GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT ANANDD LABOR:LABOR: THTHEE COACOALL INDUSTRY,INDUSTRY,

1946-19471946-1947

byby

JohnJohn ErviErvinn BrinleyBrinley,, JJror

A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted ttoo ththee facultfacultyy ooff ththee UniversityUniversity ofof UtaUtahh inin partiapartiall fulfillmentfulfillment ofof ththee requirementsrequirements forfor thethe degreedegree ofof

MasterMaster ofof ArtsArts

DepartmentDepartment ofof HistoryHistory

UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah AugusAugustt 19671967 .

This Thesis for the

Master of Arts Degree

by

John Ervin Brinley, Jr.

has been approved July 28, 1967

chairman, Supervtsory Committee

Reader, S ervisory Commi ee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisThis writewriterr wishewishess ttoo expressexpress acknowledgementacknowledgement forfor andand appreciatioappreciationn ofof ththee untirinuntiringg assistanceassistance giv.engiven toto ththee writewriterr bbyy Dr ».. WilliamWilliam D.D» Aeschbacher,Aeschbacher, CommitteeCommittee Chairman.Chairman. DeeplDeeplyy appreciated,appreciated, also,also, waswas thethe helphelp givengiven bbyy thethe otherother membersmembers ofof ththee committee--Dr.committee--Dr. BrighamBrigham DD.. Madsen,Madsen, Dr.Dr. PhilipPhilip C... Sturges,Sturges, andand DrDr.. JameJamess WW.. King.King. SpecialSpecial appreciationappreciation isis extendedextended ttoo JustinJustin McCarthey,McCarthey, editoreditor ofof ththee UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers Journal,Journal, andand FranFrankk Stevenson,Stevenson, presidentpresident ofof DistrictDistrict 22,22, UnitedUnited MineMine WorkerWorkerss ofof AmericaAmerica,, forfor allowingallowing thethe authorauthor ttoo examineexamine andand ususee theirtheir materials.materials. A finalfinal worwordd ooff gratitudgratitudee ttoo ththee author'author'ss parentsparents whowho unselfishlunselfishlyy supportedsupported andand encouragedencouraged hishis education.education.

ThisThis workwork isis dedicateddedicated toto mymy Father,Father, ththee latelate J.E.J.E. Brinley.Brinley.

iiiiii TABLTABLEE OOFF CONTENTSCONTENTS

PagPagee

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENrrs.S oa«»«<>fto«0«»«o • • • • • • • • • • .. .. • •*i • »o«oo9oo*0*eo«• . • • .. • • • • • • • •* • iliiil

ABSTRACT* •• "•»eee«tt«a9o*«««»«tta*»9O0»a*o««ooe««* e " • " ., • II 0 0 ••••••• " ••• 0 " ••• 0 CI • CI • 0 ••• ~o v

ChapteChapterr I. IN1'llODUCTION...... 1

I o X SI* HO DUC TION.» e o o • o »•»»»•»• o o o •»•» o «« • 1 Notes on Chapter I ••••••..•••••••••• 9 Notes on Chapter I ...... 9 II. NEGOTIATION, STRIKE, AND SEIZURE •••••• 11 II, NEGOTIATION, STRIKE, AND SEIZURE...... 11 Notes on Chapter II ...... Z7 Notes on Chapter II...... 27 III. BREAK IN UMWA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS •••• 32 III. BREAK IN UMWA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS.... 32 Notes mn Chapter III •••••••••••••••• 44 Notes on Chapter III 44 IV. RELEASING OF THE MINES AND THE 19$~

IV. RELEASINCONTRACTG O0 .....F TH (tE ~ MINE0 0 ...... S AND THE (I •• CONTRACT....Notes on Chapter. »••.•••••••••••••••••• IV ...... •. 46 v. POSTSCRIPTo.oGNotes on Chapte •• It.or ••IV o ••••• ooo ••••••• o 56

V. POSTSCRIPT...... Notes on Chapter .oe«...... oo...«.»..Vo ...... o . 5^ VI. CONCLUSIONS...... Notes on Chapter V...... 6687

APPENDIXVI » CONCLUSION•. o.o ••••• So.ooeo.""oooo oo.oe.»o9oo»«.»o.««o.»«»oe ••••••• o.o •••• oo» 6718

..•o».»»»»»o»«o«oo»o. ••••••••••»••• • • BAPPENDIX I BL lOG RA. PHY <1 & ., (I 0 (I • • ., ., • • • • (10 '" 0 e • " (I (I 0 • • • eo. til • (I • (I 784^

BIBLIOGRAPHY....o....•»•••»••• »*•»••»• VI TA (I 0 lit 0 • 0 (Iocr (I " 0 '" It " e " • " eo 0 " (I () 0 e • 0 • Q ., (10 " • 0 (I (I • " •• 0 8924

VITA...... OO0..0.00.....00*''0 92

iviv ABSTRACT

The reconversion years after World War II were very important in the history of American labor. During this period of economic readjustment many strikes occured.

The last of the major industrial conflicts was in the bituminous coal industry. This strike in 1946 finally led to government seizure of the mines and government operation continued for thirteen months. As government operation continued a number of conflicts arose between the government and the United Mine Workers. These re­ volved around the problem of the rights of and the re� strictions on workers in seized industries. The United

Mine Workers tried, unsuccessfully, to maintain union rights, applicable in private enterprise, as government empl9'yeeso The result was the revival into law of the labor injunction and the later restrictions on union activities contained in the Taft-Hartley Acto

Another development of the conflict was the handl­ ing of union demands for fringe benefits. The major

United Mine Workers requests in 1946 and 1947 were for fringe benefits: mine safety regulation and funds for miners� welfare. It turned out that neither the govern­ ment nor the mine owners knew the ramifications, both

v economiceconomic andand social,social, ofof thesthesee proposals,proposalsD, InIn bothboth con­con­ tracts,tracts, inin 19461946 andand 1947,1947? ththee unionunion receivereceivedd majormajor concessionsconcessions inin thesethese areas,areas, andand hahass ledled ththee wawayy inin thethe AmericaAmericann laborlabor movemenmovementt towartowardd achievingachieving increasedincreased benefits,benefits, outsideoutside ofof wageswages andand hourshours,, forfor itsits members,members.,

vivi CHAPTERCHAPTER I:I:~': INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

TheThe yearyearss immediatelyimmediately afterafter WorlWorldd warWar IIII werewere yearsyears ofof intenseintense industrialindustrial strifestrife inin thethe UnitedUnited

States~States. TheThe countrycountry waswas attemptingattempting toto shiftshift pro­pro­ ductionduction fromfrom a war-timwa.r~timee ttoo a peace-timpeace~timee economyeconomy andand toto accomodateaccomodate ththee demandsdemands ofof consumers,consumers, management,management, andand laborlabor. .. *1

