g/,t AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ★ * JOURNAL * *

VOL. 14 MAY, 1937 No. 5 \tf**15 CaJU 9**

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On a business visil your holel is doubly important. You then want the utmost in comfort and conve¬ cot***1**, nience, to turn you out each morning 100% effi¬ cient and "raring to go.” You also demand a local address in every way worthy of your own prestige and standing. The Hotel New Yorker meets these , w*. wdi°' toothsK ba citc^al two needs—and meets them so completely that it d Setvidot- a ^tesbe- is chosen by men of affairs. Make it your head¬ gin ** 5 on»eo" quarters. You'll say that it is the most thoroughly el c i*5'*"0'" satisfactory hotel you have ever known. 25% Reduction to Diplomatic and Consular Service Note: The special rate reduction applies only to rooms on which the rate is $4 a day or more. HOTEL NEW YORKER 3 4 T H STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Ralph Hitz, President * F. L. Andrews, Manager JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

CONTENTS (MAY, 1937) True American Comfort COVER PICTURE Scene at Ravello on the High Seas (See also page 295) PAGE s s SERVICE GLIMPSES—Photographs 257 WASHINGTON

TOWARD NATIONAL PLANNING s. s. By Maxfield //. Dunlap 259 MANHATTAN CHARLES LEE COOKE __ 263 Largest, Fastest American Ships CEREMONY AT COOCH BEHAR in Transatlantic Service By Robert Coe 264

THE FUTURE OF BELLIGERENT RIGHTS ON THE SEA—By Fred K. Nielsen 266

A LEGEND OF SALTILLO By Monnett B. Davis ... 268 FOREIGN SERVICE PROMOTIONS. ... 270

BELFAST, THE LINENOPOLIS OF THE WORLD By Lucien Mernminger 271 THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE AT THE EXPOSITIONS- By Clinton E. MacEachran 274 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN ... 276 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT ...... 277 ALEXANDER MONTGOMERY THACKARA By Augustus E. Ingram 280 Whether you are sailing for a foreign post in NEWS FROM THE FIELD 281 Europe, or a post reached via European ports, or A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF whether you are homeward bound across the At¬ Cyril Wynne, Review Editor lantic, you will find the American living standards “Reciprocity—A National Policy for Foreign Trade” you like on the ships of the United States Lines. Reviewed by Edward I. Mullins 282 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 284 Huge decks, spacious public rooms and large cab¬ IN MEMORIAM ... 290 ins with real beds and private baths contribute to AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL your comfort — so do fine meals served in air- SCHOLARSHIP 291 conditioned dining rooms. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHANGES 291 BIRTHS 293 A Sailing Every Wednesday at Noon PERSONAL NOTES . 293 to Ireland, England, France and Germany. Also "Ameri¬ VISITORS . 294 can One Class” ships fortnightly to Cobh and Liverpool; PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER ... 295 and a sailing every Friday direct to London. How IT’S DONE IN PARAGUAY 316

Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, I nited States Lines in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Offices in all Principal Cities 253 A FAMOUS MOTOR CAR AGAIN MAKES NEWS Chrysler lias always led the automotive world to new accomplishments. This year Chrysler again makes headline news. Action-line contour, new aero-hydraulic shock absorbers, a new Chrysler engine, new safety-type instrument panel—these are only a few of the things that make the new Chrysler the perfect car to own.

1937

CHRYSLER CORPORATION Export Division Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A.

Bodies are wider, interior dimensions The long, sleek hood is hinged at the back. So roomy is the new luggage compart¬ roomier . . . the same is true of the built- The side panels are easily removed to ment in the touring sedans that two tires in trunks and luggage compartments . . . allow ready access to all parts of the lar¬ can be readily carried without greatly There is plenty of room for everything. ger, more powerful new Chrysler engine. reducing the space you need for luggage.

254 To Patronize Our Advertisers Is to Insure a Bigger and Better Journal for Our Service. Thoughts of

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS WASHINGTON American Export Lines 287 American Security and Trust Company ... 285 Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba ... 315 Brewood (Engravers) ... 312 Calvert School — .. 313 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai ... 315 FOREIGN Service _ 307 Chase National Bank Officers Have A Particular Chesterfield Cigarettes ... 258 Chrysler Corporation .. 254 Interest In The Many Crillon, Hotel—Paris. 315 Activities of Government. Diplomatic and Consular Institute— ... 313 Dunapalota Hotel—Budapest 315 Federal Storage Company 294 • When next you visit Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 29J The Capital, stay at the insti¬ France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris —- 315 tution where international per¬ General Motors Export Co 309 George V, Hotel—Paris _ - 315 sonages reside and great events Goodyear Tire and Rubber Export Co. 289 occur. Grace, W. R., and Company 298 Harris and Ewing — . 313 Harvey Institute 310 Single Rooms from $4 Hennessy & Co., Jas.—Cognac.. 315 Hungaria Hotel—Budapest.. 315 Double Rooms from $6 305 International Telephone & Telegraph Co. Subject to a Diplomatic Kressmann & Co., Ed.—Bordeaux 315 Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Co 286 Discount Martinique Hotel 310 Mayflower Hotel 255 Merchants Transfer and Storage Company ---- — 311 Metropole Hotel—Shanghai — 315 Montgomery Ward -— 302 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of Amer- ica, Inc. 307 Munson S.S. Lines 286 National City Bank 303 National Geographic Magazine— — 291 New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 312 New Yorker Hotel II Cover Pagani’s Restaurant—London 315 Palace-Ambassadeurs Hotel--Rome 315 Pan-American Airways, Inc 292 Park Hotel—Shanghai 315 Philco Radio Company — 256 Plaza Hotel 293 Powhatan Hotel 307 Rockefeller Center III Cover Sapp. Earle W., C.L.U.. 312 Savoy-Plaza Hotel 293 Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai 315 Security Storage Company of Washington 285 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 301 Tyner, Miss E. J. 312 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 295 United Fruit Company.. 313 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 292 United States Lines 253 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.. IV Cover Woodward and Lothrop __ _ 299 '55 The PHILCO Klintlfeitl Test A group of critics sal in the audition room, Test this True tone realism yourself. Ask your blindfolded. First, they listened to the programs dealer for a free home demonstration without directly from the studio with the glass obligation and inspect one of the great¬ panels moved hack. Then, the panels est features in radio today - - PHILCO were closed and they listened to the same Automatic Tuning. One twirl of the music broadcast into the microphone dial and you're tuned in instantly, per¬ and brought to them through a PHILCO. fectly, automatically, with machine-like This routine was repeated several times. precision. Once you try it you will be The reproduction was so true, so per¬ fect that they couldn't definitely decide satisfied with nothing else. whether they were listening to artists directly or through the PHILCO — they You can’t beat a PHILCO because it has couldn’t tell the difference! That’s Illustration shows the the greatest combination of engineering operation of PHILCO’S PHILCO realism. Automatic Tuning features found in radio today. Feature. PHILCO-« musicul instrument of quutity 256 A study in black and white from Walter G. Nelson, Surgeon. V.S.P.H.S., Berlin. Owen and Lucien Faust about to take the jumps.

Vice Consul Charles H. Taliaferro does not claim it is pos¬ sible to catch large fish near Progreso by spearing. He Relaxation at Oslo. William H. Beck, says this Hero was caught by trolling at Los Alacranes. Consul General, at the oars.

THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL cn PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 14, No. 5 WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1937

Toward National Planning Work of the National Resources Committee

By MAXFIELD H. DUNLAP Secretary, State Planning Section, National Resources Committee

THE most ambitious survey of America’s natu¬ tious, but the underlying theory is simplicity ral and human resources ever attempted has itself. In order to understand public problems been under way for the last four years. The growing out of the use, misuse, or neglect of na¬ National Resources Committee has been trying tional resources, the National Resources Commit¬ to discover the facts regarding the use of nearly tee collects from all sources and integrates the 2,000,000,000 acres by 130,000,000 citizens acting most essential data. Next it brings together the individually, in groups, and through 175,000 experts from various departments of government different governments—Federal, state and local. and from the world of science and the social This may sound too ambitious, if not preten¬ sciences. The final step is to draft a balanced

LAND USE IN THE UNITED STATES

1700

1879 rf

1930 CROPS PASTURE FORESTS WASTELAND

EACH COMPLETE SYMBOL = 200,000.000 ACRES

259 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL statement of the facts underlying the problem, The function of the National Resources Com¬ and on that basis recommend to the Chief Execu¬ mittee is thus to find essential facts and advise the tive immediate steps to be taken as well as a President, who then recommends to the Congress. long range program of action. The execution of laws subsequently enacted is dele¬ gated to administrative agen¬ cies, and not to the National Resources Committee whose true function would be lost sight of if loaded with admin¬ istrative responsibilities. Recognition of the value of coordinating and planning func¬ tion is seen in the Report of the President’s Committee on Administrative Management. Part IV of this much discussed report describes the planning function and contains a recom¬ mendation that a permanent planning agency be created and

BARREN WATERSHEDS LIKE THIS (LEFT i HELP MAKE FLOODS LIKE THIS (BELOW)

Wide World Photo, Courtesy "American Forests" 200 Urban Population and its Water Supply

One Million Person* supplied with treated Water other

One Million Persons supplied with chlorinated Water

One Million Persons supplied with untreated Water attached direct to the White House. If all the recom¬ Frederic A. Delano, Vice Chairman of the Na¬ mendations of the Report are eventually carried out, tional Resources Committee, estimates that more all the independent agencies would be grouped in than one acre in ten of all the arable land in 12 vast departments, with the exception of the Na¬ the United States has been lost to agriculture tional Planning Agency, the Auditor General, and through preventable erosion by wind and rain. “In the Bureau of the Budget, which would be “man¬ round numbers, an area equal to that of Penn¬ agerial,"’ or coordinating, arms of the Executive. sylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut com¬ bined, or greater than that of either England, The work thus far accomplished by the Na¬ Greece, Syria or Portugal, for instance, is the tional Resources Committee comprehends many total loss from erosion in the history of this subjects. It will be noted, however, that they country. Conservatively figured, the actual soil are all related attempts to obtain a complete and loss is about 58,000 square miles, or 37,120.000 a clear picture of the national assets and prob¬ acres, out of the 333,000,000 acres of arable lems of nearly 3,000,000 square miles of a rich land in the United States. and variegated continent. “According to approximate figures, based on (1) LAND USE competent estimates, the rivers, assisted by spend¬ Much of the LTnited States under cultivation thrift man, are washing away to the depths of was not meant by Nature to support an agricul¬ the sea 3,000,000,000 tons of rich topsoil annu¬ tural population. Cultivation and over-grazing ally. At present farm values this represents a of poor soil have wrecked hundreds of thousands loss of $400,000,000 yearly, and has already, of acres which should have been left with its since 1910, reached the staggering total of $10,- natural cover. Large areas of good soil have 000,000,000. In one recent year three wind been ruined by wrong farming methods. Short¬ storms cost the equivalent of 150,000 acres of sighted mining and lumbering operations have prime farm land, and in the last two years winds also added to the rapidly growing number of alone have scattered 4,000,000 acres of top soil American deserts. and have injured 60,000,000 acres more.” 261 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Perhaps the only good accomplished by re¬ timing of public works has been studied inten¬ cent dust storms and floods is that they have sively. When the projects are collected and or¬ aroused the people to the insecurity of a civiliza¬ ganized, it will greatly assist future Congresses tion which neglects the physical basis of its pros¬ in deciding when appropriations should be made perity. for public works in order to stimulate business, In 1934 the National Resources Committee’s and which projects should be given priority. By subcommittee on land use made its first report advance study and coordination of proposed proj¬ on the existing situation and the problems to be ects, many of those in the same area can be inte¬ solved. Many of the specific recommendations grated and much more good accomplished by the are being acted upon by Federal and state ad¬ money spent than by a series of hastily con¬ ministrative agencies, notably the Resettlement ceived and uncoordinated individual projects. Administration, the Soil Conservation Service, (3) THE USE OF WATER and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Ry con¬ “Not gold, or oil, or coal is the most valuable tinued effort, it is now felt that the most serious of our national mineral resources; water is the dangers can be minimized. most precious thing we have, the very life-fluid (2) PUBLIC WORKS of the country,” according to a recent address by The annual public works outlay of national, Prof. Thorndike Saville, of New York Univer¬ state and municipal governments averages $2,- sity and Consultant to the National Resources 400,000,000 for the years 1921-1930. Twelve Committee. billion represents, therefore, a 5-year program on “We must drink it in quantity in order to the predepression basis. The importance of stay alive at all, and so must all our cattle and programming and integrating the projects on crops, all wild animals and plants. Fish and which this enormous sum is spent has been little sea food must have it as their constant en¬ appreciated in the past. vironment. Power, whether from steam or According to a report of the Board: hydro-electric plants, depends on water. It is . . . “These units, generally speaking—the needed for a thousand chemical and engineer¬ United States Government (9 per cent), the ing processes in industry, for transportation state governments (17 per cent), counties (20 of products, for disposal of wastes. Bodies of per cent), cities (48 per cent), towns and water are political, in bounding states and townships, school districts—common and high— nations; they are cultural and recreational, as plan and construct public works without spe¬ any beach or lakeside, any river or ocean cial regard to each other. A city may have cruise can abundantly testify. a well-considered city plan, but the Federal “When there is abundant water for all pur¬ Government may set down a post office without poses, everybody can be satisfied. But when regard to the local design of development. water becomes scarce, as in a drought in the The state or the county may proceed to build West, or when different groups of people want public works at places and in a manner in¬ to use the same river or ocean shore for con¬ consistent with the other local programs. The flicting purposes, difficulties arise and planning school authority may disregard the city or the must be undertaken for the use of this great county. The result is often a waste of the resource.” taxpayers’ money and a public-works develop¬ Recent floods have awakened widespread in¬ ment unsatisfactory in type. . .” terest in control measures for this valuable natu¬ The Public Works Administration was organ¬ ral resource. By coincidence this interest devel¬ ized in 1933 and given an appropriation of three oped just as the National Resources Committee billion 330 million dollars. The fact that this was finishing water and certain related studies money could not be spent as quickly as desired for which have now been presented by the President to “pump-priming” purposes was almost entirely due Congress for appropriate action. to the failure of local and state governments to Charles W. Eliot 2nd, Executive Officer of the have available a list of carefully studied projects. National Resources Committee, stated that “The The delay necessarily caused by the absence of program outlined therein may be expected, if reliable information on proposed projects led the carried through, to: National Resources Committee to urge the for¬ “1. Provide for the systematic development of mulation of a 6-year program of public works. our water resources for purposes of sanitation, Various federal agencies, states and munici¬ power, industrial uses, transportation, recreation, palities are now cooperating with the National domestic consumption, and other collateral uses on Resources Committee and the Public Works Ad¬ a far higher level than ever before. ministration in formulating such a program. The (Continued to page 296) 262 Charles Lee Cooke

(Statement made to the press on March 18th by the Secretary of State)

“ T T IS with great personal sadness that I inform Charles Lee Cooke was born July 22, 1865, at 1 you of the death early this morning of the Washington, D. C. He attended the public gram¬ distinguished Ceremonial Officer of the Department mar and high schools of the District of Columbia of State, Mr. Charles Lee Cooke. Nearly 36 of and studied under private tutors. Mr. Cooke’s 45 years of Government service have Mr. Cooke entered the service of the Government been given to the Department of State and he was July 8, 1891, on which date he was appointed to a one of the most loyal, position of Assistant efficient and popular of¬ Messenger in the Patent ficials the Department Office. He was promoted has ever had. to the position of copy¬ His service has ex¬ ist on December 7,1896; tended far beyond the model attendant on Feb¬ confines of the Depart¬ ruary 10, 1898; and ad¬ ment of State since, as vanced copvist July 1, an outstanding authority 1899. in this country on social His service with the and ceremonial usage Department of State and diplomatic prece¬ dates from his appoint¬ dence, he was constantly ment as a clerk July 10, being consulted not only 1901. Mr. Cooke served by Cabinet Officers and in various clerical ca¬ other high ranking offi¬ pacities until his ap¬ cials of this Government pointment as a drafting but by the members of officer July 1, 1919. the Foreign Diplomatic During his clerical serv¬ Corps in Washington, ice he was detailed for who placed great depen¬ several months during dence upon his guidance 1909 on a special mis¬ and judgment. sion in the Embassy at During his service with London. the Department of State In his capacity of Mr. Cooke has been drafting officer, Mr. charged with numerous Cooke was in charge, important missions which under an Assistant Sec¬ included that of service retary of State, of mat¬ with the Conference on ters pertaining to cere¬ Limitation of Armament monial and protocol. held in Washington in He continued in this ca¬ 1921 and with the spe¬ pacity until May 1,1929, cial mission to the coro¬ w h e n his designation nation of the King of CHARLES LEE COOKE was changed to Head Ethiopia in 1930. Administrative Officer All of Mr. Cooke’s assignments were performed (Ceremonials) with increased responsibilities. with perfection of tact and skill and with an ex¬ Under the latter position he was responsible, un¬ ceptional courtesy which marked his gentle charac¬ der the Chief and Assistant Chief of the Division ter. His loss to the Department and his countless of International Conferences and Protocol, for the friends at home and abroad is indeed great. I feel handling of work dealing with the Department’s with all of those who knew and loved him that we policy in certain diplomatic matters; the prepara¬ have lost a friend, and I know that from the public tion of correspondence with the foreign diplomatic- service there has passed a personality and a wealth corps and miscellaneous writers; the preparation of valuable experience that will not be replaced.” (Continued to page 290) 263 Cere wy

at

Cooeh lleliar

THE PALACE

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ a ■ m ■ i

By ROBERT COE, Vice Consul, Calcutta

THE traditional splendor of India characterized the recent investiture of His Highness Jagat- dipendra Naryan Bhup Bahadur with his full powers as Maharajah of Cooch Behar. His Excellency Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal, came by special train from Calcutta and was accompanied by his personal staff and a large suite; prominent British officials and members of the ruling house of Baroda as well as a few friends of the family also journeyed to Cooch Behar for the occasion. The great Palace and a guest house were completely filled, and the aides-de-camp were obliged to live in tents. The problem of accom¬ modation included shelter for the suites accom¬ panying the distinguished visitors. Retinues in India are of a magnitude that is inconceivable in western eyes. For instance, there are approximately 300 domestics of one type or another in the Palace of Cooch Behar; and last winter a Maharajah from western India on a week’s visit to Calcutta brought 250 servants with him. Commissariat difficulties are obvious. The arrangements were perfect, and among the events of the crowded two days were the solemn Durbar at which the investiture took place, a dig¬ nified banquet, fireworks and a garden party. A full moon precluded a big game drive because the tigers and leopards are too canny to risk a kill under the full light of the brilliant tropical moon. Cooch Behar is famous for its shooting, as the H. H. THE MAHARAJAH OF COOCH EEHAR jungles abound in wild animals. The grandfather 264 of the young Maharajah was one of the best shots in the world—on one occasion he killed two very large tigers in the space of a few seconds. De¬ spite the lack of a shoot, other diversions such as tennis parties, watching the elephants bathe, sight¬ seeing and riding were enjoyed by the guests. It was an interlude also for those front Calcutta be¬ cause. while the thermometer in that capital regis¬ tered well over 100°, at Cooch Behar it was at least twenty degrees cooler, due to the fact that the State is situated at the base of the snow-capped Himalayas, where the flat plains of Bengal end abruptly. The Maharajah succeeded his father in 1922, at the age of seven, and during his minority the State has been ruled by his mother as President of the Regency Council. Under the administration of Her Highness, a daughter of His Highness the Gaekwar of Baroda, a large external debt has been liquidated. Besides her ability in statecraft Her Highness has distinction, beauty, courage and charm. The Maharajah was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he participated in many sports. He becomes the ruler over a State of 1,300 square miles and 600,000 people. The Governor was met at the station by His H. H. THE MAHARANI OF COOCH BEHAR Highness and driven to the Palace. Lavishly capar¬ isoned elephants lined either side of the road im¬ mediately in front of the building, and British Indian troops forming a guard of honor were drawn up for inspection by His Excellency. The playing of the National Anthem and the gun sa¬ lutes lent an even more formal tone to the Gov¬ ernor’s arrival. S&Bf&Sufosii&SlS&Sfi&S Some time afterwards Sir John Anderson arrived at the Durbar Hall, which occupies the central portion of the Palace under the large dome. Two gold thrones had been set for the Governor and the Maharajah, and to the left of the latter, off the dais, was a carved silver chair for Prince Indrajit. the brother and heir of His Highness. The com¬ pany, consisting entirely of men, was composed of British and State officials, the personal staffs, nota¬ bles of Cooch Behar and various elaborately dressed attendants. The proceedings commenced with a procession of Chobdars (Indians bearing badges of office), British officials, the Regency Council, the Staffs and lastly the Governor and the Maharajah, who took their seats on the thrones. The British were in white uniforms and the Indians in national dress. The Maharajah and Prince Indrajit were richly clad in turbans of pink and blue, coats of cloth of silver damask, and white jodhpurs. His Highness’ turban had splendid jewels and aigrette feathers, and he wore superb pearl necklaces and carried a heavily bejewelled THE INVESTITURE IN THE DURBAR HALL (Continued to page 294) 265 The Future of Belligerent Bights on the Sea

