany in honor of on the freshwater algae mostly from the Cape William Albert Setchell . Pp. 195-217. Peninsula in the herbarium of the South University of California Press. African Museum. Annals of the South African ______. 1939. The heterotrichous habit. Botaniska Museum 9: 483-611. Noser 1939: 125-133. ______. 1921. Thalassiophyta and the algal ancestry of ______. 1942a. Chrooderma , a new genus of the higher plants. The New Phytologist 22: subaerial algae. Annals of Botany, N. S. 6: 165-178. 565-575. ______. 1922a. The moisture relaons of terrestrial ______. 1942b. Studies in the comparave algae, I. Some general observaons and morphology of the algae I. Heterotrichy and experiments. Annals of Botany 36: 1-20. juvenile stages. Annals of Botany, N. S. 6: ______. 1922b. The terrestrial algae. Journal of 397-412. Ecology 10: 220-236. ______. 1942c. Studies in the comparave ______. 1923. Natural history report. Brish Antarcc morphology of the algae II. The algal life- (“Terra Nova”) Expedion (1910-1913). cycle. Annals of Botany, N. S. 6: 533-563. Printed by order of the Trustees of the Brish ______. 1942d. The interrelaonships and Museum. classificaon of the Myxophyceae ______. 1928. Parallel evoluon among Protophyta. (Cyanophyceae). New Phytologist 41: Nature 121: 62-64. 134-148. ______. 1943a. Studies in the comparave morphology of the algae. III. Evoluonary

5 tendencies and affinies among ______. 1951a. Presidenal address. The heterocyst: a Phaeophyceae. Annals of Botany. N. S. 7: botanical enigma. Proceedings of the Linnean 63-87. Society of London 162: 194-211, pl. 5. ______. 1943b. Forests of the sea. Endeavour 2(8). [6 ______. 1951b. Chrysophyta. In: Manual of phycology pp.] —an introducon to the algae and their ______. 1944a. A new genus of terrestrial algae. biology . (G. M. Smith, ed.). pp. 83-104. Nature 153: 620. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass. ______. 1944b. Cladophorella calcicola nov. gen. et ______. 1952a. The evoluon of a differenated plant: sp., a terrestrial member of the a study in cell differenaon. Proceedings of Cladophorales. Annals of Botany, N. S. 8: The Linnean Society of London 163: 218-233. 157-171. ______. 1952b. Algae in associaon with ______. 1944c. Present-day classificaon of algae. heterotrophic or holozoic organisms. Botanical Review 10: 233-277. Proceedings of the Royal Society 139: ______. 1945a. The structure and reproducon of the 185-192. algae. Volume II. Foreword, Phaeophyceae, ______. 1953. Comparave studies in a polyphylec Rhodophyceae, Myxophyceae . pp. i-xii, group, the Desmidiaceae. Proceedings of The 1-939, 336 figs, 2 folded maps. Cambridge Linnean Society of London 164: 258-280. University Press, Cambridge. ______. 1954. Evoluonary trends among the algae in ______. 1945b. Studies in the comparave relaon to the origin of vascular plants. Rapp morphology of the algae IV. Algae and Com. 8th Congr. Internat. Bot. Sect. (Paris) 6: archegoniate plants. Annals of Botany, N. S. 9: 143-150. 1-29. ______& R. P. John. 1942. An ecological and ______. 1945c. Observaons of the anatomical taxonomic study of the algae of Brish soils. structure of the Fucales. I. The New II. Consideraon of the species observed. Phytologist 44: 1-16. Annals of Botany, N. S., 6: 371-395. ______. 1946. Calcareous concreons in a ______& C. F. A. Pann. 1946. Calcareous concreons Cambridgeshire stream. Nature 157: 397. in a Cambridgeshire stream. Nature 157: 397. ______. 1947. The status of the Siphonocladales. J. ______& F. Rich. 1907. Studies on the occurrence and Indian Botanical Society [M. O. P. Iyengar reproducon of Brish freshwater algae in Commemoraon Volume]. Pp. 29-48. nature. 1. Preliminary observaons on ______. 1949a. Contribuons to our knowledge of Spirogyra. Annals of Botany 21: 423-436. Brish algae. Hydrobiologia 1: 115-125. ______& ______. 1909. A five years' observaon of ______. 1949b. The lime-encrusted Phormidium - the fishpond, Abbot's Leigh, near Bristol. community of Brish streams. Verhandlungen Proceedings of the Bristol Natural History der Internaonalen Vereinigung für Society, series 4, 2: 27-54. Theoresche und Angewandte Limnologie 10: ______& ______. 1913. Studies on the occurrence 141-144, 1 pl. and reproducon of Brish freshwater algae ______. 1949c. The lines of algal advance. Biological in nature, 3: A four-years’ observaon of a Reviews 24: 94-124. freshwater pond. Ann. Biol. Lacustre 6: ______. 1949d. The genus Anabaena, with special 33-115. reference to the species recorded from India ______& ______. 1924. Contribuons to our and from the adjacent Asiac mainland. J. knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa. Indian Botanical Society. 28: 135-161. 4. Freshwater and subaerial algae from Natal. ______. 1950a. Algae and calcareous rocks. The Transacons of the Royal Society of South Advancement of Science 7(25): 57-62. Africa 11: 297-398. ______. 1950b. Phormidium incrustatum (Naeg.) ______& ______. 1925. Contribuons to our Gom., an important member of the lime- knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa. encrusted communies of flowing water. 5. On a deposit of diatomaceous earth from Biologisch Jaarboek 70: 27-39.