PreSidentPresident TrumaTrumann aSSignedassigned toto thethe OfficeOffice ofof

PricePrice AdministrationAdministration (OPA)(OPA) ththee tasktask ofof makingmaking recon­recon­ verSionversion asas peacefulpeaceful asas possiblepossible..* ItIt establishedestablished priceprice ceilingsceilings andand wagwagee floorsfloors toto keepkeep bothboth laborlabor andand managementmanagement inin check.check. TheseThese measuresmeasures alsoalso werewere toto keepkeep inflationinflation toto a minumumminumum.. TheThe OPAOPA triedtried valiantlyvaliantly toto dodo this,this, bubutt oppositionopposition toto itit mademade itit ververyy ineffective..ineffective* ItIt waswas opposedopposed byby laborlabor andand managementmanagement asas botbothh wantedwanted ttoo bbee freefree ofof governmentgovernment restrictionsrestrictions inin dealingdealing witwithh thethe otheroother* TheThe restric­restric­ tionstions ofof OPAOPA expiredexpired inin JulyJuly 19461946 thusthus removingremoving allall governmentgovernment controlscontrols exceptexcept onon rentrent.. ThThe.e resultingresulting riserise inin pricepricess forcedforced CongressCongress ttoo reinstatereinstate somesome controlscontrols inin latelate JulJulyy 194601946» ThesThesee controlscontrols werewere tootoo limilimite tedd ttoo slowslow inflation,inflation, and.and bbyy mid-1947mid-1947 allall attempts at wage-price controls ended,, 2 attempts at wage-price controls ended o 2 2

TheThe AmericaAmericann consumerconsumer badhad builtbuilt uupp a tremendoustremendous potentialpotential demanddemand forfor consumerconsumer goodsogoods,, RestrictionsRestrictions onon consumptionconsumption duringduring thethe warwar yearyearss habadd leftleft hihimm withwith a vastvast arrayarray ofof unfilledunfilled needsneeds andand desires.desires. TheseThese restrictionsrestrictions hahadd alsoalso builtbuilt uupp reservereservess ofof moneymoney ttoo purchasepurchase consumerconsumer goods.o DurinDuringg eacheach ofof thethe yearsyears ofof

19451945 andand 19461946 consumersconsumers controlledcontrolled aboutabout $180$180 billionbillion inin cashcash andand savingssavings toto spendspend inin thethe marketmarket forfor con­con­ sumersumer goodsgoods asas thetheyy becambecamee available.3available,,3 PricePricess werewere forcedforced upup bbyy thithiss supplysupply ofof availableavailable consumerconsumer capital.capital. DespiteDespite legallegal outletsoutlets thertheree werewere createdcreated blackblack marketsmarkets andand pricesprices inin allall marketsmarkets roserose.. ConsumerConsumer demandsdemands onon managementmanagement toto produceproduce providedprovided a temptationtemptation toto achieveachieve eveneven greatergreater profitsprofits thanthan duringduring war-time.war-time. AAtt thethe samesame timetime ththee obviousobvious prosperitprosperityy ofof businesbusinesss andand thethe dropdrop inin reareall wageswages forfor labor,labor, causedcaused bbyy ththee cutcut backback inin overtimeovertime andand ththee increaSingincreasing pricesprices,, forcedforced laborlabor toto bbee everever mormoree inSistentinsistent aboutabout increasesincreases inin wageswages andand fringefringe benefits.o ManagementManagement yeildedyeilded toto ththee consumers'demandconsumers' demand forfor goodsgoods andand ttoo thethe possibilitiespossibilities thatthat thethe situationsituation presented.presented. ItIt useusedd ththee OPAOPA restrictionrestrictionss asas thethe ex­ex­ planationplanation forfor thethe strikesstrikes thatthat occurredoccurred andand explainedexplained toto thethe publipublicc thatthat thethe worworkk stoppagesstoppages andand curtailedcurtailed productionproduction werewere causedcaused byby governmengovernmentt interferenceinterference inin naturanaturall economiceconomic developmentsdevelopments.o 44 TheThe OPOPAA priceprice 3 ceilingsceilings encouragedencouraged thethe manufacturersmanufacturers ttoo holdhold goodsgoods offoff ththee marketmarket oror ttoo reclassifreclassifyy goodsgoods intointo catagoriescatagories notnot coveredcovered bbyy OPOPAA regulation,,regulationo 55 ItIt alsoalso tooktook thethe opportunityopportunity affordedafforded bbyy thethe strikesstrikes ttoo currycurry favorfavor withwith thethe publipublicc inin itsits continuingcontinuing controversycontroversy withwith organizedorganized labor"labor. ManagementManagement feltfelt ifif thethe strikesstrikes lastedlasted longlong enoughenough toto hurhurtt thethe public,public, management'smanagement's imageimage woulwouldd bbee improvedimproved whilwhilee labor'slabor's wouldwould bebe damaged.damaged.

ManagementManagement useusedd a varietyvariety ofof methodmethodss ttoo achieveachieve thisthis end:end: ItIt refusedrefused ttoo followfollow governmentgovernment suggestionssuggestions inin reachingreaching settlements;settlements; itit carriedcarried onon a massivemassive prop­prop­ agandaaganda campaigncampaign againstagainst bothboth ththee unionsunions and.and govern­govern­ mentment controls;6controls;6 andand inin somesome casescases itit refused.refused ttoo nego-nego- titatetitate faithfullyfaithfully withwith ththee representativerepresentativess ofof theirtheir workersworkers asas requirerequiredd underunder ththee WagnerWagner Act.7Act.7 ItIt found.found thatthat thethe mosmostt effectiveeffective meansmeans ofof gaininggaining publicpublic supportsupport waswas toto waitwait outout thethe strikes*o ManagementManagement couldcould financiallyfinancially and.and polpoliticall i ticallyy affo'rdafford toto forceforce thethe strikestrike issue"issue* ItIt could.could dodo thisthis financiallyfinancially be­be­ causecause profitprofitss hahadd risenrisen fromfrom 4094*9 billiobillionn dollarsdollars inin

19391939 ttoo anan averageaverage ofof overover 9 billionbillion peperr yearyear forfor thethe yearsyears 19421942 toto 19451945 andand exceededexceeded 1212 bi(lionbillion inin 1946.1946.88 PoliticallyPolitically itit couldcould dodo thisthis becausbecausee mostmost business­business­ menmen diddid nonott carecare forfor HarryHarry SoS. TrumanTruman andand hishis controlscontrols inin thethe least"least. 4 LaborLabor likewiselikewise hahadd madmadee substantialsubstantial gainsgains duringduring

thethe warwar andand wishewishedd toto protecprotectt andand enlargeenlarge them„o ByBy thethe timtimee ththee wawarr endedended AmericaAmericann workerworkerss hadhad becombecomee a loyal,loyal, respecterespectedd partpart ofof AmericanAmerican society&society. LaborLabor shortages,shortages, legallegal protectioprotectionn forfor organizing,organizing, andand vig­vig­ orousorous organizingorganizing campaignscampaigns habadd madmadee orgaizedorgaized laborlabor anan influentialinfluential parpartt ofof AmericaAmericann life.o LaborLabor leadersleaders hadhad advancedadvanced intointo placesplaces ofof powerpower iinn governmentgovernment andand 9 inin publipublicc oPinionoopinion.9 Butgut organizedorganized laborlabor fearedfeared thatthat itit couldcould notnot standstand a concertedconcerted attackattack bbyy business&business.