By FRED K. NIELSEN Formerly Solicitor, Department of State

IT is a rash venlure to attempt some worthwhile of neutrals exists.” Another: “He can decide that suggestions in relation to the subject I am sched¬ a right exists and has been violated but that he will uled to discuss. They should have a foundation in not consider it wise, under the circumstances, to a sound understanding of legal principles developed press it until the conclusion of the war.”1 over a long span of years and in a thorough knowl¬ These suggestions seem to raise questions whether edge of the practices of nations in times of war. In law in relation to the rights of neutrals on the inter¬ browsing a little in an uncomfortable wilderness, I national common highways and the enforcement of can do nothing more than crudely to scatter a few such rights are merely a delusion, and whether a thoughts with the purpose of suggesting a possible, threat of certain war must stifle all thought of any rational approach toward solutions of baffling prob¬ effective assertion of those rights. lems. It occurred to me that, in seeking to clarify such STATUS OF THE LAW PRIOR TO THE WORLD WAR thoughts within pinching limitations of time, it Let me refer to some outstanding issues involved would be useful to quote a few, brief extracts from a in altercations in which the United States engaged very interesting article written in Foreign Affairs by with the belligerents during the World War. They a distinguished member of this Society, Mr. Charles related to the right of visit and search of neutral Warren. He makes numerous proposals of precau¬ vessels and rights pertaining to blockade and con¬ tionary measures to keep our Government out of traband. The novel, so-called “measures of retalia¬ the next war. I think that those who have read the tion” to which both sets of belligerents resorted our article will agree that many of his suggestions are Government considered to be violative of well es¬ valuable ones. There may be disagreement on some tablished principles of law relating to these belliger¬ others, which I will mention. ent rights. We were concerned with the rights of belligerents. In dealing with my subject, I can THE VIEW THAT RIGHTS OF NEUTRALS ARE readily refrain from discussing “neutral rights of UNENFORCEABLE trade.” Mr. Warren refers to our quarrels with the two If we employ the proper tests in seeking to define sets of belligerents during the World War and says: rules and principles in relation to belligerent rights, “What is the use of talking about neutral ‘rights’ in I think it may be acurately said that such rules and view of such a situation?” . . . “the neutral will be principles had been formulated with a considerable allowed just such privileges of trade, and only those degree of certainty prior to the outbreak of the privileges, which the belligerent believes will not World War. I believe that this conclusion could impair too seriously its chance of winning the war” be supported by marshalling an abundance of evi¬ . . . “In any future war, therefore, it will be wise for dence of international law and practice. Of course our Secretaries of State to cease using the words there is no cause for apprehension that I shall en¬ ‘neutral rights of trade.’ If we continue to contend gage in that process this evening. for such ‘rights’ we will inevitably be implicated in Article VII of the convention concluded at The the war” . . . “these alleged rights, at the present Hague, October 18, 1907, relative to an internation¬ time, are ‘rights’ only in name. They are a legal al court of prize referred to stipulations of bilateral fiction.” . . . “the President of the United States treaties to be applied by the proposed court and should enter into negotiations with both belligerents further provided: “In the absence of such provi¬ at the outset of the war to obtain by informal agree¬ sions, the court shall apply the rules of international ment or convention the utmost concessions or the law.” Assuredly the signatory Powers made use of best modus vivendi for the trade of our citizens.” a weird postulate, if at that time there was no inter¬ Such an agreement failing, Mr. Warren suggests national law which the court might apply. Prize some alternatives to which the President might re¬ 1 “Troubles of a Neutral,” by Charles Warren. Foreign sort. One of them is: “He can decide that no right Affairs, April, 1934, p. 377. 266 courts, functioning over a long period up to the A little later, Thomas Jefferson used some vigor¬ present time, have been charged with the duty of ous language to express the same thought, but speak¬ giving application to that law. Of course we are ing conservatively he said: “War between two na¬ well aware of unfortunate uncertainties and differ¬ tions cannot diminish the rights of the rest of the ences of views on important questions. world remaining at peace.”3 With respect to one With the splendid initiative which has character¬ important subject at least, the currents of thought ized the British Government on several occasions in of these two gentlemen flowed smoothly in the same recent years in efforts looking to promotion of uni¬ channel. formity and clarification of law and practices relat¬ Are these basic principles relating to rights of ing to international commerce in time of war as belligerents to which I have roughly referred now well as in time of peace, the British Foreign Office so radically at variance with existing sentiment called the conference that framed the Declaration throughout the world that they must he rejected? of London. I presume that the general purpose Must a free hand be given to belligerents to inter¬ was to state in conventional form customary law, fere with neutral commerce, to the extent that in and also to strengthen principles embraced in the their judgment military necessity may require? Declaration of Paris and in other international During the World War such interference was effec¬ agreements, and to clarify obscurities and harmon¬ tively extended to inland commerce of some neutral ize differences of views. The Declaration of London countries. Should existing rights be expanded or did not become effective as a binding international contracted? In any process of modification, must compact. But assuredly it has value as evidence of the aim be to recognize and establish such a domi¬ law existing at the time of its formulation. By use nant position of the belligerent? These, it seems of a technical quibble it may perhaps be argued to me, are fundamental questions to he decided in that, in spite of the large number of signatories and connection with projects to formulate a new system adherents to the Declaration of Paris, that agree¬ of law, either because the old one is unsatisfactory, ment is not binding on nations as conventional law. or because in some manner it has disappeared. But in view of that number and in view of the fact I find it difficult to regard the existence of law as that other nations like our own have sanctioned the a delusion. I am even unable to concur in the view principles of that agreement, it must at least be that a reasonably satisfactory enforcement of the regarded as representing customary international law is illusory. I am not in sympathy with the law, unless we are to sanction any refinements in conclusion that attempts to uphold the law must connection with a proper connotation of the term inevitably result in plunging a nation into war. “general assent”, so as to make it possible to escape If law in relation to the exercise of rights under from the binding effect of any rule of international consideration has disappeared, then it is very perti¬ law. nent to bear in mind that it is law conceding rights We may still, I assume, regard peace as the nor¬ to belligerents and not law relating to rights of mal relationship of members of the family of na¬ neutrals that is non-existent. The rights of neutral tions. Belligerent rights should be considered as nationals on the high seas are fundamentallv deter¬ concessions made by general assent to belligerents, mined by the laws of the countries to which those permitting them to interfere to a specified, limited nationals belong. Sovereign rights of neutral na¬ extent with the trade of neutrals. In coping with tions with respect to territorial jurisdiction and uncertainties, it will he useful to bear in mind, that personal jurisdiction, which in a measure extends a cardinal principle of the definition of those rights to nationals wherever they may be, are recognized is, that they must he exercised with the least possible by established principles of international law. inconvenience to the neutrals. John Marshall said Members of Congress have recently given careful to Talleyrand at Paris in 1797: consideration to various measures to restrict the ac¬ When any two nations shall choose to make tivities of American citizens in time of war. Per¬ war on each other, they have never been consid¬ haps we can all agree that some useful proposals ered, nor can be considered, as thereby authoris¬ have been submitted for consideration. In defining ing themselves to impair the essential rights of rights of neutrals, we should also have in mind laws those w'ho may choose to remain at peace. Con¬ for the safeguarding of rights of person and proper¬ sequently, these rights, the free exercise of which ty generally prevailing throughout civilized coun¬ is essential to its interests and welfare, must be tries. In my opinion the principles underlying such retained by a neutral power, whatever nations laws may well be invoked as principles of the law may be involved in a war.2 of nations for the protection of rights in time of war. 3 Policy of the United States Toward Maritime Commerce in War, prepared by Carlton Savage, p. 235. a See John Marshall in Diplomacy and in Law, by The Lord Craigmyle, p. 39. (Continued to page 302) 267 A Legend of Saltillo

By MONNETT B. DAVIS, Illustrated by James Meese Consul General, Shanghai

The Marques de Aguayo

SALTILLO, a small but very old city in the young woman who passes from room to room mountains of southeastern Coahuila, abounds wringing her hands and yveeping bitterly; and who in legends of strange crimes, hidden treasure, and on moonlit nights goes on out of the house, through uneasy ghosts. It was founded about 1555 by the streets, over the nearby fields, and finally dis¬ Francisco de Urdinola, a Spanish captain, and appears in the graveyard. Upon hearing her sad since then has passed through strange vicissitudes, wailing, the Indians cross themselves and whisper having served as a rendezvous for notorious robber “Es la dama blanca,” and the next day one hears bands in the early days and having been a storm that the “llorona,” or the weeping one, has walked center during the Mexican Revolution. again. This house was the home of the Marques de Aguayo concerning whom strange tales are told: Rumor has it that a figure arrayed in the habili¬ Back in the time of the Virreyes, there lived in ments of the seventeenth century has often been this region a very influential Spanish nobleman, the Marques de Aguayo, son of Francisco de Urdinola, seen pacing back and forth in a passage-way con¬ r necting a very old house and an equally old garden the founder of Saltillo. He was rich in mines and lands, and was married to a beautiful wroman many in Saltillo, and it is generally agreed that the r stately apparition is none other than the far-famed years younger than himself, whom he had brought and somew'hat notorious Marques de Aguayo. If out with him from his last visit to his native land. one is inclined to doubt that the ghost has actually They lived a rather quiet life, he dividing his time appeared, it may be proven by certain marks left between his estates and his mines and she caring r for their children at their home in what is now' on a wall by the bullets of some soldiers who fired r at it from a nearby barracks. known as General Cepeda, but which was then Also, there is a very large house in General Ce- called San Francisco de los Patos. At that time peda. near Saltillo, formerly a residence but now she w7as the only Spanish woman in Patos and all used as a school and municipal building, in which the natives called her “la dama blanca.” no one can be persuaded to remain over night un¬ Shortly after the birth of the youngest child, a der any consideration. From time to time in years distant relative of the Marquesa came out from past families have occupied this place, but no one Spain w'ith whom it seems she had had a love affair ever lived there long because the strongest nerves w'hile still a girl, but which had ended rather could not stand the strain of seeing the sights and abruptly upon the advent of the rich Marques from hearing the sounds for which the house was noted. New Spain. The visiting kinsman was welcomed It seems the noises begin about midnight: first be¬ and taken into his home by the Marques, who little fore the great front door, then in the patio, while suspected the terrible tragedy the newcomer was to muffled sounds come from various rooms. Later bring to that household. As the weeks and months on. it is asserted, appears the figure of a beautiful passed, however, one little thing added to another 268 aroused liis suspicions and destroyed his peace of mind. He suffered all the torture of jealousy until finally a shocking thing occurred: While he was away on one of his periodical trips to his mines at Bonanza, some twenty leagues from Patos, the resi¬ dents of that place w?ere awakened in the middle of the night by a terrified woman servant from the house of the Marques who babbled incoherently of a babe hidden in a drain and of brutal murders. Upon rushing to the house the great front door was found unlocked and the body of the old porter a crumpled heap just inside it, where he had evi¬ dently fallen upon admitting the perpetrator of the crime. Anxious for the safety of the Marquesa, several men went to the part of the house she was known to occupy, where an awesome sight awaited them. The Marques’ young w'ife had been dragged from her bed and stabbed. All the children, ex¬ cept the youngest, wTith throats cut, lay on the floor beside their mother. A thorough search of the house revealed that the young man visiting there He had forced the witness’ head between his knees . . . had been strangled in his bed and every servant under that roof had been murdered with the excep¬ his home. They had started their game, it seems, tion of the one who had raised the alarm, wdio it early in the evening and had continued it until seems had been caring for the youngest child and, nearly daylight, the Marques having been present seeing the murderer at his deadly work had fled, at the beginning and at the end. About half past secreting the baby in a drain between the patio and eight he had excused himself, saying he had a head¬ the garden. ache and desired to sleep a while but promising to Everyone knew the Marques had gone to the return, which he did before four o’clock. As it was mines, so it wras w'ith great surprise and not a little considered humanly impossible for anyone in those doubt that they heard the servant’s assertion that days of slow travel to go over one hundred miles she knew it was the master of the house who had by dangerous mountain trails within seven hours, committed the crime. Although disbelieving what the Marques was not convicted of the crime. she had said, the authorities made inquiries as to Although legally acquitted, later events and dis¬ the movements of the Marques de Aguayo on the coveries caused the people first to suspect and then night of the murders, and it was learned that he to feel convinced of the guilt of the Marques, and had been playing malilla de campo, a Spanish card until this day no one doubts that he planned and game, with a priest and the Marques del Jaral up carried out one of the cleverest and most cold- at his mines, at a distance of over fifty miles from (Continued to page 308 )

There is a very large house in General Cepeda, near Saltillo . . . 269 Foreign Service Promotions

The following Foreign Service Officers were J. Kenly Bacon Stockholm recommended for promotions to be effective from Homer M. Byington, Jr. Naples William P. Cochran, Jr. San Salvador April 1, 1937: Albert H. Cousins, Jr. Buenos Aires From Class V to Class IV Henry B. Day Manila Everett F. Drumright Shanghai Name Post Elbridge Durbrow Moscow Louis H. Gourley Shanghai Donald D. Edgar Ciudad Trujillo Donald R. Heath Department F. Russell Engdahl V. Consul From Class VI to Class V Hugh Corby Fox Department Charles A. Bay Seville Hayward G. Hill Geneva Howard Donovan Hong Kong Paul C. Hutton Dublin Albert M. Doyle Sydney, N.S.W. J. Wesley Jones Rome Raleigh A. Gibson Department Nathaniel Lancaster London John J. Meily Hamburg Cecil B. Lyon Peiping Harold Playter Newcastle John J. Macdonald Calcutta Horace Remillard Port Said Walter P. McConaughy Kobe William W. Schott Budapest Robert Newbegin Mexico City Robert L. Smyth Peiping Calvin H. Oakes Calcutta Maurice L. Stafford Rio de Janeiro John B. Ocheltree San Jose From Class VII to Class VI Edward Page Riga James K. Penfield Yunnanfu Maurice W. Altaffer Zurich Arthur R. Ringwalt Yunnanfu Ralph A. Boernstein Department Gerald Warner Tokyo Richard M. DeLambert Lima Kenneth J. Yearns Tientsin Samuel G. Ebling Lourengo Marques Joseph G. Groeninger Auckland From Unclassified $2,750 to Class VIII George J. Haering Antwerp Eric C. Wendelin Madrid, c/o Department John N. Ilamlin Naples The following Foreign Service Officers have been John F. Huddleston Dresden Joel C. Hudson London promoted effective April 1, 1937, as indicated: George R. Hu kill Munich From Unclassified (B) $2,750 to Unclassified (A) $3,000 Benjamin M. Hulley Paris Name Post Paul Meyer Peiping Theodore C. Achilles Department John II. Morgan Department William C. Afield, Jr. Bremen Sidney E. O’Donoghue Department Daniel V. Anderson Bombay Julian L. Pinkerton Port-au-Prince Jacob D. Beam Berlin John S. Richardson Capetown John W. Carrigan Managua Quincy F. Roberts Saigon Charles A. Cooper Tokyo David Williamson Department Merritt N. Cootes Habana From Class VIII to Class VII Earl T. Crain Teheran John Davies, Jr. Mukden Glenn A. Abbey Asuncion Walter C. Dowling Lisbon George M. Abbott Riga Donald C. Dunham Athens George D. Andrews Tokyo Daniel Gandin, Jr. Alexandria Henry A. W. Beck Athens Allen Haden Buenos Aires Sidney A. Belovsky Dublin James E. Henderson Salonika H. Merrell Benninghoff Harbin Theodore J. Hohenthal Bombay Daniel M. Braddock Caracas Fred W. Jandrey Naples Joseph L. Brent Istanbul Douglas Jenkins, Jr. Nanking James E. Brown, Jr. Sandan Foy D. Kohler Athens Sidney H. Browne Midan Henry P. Leverish Berlin Gerald Drew San Jose E. Allan Lightner, Jr. Buenos Aires i.andreth M. Harrison Warsaw Raymond P. Ludden Mukden Lawrence Higgins Paris Edward P. Maffitt Sao Paulo Morris N. Hughes Teheran Patrick Mallon Singapore Cloyce K. Huston Bucharest Ernest de W. Mayer Paris Kenneth C. Krentz Osaka Robert C. McCloud Naples Alan S. Rogers Rome Gregor C. Merrill Yokohama Albert W. Scott Jerusalem John C. Pool Hong Kong Horace H. Smith Tsinan George W. Renchard Department Robert S. Ward Tientsin Paul J. Reveley Palermo Carlos J. Warner Habana Ilalleck A. Rose Warsaw Frances Willis Brussels Livingston Satterthwaite San Jose Archer Woodford Maracaibo Francis B. Stevens Pretoria From Unclassified (a) S3,000 to Class VIII Tyler Thompson Marseille Ware Adams Berlin Robert F. Woodward Bogota George V. Allen Cairo (Continued to page 290) 270 Belfast, the Linenopolis of the World By LUCIEN MEMMINGER, Consul General, Belfast

II a-'**

S#slH Hi PULLING THE FLAX CROP

THERE is no material known today that com¬ side, the plants topped by fragrant blue flowers. pares with linen in strength, gloss, and pliancy. Mills and factories spring up as one approaches No other fibres can be woven so densely and yet Belfast. “Bleaching greens” become integral parts remain so light and cool. No other cloth will re¬ of the landscape, with acres of turf covered with tain its smooth finish through years of use and linen whitening in the open air. Once inside Bel¬ countless washings. For these reasons, the interest fast, linen is everywhere in evidence. Loads of it in linen is world wide, and this interest inevitably are perpetually being conveyed through the streets centers in Belfast, called the greatest producer of on one or another of the journeys connected with finest linen, the “Linenopolis” of the trade. its handling. Huge linen warehouses and factories It would be difficult indeed for anyone in the appear even in the most central parts of the city. Province of Ulster not to be conscious of its basic Shopping districts are lined with windows where all industry. Broad flax fields stretch over the country- sorts of linen goods are displayed with the most tempting attractiveness. Even the people one meets Note: The illustrations in this article are actual are preponderantly, to use a colloquialism, “in scenes from a recently produced film of the Irish linen industry. linen”.