6 Ermelo, Transvaal. Transacons of the Royal John, D. M., B. A. Whion & A. J. Brook. (eds.) 2002. Society of South Africa 12: 277-284. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the Brish Isles: ______& ______. 1927a. On some new species of an idenficaon guide to freshwater and Chlamydomonadaceae. Annals of Botany 41: terrestrial algae. Cambridge University Press, 91-99. Cambridge, U.K., NewYork. xii + 702 pp. ______& ______. 1927b. The reproducon and ______, ______& ______. (eds.) 2011. The delimitaon of the genus Zygnema. New Freshwater Algal Flora of the Brish Isles: an Phytologist 26: 202-208. idenficaon guide to freshwater and ______& ______. 1929. Contribuons to our terrestrial algae. Cambridge University Press, knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa. Cambridge, U.K., New York. xvii +878 pp. 7. Freshwater algae (exclusive of diatoms) Komárek, J. & K. Anagnosdis. 1999. Cyanoprokaryota. from Griqualand West. Ibid. 8 Bacillariales 1. Chroococcales. In: Süsswasserflora von (diatoms) from Griqualand West. Transacons Mieleuropa (El, H., G. Gärtner, H. Heynig & of the Royal Society of South Africa 18: 1-123. D. Mollenhauer, eds) Vol.19, 548 pp. ______& ______. 1937. Contribuons to our Spektrum, Akad. Verl., Heidelberg, Berlin. knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa. Komárek, J. & T. Hauer. 2012. CyanoDB.cz - On-line 13. Algae from the Belfast Pan, Transvaal. database of cyanobacterial genera. - Word- Transacons of the Royal Society of South wide electronic publicaon, Univ. of South Africa 25: 153-228. Bohemia & Inst. of Botany AS CR, hp:// ______& E. Stephens. 1921. Contribuons to our www.cyanodb.cz knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa, Lund, J. W. G. 1955. Felix Eugen Fritsch (1879-1954). 3. Freshwater algae (exclusive of diatoms) Revue Algologique, N. S. 1: 131-140. mainly from the Transkei Territories, Cape ______. 1961. The Fritsch Collecon of Illustraons of Colony. Transacons of the Royal Society of Freshwater Algae. Phycologia 1: 193. South Africa 9: 1-72. ______. 1996. Felix Eugen Fritsch (1879-1954). In: ______& H. Takeda. 1916. On a species of Prominent phycologists of the 20th century Chlamydomonas (C. sphagnicola , F. E Fritsch (D. J. Garbary & M. J. Wynne, eds.). Pp. 21-28. and Takeda—Isocococcus sphagnicolus, F. E. Lancelot Press, Ltd., Hantsport Nova Scoa. Fritsch). Annals of Botany 30: 373-377. Oltmanns, F. 1904-1905. Morphologie und Biologie Geitler, L. 1942. Schizophyta: Klasse Scizophyceae. In: der Algen. 2 vols. G. Fischer, Jena. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien . (Engler, A. Printz, H. 1964. Die Chaetophoralen der & K. Prantl, eds.) Zweite Auflage, Vol. 1b. iv + Binnengewässer. Eine systemasche 232 pp. W. Englemann, Leipzig. Übersicht. Hydrobiologia 24(1): 1-376. Guiry, M. D. 2012. How many species of algae Singh, R. N. 1941. On some phases in the life history of are there? Journal of Phycology. 48: the terrestrial alga, Fritschiella tuberosa 1057-1063. Iyeng., and its autecology. New Phytologist ______& G. M. Guiry. 2012. AlgaeBase. World-wide 40: 170-182. electronic publicaon, Naonal University of Stein, J. R. & C. C. Amunsen. 1964. Studies on snow Ireland, Galway. hp://www.algaebase.org ; algae and fungi from the Front Range of searched on 12 July 2012. Colorado. Can. J. Bot. 45: 2033-2045. Hoham, R. W. & J. E. Mullet. 1978. Chloromonas nivalis West, G. S. & F. E. Fritsch. 1927. A trease on the (Chod.) Hoh. & Mull. comb. nov., and Brish Freshwater Algae. New and revised addional comments on the snow alga, edion. xviii + 534 pp. Cambridge University Scoella (Note). Phycologia 17: 106-107. Press, Cambridge. Iyengar, M. O. P. 1932. Fritschiella , a new terrestrial member of the Chaetophoraceae. New Michael J. Wynne Phytologist 31: 329-335. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ______. 1956. Felix Eugen Fritsch, 1879-1954. Journal Indian Botanical Society 35: 522-532, 1 pl.

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