TrumanTruman feltfelt thertheree waswas a conspiracyconspiracy byby thethe businessbusiness interestsinterests ttoo destroydestroy laborlabor afterafter thethe war.,IOwar.l° OrganizedOrganized laborlabor responderespondedd ttoo ththee situationsituation asas ifif therethere reallyreally waswas a conspiracyconspiracy ...

UnionUnion membershipmembership hadhad growngrown fromfrom 8,944,0008,944>000 inin

19401940 toto 14,749,000145,749*000 inin 19451945. .. 1111 ThisThis growthgrowth resultedresulted inin bothboth enlargedenlarged publicpublic importanceimportance andand enlargedenlarged strikestrike fundsfunds thatthat werweree usedused ttoo consolidateconsolidate labor'slabor's

gainsgains asas soonsoon asas thethe warwar ended.Q DuringDuring thethe warwar iitt hadhad beenbeen followingfollowing a policpolicyy ofof maximummaximum cooperationcooperation withwith governmentgovernment andand industryindustry forfor thethe sakesake ofof thethe warwar effort.effort. InIn thethe warwar emergencyemergency wageswages werewere fixedfixed butbut thethe membersmembers ofof unionunionss habadd enjoyedenjoyed highhigh incomesincomes becausebecause ofof extendedextended worworkk weeksweeks,, overtimeovertime paypay,, andand productionproduction bonuses..bonuses. AfteAfterr thethe warwar endedended itit waswas readyready andand willingwilling toto strikestrike ttoo maintaimaintainn thesthesee wartimwartimee gains(ingains(in bothboth take-hometake-home papayy andand increasedincreased membershipsmemberships)) andand ttoo 5 achieveachieve furtherfurther advantagesadvantages. ,0 WorkerWorkerss ttoo protecprotectt thesethese gainsgains struckstruck inin nearlynearly allall partpartss ofof thethe AmericanAmerican economy.economy. TheThe workwork stoppagesstoppages bbyy unionsunions inin thethe CongressCongress ofof Ind.ustrialIndustrial OrganizationsOrganizations (CIO)(CIO) werewere longlong andand nearlynearly stoppedstopped ththee entireentire economy.economy. DuringDuring ththee wintewinterr ooff

1945-19461945-1946 50,00050,000 communicationscommunications workersworkers,, 700,000700,000 steelsteel workersworkers~, 250,00250,0000 packinghousepackinghouse workers,workers, 200,000200,000 electricalelectrical workers,workers, andand overover 300,000300,000 autoauto workersworkers werewere onon strikeostrike.1212 fiAltogether,^Altogether, 4242 largelarge strikes,strikes, eacheach involvinginvolving 10,00010,000 oror mormoree workersworkers,, occurredoccurred betweenbetween

VJ-dayVJ-day andand JulJulyy 1946."11946~ "133 OnOn JanuaryJanuary 21,21, 1946,1946, therethere werewere 1,657,0001,657,000 workersworkers onon strike. 1144

TheThe settlementsettlement ofof mostmost ofof thesethese strikesstrikes resultedresulted inin increasedincreased inflation..inflation. TheThe patterpatternn forfor thesthesee settle­settle­ mentsments wawass firstfirst suggestedsuggested byby governmentgovernment fact.r.findingfact-finding boardsboards decisionsdecisions concerningconcerning ththee autoauto andand steelsteel strikes. 1515 TheyThey calledcalled forfor wagewage hikeshikes ofof aboutabout l8-l8i| centscents peperr hourhour andand pricpricee increasesincreases ttoo keekeepp profitsprofits at,at, whawhatt ththee governmengover~entt c.onsidered"considered, a reasonablereasonable level.levelo161^ InIn ththee steelsteel industryindustry thithiss priceprice increaseincrease amountedamounted ttoo fivefive dollarsdollars a ton.ton. TheThe settlementsettlement bbyy wagewage increasesincreases andand compensatingcompensating pricpricee increasesincreases becamebecame a formulaformula forfor settlementssettlements inin thethe automobile,automobile, electric­electric­ al,al, petroleupetroleumm andand mosmostt otherother industriesindustries. .. 17*7

ByBy latelate FebruaryFebruary peacpeacee wawass comingcoming ttoo ththee AmericaAmerica economy..economy. OnlyOnly inin ththee bituminousbituminous coalcoal industryindustry werewere 6 extensiveextensive problemproblemss arisingarising,,o ThThee probableprobable seriousserious disruptiondisruption ofof a coalcoal strikestrike onon AprilApril 1,1, whenwhen thethe

NationalNational BituminousBituminous CoalCoal WageWage AgreemenAgreementt ofof 19451945 wouldwould expire,expire, waswas thethe lastlast majomajorr basibasicc industryindustry laborlabor dis-dis­ putepute ofof reconversionreconversion.o

TheThe coalcoal industryindustry waswas thethe mosmostt unionizedunionized AmericanAmerican industryindustry andand ththee UniteUnitedd MinMinee WorkerWorkerss ofof AmericaAmerica (UMWA)(UMWA) waswas oneone ofof thethe nation'snation8s strongeststrongest laborlabor unionsounions. TheThe UMWA~UMWA, underunder thethe autocraticautocratic controlcontrol ofof JohnJohn L.L. Lewis,18Lewis,^ hadhad jusjustt rejoinerejoinedd ththee AmericanAmerican FederationFederation ofof LaborLabor (AFL)(AFL) onon JanuaryJanuary 25,25, 1946,194&, inin anan attemptattempt toto unifunifyy thethe Amer­Amer­ icanican laborlabor movement. *199 TheThe UMWUMWAA hadhad beebeenn expelledexpelled fromfrom thethe AFAFLL whewhenn itit differeddiffered witwithh thethe AFLAFL leadershipleadership overover industrialindustrial unionisunionismm thatthat resulteresultedd inin ththee organ­organ­ izationization ofof thethe CIOCIO tenten yearsyears earlier.earlier. JohnJohn L.L. LewisLewis reSignedresigned thethe presidencypresidency ofof ththee CIOCIO inin 19401940 andand hadhad takentaken thethe UMWUMWAA outout ofof ththee CICIOO inin 1942.1942. DurinDuringg thethe warwar andand immediatelimmediatelyy thereafterthereafter ththee CIOCIO waswas veryvery agressiveagressive iinn workinworkingg forfor itsits membersomembers. ItIt wawass becausebecause ofof thithiss militancymilitancy,, withwith whicwhichh LewiLewiss diddid notnot wishwish toto bebe associated,associated, andand becausbecausee thethe CIOCIO hadhad a numbernumber ofof CommunistsCommunists inin itsits nationanationall organizationorganization thatthat thethe politicallypolitically conservativeconservative LewiLewiss reafilliatereafilliatedd withwith thethe AFL,AFL, againagain joininjoiningg a craftcraft organizedorganized groupgroup ratherrather thanthan thethe industriallyindustrially organizedorganized groupgroup hhee hadhad helpedhelped establish..establish. ThThee UMWAUMWA hadhad beebeenn anan independentindependent unionunion 7

fromfrom 19421942 ttoo 1946~201946.20 JohnJohn LoL. LewisLewis wawass namednamed thirteenththirteenth vice-presidentvice-president ofof thethe AFLAFL anandd waswas appoint­appoint­ eded ttoo ththee executiveexecutive councilcouncil ofof ththee AFAFLL upouponn hihiss re­re­ turnturn toto thethe HousHousee ofof Labor,Labor, asas ththee AFAFLL hahass beenbeen

known.e

OnOn MarchMarch 2,2, 1946,1946, the UMWUMWAA notifienotifiedd thethe bituminousbituminous coalcoal operatorsoperators thatthat thethe unionunion waswas requestingrequesting a meetingmeeting

onon MarchMarch 1212 toto writewrite a neneww contract.contract. TheThe contractcontract

betweebetweenn thethe UMWUMWAA andand thethe operatorsoperators underunder whichwhich thethe minesmines operatedoperated wouldwould expirexpiree onon AprilApril 1,1, aass iitt diddid

everyevery yearyear... AAss requiredrequired bbyy ththee WaWarr LaborLabor DisputesDisputes