WARPING—AN EARLY STAGE IN CLOTH WEAVING

Linen manu¬ tion in domestic facture was one and foreign of the oldest trade. Its impor¬ handicrafts, and tance was rec¬ one might rea¬ ognized by the sonably suppose enactment of that it had kept special laws de¬ pace with ad¬ signed to pro¬ vancing meth¬ tect and extend ods of mecha¬ it. At the end nized produc¬ of the 18th cen¬ tion to become tury this pros¬ the great indus¬ perity came to try that it is to¬ an end with in¬ day. But quite ventions that the reverse was benefited almost true. It was exclusively the dealt an almost art of cotton- fatal blow by spinning. Other early factory inventions for methods, and the preparation only compara¬ of cotton cloth tively recently BLEACHING GREEN—A FAMILIAR SIGHT IN THE ULSTER followed quick¬ has it re-attained COUNTRYSIDE ly, for cotton is its former posi¬ a softer, more tion in the textile world. The history of Irish linen resilient fiber, and responded better to the first making is an interesting story, a near-tragedy with clumsy machines. Inventions for the preparation a happy ending. of linen lagged far behind. The principal difficulty It appears to be an accepted fact that Huguenot was the hardness and inelasticity of the linen refugees who settled in Ireland helped to develop yarns, owing to which the yarn broke under ten¬ the industry. Introduction of the spinning wdieel sion. The effect of this inequality of progress wras and other methods of the period are ascribed to devastating. The unparalleled rise of cotton was them. Favorable climatic conditions and an intelli¬ due in large part to lack of competition from linen gent population fostered the growth of linen pro¬ manufacturers. It is interesting to speculate on duction until the industry reached an enviable posi¬ (Continued to page 308) n l

7 DEPARTMENT OF STATE

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE DALLAS EXHIBIT

The Depart me nt of State at the Expositions

By CLINTON E. MACEACHRAN, Chief Clerk and Administrative Assistant

CONTINUING its plays the visitor will policy of partici¬ find every element re¬ pating in the Federal quired to complete what exhibitions displayed at Americans consider to great expositions, the be a real world’s fair, Department of State was ranging from the arts present last year at the and sciences to the in¬ California Pacific Inter¬ dispensable Midway national Exposition in with its countless freaks San Diego, the Great and wonders of the Lakes Exposition at world and the ballyhoo Cleveland and the Texas of the barker. Centennial Exposition at At Dallas and Cleve¬ Dallas. This year the ex¬ land the Federal Gov¬ positions at Cleveland ernment has succeeded, and Dallas will reopen to an extent never on May 29 and June 12, achieved before, in respectively, the latter bringing to the people under the new name of in the vast areas from Greater Texas and Pan which visitors are drawn American Exposition. to the attractions set up At these two great dis- VIEW OF THE CLEVELAND EXHIBIT for iheir education and 274 amusement within the gates of the expositions, ex¬ amples of outstanding activities ingeniously and beautifully dramatized to give a true picture of what is being accomplished in all forms of Gov¬ ernmental endeavor. The fact that the Govern¬ ment’s presentations are major attractions and are THE AMERICAN PASSPORT visited without charge by much larger percentages of exposition tourists than other exhibitions is suf¬ YOUR EVIDENCE OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP ficient reason for continued participation in order that the taxpayer who has not had the opportunity to visit Washington may visualize how his Govern¬ ment is serving him at home and abroad. It should be of stimulating interest to all mem¬ bers of the personnel of the Department of Slate in the home office and in the field to know' that with each exposition in which the Government partici¬ pates the Department’s role in the Federal presen¬ tation is becoming more important. It can be said for the Department w'ith justifiable pride that its exhibit at Dallas is second to none in the Federal Building. In fact, it has been so pronounced by many visitors and important members of the mod¬ ern school of exhibit work. The exhibit at Cleve¬ land, while less spectacular, is none the less attrac¬ tive. In both exhibits the efforts made to stress the work of the Foreign Service have proved their worth to the extent that the Department is receiv¬ ing large numbers of letters from people in all parts of the United States whose interest has been aroused in an activity of the Government so little known to the average citizen and who seek further AT THE DALLAS EXHIBIT

enlightenment. When it is realized that more than six million people visited the Exposition at Dallas last year and that the Department of State exhibit averaged 4,000 visitors a day, there can be no question of the desirability and necessity of taking advantage of these opportunities to inform our people of what we are doing. At the Exposition opening in Paris on May 1 the Department of State will be represented in the United States Government exhibit and will present a diorama showing the objective of the Trade Agreements program in its relation to world peace. The World Two-Way Fair opens in New York City on May 10. Here too will be found a show¬ ing by the Department of State illustrative of the Trade Agreements program and of the assistance constantly being extended to American exporters by Foreign Service Officers stationed throughout the world. Then there are the expositions to open in New York and San Francisco in 1939—probably the largest and finest that have ever been attempted. PART OF THE CLEVELAND EXHIBIT (Continued to page 311) 275 THE THE EDITORS’ COLUMN The article on linen that is published in this issue is one type of article which we believe is of FOREIGN general interest. We would like to have one such article, suitably illustrated, for each issue, and we rUfv'"- it hope that other officers will contribute similar ma¬ terial. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a A high ranking officer writes that the JOURNAL year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign impresses him as slightly lacking at times in Service JowrnaX, care Department of State, Washington, D. O. This publication is not official and material appearing herein usefulness in discussing Service problems and represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ conditions. He observes that it might become to viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. an increased degree the medium for publication Copyright, 1937, by the American Foreign Service Association of information about the Department’s policies or points of view which are not confidential but JOURNAL STAFF which may be unknown to officers in the field, especially to those who have served principally in GEORGE H. BUTLER Editor far distant posts and who have had comparatively EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD Assistant Editor little contact with their colleagues in the Service. PAUL H. ALLINC Discussion, through the pages of the JOURNAL, of HOWARD BUCKNELL, JR r Editorial Board subjects such as unduly technical rulings regard¬ LOWELL C. PINKERTON ) ing disallowances in accounts also is suggested. The letter continues: “I should like to read arti¬ HARRY A. MCBRIDE..,. ... Business Manager cles by members of the Service about their sys¬ C. PAUL FLETCHER Treasurer tematic and successful efforts to establish and maintain cordial relations with the people of the The American Foreign country to which they are accredited or assigned. Service Association Such articles might be anonymous. Narratives of interesting and instructive personal experiences of all kinds would be welcome.” The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreiffn Service of The following are extracts from a letter re¬ the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and ceived from a junior officer in the Service: to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. “If arrangements could be made with American periodicals to reprint articles, a lot of interesting material could be selected. For instance, every Honorary President foreign service officer will want to read the fol¬ CORDELL HULL Secretary of State lowing articles which appeared in February is¬ Honorary Vice-Presidents sues: TRADER HULL ill The American Magazine, WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State THE AMERICAN FUTURE in American Mer¬ ROBERT WALTON MOORE Assistant Secretary of State cury, WHY I AM A PAGAN in Forum, THE FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State END OF SOCIALISM IN RUSSIA in Harpers’, SUMNER WELLES , Assistant Secretary of State and GERMANY’S HIDDEN CRISIS in Harpers’. COERT Du Bois , President “Going through the JOURNAL, I find that the EDWIN C. WILSON Vice-President following suggestions occur to me. The layout JOHN CARTER VINCENT Secretary-Treasurer of the table of contents could be improved, per¬ haps by allotting a whole page to this important EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE subject. The index of advertisers might better T. M. WILSON, Chairman appear in the back. Foreign Service Changes are EDWARD L. REED, Vice-Chairman; J. F. SIMMONS, usually received earlier in the Press Releases and LOWELL C. PINKERTON, GEORGE L. BRANDT. have little interest when repeated in the JOURNAL. Alternates Perhaps the standards for verse could be raised—- DONALD R. HEATH, JULIUS C. HOLMES better no verse than ragged verse. ‘Ten Years Ago’ has little interest for this reader here and Entertainment Committee: RALEIGH A. GIBSON, Chairman, SIDNEY E. O’DONOCHUE and SELDEN CHAPIN. (Continued to page 286) 276 News from the Department

Appropriation Bill jor 1938. numerical strength of this career group of people Following are some extracts from the Hearings up to—well, I think it ought to be 775, but even before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Ap¬ 750 would help us enormously. propriations, House of Representatives, on the Mr. Bacon. And this only gives you 713? Department of State Appropriation Bill for 1938: Mr. Carr. That is correct. I am not asking Secretary Hull: It is worth while to keep these for more than 713, naturally, because the Bureau figures in mind for in the realm of international of the Budget has only approved that number, but affairs the Department of State is the first line of I am trying to tell you what I think the problem is. defense. It is only when it fails in its efforts to Mr. Caldwell. How does the effectiveness of adjust by peaceful means controversies with other your Service compare with that of other leading nations that the military and naval branches of nations? the Government are called into action. Mr. Carr. I have asked that question a good You gentlemen, as I have said to you before, many times of people who have had an oppor¬ are aware of the fact that a large portion of our tunity to see other services perform, and I have work consists in discovering coming troubles that yet to have from any informed person a statement may prove difficult to deal with, and which may other than that our Service is at least the equal disturb nations and people for years. It is to of any other service, and from many people that discover them by having not just any kind of per¬ it is better. son to represent us but the very highest type of I see plenty of weak spots in it. I have plenty persons on guard, with rare efficiency, energy, of fault to find. But we are doing about the best that we know how to do with the facilities that knowledge, and capacity to observe and report to r us. Our best work, as a rule, is in clearing up w e have and with the appropriations that we have. these things before they become bitter and acute, and before they stir up all kinds of bitterness Home Leaves. in other countries. Mr. McMillan. The item of $10,000 for home Foreign Service Personnel. leaves will provide an additional amount to the Mr. Bacon. Do you not believe, Mr. Carr, that amount carried for the present fiscal year and there ought to be a small addition each year so the $100,000? that the flow will be steady? Mr. Carr. There are now at far-distant and un¬ Mr. Carr. I think that at the present time the healthful posts 114 officers and at other than far- more promptly we can get our service up to a distant and unhealthful posts 83 officers who are minimum requirement, the better. After that, if or will be eligible for return to the United States you shall want to make a slight addition each by the end of the fiscal year 1938 at Government year—well, I do not think we should want a expense. The total cost of home leaves for these slight addition every year, Mr. Bacon. 197 officers is estimated at $344,950, for which Mr. Bacon. Not every year? there is available in the current appropriation Mr. Carr. No. but I think we ought to keep the $100,000, leaving $244,950 unprovided for. 277 The estimate of $110,000 submitted is, there¬ Mr. Carr. 1 should think we would have an fore, less than one-half the amount required to unexpended balance of probably $9,000. comply fully with the law. The estimate of Mr. Bacon. Will you want the same amount $110,000 will, if granted, with the $100,000 avail¬ for next year? able during the current fiscal year, permit the Mr. Carr. I had estimated for it, yes. Department to grant home leaves to those officers Mr. Bacon. With the idea that there may be at far-distant and unhealthful posts who have not again an unexpended balance? been in the United States since 1929 to 1934, and Mr. Carr. There may be. On the other hand, to those officers at other than far-distant and un¬ there may not be. healthful posts who have not been in the United Mr. Bacon. I think this is a very valuable step States since 1929 to 1931. If we complied fully in advance. with the law, we would bring those people back Mr. Carr. If our year’s work indicates that we at the expiration of 3 years who had not been ought to use the educational institution rather back for three years. But we cannot do that. than the office down here for our training, then our plan would be to send out a number of men, Training of Foreign Service Officers in Economics as many as we can afford, to two or three educa¬ and Finance. tional institutions and put them through that Mr. McMillan. Tell us about your school of course rather than here. economics and finance for your officers at home. Mr. Bacon. 1 would not like to see this pro¬ How many men have you engaged in that? gram hampered. Mr. Carr. We have not made as much progress Mr. McMillan. Do the schools or universities on that as I had hoped. We have one man in the where you expect to send these men offer any school of business administration at Harvard to inducements in the way of reductions in costs of test that out. The Secretary thought that we tuition, and so forth? ought to try the idea of comparing results by Mr. Carr. I think they give us a minimum rate having a couple of men in our Trade Agreements of tuition. At Harvard it was $420 or $480 up Division, getting acquainted with the economic to date, including the library fees and books. 1 features of trade agreements and trade, and so am just saying that roughly, it might run to a forth. That was to compare results in both places thousand dollars before the end of the year; I and see which was the better way of doing it. do not know. Thus far we have only obligated the expenses of one man at the school of business administration at Harvard under this appropriation. EDITORIALS ON THE SERVICE We have two men here in the Trade Agree¬ By ANNE O’HARE MCCORMICK ments Section undergoing instruction and doing work in that connection. WITH opportunities to meet the representatives Mr. McMillan. Where are they receiving their of many governments in many capitals, the instruction? traveling correspondent learns to appraise and Mr. Carr. Right in the Trade Agreements Sec¬ compare the diplomats of various countries as ob¬ tion. That involves no expense at all. servers and sources of inside information. For Mr. Bacon. In other words, you are trying out diplomats, too, are reporters, whose dispatches go this new policy slowly? into the archives of Foreign Offices instead of into Mr. Carr. We are experimenting with those two the public prints. The foreign service is primarily methods. The Secretary thought that so much an information service, and its representatives are economic work is being done down there, the valuable to their government and their country to kind of work which one would not get in college, the extent to which they are able to obtain facts and the kind of work that touches both our own and forecast developments. For this reason they Department, the Department of Commerce, and must have the confidence of the government to the Tariff Commission, that we ought to try out which they are accredited; an Ambassador known both those methods, and that is what we are to be critical may be a brave man, but he is of doing. little use. For this reason, also, the envoy of a Mr. McMillan. Then you will have an unex¬ small State may be better informed than the repre¬ pended balance of the amount that was set aside sentative of a great power; his comparative un¬ for this purpose? importance makes him a safer recipient of confi¬ Mr. Carr. Yes. dences from a greater variety of people. Mr. McMillan. How much? The practice of the British Foreign Office is to 278 print diplomatic dispatches as received and circu¬ road to read the reports of their own correspon¬ late them immediately among British representa¬ dents. tives in all parts of the world. The contents, tone The weakness of the American foreign service and style of the resultant newspaper bear a strong is at the top. Among great powers we are alone resemblance to the foreign section of The London in awarding the key posts on the foreign front as Times. In our service reports are relayed to dip¬ first prizes for campaign contributions to men lomats interested in the different angles of the par¬ wealthy enough to support an embassy in the style ticular situation covered. In addition, the State which other governments pay their best diplomats Department maintains a radio service to inform to maintain. This is not to say that political ap¬ its embassies in important capitals of developments pointees cannot be able Ambassadors. But if they at home. A striking difference in the American are, it’s luck; rarely are they selected for their and British services is that in the latter events are qualifications, though at the present conjunction interpreted from the angle of British interests, in of American power and international crisis, it is relation to what is called “the line of policy”— incredible that the first-line men should he there lately pretty hard to follow’—while in the Ameri¬ for any other reason than because they are su¬ can even domestic events are simply reported. premely qualified. This is partly because many happenings or ten¬ On Saturday Secretary Hull computed that the dencies that affect Great Britain do not concern us. State Department receives only one-fifth of 1 per We have no reason to take a “line.” But the effect cent of the Federal budget, or less than 4 per cent in not a few instances is to give the American offi¬ of current appropriations for the War and Navy cial observer a correcter because more objective Departments. He pointed out rather plaintively view. This marks a distinct change. Not long that not until the State Department fails to adjust ago English diplomats were the reporter’s best controversies with other nations by peaceful means sources of information in places where British in¬ are the war agencies called into action. Why, he terests were important. They watched events keen¬ implies, does the government attach so small a ly and with a well-trained eye. Their superior value to its peace department? The answer is prestige and assurance caused them to be consulted that Congress, though lately experiencing a change by their admiring colleagues as well as by Minis¬ of heart, comes slowly to rate the foreign service as ters of State in the countries they were sent to worth even the small change it diverts from home observe. For Americans, short on languages and needs. To the country at large, an Ambassador is unversed in European usages, it was not unusual just somebody who should be willing to pay for when in doubt to follow the British lead. the privilege of shining in foreign courts—and usu¬ The American foreign service is rapidly be¬ ally is. The present method of choice tends to coming mature and inderiendent. Now our em¬ confirm that conception of the horse-and-buggy bassies and legations in Europe are quite as well age and to demoralize one of the most important posted as the British, sometimes better posted. The services in the Federal Government.—From the State Department is very well informed. In Au¬ New York Times, March 29, 1937. gust, 1935, more than a year before the outbreak of the Ethiopian War, for instance, the American Embassy in Rome reported to Washington the first IT IS encouraging to learn that the policy of shipment of army mules to East Africa and pre¬ buying or building embassies and legations in dicted that the Italian Government was preparing which to house the offices and residences of Amer¬ for a military expedition. Not until May of 1936 ica’s representatives abroad is once more being did the British, despite their vital interests in pushed in Washington. Distinct advances had been Africa, begin to wake up to what was afoot. Even made prior to the depression. A little work has then Downing Street refused to lake seriously the been done since. But much still remains to he reports of their embassy in Rome. They refused done. Some of this consists of remodeling prop¬ to take Mussolini seriously. If Mr. Baldwin knew erties already acquired. Some of it implies putting Europe and understood the psychology of other up new buildings. In other cases suitable houses peoples half as well as he understands England, have been found and now await purchase. Ten the Ethiopian War and all that has followed in its million dollars was appropriated some years ago. train might have been averted. For one weakness There is now talk of requiring another $5,000,000. of diplomacy today is that governments ignore it. The problem, in brief, is as follows: In Europe Either heads of States roar at one another in pub¬ and the Far East it has long been customary for lic or they conduct negotiations in person or governments sending ambassadors, ministers and through foreign Ministers too constantly on the consuls abroad to buy office space and suitable 279 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL residences for those officials. The American gov¬ ALEXANDER MONTGOMERY THACKARA ernment did not follow this custom until recently. 1848—1937 As a result it has spent hundreds of thousands of There are others probably better fitted than I, dollars each year in rent for offices. To make up by close acquaintance with Consul General Thack- for this it has required the officials to pay out of ara. to write an appreciation of his sterling char¬ their own pockets the rent of those buildings which acter and his faithful devotion to duty, but as one they acquired as their official residences. The cus¬ who for a while served under him I would like tom was both uneconomical and unfair—uneco¬ to say that those days are among my most pleas¬ nomical in that the cost to the government of own¬ ant memories. ing property would be much less over a long pe¬ Mr. Thackara was born at Philadelphia, Sep¬ riod than renting, and unfair in that the cost of tember 24, 1848. After education in the Phila¬ renting residences used for official purposes has delphia public schools, he entered the United often been so high that it has exceeded the officials’ States Naval Academy, graduating in 1869. He salary. Thus it has worked to exclude all but the served in the Navy from 1869 to 1882. He mar¬ very rich from the diplomatic service. ried in Washington on May 5, 1880, Miss Eleanor The list of capitals in which the American gov¬ Sherman, daughter of General Tecumseh Sher¬ ernment has in recent years acquired embassy, con¬ man. Thereafter he engaged in business in Phila¬ sulate or legation buildings is growing. In Paris, delphia until 1897, when he was appointed Amer¬ London, Tokio, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Rio de ican Consul at Havre, France. Janeiro, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City the Mr. Thackara always retained the frank, buoy¬ owned buildings are already in occupancy. In ant air so typical of a naval officer, and this un¬ Berlin a large building has been bought but needs doubtedly fitted him admirably for the duties of extensive repairs. In Rome the house is still in his office at the important seaport of Havre. process of modification. In numerous smaller Privileged to serve after him at Havre, I can countries legations have been bought, but in one or testify to the thoroughness and diligence with two—as in the case of Prague—so much has to be which he labored on the reports of his office, as done to make the building habitable that the gov¬ evidenced by the memoranda he made methodi¬ ernment has had little value from its acquisition. cally by hand and filed during the preparation Much work must be done to complete the pro¬ of such reports. gram. Fortunately this is a type of expenditure The value of a wife as a real helpmate to her which has enduring value. These properties, once husband was never better exemplified than in the acquired, can be kept up at a cost much lower case of Mrs. Thackara. Possessed of a sparkling, than present rents. Furthermore, they provide vivacious manner, and greatly beloved by her quarters commensurate with the importance of the many friends not only for her personal charm United States among world powers. Until recently but also for her many acts of kindness and hos¬ the offices and residences of American officials pitality, she was also intensely ambitious for her abroad have often been inadequate, small and in husband’s advancement in the Service and in undesirable sections. This has reflected on the those days before efficiency records controlled prestige of the American government. Now, at promotions she worked constantly to encourage last, the American foreign service is coming of him and to keep his merits before the notice of age. It is good news that Congress apparently those in power. The result was that when the re¬ recognizes this fact.—From the New York Herald- organization of the Service began Mr. Thackara Tribune, March 28, 1937. was promoted to be Consul General at Berlin, Germany, in 1905. Later in September, 1913, he The Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. was again promoted to be Consul General at The President has appointed Mr. Green H. Paris, France. Unfortunately this, the goal of Hackworth, Legal Adviser of the Department of their ambition, was not achieved until the eve of Slate, a Member of the Permanent Court of Arbi¬ the Great War, and Mrs. Thackara was called on tration as successor to the late Mr. Elihu Root. to pass through the strain and stress of those war¬ The Permanent Court of Arbitration, not to be time years. Her labors of mercy proved far too confused with the Permanent Court of Interna¬ heavy, and long before the end of the War she tional Justice, was set up in accordance with the passed on, greatly beloved and greatly mourned. provisions of The Hague Conventions of July 29, A man’s friends have ever been said to be an 1899, and October 18, 1907. Under the terms of index to his character, and so it is of interest to the Conventions, the Governments concerned are note the friendship that existed between Consul (Continued to page 295) (Continued to page 293) 280 News from the Field

EL SALVADOR Thompson, Special Assistant to the Secretary of Signing of the Trade Agreement between the United the Treasury, and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Murray of States and El Salvador, in San Salvador, on Feb¬ New York. Mrs. Murray is the daughter of the ruary 19, 1937. Honorable Harry F. Guggenheim, former Ameri¬ can Ambassador to Cuba. Agricultural Commissioner and Mrs. P. K. Nor¬ ris returned to Bombay on February 9th, after having spent several months in Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda.

MEXICO CITY Among the many prominent Americans who have recently called at the Embassy are Connie Mack, with his ’37 squad, and the members of the Garden Clubs of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Ambassador and Mrs. Daniels included these groups in the series of informal receptions they give at frequent intervals for the Americans who have called on them. In the course of these receptions a great deal of comment is heard indicating that this hospitality not only is appreciated, but that their policy of inviting American visitors to their country’s Embassy to meet representative Mexicans Seated: Dr. Antonio Ramon Avila, Subsecretary of reflects credit upon and makes friends for the Foreign Affairs; Dr. Frank P. Corrigan, American American Government and the Foreign Service. Minister: Dr. Miguel Anjel Araujo, Minister for Nothing seems to please and interest the American Foreign Affairs; Dorsey Gassaway Fisher, Third visitor abroad more than an opportunity to visit Secretary of Legation. Standing: Sr. Leiva, Chief under these circumstances the Government estab¬ of Protocol; Sr. Barraza, Chief Clerk of the Minis¬ lishments for which he helps to pay. Although in try for Foreign Affairs; Sr. Coto, Assistant Chief some cases he is surprised not to see State secrets of Protocol. or spies behind every pillar, he seems delighted to learn that the missions are really quite human in¬ stitutions peopled by fellow citizens very much like BOMBAY himself and at least as guiltless of spats. Three round-the-world cruise ships, the Empress of Britain, Reliance, and Francoia, brought many On March 18, Ambassador Daniels gave a lunch¬ Americans to Bombay in February. eon for the Honorable Benito Flores and the Hon- Recent visitors have included Commander B. M. (Continued to page 288) 281 A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Revieiv Editor

RECIPROCITY—A NATIONAL POLICY FOR FOREIGN made for the constitutionality of the Trade Agree¬ TRADE. (William S. Culbertson, Whittlesey House, ments Act. Division of McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., It does not do the author full justice to suggest New York City, 298 pages, $3.00.) that this is the most complete, comprehensive, It is difficult to decide whether “Reciprocity— and consecutive treatise on the trade-agreements A National Policy for Foreign Trade,” hy a for¬ program, for there have been few books written mer member of the diplomatic service,* was on the subject. There are plenty of brochures, meant to be a conservative appraisal of a liberal pamphlets, speeches, and special articles on vari¬ trade policy, or a liberal appraisal of a conserva¬ ous phases of the Government’s tariff-bargaining tive trade policy. Possibly it is not essential to program. Undoubtedly, many passages from make a decision. Be that as it may, this volume Reciprocity will find their way into speeches and is worth examination by all interested in a posi¬ other matters concerned with the program. tive foreign trade policy for the United States. The tariff-bargaining program, operating under As far as readability goes the book lies some¬ the Trade Agreements Act, is termed by the au¬ where between an official document and what may thor the third stage of scientific tariff making. be termed popular reading. If one should be The first stage was the establishment of the Tariff allowed liberties in offering an alternative title Commission in 1917 for supplying Congress with and did not object to a bit of plagiarizing, the scientific information. The second stage was the title, “America Has Chosen the Middle Course,” adoption of the flexible tariff provisions in the might be suggested. The whole thesis is epito¬ Tariff Acts of 1922 and 1930, and the operation mized in the following paragraph: of those provisions. It is well known that Mr. “In this book I am interested primarily in Culbertson had an important part in the Tariff Commission work which involved the first and clarifying our own commercial policy. Our second stages of so-called scientific tariff making. national needs, within our enlarged economic He spent some eight years on the Commission. frontiers, demand a system of commercial bar¬ gaining free from the hysterical appeals of Although he has no official connection with the minorities w'hich are unable to perceive the na¬ trade-agreements program, the publication of this book is an important contribution to, and identifies tional interest—a system, made concrete and effective in oarticular agreements, under statu¬ him with, the third stage. Incidentally, the ap¬ tory rules, by the Executive which, whether pendix (which constitutes nearly a third of the book and brings to light a number of hitherto- Republican or Democratic, has a better per¬ spective and is better able to apply and carry unpublished letters) only confirms what many already knew, that the author had an important out a national tariff policy than Congress.” part in working out the flexible tariff provisions, For one thing, it can be said that Reciprocity as well as influencing the Harding Administration makes a good case for the present administration’s in the formal adoption of the unconditional most- tariff-bargaining or trade-agreements program. favored-nation clause in the commercial treaties That does not mean that Mr. Culbertson, w'ho is of the United States. not a New Dealer, approves the program in toto. The author labors a bit, it seems to this re- He offers some modification; for example, in his viewer, in establishing the Republican sponsorship chapter on Legal Aspects he suggests that Con¬ of the adoption of the unconditional most-favored- gress should provide a more definite formula for nation principle. No one can deny that a Repub¬ determining reductions in duty. In this chapter lican Administration formally adopted the prin¬ there is also expressed a hope and a belief that ciple. but it should also he remembered that this if the occasion arises the courts will give the law' principle was “Point 3” of Woodrow Wilson’s liberal interpretation. Altogether, a good case is famous Fourteen-Points. An interesting sidelight of the appendix is a statement by Senator Smoot *It will be remembered that Mr. Culbertson served as showing approval of the equality of treatment Minister to Roumania, 1925-28. and as Ambassador to Chile, 1928-33. principle. 282 It should be observed that there is a funda¬ “For the United States, one of the world’s mental difference between the situation which greatest trading nations, to abandon the move¬ existed when the unconditional most-favored-nation ment to liberate and expand trade among na¬ principle was adopted some years ago and that tions, which it has sponsored and carried on now existing. Prior to 1934 it made little prac¬ wi th signal results, would be to give impetus tical difference whether we followed the condi¬ to all those trade-restricting and business-de¬ tional or the unconditional policy, since we had stroying measures which nations of the world only one schedule of tariff rates, applicable to all have applied with such devastating effect in countries. Then, our pursuit of the unconditional recent years.” policy merely meant that our single schedule of At page 193 the author pauses to remark: rates, no matter how high, were applied to all “What a great deal of effort and writing to demon¬ countries alike. There were no favors to offer in strate the obvious!” Why go on? From this point the way of lower tariffs. Now that we are making the author goes beyond mere “reciprocity” and some downward adjustments of our tariff in con¬ into a wider field of international relations, in nection with reciprocal trade agreements with for¬ line with his earlier writings (3 volumes). eign countries, unconditional most-favored-nation The responsibility for the present disturbed treatment on the part of the United States means world conditions is briefly reviewed, and a solution far more than it did before, and other countries, suggested. Here the author is at his best; he is quick to realize this, are more willing than for¬ the teacher, philosopher, and adviser. Since the merly to accord similar non-discriminatory treat¬ volume was dedicated to Georgetown University, ment to American commerce. Perhaps the re¬ where Mr. Culbertson lectures, one can almost viewer is not sticking to his last in entering into hear him in the classroom reaching the climax of this controversial discussion. the last few pages of this chapter. If one may hazard a prophecy, Reciprocity By implication, rather than by expression, the will not be considered “good reading” in some author cites the present tariff-bargaining program sections of the Middle West—especially in Mr. as an aid to economic peace, which in turn leads Culbertson’s home state of Kansas, w'here the to political peace. This is a much controverted trade-agreements program is by no means unani¬ question in Washington at the present time. Does mously approved. To illustrate, it is stated on page trade make for peace or war? On this issue there 144, “our activities in foreign lands and on the is no question as to where the author stands. seas—our foreign trade, our shipping, and our He is for every possible form of international overseas investments—are just as much a part of organization which can, in any way, bring about American prosperity and American economic life a greater degree of world cooperation and world as trading out in the Middle West, or between the prosperity. states.” The author joins in the fray between the “haves’’ Chapter 6, with the somewhat whimsical title, and the “have nots.” He definitely opposes policies “Peekinese Economics,” challenges the foreign which allow those that have to withhold; he is trade philosophy of George N. Peek, erstwhile for a more equitable utilization of the economic Adviser to the President on foreign trade. The resources of the world. To illustrate: philosophy of the Peek school is dubbed “economic “If nations rich in resources at home and in illiteracy.” Bilateralism and other proposals of the their colonies and in spheres of influence use Peek School are vigorously attacked. A number their political position to give preference to the of farm organizations and their Washington rep¬ capital and trade of their nationals, it is not resentatives are also criticized. The author exam¬ very consistent for them to object when nations ines some of their proposals and concludes as poor in resources and excluded from markets follows: try to improve their economic position. When “Other and more constructive policies are at we have this contrast clearly before us, we can hand to give the American farmer the prosper¬ realize why existing peace machinery is not ity he deserves, and among them is the Hull very effective against the resistance of “satisfied” trade agreements program.” powers and the pressure of “unsatisfied” powers. In connection with the author’s endorsement of “World society, no more than national soci¬ the program, there is a section entitled “If Mr. ety, can be operated—and endure—on the rule Hull’s Program Is Abandoned. . .?” This section to keep all you have and get all you can. . .” was apparently written before the November elec¬ The United States and Great Britain are placed tion and, of course, before the extension of the foremost in the category of “satisfied” nations. Trade Agreements Act by Congress. (Continued to page 293) 283 Foreign Service Change*

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Alan S. Rogers of Santa Barbara, Cal., Third eign Service since March 13, 1937: Secretary of Legation and Consul at Vienna. Aus¬ Walter F. Boyle of Atlanta, Ga., whose nomina¬ tria, assigned to Rome, Italy, as Third Secretary of tion as a Consul General has been confirmed, as¬ Embassy. signed to Guatemala as American Consul General. Alan N. Steyne of New York City, who has been Mr. Boyle has been serving at Guatemala as Ameri¬ assigned to the Department of State, assigned to can Consul. London, England, as American Consul. Parker W. Buhrman of Botetourt County, Vir¬ Leo D. Sturgeon of Chicago. 111., American Con¬ ginia, American Consul General at Lisbon, Portu¬ sul at Manchester, England, assigned to the Depart¬ gal, assigned to Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, as ment of State. American Consul General. Francis H. Styles of Falls Church, Va., has been The assignment of Joseph F. Burt of Fairfield, confirmed as a Secretary in the Diplomatic Service 111 ., as American Consul at Piedras Negras, Mexico, and w ill serve at Ottawa, Canada, as Second Secre¬ has been cancelled and he has been assigned as Amer¬ tary of Legation and American Consul. ican Consul at Veracruz Mexico. George Tail of Monroe, Va., William P. Cochran, Jr., of American Consul at Paris, France, Wayne, Pa., Third Secretary of assigned to Manchester, England, Legation and American Vice as American Consul. Consul at San Salvador, assigned The assignment of Clare FI. to the Department of State. Timberlake of Jackson, Mich., Charles L. DeVault of Win¬ as American Vice Consul at chester, Ind., American Consul Lagos, Nigeria, has been can¬ at Paris, France, assigned to celled and he has been assigned Mexico City, Mexico, as Ameri¬ to Zurich, Switzerland, as Amer¬ can Consul. ican Vice Consul. Erie R. Dickover of Santa Gilbert R. Willson of Texas, Barbara, Cal., First Secretary of American Consul at Veracruz, Embassy at Tokyo, Japan, as¬ Mexico, assigned to Piedras Ne¬ signed to Lisbon, Portugal, as gras, Mexico, as American Con¬ American Consul General. sul. Hugh Corby Fox of New York City, American Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, assigned to the Non-Career Department of State. George C. Cobb of Georgia, American Vice Con¬ The assignment of Joel C. Hudson of St. Louis, sul at Kingston, Ontario, Canada, assigned to Ta¬ Mo., as American Consul at London, England, has hiti as American Vice Consul. been cancelled and he has been assigned as Ameri¬ Henry T. Dwyer of Providence, R. I., American can Consul at Berlin, Germany. Vice Consul at Fort William and Port Arthur, Can¬ Benjamin M. Hulley of De Land, Fla., American ada, assigned to Nogales, Mexico, as American Vice Consul at Nantes, France, assigned to Paris, France, Consul. as American Consul. Robert L. Hunter of Milbank, South Dakota, John If. Lord of Plymouth, Mass., who has been American Vice Consul at Addis Adaba, Ethiopia, assigned to the Department of State, assigned to Vienna, Austria, as American Consul. assigned to Tirana. Albania, as American Vice George Orr of Atlantic City, N. J., Second Secre¬ Consul. tary of Legation and American Consul at Helsinki, Ellis A. Johnson of Springfield, Mass., American Finland, died at his post on April 3, 1937. (Continued to page 292) 284 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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THE EDITORS’ COLUMN (Continued from page 276) now. The JOURNAL now is good- I believe the above suggestions point the way to making it better. The PICTORIAL SUPPLEMENT was a splendid idea—it should be repeated at intervals.”