ActAct ofof 1943(Smith-Connally1943(Smith-Connally ActAct)) ththee governmentgovernment waswas

alsoalso notifiednotified bbyy thethe UMWUMWAA thathatt a laborlabor disputedispute existedexisted

andand thathatt a strikestrike wawass probableprobable afterafter ApriAprill I1 ifif nono contract could be signed by this date. 2191 The UMWA contract could be signed by this date. 1 The UMWA Policy Committee, meeting March 11 in washington, D.C., Policy Committee, meeting March 11 in Washington, D.C., formulated the strategy to be used and demands that formulated the strategy to be used and demands that would be presented to the operators,,22 would be presented to the operators.22 Union strategy was a throwback to the famous Union strategy was a throwback to the famous lt "Jacksonville Agreement of 1926 0 This was to present "Jacksonville Agreement" of 1926. This was to present very general demands thus placing the burden of begin­ very general demands thus placing the burden of begin­ ning the negotiations upon the operatorso The union ning the negotiations upon the operators. The union demands were general and non-specific.. The coal demands were general and non-specific. The coal miners, because they were the highest paid'industrial miners, because they were the highest paid industrial workers and therefore had little to fear in the area workers and therefore had little to fear in the area of wage reductions per se, placed their primary of wage reductions per se, placed their primary 8 emphasisemphasis o.non fringefringe benefitsbenefits andand unio.nunion securityosecurity. TheThe mainmain uniounio.nn demanddemand wawass fo.rfor a healthhealth andand welfarewelfare fundfund thatthat wo.uldwould bebe o.peratedoperated bbyy thethe unionunio.n. ... TheyThey also.also askedasked fo.rfor unionizatiounio.nizatio.nn o.fof superviso.ry,supervisory, technicaltechnical andand clericalclerical emplo.yees;employees; increasedincreased wageswages;; reducedreduced dailydaily andand weeklyweekly wo.rkingworking ho.urs;hours; andand a stro.ngerstronger safetysafety code.code. TheyThey diddid notno.t,, howeverho.wever,, setset anyany specificspecific amo.untsamounts o.non anyany o.fof thesethese areas~areas. TheseThese were,were, thethe unio.nunion insistedinsisted~, no.tnot demandsdemands bubutt o.nlyonly Unego.tiable"negotiable suggestionsosuggestions. li23!,23 NOTESNOTES ONON CHAPTERCHAPTER II

lHarry1Harry SoSo Truman~Truman, TheThe EconomicEconomic ReportsReports ofof thethe PresidenPresidentt asas TransmittedTransmitted toto ConCongress ress:: January 1194^ 8 , JanuaryJanuary 1947,1947, J**lJulyy 1947(Ne Neww YorkYork:: ReynaReynall & Hitchcock,Hitchcock, 1948),194b), parpartt II;II; CabelCabelll PhillipsPhi11ips~, TheThe TrumanTruman Presi­Presi­ dency(Newdency (New York:York: thethe MacmillaMacmillann Company,Company, 1966),1966), pp.pp. 101-128;101-128; andand JoeJoell Seidman,Seidman, AmericaAmericann LaborLabor fromfrom DefenseDefense ttoo Reconversion(Chicago:Reconversion(Chicago: UniversitUniversityy ofof ChicagoChicago Press,Press, 1953),1953), pp.PP* 213-282.213-282.

2See2See appendix,appendix, chartchart 10I.

^Truman3Truman~, Opo0po cit.cit.~9 parpartt II,IIP pp.. 58;58; andand chartchart IIII,, appendixaappendix.

4%eNeww YorYorkk Times,Times, FebruaryFebruary 18,18, 1946,1946, p~p. 13;13; a pleaplea forfor retentionretention ofof ththee OPAOPA isis foundfound inin ColstonColston EaE. WarneWarne,, ItShould"Should PricePrice ControlControl bbee Retained,1IRetained," CurrentCurrent History,History, X(JuneX(June 19461946)~h PPpp.° 496-502.496-502. 5The^The NationaNationall AssociationAssociation ofof Manufacturers(NAM)Manufacturers(NAM) admittedadmitted thathatt manufacturersmanufacturers werweree restrictinrestrictingg produc­produc­ tiontion ttoo trtryy ttoo destroydestroy ththee OPOPAA inin anan advertisementadvertisement inin NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, FebruaryFebruary 18,18, 1946,1946* pp.. 13.13. 6^SeSeee fullfull pagpagee adsads inin ibid.ibid, bbyy ththee NAMNAM;; andand NewsweekNewsweek,, XXVIIXXVII(Marc (Marchh 4,4, 1946),1946), p.p. 18,18, bbyy thethe Bi­Bi­ tuminoutuminouss CoalCoal Institute.o 7See?See ththee NeNeww YorkYork tugboatugboatt strikestrike asas reportedreported inin

NewNew YorYorkk Times,9 FebruaryFebruary 12,I2d 1946,1946, pp.. 1;1; andand inin thethe

GeneralGeneral MotorsMotors strike,strike, ibid. 9 JanuarJanuaryy 13,13, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1. o 8Truman, Opo cito 9 part II, po 64.

°Truman, 0po cit09 part II, p0 64<> 9Seidman. Opo cito, po 195.

^Seidmans, 0po cit0, p0 195° lOR.10R„ AltonAlton Lee,Lee, TrumanTruman andand Taft-Hartley(Lexington:Taft-Hartley(Lexington: UniversityUniversity ofof KentuckyKentucky Press^9 1966),1966), ppo. 1515.»

llDepartment^Department ofof Labor,9 BureaBureauu ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics BulletiBulletinn NoNo.. 1000IOOO~, BrieBrieff HistoryHistory ofof ththee AmericanAmerican

LaborLabor Movement,j 196491964? Pp.« 55.55°

12 12phi1lips,Phillips, Cpo0pa cito,cito, P.p. 113;113; NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, JanuaryJanuary 13,13, 1946,1946, pop. 29;29; andand tabletabless I andand IIII,, appendix.appendix. 1010

13Bureau^Bureau ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics BulletinBulletin No.No. 1000,1000, OpeOp. cit.,cito, pop. 35.35.