We wish to call attention to two other articles VISIT SOUTH AMERICA of general interest to the Service which were published in the April issue of Foreign Affairs. via Munson Line The first is entitled A REQUISITE FOR THE —and save as much as #100 by sailing NOW! SUCCESS OF POPULAR DIPLOMACY. It was Seasonal fare reductions in effect until June 1st. written by the late Elihu Root for the first issue Save as much as 20% on round trip. Visit Rio de of Foreign Affairs in September, 1922. The Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, Buenos Aires. North¬ opening sentence of the article is as follows: bound, call at Trinidad. “The control of foreign relations by modern de¬ Munson liners are large and modern. Assure you mocracies creates a new and pressing demand for true travel pleasure. All have outdoor pool, broad popular education in international affairs.” Mr. decks, movies, delicious food, fine service. Every cabin is outside. The S. S. Pan America has new Root went on to point out that, if the people of built-in-deck pool, enlarged sports deck, air-con¬ a democracy wish to direct the business of diplo¬ ditioned dining salon. Full details from your macy, people must learn the business, and that is travel agent or a laborious and difficult undertaking. He ob¬ served that the people of the United States have been peculiarly without the necessary kind of MUNSON S. S. LINES education in foreign affairs; that, while they 67 WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY probably learned more about international rela¬ tions during the eight years from 1914 to 1922 than they had learned in the preceding eighty years, they were, in 1922, only at the beginning The of the task; and that the subject is so extensive and difficult that long and attentive study is re¬ quired to acquire even a fair and general working Manhattan Storage & knowledge of it. One of the most important results of proper Warehouse Company public education in and understanding of for¬ eign affairs would be, in Mr. Root’s opinion, a 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue sense of public responsibility in speech and writ¬ 80th Street and Third Avenue ing for the language used in discussing inter¬ national affairs. He observed that nations are New York City even more sensitive to insult than individuals, and ♦ ♦ charged political speakers and sensational news¬ papers with frequent offenses of this character. SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ Such offenses will practically cease, he thought, AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, when the American people condemn them and resent them so that neither public office nor ad¬ PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING vertising or circulation can be obtained by that AND LIFT VANS sort of appeal for popularity. That time will ♦ ♦ come “when the American public more fully understands the business of international inter¬ SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET course and feels a sense of the obligations which PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS it incurs by asserting the right to control the con¬ ♦ ♦ duct of foreign relations.” The Department, of course, for a number of • Prices Most Reasonable • years has sought to furnish the American people with accurate and helpful information regarding 286 JHE AMERICAN J7QREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

our foreign relations through the medium of pub¬ lic addresses by officials of the Department, made before various organizations throughout the coun¬ try, as well as by the numerous publications which it issues. What must be accomplished, however, is truly “a laborious and difficult under¬ taking.” Perhaps, when more regular and frequent home leaves of absence at government expense be¬ come possible, foreign service officers could be utilized to a greater extent in order to place be¬ fore the American people reliable and fair infor¬ mation pertaining to some of the practical prob¬ lems involved in the conduct of our international relations. The second article in Foreign Affairs which has attracted our attention is THE MODERN DIP¬ LOMAT by H. The author finds diplomacy a failure today, if it is to be judged by its purpose which, in his opinion, is “to develop and diversify international relationships, to avoid international conflicts, to foster understanding and thereby pro¬ mote confidence, tolerance and mutual esteem.” Some of the new forces in international affairs are discussed, after which the author outlines the four principal techniques which he finds are used by diplomats and others who deal with inter¬ national problems. First is the technique of routine, the daily routine of small duties and the routine treatment of the larger problems of dip¬ lomacy. Second, the technique of the idealist— especially characteristic of the United States—in¬ cluding the idealism that must fail because it is based upon an over-optimistic estimate of human nature and is contrary to the teachings of history, and the idealism that is based upon the “panacea” idea. Third, there is the technique that tends “to emphasize the importance of economic and finan¬ cial factors in international situations to the lim¬ it, and beyond.” The fourth technique is the legal one, which treats international relations in terms of “contracts and juridical mechanisms rather than in terms that are more fundamental and realistic.” The author thinks that not one of these tech¬ niques is in direct touch with the forces that shape international relations today, or can exert any adequate control over such forces. He believes that help must be sought from “the creators of ideas and “those who can invest ideas with the emotional appeal necessary to their wide propaga¬ tion that there must be a study of certain theo¬ ries concerning the nature and functions of the state; and that the sociologist, the psychologist and the psychiatrist must be called upon for their contributions to a solution of the problem. An effort must be made to determine the relationship

287 JHE y^MERlcAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL between the “peaceful sentiments of the average occasion was the termination of the present series of individual” and “the aggressive foreign policy of meetings in Mexico City of the Commission. the government to which he owes allegiance.” What do national honor and national prestige The famous Mexican Tipica Orchestra, which has mean, and who defines the scope and content of toured the United States on a number of occasions, those concepts? The author concludes that dip¬ was sent to the Embassy on March 17, 1937, lomacy cannot be successful if it keeps its tradi¬ through the courtesy of General Vicente Gonzalez, tional point of view and follows traditional meth¬ Chief of Police, and Colonel Luis C. Higgins, As¬ ods, but that it can succeed “if it sets out courage¬ sistant Chief, to entertain the Garden Clubs of ously to understand the forces and explore the ,Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas, for whom the Am¬ human motives which really determine interna¬ bassador and Mrs. Daniels were holding a tea. tional relations in our day.” There are many interesting and provocative Second Secretary and Mrs. John H. MacVeagh ideas in this article which have a bearing on the are spending a brief holiday in Nassau. Mrs. Mac¬ question of wdiat a desirable balance might be Veagh, before returning to Mexico City, will visit between “generalization” and “specialization” in London for the Coronation. our own foreign service. CORRECTION NEWS FROM THE FIELD The identifications for the photograph of the Cairo staff, page 222 of the April issue, should be (Continued from page 281) read from left to right instead of right to left, as orable Oscar W. Underwood, Mexican and Ameri¬ published. can Commissioners on the General Claims Com¬ mission, United States and Mexico. The other guests included the Honorable Vicente Sanchez LETTER Gavito, Alternate Mexican Commissioner; Roberto The JOURNAL has received the following letter Cordoba, Mexican Agent; Uic. Alfonso Flores from Arthur Garrels, American Consul General, Duron; Tracy Lay (formerly American Consul Tokyo: General) ; Pierre Bowen: Richard E. Shands; and “An article in The North American Review by several members of the Embassy's “Staff.” The Channing Pollock, as partly quoted in the Reader’s Digest for January, 1937, re¬ fers (p. 23) to his father, a former United States Consul at San Salvador. The short sketch mentioned embodies so much of Foreign Service spirit that you might find it acceptable as a bit of matter to fill in a short blank space in some issue of the JOURNAL. He writes as follows in speaking of his father: “ \ . . My father died at his post of duty. Thereby he added to the immortal tradition of courage and nobility. “ ‘At that time he was United States Consul at San Salvador. When we begged him to use steamship tickets bought for the vacation that wras due him, but that he had put aside because yellow fever was decimating our colony, he answered, “I don’t LEFT TO RIGHT: MR. ARTHUR CONSTANTINE (I.N.S.), AMBASSA¬ think any responsible officer DOR DANIELS, MR. CONNIE MACK, MR. RALPH J. GUTGSELL, MR. STEPHEN E. AGUIRRE. (Continued to page 316) 288 (Be l

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Beppo R. Johansen Tokyo CHARLES LEE COOKE U. Alexis Johnson Tokyo (Continued from page 263) Douglas MacArthur, 2d Department of letters and telegrams of congratulation and of Elbert G. Mathews Department Robert B. Memminger Department condolence to Chiefs of State or Ministers of For¬ Charles S. Millet Peiping eign Affairs of Foreign States and of correspon¬ Bolard More Madrid dence in reply to similar communications from John Ordway Department such foreign officials. In like manner he was re¬ Marselis C. Parsons, Jr. Berlin Edward E. Rice Peiping sponsible for matters of ceremony and protocol in W. Garland Richardson Tokyo general — audiences with the President; matters George F. Scherer Department pertaining to the reception and entertainment of Max W. Schmidt Tokyo foreign guests; the arrangement for official social John S. Service Peiping William P. Snow Department functions of the Department of State and the prep¬ Carl W. Strom Zurich aration and issuance of invitations; the determina¬ E. Paul Tenney Kobe tion of precedence in arrangement of American S. Roger Tyler, Jr. Mexico City and foreign officials at official functions given by Louis Woodruff Wallner, Jr. Department T. Eliot Weil Canton the Secretary of State and other officials in Wash¬ Duncan M. White Vienna ington. Ivan B. White Yokohama Mr. Cooke was considered by foreign officials, William E. Yuni Tokyo officials of this Government, and private citizens alike an authority on diplomatic usage. When Spain went to war with itself last July, By reason of his long and varied experience, his the Spanish government was installed in its sum¬ habits of thoroughness in all work and his re¬ mer capital at San Sebastian. United States Am¬ sourcefulness in any emergency, Mr. Cooke’s judg¬ bassador Bowers and most of his staff had gone ment and counsel were of highest value to the De¬ along, leaving the embassy at Madrid in charge partment. of the third secretary. On him, Eric C. Wendelin, fell a major part of IN MEMORIAM the task of protecting American lives and of rep¬ resenting American interests during the first hectic With deep regret the JOURNAL records the deaths of: months of the revolution. Though young in years George Orr, Second Secretary and Consul, Hel¬ and experience, having entered the foreign serv¬ ice only in 1931, he nevertheless fulfilled the un¬ singfors, at his post, on April 3, 1937. Mary Elizabeth Springer, sister of Joseph Alden expected heavy assignment with such competency Springer, former American Vice Consul, at Habana, that the State Department was satisfied to leave Cuba, on March 16, 1937. him in complete charge at Madrid. Not until after the loyalist government had moved to Va¬ lencia was he relieved, being then returned to duty in Washington. PROMOTIONS In recognition of his highly efficient service in (Continued from page 270) Spain, Mr. Wendelin is now to be rewarded with promotion. His name has been sent to the Sen¬ From Unclassified (C) $2,500 to Unclassified (B) $2,750 ate with the recommendation that he be advanced Hector C. Adam, Jr. Montevideo E. Tomlin Bailey Department two rungs up the foreign service ladder. In ad¬ Russell W. Benton Department dition, three others of the service who have car¬ Roswell C. Beverstock Department ried exceptional duties during the Spanish war M. Williams Blake Warsaw have been recommended for single promotions. William F. Busser Buenos Aires Richard W. Byrd Department In all, 155 names have been suggested for ad¬ David K. Caldwell Tokyo vancement, the longest list for several years affect¬ Glion Curtis, Jr. Wellington ing the foreign service. This announcement will Harry M. Donaldson Havre be welcomed by the public at large. So far as Perry Ellis Mazatlan John K. Emmerson Tokyo the career service is concerned, ability and per¬ James Espy Department formance are first considerations in the depart¬ Andrew B. Foster Department ment charged with the important responsibility of Owen W. Gaines Santiago, Cuba handling our official contacts with the rest of the Richard D. Gatewood Department Albert R. Goodman Seville world. (From The Washington Post, April 7, Norris S. Haselton Manchester 1937.) 290 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SCHOLARSHIP The attention of members of the Service is called to the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL scholarship fund of $300.00. It will be recalled that the scholarship for the scholastic year which closes this summer was awarded to Lucien Mem- minger, Junior, son of the American Consul Gen¬ eral at Belfast. This scholarship is provided for from the net income of the JOURNAL, and is open to the chil¬ dren of members of the Foreign Service who also are members of the Foreign Service Association or subscribers to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, or to children of persons who at the time of their death came within those categories. The scholar¬ ship is intended primarily for children entering preparatory schools in the United States, prefer¬ ence being given to those entering the final year of such schools. In the event no application is received in a given year for a scholarship in a preparatory school, the amount thereof may be awarded to a suitable and qualified college student. Applications for the second award of this scholarship, for the school year starting during the fall of 1937, should be submitted as soon as possible. No specific form of application is pre¬ scribed. but applicants should submit a biographi¬ cal sketch indicating age, previous education, scho¬ lastic standing, the secondary school they desire to attend, plans after completion of secondary train¬ Photograph by E. E. Buchler ing, and any personal information they consider Tin Miners on Their Way to Church, Oruro, Bolivia pertinent. Applications should be forwarded to the Editor of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. The A Million Homes Invite You scholarship will be awarded as soon as practicable after July 15th, the final date for receipt of appli¬ Do you recall when you were not a member of the Foreign cations. Service, and wanted to read about far-off places which you hoped some day to visit? Readers of THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE are likewise eager to know more PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHANGES about the everyday life and customs in all parts of the world. Passed Assistant Surgeon Charles R. Mallary Why not offer THE GEOGRAPHIC your human-interest pho¬ relieved from duty at Manila and directed to pro¬ tographs and personal narratives based on your travel ob¬ ceed to Hong Kong for duty in the office of the servations? You will be taking part in a world-wide American Consulate. educational endeavor, and will receive liberal payment for material accepted. Before preparing a manuscript it is advisable that you submit a brief outline of your proposed article. Write today for our illustrated booklet on types HAS ANYONE A MATCH? of photographs and manuscripts desired for publication. Alexander Cruger, Consul at Funchal, submits this one from the local press: The National Geographic Magazine “THEATRE CIRCUS — Performances on Tues¬ GILBERT GROSYEXOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor day, Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays. Box Office opens at 11 a.m. Telephone 587. Washington, D. C. “TOMORROW—Matches of box.”

291 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES (Continued from page 284) Vice Consul at Moscow, U.S.S.R., assigned to Istan¬ bul, Turkey, as American Vice Consul. MERCHANT MARINE of the AIR Orlando H. Massie of Charlottesville, Va., Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, On duty or on leave, Pan American assigned to Barbados, British West Indies, as Ameri¬ will take you there three times faster, and more comfortably. Service to 41 can Vice Consul. Edwin McKee of Moultrie, Ga., American Vice Consul at Buenaventura, Colombia, assigned to Moscow, U.S.S.R., as American Vice Consul. Bonn Paul Medalie of Illinois, American Vice Consul at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, assigned to Montreal as American Vice Consul. John J. O'Keefe of Arizona, American Vice Con¬ sul at Nogales, Mexico, assigned to Buenaventura, Colombia, as American Vice Consul. George L. Tolman of Denver, Colorado, American Vice Consul at Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, assigned to Toronto, Canada, as American Vice Consul.

* * * df The following changes in Foreign Service Officers on- duty in the Department have occurred since P/f/F /tWEMC/IW March 1: P/t/f Hi VS SYSTEM Charles E. Bohlen, American Consul, Division of Eastern European Affairs, detailed for duty at the Sugar Conference in London. Arthur R. Ringwalt, American Vice Consul, Yunnanfu. temporarily detailed for duty in the office of Philippine Affairs. So the foreign Service Officers The following Foreign Service Officers who have been detailed to the Foreign Service School have of the United States been assigned as American Vice Consuls to the posts indicated: ♦ Bailey, E. Tomlin, Hasbrouck Heights, N. J., appointed to service Sepl. 14. 1935; to Warsaw. THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ Benton, Russell W., Buffalo, N. Y., appointed to service Sept. 14, 1935: to London, England. ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ Beverstock, Roswell, Los Angeles, Calif., appointed to ice in writing your bond. Special attention service Sept. 14, 1935; to Belfast. Byrd, Richard W., Norfolk, Va., appointed to service is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Sept. 14, 1935; to Marseille. ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes Espy, James, Cincinnati, Ohio, appointed to service Sept. 14, 1935; to Shanghai. in this service. Foster, Andrew B., Haverford, Pa., appointed to service Sept. 14, 1935; to Athens. ♦ Gatewood, Richard D.. New York City, appointed to serv¬ ice Sept. 14, 1935; to Sao Paulo. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND MacArthur, Douglas, 2d, Washington, D. C„ appointed GUARANTY COMPANY to service Sept. 14, 1935; to Naples. Mathews, Elbert G.. Oakland, Calif., appointed to service Lee H. Bowen, Manager Sept. 14. 1935; to Sydney, Australia. Ordway, John, Washington, D. C., appointed to service 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. Sent. 14. 1935; to Calcutta. Scherer, George F., New York City, appointed to service Telephone—National 0913 Jan. 1, 1935; to Habana. Snow, William P., Bangor, Maine, appointed to service Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” June 12, 1934; to Stockholm. Wallner, Louis Woodruff. Jr., Holderness, N. Id., appoint¬ ed to service Sept. 14, 1935; to Barcelona.

292 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE [OURNAL El

ALEXANDER MONTGOMERY THACKARA (Continued from page 280) A REAL General Thackara and Assistant Secretary of State Alvey A. Adee. During their lifetimes they fre¬

BIRTHS A daughter, Judith, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Stuart E. Grummon, at Dairen, on February 6, 1937. A son, Raymond Michael, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Maynard Nixon Shirven, at Toronto, on Feb¬ ruary 17, 1937. A daughter, Sylvia Dorothy, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Laurence Wilson Taylor, at Copenhagen, on March 10, 1937. A son, Richard Idallett, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Perfection in Chester Hallett Kimrey, at Guatemala, on March every detail of 22, 1937. A daughter, Patricia Ann, was born to Mr. and appointments, service, Mrs. Robert J. Cavanaugh, at Montreal, on April and cuisine is a Plaza 5, 1937. tradition which leads membersof the Diplomatic Service to make this g -eat hotel PERSONAL NOTES their New York headquarters . . . Single roomt from $6. Carl F. Deichman, Foreign Service Officer, re¬ A 25% discount f om room charges is tired, has his home at 14739 McKendree Avenue, allowed members Df the Foreign Service Pacific Palisades, Cal. * * * * Henry A. Rost, President and Managing Director Mr. Leo R. Sack, former Minister to Costa Rica, now is a Vice-President of Schenley Products Com¬ pany. He will he in charge of public relations for PLflZ all Schenley affiliated companies, and will have Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVENUE AT 59th STREET offices at 20 West 40th Street, New York City. 293 COOGH, BEHAR (.Continued from, page 265) sword. Over his throne was held a gold and scar¬ let parasol. The ceremony opened with the presentation to the Governor by the Maharajah of several blocks of gold—the tribute specified in the Treaty (1772) between the State and the Paramount Power. These were immediately handed hack to His Highness, the National Anthem was played and Sir John read the Kharita (document conferring full pow¬ ers) from the Viceroy. A gun salute of 31 guns punctuated this discourse. The Governor now de¬ livered his congratulatory address, to which His Highness responded with confidence and dignity. His salute of 13 guns was then fired, the Cooch Behar Anthem was played and His Highness en¬ tered on his duties as the twenty-third ruler of his FOREIGN dynasty over the State of Cooch Behar. VISITORS SHIPPING The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: March John K. Davis, Vancouver 15 Wl til William P. Cochran, San Salvador 16 Orlando H. Massie, Halifax 18 H Katherine Sharp, London 18 The world over everyone O. Edmund Clubb, Peiping 19 likes the internationally J. O. Kralicek, Prague 19 known Bowling Green steel EUROPEAN Ernest L. Eslinger, Paris . 19 OFFICES Eric W'endelin. Madrid 22 lift vans for foreign ship¬ Inez Viterbo, Geneva 22 ment of household effects Basil F, Macgowan, Kaunas. . 23 and art objects. Carefully LONDON W. McG. Harlow, Ottawa 24 prepared and loaded by Tottenham Court Rd., Hayward G. Hill, Geneva - 25 London, W. Reginald S. Castleman, Managua 25 expert packers, all articles Norris Rediker, Zurich 25 are safe from point of PARIS 29 Rue de la Jonquiere R. M. Brooks, Johannesburg 25 origin to destination in William D. Cramp, Addis Ababa 26 these sealed steel vans. VIENNA J. B. Stewart, Mexico City 27 Walfischgasse 15 Mulford A. Colebrook, Brisbane 29 The Federal Storage Clare H. Timberlake, Montevideo 29 Company is the Exclusive BERLIN Robert McClintock, Santiago 29 Agent in Washington. Wichmannstrasse 7-8 Robert Janz, Belfast 29 T. L. Lilliestrom, Glasgow 29 Alexander W. Weddell, Buenos Aires 30 Leland Harrison, Bucharest . 30 Walter F. Boyle, Guatemala 30 April Gerald Keith, Bern 1 F. C. Sigmond, Stockholm 2 C. C. Broy, Brussels 3 Joseph F. Burt, Ottawa — 3 FEDERAL STORAGE Douglas Jenkins, Jr., Nanking 5 Edward P. Lawton, Geneva 5 COMPANY Guy W. Ray, Porto Alegre 5 H. Bartlett Wells, Montevideo 5 E. K. MORRIS, President Kenneth J. Yearns, Tientsin . 5 Forrest K. Geerken, Singapore 6 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE Joseph C. Satterthwaite. Baghdad 7 Walter W. Orebaugh, Wellington 8 WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. William B. Murray, Vera Cruz . 8 Winfield H. Minor, Cartagena 8 294 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

John Hubner, II, Berlin 8 Homer M. Byington, Montreal 8 George E. Seltzer, Para - 9 UNDERWOOD UNIVERSAL PORTABLE Louis L. Kirby, Riga 10 Julius Wadsworth, Shanghai t 13 Louis G. Dreyfus, Lima 13 Ely E. Palmer, Ottawa 13 John H. Fuqua, Paris 13 Nathaniel P. Davis, Inspector * 13 Morris R. Meadows, Berlin 13

NEWS FROM DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 280) privileged to appoint a certain number of their nationals to form a panel of Judges from which, in the event of a dispute being referred to the Court, the parties thereto may select arbiters. The United States Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration are: John Bassett Moore, of New York. Newton D. Baker, of Ohio. Manley 0. Hudson, of Massachusetts. Green H. Hackworth, of Kentucky. For All Who Write YOU need the Portable that is equipped to do a real typing job . . . that is easy to The Drama Club. use, hardy enough to stand up under the The Drama Club of the Department gave its toughest of service conditions . . . you need first performance on March 6th at the Mayflower the new Underwood Universal Portable. Hotel before the Recreation Association dance which was held the same night. “Another Way From Champion Keyboard (exclusively Out was the Club’s initial offering—a comedy of Underwood and developed by World’s Cham¬ manners and morals. The Cluh now has a mem¬ pion Speed Typists) down to its improved bership of about sixty, and plans to present a vacuum non-skid feet, the Underwood Uni¬ three-act play before the end of the season. versal Portable is new. It offers a new quiet carriage return ... a new and longer line space lever ... a new and improved carrying case PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER . . . and many other new features. It’s a That the Photographic Register is considered of worthy little brother of the famous big Under¬ value in maintaining good-will toward and further¬ wood of the business world. Made to perform ing knowledge of the Foreign Service is evidenced up to Underwood’s typing standards by the by the receipt recently from an officer in Europe of largest manufacturer of typewriters in the a check for $20.90 to cover the purchase of eleven world. copies. In requesting the distribution of the copies See the new Universal at your nearest to certain persons scattered over the United States Underwood Dealer’s or Underwood Elliott and the rest of the world the officer asked that his Fisher Branch office. card be enclosed with each copy. The card idea advanced by the officer seems to Typewriter Division have merit, and the JOURNAL announces that if per¬ sonal cards are received with orders for the Regis¬ UNDERWOOD ter it will be pleased to enclose them with the copies ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY mailed direct from Washington. Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Ma¬ chines . . . Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies COVER PICTURE Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. A scene at Ravello, on the Sorrentine peninsula, Washington, D. C. near Amalfi, Italy. The picture was contributed Sales and Service Everywhere by Marselis C. Parsons, Jr., Vice Consul, Berlin. 295 NATIONAL PLANNING the regulation of the coal industry. A report was (Continued from page 262) published entitled: “The Mineral Reserves of the “2. Remove the recurring menace of great United States and Its Capacity for Production.” floods and vast losses to persons and property. In the 1934 report of the National Resources “3. End the heavy losses of soil caused by Board, the Committee recommended that the uncontrolled erosion. government import the following minerals to hold “4. Eliminate the use of land incapable of in reserve for industrial use in case foreign distur¬ affording a minimum standard of living, develop bances might temporarily shut off the supplies: agricultural production on the most suitable antimony, asbestos, barite, bauxite, china clay, soil only, and aid in raising the standards of chromite, fluorspar, graphite, magnesite, manga¬ living in many agricultural regions. nese, mercury, mica, nickel, nitrates (natural), “5. End the wasteful use of our mineral re¬ pyrites, talc, tin and tungsten. sources and substitute a national policy of min¬ (5) MAPPING PROGRAM eral conservation. Only about 47 per cent of the three million “6. Make available large areas of land for square miles of the United States has been cov¬ purposes of popular recreation. ered by topographic maps and more than half of “7. Assemble basic data in regard to map¬ those maps are so out of date or so sketchy that ping, public finance, and population, necessary they do not meet present-day needs. Thus only for national planning. about 25 per cent of the area of the country is “8. Avoid the extravagance caused by failure adequately mapped. to coordinate public works—federal, state and lo¬ The National Resources Committee requested cal; bring about better programming of socially the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps to pre¬ useful public works; prepare public-works proj¬ pare a plan for completing the mapping of our ects suitable, if desired, for use in emergency country. This was completed late in 1934; it was situations. endorsed by the Committee who then forwarded it “9. Provide for continuous long-range plan¬ to the President. The opening paragraph of the ning of land, water and mineral resources in Committee’s covering report states: relation to each other and to the larger back¬ “Most of the land planning and land use ground of the social and economic life in which agencies of the Federal Government, as well they are set.” as many other Federal and State organizations The Water Resources Committee serves as a whose activities are concerned with land, have clearing house for data on water problems, and as asked the Board of Surveys and Maps to pre¬ a coordinating agency, cooperating with federal, pare a program for the completion at an early state and local authorities and having available date of the mapping of the United States. The the best engineering and scientific advice. This Board has made an exhaustive investigation interdepartmental Committee is attempting to out¬ and finds much evidence that the actual loss of line the outstanding characteristics of each major money due to lack of adequate maps is greater drainage basin in the United States. Although it than the estimated cost of completion of the will take time to approach completion in detail, standard map of the United States. Moreover, even the skeleton plan already prepared will be most of the land use agencies have testified extremely useful to Congress and to Federal, that the absence of adequate map data makes state and local agencies in determining priorities it almost impossible to carry out any plan of of different projects. readjustment in land use until the areas af¬ (4) MINERAL RESOURCESfected are adequately mapped.” Working in cooperation with the National Re¬ A schedule of mapping priorities has been sources Committee, and on a temporary basis, drawn up in advance for reference by the mapping the President’s Planning Committee for Mineral agencies of the government. Cooperation of these Policy has investigated the extent of America’s agencies in carrying out the program, insofar mineral wealth, the exhaustibility of certain min¬ as funds are made available, will effect many eral resources, the kinds of minerals which are monetary savings and expedite the large task now lacking and must be imported from abroad, ahead. and the public problems created by competing (6) REGIONAL COORDINATION fuels. The Bureau of Mines compiled for the Many necessary public services have to be or¬ Committee a set of 27 world maps showing the ganized in an area that is larger than the State flow of strategic minerals into the United States. but smaller than the Nation; they are regional. Analysis was made of the British experience in A special research group published in 1935 a

296 IF YOU were to take a cord from the body of a Firestone Gum- Dipped Tire and untwist it, strand from strand, fiber from fiber, you would find a protecting sheath of rubber surrounding each cotton fiber. By the Firestone patented process of Gum-Dipping, the cotton cords are soaked in a solution of pure liquid rubber which insulates and coats every cotton fiber of every cord in every ply. This rubber insulation gives greatest blowout protection by counteracting the internal friction and heat that ordinarily destroy tire life. Gum- Dipping is an exclusive Firestone process not found in any other tire. It is tire safety that cannot he duplicated. Another outstanding Firestone safety feature is the scientifically designed Firestone Non-Skid Tread which will stop a car up to 2 5% quicker, providing greatest protection against the dangers of skidding. TU Take no chances! Join the Firestone safety campaign today by equipping your MASTERPIECE OF car with a set of new Firestone Gum-Dipped Tires—the safest tires that money can buy. TIRE CONSTRUCTION See your nearest Firestone Dealer today.

Tjre$toneCopyright 1937, Firestone Tire Rubber Co.

297 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

“ study of the characteristics and different types of regions, and methods of handling regional prob¬ lems. Various types of interstate regional organiza¬ tions areby: (1) the several inter¬ state compacts, (2) the Tennessee Valley Au¬ thority, whose major functions are flood con¬ trol, navigation, and power development, (3) the New England and Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commissions. The major function of the latter is to coordinate the work of State Plan¬ ning Boards within each particular region. Experience indicates that the interstate com¬ pact is useful only for a few simple and fairly non-controversial operations. The relative suc¬ cess of the Tennessee Valley Authority in cer¬ tain fields has created sentiment for a number of similar agencies. In organizing regional planning, the National Resources Committee has tried to emphasize certain factors which legislators should take into consideration: (1) Regional officers should be established only where there exists a real demand and popular support. (2) The region should not have definitely fixed boundaries. The lines should be flexible enough to accommodate different activities. Over¬ lapping and interlacing as occasion requires is preferable to rigid lines wihch might encourage unnecessary extension of all functions to the boundary lines. Moreover, rigid lines might overstimulate regional sentiment among the citizens and tend to Balkanize rather than weld together the regions. (3) A regional governmental agency, in the EUROPE-SOUTH AMERICA absence of direct contact with an executive, must have continuous contact with the National Re- via NEW YORK sources Committee and with the several state Through tickets at no extra cost planning boards in the region in order that the Shortest,fastest route between NewYork and proposals will be taken before the Federal and Buenos Aires, via Valparaiso and across the State legislatures for action. Andes by train or Pan American-GRACE (7) PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, TRANSPORTA¬ TION Airways. According to David Cushman Coyle, enough Regular service of de luxe, first class, and labor and machine capacity has been wasted cabin class ships, meeting every demand of in America since 1929 to have rebuilt practically time and purse. all the factories, railroads, and utilities in the United States. In the hope of reducing such staggering losses in the future, the National Re¬ sources Committee is studying the erratic tempo of America’s forces of production and consump- New York, Boston, Washington, D. C., Pittsburgh, Chicago, tion. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and in Mexico, Guate¬ The Brookings Institution, and the National Sur¬ mala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, vey of Potential Product Capacity have made Havana, all West Coast South American Countries, London, Hamburg and Paris. general surveys of the nation’s capacity of pro duction. Supplementing these and to aid future 298 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL studies, the National Resources Committee’s chief purpose is to develop more refined statistical methods. A few major industries have been WOODWARD & LOTHROP selected as samples to examine and test in detail. Accompanying the production capacity studies, 10th, 11th, F and G Streets there is also in progress a large-scale survey WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. of family expenditures to determine consumer habits and desires. The transportation committee is investigating "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” the kind and quantity of service that various types of carriers, from railroads and ships to trucks and airplanes, are prepared to supply, and at what relative cost these services can be rendered. Great economic losses have fallen on individual producers and communities because of mistaken ideas, due to faulty data as to consumer demand or the productive capacity of competitors. More accurate data will also aid the formulation of sound State and Federal economic policies. No reports are available to the public as yet. (8) SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POPULATION The Advisory Committee on Science brings Ever Ready together for the first time in the Federal govern¬ ment representatives of natural science, social science, and education. Hitherto these groups Garment had worked separately with the government, but they are now pooling their various tech¬ niques to study the increasing complexities of a Bags machine civilization. Two special studies now under way are: (1) —give you clothes protection the impact of new inventions on the social or¬ wherever you are, tropic or ganization, and (2) population composition, trends, and problems. temperate zones. Preliminary reports are expected by May 1 or These white lined cedarized soon thereafter. (9) STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING BOARDS bags are side opening for con¬ In the United States there are five interstate, venience. Roomy yet compact, 47 State, over 400 county, and about 1,300 city size 27x60x4, they will hold planning commissions. Of these various types many garments yet fold flat for of planning agencies, the increase in public plan¬ ning sentiment in the last 3 or 4 years accounts easy packing. Discourage for the majority of each of the first three kinds moths and tropical insects, and named. at the same time save your The National Resources Committee has lost no opportunity to encourage a decentralized field clothes from dust damage. organization. Effective national planning can Complete with one Moth proceed only with the cooperation of State and Clothes Saver, 48c. local governments. The 47 State Planning Boards HOUSEWARE, FIFTH FLOOR are distinctly State organizations, thirty-seven of which exist by legislative enactment, and the re¬ Address your order or communication mainder by governors’ appointments. The Na¬ to Mrs. Marian Tolson, Woodward 8C Lothrop, Washington, D. C., United tional Resources Committee makes only general States of America. She will personal¬ suggestions and assists further by the appointment ly shop for you, and send your order of a consultant in each State who directs the according to instructions. technical work. Each Board formulates a pro¬ gram of study adapted to the particular condi- 299 lions and needs of its State. Each staff is sup¬ 4. Transportation. plied by the Works Progress Administration 5. Advisory Committee on Science. and by the State, either directly or through the 6. Miscellaneous Research Projects. loan of personnel from other State departments. 7. State Research Section—which works closely Almost every State Planning Board, especially with the Central Office and, therefore, during the first year or two, has concentrated is the only subcommittee which does not upon inventories of the State’s physical assets have a supervisory group whose mem¬ and problems, such as land and water use, in¬ bers are selected from other governmental tegration of transportation systems, and upon agencies. advance programming of public works. As these (11) DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL RE¬ studies are completed, the emphasis tends to shift SOURCES COMMITTEE to matters in the social and economic fields. The National Planning Board was appointed In general, the majority of State Planning Board by the Administrator of Public Works on July studies are further refinements of data gathered 20, 1933, chiefly to advise on the advance plan¬ in the same fields studied on a national scale by ning of public works. Upon submission of its the National Resources Committee. One impor¬ report to the White House, the President, on tant function of the State Planning Boards is to June 24, 1934, appointed the National Resources encourage and help coordinate the work of county Board as the successor, delegated to it broader and city planning commissions. powers, and detached it from the Public Works (10) ORGANIZATION AND STAFF Administration. The National Resources Committee consists The i\ational Resources Committee, with the of 10 members named in the Executive order, of same membership, and with almost identical pow¬ whom six are administrative officials of the Gov¬ ers, was appointed by the President effective ernment, and four are the former members of June 15, 1935. Each of the three Boards has the National Planning Board. The Secretary of been supported by funds allotted from emergency the Interior was designated as chairman to serve relief appropriations, and the change in name from with the Secretary of War, the Secretary of “Board” to “Committee” was to simplify certain Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Sec¬ accounting matters. There has been definite con¬ retary of Labor, the Administrator of Emergency tinuity in the three boards, and the concept of Relief, and Mr. Frederic A. Delano, Dr. Charles functions has merely expanded rather than E. Merriam, Mr. Beardsley Ruml, and Mr. Henry changed each year. S. Dennison. The latter four members comprise MAJOR PUBLICATIONS Now AVAILABLE the Advisory (or Steering) Committee. Mr. The most recent and complete summary of Charles W. Eliot, 2nd, is the Executive Officer. the National Resources Committee’s activities Space limitations do not allow the listing of is in the Progress Report dated June 15, 1936, the many governmental agencies and private in¬ upon which this article is largely based. dividuals who have contributed to the work of The titles of other major reports which are the National Resources Committee. All the de¬ available at the Superintendent of Documents, partments as represented by the members listed Government Printing Office, are as follows: above have been especially cooperative. Through National Planning Board, Final Report 1933-34, the Works Progress Administration and its pred¬ dated August 1. 1934, and issued November ecessors State Planning Boards have been pro¬ 16, 1934. vided with a bulk of their personnel. The National Resources Board Report, published De¬ Public Works Administration and the Depart¬ cember 1, 1934, issued December 18, 1934. ment of War also deserve special mention among Report of the Mississippi Valley Committee, governmental agencies. dated October 1, 1934, and issued December The organization of the National Resources 23, 1934. Committee’s staff is based on the following sub¬ State Planning—A Review of Activities and committees, each of which is headed by a super¬ Progress, published June, 1935. visory committee whose members represent the Regional Factors in National Planning and De¬ major governmental Bureaus interested in the velopment, published in December, 1935. particular field: Development of the Rivers of the United States, 1. Land Planning Committee. (House Document 395, 73rd Congress, 2nd 2. Water Resources Committee. Session). 3. Committee for Mineral Policy. (Tempo¬ Report on Water Pollution by the Special Ad¬ rarily inactive.) visory Committee of the Water Resources

300 PETROLEUM ON PARADE

ANEW exposition at Rockefeller Center, New York right into the great plants—alongside the gigantic mod¬ City, brilliantly presents the spectacle of mechan¬ ern machines used to manufacture textiles and paper, ized industry's progress—the drama of transportation by to mine coal, to generate electric power and light. land, sea and air—and Socony-Vacuum's 71-year share Movies explain the new Socony-Vacuum Clearosol in that progress. Process and how it improves Mobiloil. See an automobile Here is revealed the part played by the makers of engine run on Mobiloil—the world's largest selling motor Gargoyle Lubricants in the up-building of American oil—in desert heat one minute—and winter cold the next. industry. Edison, Dr. Diesel, Selden, the Wright Brothers step out of the past across a miniature stage. You are cordially invited to visit this modern industrial exposition the next time you are in New York. A huge electrified map brings the world's leading trans¬ portation systems to life. Press a button and trace the The dramatic achievements of Socony-Vacuum products routes of great airlines. Press another, and see the Nor¬ —the 71 years of experience behind them—their accep¬ mandie and the Europa cover their routes before your tance in 63 countries of the world . . . will give you a very eyes. new appreciation of products branded with the Red Through the medium of modern photography you step Gargoyle or the Flying Red Horse.