14^NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, JanuaryJanuary 21,21, 1946,1946, pop. 101.

15Ibid*5ibid. 09, JanuaryJanuary 11,11, 1946,1946, pp.pp. 14-15.14-15.

16Ibido,^Ibido, JanuaryJanuary 26,26, 1946,1946, pop, 1;1; JanuaryJanuary 27,27, 1946,1946, p.p. 1;1; FebruaryFebruary 11~11 , 1946,1946, poP» 1;1; andand FebruaryFebruary 16,16, 1946,1946, po 10

17Truman,^Truman, OpoOp. citcit. .. ,, partpart II,II, pop. 59.59„

18loSeseee J ... B. .. SoS. Hardman,Hardman, "John"John LoL. LewiS,Lewis, LaborLabor LeaderLeader andand Man:Man: AnAn Interpretation,"'Interpretation," LaborLabor History,History, VIVI

(Fall(Fall 1965),1965)9 ppPPo .. 214-231;2t4-231; andand Wi11.Chasen,Will.Chasen, "Lewis:"Lewis: RobberRobber BaronBaron ofof Labor,1!Labor," TheThe AmericanAmerican Mercury,Mercury, LXIVLXIV (May(May 1947),1947), pp.PP. 526-5339526-533, forfor LewisLewis asas anan autocraticautocratic leaderoleader. AlbertAlbert Rees,Rees, TheThe EconomicsEconomics ofof TradeTrade UnionsUnions (Chicago:(Chicago: UniversityUniversity ofof ChicagoChicago Press,Press, 1962),1962), p.p. 180,150, sayssays thisthis autocraticautocratic controlcontrol waswas unnecessaryunnecessary becausebecause hehe hadhad "'overwhe1ming"overwhelming support"support" ofof thethe miners ...

19New*9flew YorkYork Times,Times, JanuarJanua~yy 26,26, 1946,1946, p.p. 1;1; andand NewsweekNewsweek,, XXVII(FebruaryXXVII(February 4,4, 1946),1946), pop. 59 .•. TheseThese itemitemss seesee Lewis'Lewis1 reafi1liationreafilliation asas a movemove forfor thethe AFLAFL presidency.presidency. 20 20UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers Journal,Journal, LVII(FebruaryLVII(February 1515,, 1946),1946), pp.. 330. HereafteHe.reafterr citedcited asas UMWJUMWJ.o 21ThThee COllierfColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXII(MarchCLXXII(March 8,8, 1946),1946), pop» 320;320; UMWJUMWJ,, LVIILVI I (MarcMarchh 15,15, 1946),1946), pop. 13,13, containscontains ththee noticnotice-requirede required undeund.err thethe WaWarr LaborLabor DisputesDisputes ActAct anandd ththee calcalll foforr ththee PolicPolicyy CommitteCommitteee Meeting.Meeting.

2222AmericanAmerican FederationistFederationist,, LIII(MarcLIII(Marchh 1946),1946), poPo it..iia

23UMWJUMWJ,» LVlKMareLVII(Marchh 15,15, 1946),1946), ppo» 5.5* CHAPTERCHAPTER III I:: NEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATION,.* STRIKE,STRIKE, ANANDD SEIZURESEIZURE

ContractContract negotiationnegotiationss begabegann onon MarchMarch 1212 atat thethe ShorehamShoreham HotelHotel inin WashingtonWashington,, D.C.D,C. JohnJohn L.L. Lewis,Lewis, JohnJohn O'Leary,O'Leary, uniounionn vice-presidentvice-president,, andand ThomasThomas Kennedy,Kennedy, UMWUMWAA secretary-treasurer,secretary-treasurer, participateparticipatedd inin

thethe negotiationnegotiationss forfor ththee minersminerso. TheThe operatorsoperators werewere

representedrepresented bbyy CharlesCharles OONeil1,OflNeill, operators'operators1 negotia­negotia­

tiontion committeecommittee chairmanchairman andand representative.ofrepresentative.of thethe

NorthernNorthern operators;operators; HarryHarry MMo. Moses,Moses, representingrepresenting

U.U. S.So SteelSteel andand ththee captivecaptive minminee operators;operators; andand EdwardEdward RR.. BurkeBurke,, ex-Senatorex-Senator fromfrom NebraskNebraskaa andand thethe negotiatingnegotiating agentagent forfor andand presidenpresidentt ofof ththee SouthernSouthern operatorsoperators association.association.*1 TheThe firstfirst weeweekk wawass devoteddevoted ttoo uniounionn presenta­presenta­

tiontion ofof itsits demands.demands0 LewiLewiss openedopened ththee meetingsmeetings withwith a condemnationcondemnation ofof ththee operatorsoperators inin thethe areaarea ofof miners'miners1 protectioprotectionn andand welfarewelfare.. InIn supportsupport ofof hishis argumentargument LewisLewis hahadd thethe thirty-onthirty-onee districtdistrict presidentspresidents ofof thethe uniounionn presenpresentt testimontestimonyy ooff conditionsconditions inin eacheach district.district. ThThee unionunion mademade onlyonly twotwo specificspecific demands:demands: first,first, itit saidsaid thatthat therethere musmustt bbee abatementabatement ofof thethe slaughterslaughter ofof minerminerss and,and, second,second, itit demandeddemanded cessa­cessa­ tiontion ofof ththee accompanyingaccompanying extortionextortion ofof thethe minersminers bbyy thethe companycompany doctordoctor system. 22 ThiThiss tactitacticc ofof talkingtalking 12 onlyonly ofof protectioprotectionn forfor thethe minersminers completelycompletely caughtcaught thethe operatorsoperators off-guardoff-guard. ..

TheThe operators,operators, inin presspress releases,releases, chargedcharged LewisLewis withwith filibusteringfilibustering andand stalling ... 3 TheyThey demandeddemanded thatthat LewisLewis discussdiscuss a wagwagee agreementagreement thatthat wouldwould assureassure thethe nationnation ofof itsits fuelfuel supply,supply, andand refusedrefused ttoo discussdiscuss welfare,welfare, whicwhichh theythey consideredconsidered outSideoutside theitheirr jurisjuris­­ dictiondiction ttoo negotiate .. d4 LewisLewis refusedrefused ttoo talktalk ooff wageswages andand simplysimply askedasked thethe operatorsoperators toto offeroffer somethingsomething specificspecific onon thethe neeneedd forfor healthealthh improvements..improvements. LewisLewis restatedrestated thathatt thethe primaryprimary demandsdemands ofof ththee minerminerss werewere forfor improvedimproved workinworkingg conditionsconditions andand a welfarwelfaree fundfund andand thatthat :these_.mustthese^must comecome beforbeforee hhee wawass willinwillingg ttoo discussdiscuss wages..wages. "InItt isis mymy opinion,fIopinion," LewisLewis toldtold thethe . . operators,operators, Uthat"that thethe minerminerss don'tdon't wantwant toto workwork forfor youyou gentlemengentlemen anyany mormoree unlessunless yoyouu remedyremedy ththee conditions"conditions.tl"55