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301 Committee, published in September, 1935. Report of the Special Advisory Committee on Standards and Specifications for Hydrologic Data, November, 1935. Drainage Policy and Projects by the Special Subcommittee of the Water Resources Com¬ mittee, published in February, 1936. Federal Agencies Concerned with Water Use and Control by the Water Resources Committee, published in January, 1936. Supplementary Reports of the Land Planning Committee, incorporating the basic data and in¬ formation collected in preparing Part II of the A WORLD-WIDE National Resources Board report of Decem¬ ber, 1934. SELLING ORGANIZATION Public Work in Prosperity and Depression, and their utilization as an agency of economic stabilization, by Arthur D. Gayer, published Wards Products are in steady demand by the National Bureau of Economic Re¬ the world over. And no wonder! search, September 23, 1935. Advanced engineering and painstak¬ Progress Report with Statements of Coordinating ing research insure products of un¬ Committees, Published June 15, 1936. usual quality. Mass production and Regional Planning, Part I—Pacific Northwest, mass distribution assure the mainte¬ published in May, 1936. nance of prices that are highly com¬ Regional Planning, Part II—St. Louis Region, petitive. published in June, 1936. Regional Planning, Part III—New England, pub¬ Hence Wards leadership in the auto¬ lished in July, 1936. motive, electrical and mechanical Deficiencies in Basic Hydrologic Data, published specialty fields. Users of Wards Air¬ in September, 1936. line Radios are now running into the Economics of Planning Public Works by John second million. Sales of Wards River¬ Maurice Clark, Professor of Economics, Colum¬ side Tires have now exceeded the bia University. 25,000,000 mark. The demand for Criteria and Planning for Public Works, a re¬ Wards refrigerators, washers, vacu¬ um cleaners, power plants, paints, search by Russell V. Black, Research Consultant, tools and automotive equipment is June, 1934. steady and consistent. Public Works Planning, published December 1, 1936. Distributors interested in securing State Planning, Programs and Accomplishments, exclusive franchise for the distribu¬ published December 1, 1936. tion of Wards Products should write immediately to the Factory Export BELLIGERENT RIGHTS Division. Franchises are still avail¬ (Continued from page 267) able in a number of territories. EFFECT ON LAW OF CHANCED CONDITIONS Wards Specialties are sold abroad When some justification other than military neces¬ through Distributors and sity is sought to excuse attacks on neutral trade, we Dealers ONLY are told that conditions of warfare have changed. Disregard of law is justified by reasoning similar to that underlying excuses for infractions of treaties by an utterly unjustifiable application of the danger¬ MONTGOMERY WARD ous doctrine of rebus sic stantibus. Customary law s , Established 1872 may, as it should, from time to time be clarified and W 4 FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION developed. Altered conditions have their effect on f T 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, O. S. A. (► T" rules of international law as they do by slow process Cables — Thorn ward on rules of customary domestic law. But the realm Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters of absurdity is reached when it is argued in effect that law may without impropriety be disregarded, 302 when respect for it entails inconvenience and ma¬ terial sacrifice, and that when it is so disregarded the law disappears. New instrumentalities of war¬ fare may make it inconvenient or impracticable for a belligerent to observe established rules of inter¬ national law. That situation does not ipso jacto abolish or alter law or justify disregard of it. The belligerent does not become authorized to make new rules or to act unhampered by any restrictions except those imposed by himself. If a little specula¬ tion may be permitted, it would be a safe conjecture, in the light of experience, that a belligerent in con¬ trol of the sea, would, if he should lose control and with it complete freedom to sell and purchase com¬ modities, vehemently assert the sanctity of estab¬ lished rules and principles.

PROPOSALS RESPECTING THE FUTURE ATTITUDE OF OUR GOVERNMENT OSTABLISHED as a commercial bank It is true that in the frightful agony of conflict, in 1812, Tbe National City Bank of belligerents yield to an overpowering temptation to ignore rules of law which it is found expedient to New York has continued serving many of circumvent. We pity nations engaged in conflict; the largest businesses, families and in¬ we condone many of their offenses. But I am not disposed to go so far as to say that the proper reme¬ dividuals through its international system dy for the chaos is hopelessly to make a renuncia¬ of overseas branches and affiliates in tion of principles, which our Government has firmly asserted, if not always effectively maintained, since twenty-three countries and its close work¬ its foundation. ing arrangement with thousands of I dislike to conceive of the realization of a pro¬ posal that a President of the United States could correspondent banks in leading cities decide that there are no neutral rights, when such throughout the world. rights are recognized by the supreme law of all members of the family of nations, a part of the sys¬ Branches in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, tem of our jurisprudence, with the enforcement of which the Executive in particular and our judiciary Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba,Dominican are charged. Republic, England, India, Italy, Japan, Equally unacceptable seems the idea that a Presi¬ dent might take the position, that he could properly Manchuria, Mexico, Peru, Philippine Is¬ refrain from concerning himself with violations of lands, Puerto Rico, Republic of Panama, law; that he could, consistently with a proper dis¬ charge of his constitutional functions to protect Straits Settlements, Uruguay and Vene¬ rights, which accrue to the benefit of American citi¬ zuela. Offices of affiliated banking institu¬ zens under international law, decide that, while rights exist, nothing will be done to uphold them tions in France and Spain. until full play has been given to an offender to dis¬ regard them up to the termination of war. In mat¬ ters of this kind there is vested in the Executive a The National City Bank considerable measure of discretion, but not an un¬ limited discretion, uncontrolled by basic principles of New York of law. I feel constrained also to discredit the expedient Head Office: 55 Wall St., New York of appealing to belligerents for concessions to carry 72 Branches in Greater New York on legal activities by virtue of agreements made at the outset of war. I see in it the objectionable fea¬ (Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) tures of the alternatives just mentioned as well as insurmountable practical obstructions. I believe

303 that, among all the obstacles that unhappily enter It will be recalled that when we were neutral dur¬ into the formulation of international arrangements, ing the World War, the belligerents had no hesitancy even the simplest bilateral agreements, none could in calling our Government to account, at times with¬ be found to match those incident to the conclusion out cause 1 think, with respect to the observance of of such agreements with respect to privileges of obligations of neutrality. When we have been at trade with belligerent countries. One is readily re¬ war, there has not been a dearth of complaints from minded of a pertinent illustrative incident. Early other governments with respect to our belligerent in the World War, a belligerent government volun¬ measures. teered the emphatic declaration that cotton would In my opinion a threat of war is more likely to be free and would not be seized, and soon after the come from a failure of a neutral nation to hold both declaration was made, there followed seizures of belligerents to account, with equal sincerity and vast quantities of that commodity. I make use of effectiveness, for infractions of the law. In such a this lone, simple illustration, not by way of adverse situation, it may be difficult to establish against a criticism, but merely as a suggestion of the imprac¬ neutral a charge of a violation of the letter of the ticability of agreements such as have been proposed. law pertaining to neutrality. But the attitude of OUR GOVERNMENT’S POSITION TO UPHOLD THE LAW the neutral results in a condition of violence to the principle of impartiality. And bitterness is certain There is nothing in my somewhat intensive prac¬ to be engendered in the country wrhich feels itself tical experience with problems such as those I am the victim of an extremely disadvantageous position. sketchily talking about that prompts an optimism I am precluded from referring to the numerous that might submerge Mr. Warren’s pessimism with ramifications of the questions under consideration. respect to the observance of law in time of war. It need not be observed that ideas concerning solu¬ However, I do not like to vision my Government at tions of problems must take account of considera¬ this stage of its history reduced to most pitiable tions that may be of equal or greater importance alternatives. I like to conceive its true position than those relating to the value of imports and ex¬ very differently, as I have undertaken to sketch it 4 ports or the desires of neutral importers and export¬ on another occasion: ers in time of war. We are a powerful government now, capable at all times of effectively asserting legal rights, and of THE IMPERATIVE NECESSITY OF CONCRETE RULES meeting the correlative requirement of complying I do not believe that it would be in the interest of with duties defined by international law. It seems peace, that it would be in the interest of civilization to me that, when we are in a fortunate position of to expand rights conceded to belligerents, but rather neutrality, free from the horrors of war, we may that they should be abridged. It may be wise that have a trust to uphold and vindicate the law through some restrictions such as Mr. Warren has suggested influences derived from the nation’s position of should be put on our nationals in time of war. But prestige and power. I have the temerity to suggest I am unable to perceive the logic of proposals that, a simple plan looking to the effective accomplish¬ whereas in the interest of peace, peaceful activities ment of these and other purposes. It is, that offi¬ of neutrals must be curtailed, belligerent activities cials of our Government should ground its position, should not, and furthermore should not even be in all serious crises, and with respect to all inter¬ confined to limits heretofore prescribed by law. national difficulties, on- a rock foundation of right AgainsL-ihe extreme position that the activities of under the law and then stand unshaken on that war should be glorified to the extent of conceding foundation. Right, in a broad sense, may be a rela¬ belligerents a free hand, not alone to destroy the tive term, and honest men may differ with regard to commerce of the enemy, but also that of the neutral, the law. But it is altogether feasible and not so I wmuld much prefer another extreme; I would sug¬ very difficult for our country to have a foreign office, gest a useful, concrete rule limiting belligerent or, as we say, a Department of State, equipped with rights to interference w ith neutral trade in belliger¬ an adequate number of officials who are guided by ent waters. The warring forces in such a situation a lofty purpose and who are experts in the law and could fight on the high seas and destroy each other’s practices of nations. When a strong government commerce there as well as within their respective speaks through such an agency, we may have the maritime jurisdictions, where they might also inter¬ general expectation that it will speak well, from the fere with neutral commerce—if possible. The high standpoint of law and ethics. There is good pros¬ seas would be maintained as the common highways, pect that its firm stand for observance of law will in time of war as in time of peace. It need not be command respect, although it does not resort to observed that, in seeking a middle course, the hostilities or even to a threat of force. dominant purpose should be the uncompromising 4 American Bar Association Journal, August, 1934, p. 503. condemnation of uncertainties, through which the 304 for fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages via dll dmerica Cables Commercial LSM? Tostal Cables Telegraph JTlackaij Kadio

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305 application of law becomes fatuous, and internation¬ dislocations. Infinitely more appalling than these al difficulties multiply indefinitely. incidents of war are horrors utterly baffling to any A concrete rule such as I suggest would point the genius of expression: the agonies of body and mind way to some realization of the hopeful features of of the victims, combatants and non-combatants. But Dr. Hall’s predictions with respect to the restoration even what is contained in the statement assuredly of the structure of law following the wreckage con¬ reflects no inconsiderable degree of effort and sacri¬ sequent on war. I have in mind the predictions in fice that nations make for the settlement of inter¬ the well-known preface of an early edition of his national differences by destruction and slaughter, work on international law, published long before propaganda of falsehoods and diplomatic moves to the World War. The worst of it came true. Dr. Hall drag neutrals into a conflict. said that the next war would be a great one, and I shall not undertake to draw a comparison with that it would certainly be hard. He had no doubt the degree of effort and sacrifice made by govern¬ that it would be unscrupulously waged, but he also ments with respect to measures to uphold the law had no misgivings as to the character of rules that of nations and to clarify and develop that law; to would prevail ten years after the termination of the say nothing of an infinitely better application in struggle; those rules, he said, would be rules of international affairs of principles of human relation¬ “greater stringency.” ships embodied in the religious creed of every civil¬ A COMPARISON OF EFFORTS DEVOTED TO THE ized nation in the world. A goodly proportion of SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DIFFICULTIES the products of that effort may be succinctly de¬ scribed in the effective language used by Judge John We are discussing long-standing problems. Their Bassett Moore in referring to some carefully guard¬ most recent manifestations mock hopes and thoughts ed declarations in an international act as an “illus¬ of reasonable solutions. Mr. Warren has truly and tration of the propensity of the human mind to seek, effectively pointed out that our differences with the in glib phrases, a refuge from its disinclination and belligerents in the World War remain unsolved. failure to grapple with stern realities.” 7 Mr. Elihu Root once said in the course of an im¬ After the termination of our Civil War, the Gov¬ pressive address that “to every controversy will ernment of Great Britain and the Government of apply the truth that there are no international con¬ the United States created two arbitral tribunals. One troversies so serious that they can not be settled was concerned with issues arising out of complaints peaceably if both parties really desire peaceable settlement, while there are few causes of dispute so that the British Government had failed to live up to obligations of neutrality during the war. The other trifling that they can not be made the occasion of war if either party really desires war.” 5 There is a dealt largely with claims of British subjects predi¬ wide field for a beneficent application of the prin¬ cated on acts of American forces in connection with ciples of this simple rule of conduct in international operations on land and on the sea. Assuredly the affairs: principles of expediency, common sense, two arbitrations under the Treaty of Washington decency. However, through practical experiences, served to clarify and strengthen the law with respect I am sadly mindful of the difficulties of all impor¬ to the questions with which they were concerned. Neither nation was humiliated by these measures. tant international arrangements even in time of peace. But in order to give expression to a thought, It might be said, as I think it has occasionally been said, although it may be putting it a bit strongly, no doubt somewhat visionary, I venture to suggest an odious comparison. In a report made to the that they both honored themselves by such action. Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for Internation¬ After the World War, all the important issues were al Peace last year, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler quot¬ adjusted, it was said, by an exchange of notes be¬ ed from a statement published in the Congressional tween the two governments effected in 1927. Record of January 13, 1928, as follows:6 It is interesting to indulge in a speculation as to “According to the best statistics obtainable the the contribution that might have been made to the world war cost 30 million lives and $400,000,000,- solution of issues that arose during the World War, 000 in property.” had reasonably successful steps been taken by the The statement proceeds to illustrations of what two governments to obtain dispassionate, judicial could have been accomplished with the dissipated pronouncements, the combined products of able and wealth had it been devoted to the promotion of eco¬ honorable judges and counsel, with respect to con¬ nomic and cultural purposes. Dr. Butler refers to trolling rules and principles of law. the figures as of “well nigh astronomic proportions.” If the measure of effort devoted by nations to And he adds some observations regarding economic war and the preparation for war may he said to be astronomic, then by comparison activities conse- 5 Address at the laying of the cornerstone of the building of the Pan American Union. May 11, 1908. ^‘Disarmament: Glib Phrase or Stern Necessity?” Literary °Year Book, 1934, p. 43. Digest, May 12, 1934, p. 38. 306 Behind this symbol are the motion picture producers of America joined in the conviction that entertainment knows no boundaries, that the minds and hearts of peoples are drawn together by the humanity of the screen.

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307 craled to the maintenance of law, to peaceful proc¬ later. When the Marques arrived, the usual polite esses of civilization, may perhaps be described as interchange of greetings took place and the two atomic. men sat down at the table. During the ensuing From the Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual conversation the Marques admitted having com¬ Meeting of the American Society of International mitted the crime; whereupon the Judge, looking Law (April 25-27, 1935). triumphant, said to the man beneath the table, “It’s all rig ht now, you may come out.” The interesting views expressed are not neces¬ However, there was no response and the Judge sarily those of the Department of State nor of the looked blankly at the Marques, who remarked staff of the JOURNAL. quietly: “Your spy can not come out because he is as A LEGEND OF SALTILLO dead as you will be unless you decide to leave off (Continued from page 269) endeavoring to have me punished.” blooded crimes of all time; for, it seems, a number Whereupon he moved the table and, sure enough, of mozos as well as his personal servant had mys¬ the man lay on the floor, quite dead. The Marques, teriously disappeared on the night of the murders, who was noted for his superhuman strength, had and later bodies were found at almost regular in¬ felt the witness with his foot and, without change tervals on the trail from Bononza to Patos. The of expression or interrupting the conversation, he whole story as reconstructed is as follows: had reached under the table, forced the witness’ The Marques de Aguayo, convinced of his wife’s head between his knees, and crushed his skull. faithlessness, determined to kill her, her lover, his Stories differ as to what ultimately became of children, and all who might later on bear witness the Marques de Aguayo. One thing is certain, how¬ against him if left alive. To remove suspicion he ever, and that is that he disappeared and never re¬ went to the mines, and there enlisted the aid of his turned. Some say he became a hermit and ended personal servant, Baltazar, who arranged to have his days in a mountain retreat in this part of Mex¬ mozos with fresh horses stationed at intervals all ico, while others maintain that he returned to the way to Patos. His friends, the priest and the Spain, where he was ordered executed by the King. Marques del Jaral, both enthusiastic players of Whatever his fate may have been, nothing was ever malilla and who could be counted on to play all found of his fortune, which was immense. night, were invited in; and, at a signal from Bal¬ The only survivor of the tragedy, the baby tazar, the Marques excused himself to go to bed, daughter of the Marques, was raised in Patos and but instead of doing so he rode hard down the the graves of some of her descendants may be seen perilous trail to his home in Patos. Upon arriving to this day in the panteon at that place, now known about midnight he knocked on the door, and when as General Cepeda. the porter asked who it was he replied that it was he, the master. Recognizing his voice, the porter BELFAST, THE LINENOPOLIS immediately unlocked the door and was the first (Continued from page 273) victim. After killing everyone he could find and hunting what might have happened to Manchester if Bel¬ fruitlessly a few moments for the missing child and fast had been able to match invention for in¬ servant, the Marques once more mounted his horse vention. As it was, however, linen production went and rode for the mines, this time killing each mozo into a decline and for upwards of fifty years the after securing a fresh horse, until he arrived; where¬ industry took refuge in certain classes of hand- upon he came into the room where the card game loomed products with which cotton could not com¬ he had left earlier the same evening was still in pete. In 1810, to save French industries, Napoleon progress. He calmly took his seat and continued offered a prize of one million francs for the best playing as if he had only stopped for a little rest. method of spinning flax yarn, but without appreci¬ He must have murdered Baltazar as well, hut how able results. and when no one knows, as he was never seen nor Ulster was fortunately able to keep its hand- heard of again, dead or alive. looms in existence. In 1828 the first flax spinning An interesting sequel to the story is usually in¬ machinery was introduced there. In 1850 the first cluded by the tellers, who conclude by recounting power-looms appeared, but it was many years be¬ the episode of the Marques and a local Judge, who fore they outnumbered hand-looms. Production of attempted to get a confession from him. It seems hand-loom damask still continues, although in lim¬ that the Judge had secreted a witness under a table ited quantities. The Irish linen industry was before the interview so that any admissions the evolved, through these vicissitudes into the highly Marques might make could be used as evidence specialized factory system of today, that boasts the 308 ^Through its world-wide organization of assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors is in a unique posi¬ tion to facilitate delivery and subsequent ser¬ vice on its products in any part of the world.