AfterAfter ththee weeweekk ofof uniounionn oratoryoratory thethe conferenceconference settledsettled dowdownn toto heahearr similarsimilar oratoryoratory fromfrom thethe oper-oper­ ators..ators. TheThe operatorsoperators inin a lengthylengthy presentatiopresentationn offer-offer­ eded theirtheir counter-demands..counter-demands. TheseThese conSistedconsisted ofof a strong-strong­ erer guaranteeguarantee fromfrom thethe unionunion againstagainst wildcawildcatt strikes,strikes, newnew restrictiverestrictive qualificationsqualifications forfor vacationvacation paypay,, andand lossloss ofof thethe paipaidd lunchlunch preiodpreiodo. ConcessionsConcessions toto thethe minersminers includedincluded a wagwagee increaseincrease ofof l8t18% centscents peperr hour,hour, voluntaryvoluntary compliancecompliance witwithh statestate workmen 8ss compensationcompensation andand mimin nee safetysafety laws,laws, andand a 4040 hourhour week.week .. ^6 TheyThey wouldwould 13 notnot discussdiscuss ththee welfarewelfare fundfund proposaproposall oror thethe otherother majormajor uniounionn demand,1 thethe unionizatiounionizationn ofof foremen,foremen, since,since, asas thetheyy sawsaw it,it, ththee meetinmeetingg wawass ttoo negotiatenegotiate a wagewage contractcontract.o ?7

LewisLewis refuserefusedd ttoo considerconsider oror responrespondd toto thethe operators 8i proposalproposalss onon wagewagess andand hourshours untiuntill thethe

operatorsoperators agreedagreed toto thethe ideaidea ofof a welfarewelfare fund.o InIn a publicpublic statementstatement hehe proposedproposed a GallupGallup pollpoll toto dis­dis­ covercover ifif ththee AmericaAmericann publipublicc condonedcondoned thethe killingkilling inin Q the mineso8 On March 20 9 after a session further the mines.0 On March 20, after a session further outlining their proposals, the operators' represent­ outlining their proposals, the operators1 represent­ atives publicly stated that a strike was inevitable atives publicly stated that a strike was inevitable and by saying this they condemned the negotiations and by saying this they condemned the negotiations to failure o 9 to failure.9 When no agreement was reached on March 26, Lewis When no agreement was reached on March 26, Lewis sent a notice to the local unions stating: "No agree­ sent a notice to the local unions stating: "No agree­ ment will be in existence after the above date LApril 1, ment will be in existence after the above date /April 1 I 94§7, until present negotiations are completed. 1946/9 until present negotiations are completed. Each member will be governed accordingly. t! This was Each member will be governed accordingly." This was the union~s strike call. It is a rule with miners the union's strike call. It is a rule with miners that they do not work without a contract. 10 The that they do not work without a contract.10 The threat of government seizure did not influence union threat of government seizure did not influence union policy, since the previous seizures, in 1943 and policy, since the previous seizures, in 1943 and 1945, had given the UMWA a generous contract with 1945* had given the UMWA a generous contract with the government. the government. The main point of difference between the nego­ The main point of difference between the nego­ tiators for the mine operators and the mine workers tiators for the mine operators and the mine workers 14 waswas thethe welfarewelfare fund.fund* A miners 8i welfarwelfaree fundfund waswas firstfirst proposedproposed bbyy ththee unionunion inin ththee 19451945 negotiationsnegotiations butbut wawass droppeddropped becausbecausee thethe uniounionn feltfelt itit woulwouldd notnot bebe politicallpoliticallyy expedientexpedient ttoo callcall a strikestrike duringduring thethe

war.war0 ThThee 19451945 proposaproposall hadhad firstfirst introducedintroduced thethe unionunion suggestionsuggestion ofof a tenten centcent peperr tonton royaltyroyalty asas a meansmeans toto financefinance thethe fund. ll11 ThThee operatorsoperators hahadd ex­ex­ pectedpected thithiss demand.demand ttoo bebe includedincluded inin thethe 19461946 meetingmeeting andand planneplannedd ttoo countercounter withwith oneone financedfinanced throughthrough a wagewage deduction. 1212 TheyThey diddid notnot~, however,however, expectexpect

LewisLewis ttoo ignoreignore wageswages andand hourshours andand ttoo basbasee thethe wholewhole prospectiveprospective agreementagreement onon thithiss issue.issue.

ThomasThomas Kennedy,Kennedy, witwithh LewisLewis&8 approval,.approval, lelett itit bbee knowknownn inin anan unofficialunofficial statementstatement thathatt thethe unionunion pre­pre- feredfered ththee tenten centcent royaltyroyalty toto a wagwagee percentagpercentagee asas hadhad beebeenn proposedproposed.. ThisThis wawass toto givegive theirtheir positionposition furtherfurther support.support.*133 TheThe operators,operators, inin a presspress state­state­ mentment toto countercounter ththee unionunion,, saidsaid thetheyy alreadyalready paidpaid nearlynearly tetenn centscents peperr tonton inin SocialSocial SecuritySecurity andand statestate welfarewelfare taxes.1144 Lewis,Lewis, inin a replreplyy thathatt attemptedattempted ttoo dividedivide andand confuseconfuse ththee operators,operators, saidsaid thatthat ifif therethere waswas notnot ttoo bebe a fund,fund, thenthen wagewage increasesincreases mustmust bebe moremore thanthan substantiallysubstantially increasedoincreased.1S15

TheThe operatorsoperators~, wishinwishingg ttoo transfertransfer ththee contro­contro­ versyversy toto areasareas wherewhere ththee minersminers hahadd lessless support,support, andand toto avertavert a strikestrike overover thethe welfarewelfare fundfund issue,issue, saidsaid 15 theythey werewere willinwillingg toto havhavee a studystudy madmadee onon ththee healthhealth andand welfarwelfaree ofof minerminerss bbyy anan impartialimpartial commission.commission.16^ TheyThey wantedwanted itit understoodunderstood thathatt lIany"any resultantresultant wel-wel­ farefare programmprogrammee shouldshould bbee administeredadministered bbyy somesome inde­inde­ pendentpendent agency~agency, suchsuch asas thethe AmericaAmericann RedRed CrossottCross.'1*17? TheThe unionunion woulwouldd nonott considerconsider thisthis proposal.proposal asas theythey wantedwanted completecomplete controlcontrol ofof ththee fundofund. WheWhenn therethere waswas nono agreementagreement onon anyany ofof thethe basicbasic issues,issues, thethe minesmines closedclosed onon AprilApril 101.

WheWhenn thethe strikestrike begabegann thethe countrycountry hadhad aboutabout oneone month'smonth's supplysupply ofof coal,coal, bubutt itit waswas soso distributeddistributed thatthat inin somesome placeplacess notnot norenore thathann a week'sweek's supplysupply ooff 1 ft coal was availableo 18 The union assured the nation coal was available. The union assured the nation when the strike was called that coal would be pro- when the strike was called that coal would be pro­ duced to prevent extreme hardship, but thes assurances duced to prevent extreme hardship, but thes assurances were meaningless except for only a few communitieso were meaningless except for only a few communities. Heat and power for whole communities in some areas Heat and power for whole communities in some areas was maintained and in a few others coal was mined to was maintained and in a few others coal was mined to keep schools and hospitals in operationo This was keep schools and hospitals in operation. This was not a widespread procedure, however~ occuring most not a widespread procedure, however, occuring most often in localities closely tied to coal miningo 19 often in localities closely tied to coal mining.19 Negotiations resumed after the strike call in Negotiations resumed after the strike call in the same mood as before: the union talking of welfare the same mood as before: the union talking of welfare and the operators talking of wages. Lewis interrupted and the operators talking of wages. Lewis interrupted this pattern by asking for back payment for holidays this pattern by asking for back payment for holidays 16 workedworked duringduring ththee war,,20war.^u ThThee governmentgovernment beganbegan toto taketake anan activeactive rolerole inin ththee negotiationnegotiationss witwithh thethe appointment,appointment, bbyy SecretarySecretary ofof LaborLabor LewisLewis Schwellenbach,Schwellenbach, ofof PaulPaul FullerFuller asas mediatomediatorr onon ApriAprill 10l.212* WhenWhen thesethese talkstalks reachedreached nono agreementsagreements bbyy ApriAprill 10,10, LewisLewis walkedwalked outoout. TheThe operators,operators, whwhoo continuedcontinued toto meetmeet withwith Fuller,Fuller, gavegave uupp andand wentwent homehome onon AprilApril 18.l8. AtAt thisthis timetime ththee operatorsoperators begabegann a massivemassive propagandapropaganda campaigncampaign toto discreditdiscredit ththee proposeproposedd welfarwelfaree fund.fund.2222

WhileWhile negotiationsnegotiations werweree brokebrokenn offoff LewisLewis spokespoke atat ththee UMWAUMWA Tri-DistrictTri-District AnthraciAnthracit t~ee ConventionConvention inin

Hazelton,Hazelton, Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania. HereHere hehe blamedblamed thethe stoppagestoppage onon thethe U.SU.S.. SteelSteel Corporation"Corporation. HHee basedbased thisthis onon anan offeroffer fromfrom MoseMosess askingasking thatthat thethe captivecaptive mineminess bebe allowedallowed ttoo worworkk onon a retroactiveretroactive policy.23policy.23 ThisThis waswas toto LewisLewis virtualvirtual acceptanceacceptance ofof thethe welfarewelfare fund.fund.

LewisLewis refusedrefused Moses 8B offeroffer becausbecausee hehe waswas tryingtrying ttoo getget ththee SouthernSouthern operators,operators, ththee mainmain opponentsopponents ofof thethe welfarewelfare fund,fund, ttoo breakbreak fromfrom ththee conference"conference. A divisiondivision inin ththee conferenceconference woulwouldd probablprobablyy assureassure a welfarewelfare fundfund inin a contractcontract witwithh ththee mormoree agreeableagreeable NortherNorthernn andand captivecaptive operatorsooperators.

SchwellenbachSchwellenbach insistedinsisted ththee meetingsmeetings bbee resumedresumed andand a newnew seriesseries ofof meetingmeetingss werewere begubegunn onon ApriAprill 30.30»

TheseThese lastedlasted onlyonly a fewfew daysodays. AsAs beforbeforee neitheneitherr sideside wouldwould taltalkk onon whawhatt ththee otherother sideside wantedwanted discussed,discussed, 17 thusthus nnoo meaningfulmeaningful negotiationnegotiationss occuredoceured atat thesethese meetings. ..

AfterAfter a monthismonth's lossloss ofof coal,coal, inin a strikestrike thatthat

UMWAUMWA secretary-treasurersecretary-treasurer KennedKennedyy calledcalled lithe"the mostmost airtightairtight ever,"ever," coalcoal stockpilesstockpiles werweree extremelext~emelYy 10w.,24low.^4

OnlyOnly 200200 ofof America'AmericaBss 42004200 coalcoal minesmines werweree stillstill pro­pro­ ducing..ducing. ThThee producinproducingg minesmines werweree scatteredscattered smallsmall non-unionnon-union minesmines andand ththee southernsouthern IllinoisIllinois fieldsfields underunder contractcontract witwithh thethe ProgressiveProgressive MinMinee Workers.Workers.2525

OnOn MaMayy 4 PreSidentPresident TrumanTruman calledcalled thethe disputedispute a

"national"national disasterdisaster." .. It 262^ HeHe orderedordered a rationingrationing programprogram toto conserveconserve coal.coal. RailroadRailroadss cutcut freightfreight shipmentsshipments toto thethe essentialsessentials andand reducereducedd passengepassengerr serviceservice 5050 per­per­ cent..cent. TheThe nationBsnation's publipublicc utilitieutilitiess reducedreduced outputoutput andand createdcreated a "brown-out "U overover mucmuchh ofof thethe East"East. 2727

GovernmentGovernment seizureseizure wawass stillstill notnot anticipatedanticipated eithereither byby ththee PresidenPresidentt oror ththee presspress,, despitedespite ththe.e slowingslowing ofof thethe economyeconomy becausbecausee ofof lacklack ooff coal,,2Bcoal.^

WhenWhen thethe negotiationsnegotiations thathatt hahadd begubegunn onon ApriAprill 3030 produced, nono agreementagreement~. PresidentPresident TrumanTruman askedasked LewisLewis andand O'NeillO'Neill ttoo meemeett hihimm onon MayMay 1010 atat 2:002:00 p.mporn.. atat thethe

WhiteWhite House.o Lewis,Lewis, inin hishis biggestbiggest coupcoup ofof thethe dis-dis­ pute,pute, notifienotifiedd reporterreporterss atat 1:001:00 p.mpomo. that.that hehe hahadd calledcalled a two-weetwo-weekk trucetruce duringduring whicwhichh ththee minersminers wouldwould returnreturn toto workwork onon thethe conditioncondition thathatt anyany benefitsbenefits laterlater receivereceivedd woulwouldd bbee retroactiveretroactive toto MaMayy 10..10. AsAs LewisLewis puputt it,it, ItThis"This actionaction isis thethe contributioncontribution ofof thethe

UnitedUnited MinMinee WorkerWorkerss ofof AmericAmericaa toto ourour nation'snation's economy,economy, whichwhich isis beingbeing imperiledimperiled bbyy ththee stupiditystupidity andand selfishselfish greedgreed ofof ththee coalcoal operatorsoperators~tl29. r,29 ^At ththee meetingmeeting,,

TrumanTruman toltoldd ththee disputantsdisputants thathatt thetheyy mustmust reachreach anan agreementagreement bbyy MayMay 15015. ORNeill,O'Neill, bowingbowing toto PresidentialPresidential

influence,influence, agreedagreed toto ththee welfarwelfaree fundfund "in"in principle.principle.u30"3°

AlthoughAlthough approvedapproved byby ththee unIon,union, ththee operators'operators' negotiatingnegotiating committeecommittee repudiaterepudiatedd O'NeillO'Neill inin statingstating thatthat theythey wouldwould notnot acceptaccept anyany welfarewelfare fund .0 TheThe unionunion replied,replied, onon MayMay 15,15, thatthat maybemaybe a sevenseven percenperpentt levylevy onon totaltotal payrolpayrolll wouldwould bbee acceptableacceptable forfor financingfinancing thethe fundfund ratheratherr thathann ththee terntern centcent peperr tonton royaltyroyalty.. ThisThis waswas alsoalso refuserefusedd bbyy ththee operatorsoperators whowho wouldwould notnot nownow eveneven considerconsider anyany welfarwelfaree fund. 0 WheWhenn anan arbitrationarbitration proposalproposal ooff PresidentPresident TrumanTruman waswas rejectedrejected bbyy bothboth partiesparties onon MaMayy 17,17, ththee federalfederal mediators,mediators, FullerFuller andand newlynewly appointedappointed EdwarEdwardd McGrady(formeMcGrady(formerr assistantassistant Secre­Secre­ tarytary ofof Labor)Labor),, notinnotingg thethe futilityfutility ofof thethe talkstalks,, suggestedsuggested a suspensionsuspension ofof negotiations. 3131 MostMost

WashingtonWashington observersobservers thethenn expectedexpected seizureseizure ratherrather soon.3soon.322 ThThee minesmines werweree seizedseized fourfour daysdays later"later.