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309 possession of nearly one-third of the world’s 3,000,- 000 spindles working in llax. Hotel Martinique Industrially, the manufacture of linen in North¬ ern Ireland is organized similarly to other textile FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE trades, comprising spinning, weaving, and bleaching SIXTEENTH STREET AT M and finishing sections. There are besides making- up, hemstitching, embroidering, and distributing or WASHINGTON, D. C. marketing sections. Several of the largest houses cover all these stages, but normally the work is di¬ « vided among establishments which specialize in one or another of the branches. The flax spinning section of the industry is in the ?_An Hotel of hands of some forty-two firms, controlling approxi¬ mately 900,000 spindles, and capable of giving employment to about 30,000 operatives. Many spin¬ Distinction ning mills are engaged in the further processes of doubling and twisting the yarns into twines and 0 threads. While some yarn is exported most of it is retained in the country. SPECIAL RATES The weaving factories contain about 28,000 looms To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE representing the employment of about 25,000 op¬ OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES eratives. Most operatives in mills and factories are women. Irish looms produce about 150,000,000 • square yards of linen cloth in a year, ranging from Write for Booklet heavy tent canvas to dainty handkerchief linen, with L. R. HAWKINS, Manager its hundreds of threads in every square inch of fab¬ ric, and from kitchen towels to damask of finest texture and design. Cloth of special quality for aeroplane wings is produced on rather a consid¬ erable scale. The bulk of the cloth after weaving is sent to the ATTENTION bleaching greens in the country districts to be bleached and finished, processes usually requiring CANDIDATES FOR THE about three weeks. This is also known as “grass¬ CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC SERVICE ing” because the cloth is generally spread out on OF THE UNITED STATES grass to he exposed to the bleaching action of the elements. Ireland, although an important flax producing Harvey Institute country, supplies only a small part of the total of raw material consumed by the local linen industry, WASHINGTON, D. C. estimated at an annual average of about 40,000 Offers intensive course of preparation tons. The great bulk of the material used, includ¬ for the Foreign Service Examination ing both flax and tow, is received from Russia, conducted by the Department of State amounting normally to about 25,000 tons annually. September 13, 14, 15. From Belgium and the Netherlands, the amounts THE HARVEY INSTITUTE COURSE BEGINS normally imported are 4,000 tons and 1,500 tons JUNE 14 respectively. Correspondence Invited The Irish crop which formerly averaged about 10,000 tons annually is now generally much less Address than that, but the Irish fiber still figures prominent¬ RICHARD S. HARVEY ly in local manufacture, and better yields and quali¬ Managing Director ty are being sought by cultivation of improved strains. 2129 Florida Avenue, N. W. The Russian flax and tow imported are used most Washington, D. C. largelv for coarse and low priced goods. Irish flax, TF.L. NORTH 1538 though rated inferior to the Belgian, is noted for its strength, which makes it unequalled for certain 310 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL qualities of thread. In recent years the United Kingdom has been tak¬ ing an increasing proportion of the total output of Irish linen mills, amounting to about 45%. The United States, however, always has been, and con¬ Jrom Northern Nights tinues to be, the chief overseas market. The de¬ clared exports of flax manufactures from Belfast to the United States in 1936 amounted to $12,898,930, To Southern Qross . . . which although considerably below averages of best years registers a gain over recent previous years. In addition to linen shipped directly to the United States, some of the linen cloth sent from Northern Ireland to China is there converted into embroider¬ Merchants will pack and route ies and thence re-exported to America. The United your household effects to the re¬ States is of such vital importance to the Irish indus¬ motest frontiers of civilization. try that its prosperity is necessarily affected by Tailor-made, individually fitted fluctuations in the American demand. containers guarantee you maxi¬ DEPARTMENT AT THE mum safety and minimum ship¬ EXPOSITIONS ping and handling costs. (Continued from page 275) Special Government Service Already the groundwork is being laid for the De¬ Insurance Available partment’s exhibits which will form an important part of the Government’s displays at both exposi¬ FIREPROOF STORAGE tions. DALLAS The great Federal Building, monumental in We offer you choice of hundreds character, stands in a commanding position with of storage rooms in fireproof ware¬ its 175-foot golden tower, surmounted by a gilded houses to store your household eagle, glistening in the Texas sun. On either side effects. For a week or a year, from of the curved walls of the entrance to the building one piece of furniture to an entire are shown gigantic reproductions of the obverse and reverse of the Seal of the United States, while household. Your storage room is extending across the huge facade is a sculptural locked. frieze, seven feet in height, dealing with the com¬ plete history of Texas. In this building the Depart¬ OUR FOREIGN AGENTS: PITT & SCOTT, LTD. ment of State exhibit occupies the premier position LONDON LIVERPOOL GLASGOW HAVRE PARIS with an area of 2,000 square feet, partitioned into three rooms—the Main Exhibit Area, the Foreign Service Room and the Texas Room. MAIN EXHIBIT AREA Revolving Globe Mounted on a specially designed base, the re¬ RANSFER volving globe gives to the visitor as he enters the main exhibit area an immediate picture of the widespread organization of the Department of STORAGE COMPANY State. The globe is six feet in diameter and re¬ volves at a speed of one revolution per minute. Small lights, constantly flashing, are installed at 920 E Street Northwest each city throughout the world where the United WASHINGTON, D. C. States Government maintains a diplomatic mission. A slightly larger light indicates the home office at JOHN L. NEWBOLD, PRESIDENT Washington. The octagonal base of the globe con¬ Cable Address “Removals” tains recessed compartments lighted indirectly and the various publications of the Department are shown therein. 311 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Foreign Service Buildings Through the medium of an automatic projection machine twenty-five colored slides show selected pictures of embassy, legation and consular build¬ ings. Each picture was reproduced from an actual photograph and colored as nearly as possible to the actual surroundings.

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LISTS V FOREIGN BUYERS.

ONE OF THE EXHIBITS AT DALLAS AND CLEVELAND

Trade Agreements Program In a recessed case built to fit the wall curvature of the main exhibit area is a unit designed to show the necessity for trade agreements. This is accom¬ plished by the use of a map four feet by six feet with small chromium-finished strips outlining the boundaries of the countries maintaining a restric¬ tive tariff wall. Piled up behind these walls are miniature replicas of the chief exports of each country. In the same case is a lettered panel which in brief, sharp statements captions the dis¬ play. Next to this case is a diorama portraying the effects of restrictive tariffs on foreign trade. The diorama presents an industrial scene with a warehouse and loading dock in the foreground, railway and highway in the center and an urban scene in the background. Representing the pros¬ perous era the diorama is completely lighted, there 312 is activity on the dock and the trains and trucks are moving constantly. Presently the scene dark¬ ens and through the medium of an elevating plat¬ form the dock with its cargo awaiting loading dis¬ appears and a group of men appears standing idly before the warehouse on the door of which is a sign reading “No Help Wanted.” All activity ceases and the scene becomes gloomy and depress¬ ing. This diorama is designed to stress the depen¬ dence of American industry and labor upon for¬ raio iuw »ea . . . eign trade for their livelihood. orchestras, talking pictures . . . wide choice of Seal of the United States fascinating ports. 19 DAYS $190 ... to JAMAICA. B. W. I.. PANAMA The Seal of the United States is shown by plas¬ CANAL and 3 ports in COLOMBIA. SOUTH AMERICA. ter models of both the obverse and reverse sides 2 visits at Kingston; a day and night in the Canal Zone, opportunity to see Canal and Panama City; historic Carta¬ which were cast especially for the Texas Centen¬ gena; Puerto Colombia (time to visit Barranquilla); Santa Marta. Every Saturday. nial Exposition. The obverse, which is the Seal 17 DAYS . . . $190 to Havana, Jamaica, B.W.I.. Panama affixed to official documents bearing the President’s Canal and Costa Rica. Time to visit Panama and Costa Rica’s mountain capital. Every Thursday. signature, is reproduced four feet in diameter and Sailings from New York. No passports necessary. mounted on a solid walnut frame. It is an accurate Superior accommodations only slightly higher. reproduction in color and design. The reverse of Also weekly Guest Cruises from New Orleans. the Seal is placed on a specially designed base di¬ Apply any Authorized Travel Agent or UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Pier 3, N.R.. New York City rectly beneath the obverse. It is ten inches in diam¬ eter and painted in its actual colors. Flanking the Seal on the right and left are the colors of the United States and the official flag of the Secretary of State. American Consulate, Port Said, Egypt The diorama showing the American Consulate at Port Said, Egypt, presents a true picture of this colorful post of the Foreign Service. From an ac¬ tual photograph taken from the far bank of the oA SUPERIOR EDUCATION Suez Canal the diorama was built in true propor¬ Calvert Courses FOR CHILDREN tions with the consular building as the central fig¬ More than 50.000 children have acquired a superior elementary ure. There is shown the canal in the foreground education ... in their own homes ... in this interesting and simple way. with the stern of an ocean-going liner to the left Recommended by State Department, Army and Navy Officials and and the bow of another liner to the right; the Con¬ Educators. Daily lessons, selected books, stationery, special materials and sulate and adjacent buildings, together with the personal guidance ... by mail . . . from our prominent and suc¬ cessful private day school in Baltimore. signal tower and floodlight tower, form the central Write today for illustrated catalog. part of the diorama and typical Egyptian land¬ MRS. 6. S. RHOADS, Director of Home Instruction scape is the background. A dimmer is used to create a night and day effect and during the day CALVERT SCHOOL1 MM"1 ^ cycle a small consular launch is shown emerging from the left foreground and then traveling to the right and disappearing behind a passenger ship. Phis action is representative of one of the duties Preparing exclusively for the of the officers at this post in connection with issu¬ F O REI C N SERVICE ing bills of health to ships bound for American ports. During the night scene the buildings are E X A M l_N ATj_0_N S lighted, as well as the ships, and the signal tower and floodlight tower operate in a realistic manner. Passport Exhibit The Diplomatic and Consular Institute Calling attention to the work of the Department 712 JACKSON PLACE, N. vV. in connection with the issuance of passports is a diorama portraying a midnight sailing from a WASHINGTON, D. C. modern American port and a display of the pres¬ CAMPBELL TURNER, Director ent passport. The scene represents a pier with a

313 liner moored to it and passengers moving up the eign Service Room showing in one an enlarged gangplank going aboard. To the left a tug is an¬ picture of the Secretary of State and in the other a chored, apparently waiting to start moving the statement of the work of the Department in connec¬ large ship. In the background crossing the river tion with the restriction of the admission of aliens are shown two lighted ferries moving in opposite into the United States. Placed on the walls of the directions. A typical urban scene is used as the Foreign Service Room are shields of the different far background. In a recessed display case beside classes of American Foreign Service offices. At the diorama are shown various passports and pass¬ the entrance to the Foreign Service Room are in¬ port statistics. An enlarged modern passport is stalled two cut-out letter panels, one showing the shown to attract attention, beneath which is the plan of organization of the Department of State, original passport used by Vice President and Mrs. the other outlining the functions of the Department. Garner on their visit to Japan and the Philippine TEXAS ROOM Islands. International Boundary Commission Miscellaneous Displays The work being accomplished by the Interna¬ In three recessed wall display cases are shown tional Boundary Commission along the Rio Grande the testimonials presented by the President to the is interestingly presented in three dioramas. One crews of foreign vessels for the rescue of ship¬ diorama is devoted to the Santa Helena Canyon, wrecked American seamen. The testimonials in¬ a very deep and picturesque canyon along the clude a gold watch, chain and charm, the case of American-Mexican boundary. A second diorama the watch being engraved with the coat of arms illustrates the flood control project along the Rio of the United States; a pair of binoculars and a Grande and by the use of special illumination gold medal. Also are shown two cutout letter shows how under present conditions the river over¬ panels, one indicating the work of the Department flows its banks and causes destruction to crops and of State in connection with international confer¬ homes. A skillful change of scene portrays the ences and the other calling attention to the cost of method of flood control. The third diorama depicts operating the Department of State. the boundary rectification work in the vicinity of FOREIGN SERVICE ROOM El Paso and by means of a clever lighting device Electric Map indicates how the rectified channel definitely estab¬ A large map of the world ten feet high by eight¬ lishes the boundary line and corrects the former een feet long is used to indicate the locations of meandering course of the river. American Foreign Service offices throughout the Reproductions oj Historic Documents world. The map is built in three sections, namely, In recessed wall cases are shown reproductions the western and eastern hemispheres and an en¬ of historic documents relating to the history of larged reproduction of Europe. Small switch¬ Texas. Included are the Treaty of Guadalupe Hi¬ board-type lights are installed at each city where dalgo and Disturnell Map, the Treaty of 1819 be¬ the Department maintains a Foreign Service office. tween the United Stales and Spain, commonly re¬ Four circuits are used to show four classifications ferred to as the Florida Purchase, Joint Resolution of offices, that is, embassies and legations on one of Congress admitting the State of Texas into the circuit, consulates general on the second, consu¬ Union, letters and commissions of agents of Texas, lates and vice consulates on the third, and consu¬ and letters signed by President Andrew Jackson lar agencies on the fourth. Four switches control¬ and Santa Anna. ling the four circuits are placed on a pedestal in front of the map for operation by the visitor. Projecting from the tops of the partitions in all Electric Chart three exhibit rooms and hanging in a vertical posi¬ Under the caption “What Your Foreign Service tion are the flags of the nations with which the Does” is installed a three-panel electric chart, each United States maintains diplomatic relations. These panel six feet by six feet. This chart illustrates flags are silk, twenty-four inches by thirty-six how information gathered in the Foreign Service inches, and follow the official designs with scrupu¬ offices is concentrated in the Department of State lous accuracy. and distributed to the other Departments of the Foreign Service officers will be interested to Government and to the American citizen in general. know that in its endeavor to provide all visitors to Adjacent to the chart is a large colored cutout let¬ the Department’s exhibit with as complete informa¬ ter panel stating the number and kind of services tion as possible regarding its activities, particular¬ performed by Foreign Service officers for Ameri¬ ly in foreign countries, the Department included can exporters during the past year. among the details of personnel to Dallas a num¬ Miscellaneous ber of Foreign Service officers, as well as officers Two recessed wall cases are installed in the For¬ of the Department who formerly held commissions 314 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

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SHANGHAI’S LEADING HOTELS Hotel de France et Choiseul CATHAY HOTEL THE METROPOLE 239-241 RUE ST. HONORE, PARIS 250 Rooms and Suites 200 Rooms Near Place Vendome-Opera-Champs Elysees Amer. & European Plan American Plan Only Every Comfort Large Interior Garden Cable Add.: Cathotel Cable Add.: Methotel Special Rates to Foreign Service Officers Tel. address: Francheul, Paris. Demellette, Prop.

CUBA • HUNGARY

FRANCE ITALY

315 JHE AMERICAN pOREICN gERVICE JOURNAL in the Foreign Service. The high caliber of the of the animated units previously mentioned. individuals selected was the subject of much favor¬ MISCELLANEOUS able comment from visitors to the area as well as A large photograph of the Secretary of State from other exhibiting Departments. flanked by the National Colors occupies a promi¬ CLEVELAND nent and appropriate place near the main entrance The United States Government exhibit is in¬ to the exhibit area. stalled in the Hall of Progress at the Great Lakes Under glass on a large and specially constructed Exposition and the presentation of the Department base is shown a map of the St. Lawrence waterway of State holds first position with an undivided area project. This map was prepared by the United of 1,200 square feet. The exhibit itself is com¬ States engineers especially for the exhibit. prised of three main divisions—(1) Foreign Serv¬ The publications of the Department of State and ice of the United States, (2) Trade Agreements examples of passports are presented in a large Program, and (3) International Boundary Com¬ lighted case. mission, United States, Alaska and Canada. Lending color to the exhibit are the silk flags of FOREIGN SERVICE the nations with which the United States maintains In the center of the exhibit area is installed a diplomatic relations. These flags are twenty-four specially designed unit showing by means of a inches by thirty-six inches in size and are mounted large painted world map the locations of field of¬ over the exhibit panels completely surrounding the fices abroad, and by charts, the services performed area. by Foreign Service officers. At either end of the unit are shown attractively executed panels graphi¬ LETTER cally calling attention to the cost of operating the (Continued from page 288) Department of State and the Foreign Service and should be away at a time like this. Our people the services of Foreign Service offices at the dis¬ are frightened; some of them have been refused posal of American exporters. The entire ensemble Christian burial. It’s my job to stay here and is attractively illuminated. look after them.” Animation will be added to the exhibit this year “ ‘He did stay, frequently reading the funeral by the installation of a projector showing colored service over our countrymen who succumbed to the pictures of Foreign Service buildings, and the pestilence. “Have you no fear?” my mother asked. diorama presenting a replica of the American con¬ “None as great as the fear of not doing what I be¬ sular building at Yokohama which was shown at lieve to be right,” my father said. He contracted San Diego in 1935-36. This diorama was pro¬ the fever that day.’ ” nounced by critics to be the finest shown at the California Pacific International Exposition and The Department’s records indicate that Alexan¬ proved to be a magnetic attraction. der L. Pollock was appointed Consul to San Sal¬ TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM vador on September 28, 1893, and served in that This activity is illustrated by fifteen murals, capacity from December 26, 1893 until his death, twenty-four inches wide by thirty-six inches high, which occurred on September 17, 1894. done in air-brush technique, depicting the benefit to employment accomplished by foreign trade. Be¬ HOW IT’S DONE IN PARAGUAY neath each mural are shown the export figures for Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay, is one thou¬ 1936 of the industry represented. sand miles up the Paraguay River from Buenos INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION, UNITED Aires. It is reached in four days by river boat STATES, ALASKA AND CANADA from the latter city, or in about two and a half The extent of the Commission’s work is shown days by train. by an attractively arranged series of panels upon Paraguay is an agricultural country which still which are imposed representative maps prepared retains much of the atmosphere and customs of by the American Section of the Commission, cov¬ Spanish colonial days. The people are natural, ering the principal area of activity, the Lake-of-the- friendly, honest and clean. Woods region. The dorado, a large edible fish which weighs up In addition, there are two boundary markers in to fifteen or twenty pounds, and the savage piranha the exhibit, one, the stone monument marker used abound in the Paraguay River near Asuncion. The for highways, the other, the bronze tablet marker piranhas seldom attack uidess there is blood in placed on international bridges. the water, but when they do they come in hun¬ There will be some curtailment of this part of dreds and will strip the body of animal or man to the exhibit this year to allowr for the installation a skeleton in a very few minutes. 316 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY ■p' OREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. Mr. Wallace Benjamin of our organization will be pleased to escort you through the development and explain the facilities of our Bonded Warehouse and Special Exhibition Act, which offer exceptional opportunities for foreign manufacturers contemplating the United States market. Dept. E; 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. Home—to America

Why is it that so many members of the clubs, theatres, within easy strolling distance. American Foreign Service choose The Wal¬ Or perhaps it is simply that The Waldorf, dorf-Astoria for their New York home? one of the truly great hotels of the world ... Perhaps it is Waldorf rooms . . . serene, cosmopolitan, urbane ... is still able to be¬ comfortable, faultlessly appointed. stow hospitality in the American way . . . Or Waldorf restaurants ... with their gay the home way. music and spirited entertainment . . . with Whatever the reason, The Waldorf is menus which include so manyfavo rite dishes. proud to extend special courtesies and a Or Waldorf convenience . . . with the Diplomatic Discount of 25% to members of smart world of New York, the shops, the American Foreign Service.

Services of the Information Bureau and Special Interpreters from our Foreign Department are available to all guests. THE WALDORF-ASTORIA

Park Avenue • 49th to 50th • New York