AsAs thethe coalcoal disputedispute reachereachedd ththee crisiscrisis pointpoint iitt waswas a railroadrailroad stoppagestoppage nonott ththee coalcoal strikestrike thatthat broughtbrought thethe firstfirst stronstrongg anti-laboranti-labor actionaction bbyy Presi­Presi­ dentdent Truman.Truman. TheThe railroads,railroads, alreadyalready runninrunningg onon a 1919 partialpartial scheduleschedule becausbecausee ofof thethe coalcoal shortages,33shortages,33 hahadd

receivedreceived a strikestrike noticnoticee onon AprilApril 1818.30 344 ^Ass thethe rail­rail­

roadroad strikestrike datedate approached,approached, MayMay 18,l8, anan arbitrationarbitration

boardboard decdecisio i s i onn ofof a $1$1.28 0 2Et. aa_ day.day wage\Vatge':'l increaseiuc·.reasa;.^ 8Iildand a defermentdeferment onon changeschanges inin workwork rulesrules waswas acceptedaccepted byby thethe carriers.carriers. EighteenEighteen ofof ththee twentytwenty railwarailwayy brother­brother­ hoodshoods agreedagreed toto thisthis settlement,settlement, butbut nonott ththee LocomotiveLocomotive EngineersEngineers andand thethe RailroaRailroadd Trainmen.Trainmen.3535

OnOn MayMay 1515 PresidentPresident TrumanTruman intercededinterceded tellingtelling

A.A. FeF. WhitneWhitneyy ofof thethe TrainmenTrainmen andand AlvanyAlvany JohnstonJohnston ofof thethe EngineersEngineers ttoo Signsign ththee contractcontract byby MayMay 17,17, oror hehe wouldwould seizeseize ththee railroads.railroads. NNoo agreementagreement waswas reachedreached andand TrumanTruman seizedseized thethe railroadrailroadss onon MayMay 17,17, oneone dayday beforebefore ththee threatenedthreatened strike.o ImmediatelyImmediately thethe PreSi­Presi­ dentdent askedasked forfor andand gotgot a fivefive dayday postponementpostponement ofof thethe strikestrike fromfrom thethe unsatisfiedunsatisfied brotherhoods.3brotherhoods.36 ClarkClark Clifford,Clifford, governmentgovernment negotiator,negotiator, meetinmeetingg continouslycontinously withwith JohnstonJohnston andand WhitneyWhitney trietriedd toto arrangearrange a settle­settle­ ment.ment. TheThe representativesrepresentatives ofof thethe TrainmenTrainmen andand thethe EngineersEngineers werweree willingwilling toto acceptaccept thethe wagwagee increaseincrease asas acceptedaccepted byby ththee carriers,carriers, bubutt werweree nonott willinwillingg toto waitwait forfor changeschanges inin workwork ruleruless thatthat theythey consideredconsidered essentialessential.o 3737 TheThe strikestrike begabegann onon MayMay 23023. TheThe govern­govern­ ment,ment, throughtthrought thethe OfficeOffice ofof DefenseDefense Transportation,Transportation, immediatelyimmediately orderedordered thethe ArmArmyy ttoo operateoperate thethe t.raitrainsnse. 38

TrumanTruman inin a nationwidenationwide radiradioo addressaddress onon MaMayy 2424 20 placedplaced ththee completecomplete blamblamee forfor thethe stoppagestoppage onon WhitneyWhitney andand Johnston.o Truman,Truman, onon MayMay 25,25, askedasked CongressCongress forfor

temporarytemporary powepowerr thatthat wouldwould allowallow himhim toto draftdraft intointo

thethe ArmArmyy anyany workersworkers strikingstriking inin a seizedseized industry.industry.

TheThe TrainmenTrainmen andand EngineersEngineers Signedsigned thethe samesame contractcontract asas hadhad thethe otherother eighteeneighteen brotherhoodbrotherhoodss whiwhil Iee rrrumanTruman waswas speaking.speaking.3399 TheThe railroads,railroads, nownow thatthat anan agreementagreement hadhad beebeenn reached,reached, werewere returnedreturned ttoo theirtheir ownersowners onon

MayMay 26.26.

ThisThis actionaction bbyy TrumanTruman waswas violentlviolentlyy denounceddenounced byby labor,labor, Sincesince TrumanTruman badhad beenbeen consideredconsidered friendlyfriendly toto laborlabor beforebefore.. WhitneWhitneyy pledgeplep.gedd thethe TrainmenTrainmen' I s entireentire treasurytreasury ofof $47$47 milliomillionn ttoo defeatdefeat TrumanTruman inin

1948.1948.4400 TheThe UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers JournalJournal saidsaid thethe draftdraft laborlabor proposalproposal wawass thethe resulresultt ofof publicpublic bys­hys­ teria.teria. 414* TheThe miners,miners, nownow thatthat theythey workedworked inin aa seizedseized industryindustry fearedfeared thethe laborlabor drafdraftt maymay bebe usedused againstagainst them.o TheThe draftdraft laborlabor idea,idea, thoughthough stoppedstopped inin ththee SenateSenate by,by, ofof allall peoplepeople,, RobertRobert Taft,Taft, diddid settlesettle thethe railroarailroadd strikestrike andand pushedpushed thethe minersminers toto a quickquick settlementsettlement ofof theirtheir strike.strike. Truman,Truman, inin hishis firstfirst definitedefinite anti-laboranti-labor movemove~, madmadee itit clearclear toto everyoneeveryone ththee lengthlength hehe wouldwould gogo toto prevenpreventt anyany drasticdrastic disruptiondisruption ofof ththee economy$economy.

TheThe railroadrailroad strikestrike hahadd anotheranother effecteffect onon thethe coalcoal situation:situation: itit destroyeddestroyed ththee truceotruce. WhenWhen thethe 21 railroadrailroad strikestrike stoppedstopped transportation,transportation, coalcoal minesmines workingworking duringduring thethe trucetruce werweree forcedforced toto shutshut downdown becausbecausee ofof a lacklack ofof coalcoal cars.o ButBut asas thethe trainstrains beganbegan movinmovingg againagain ththee minersminers continuedcontinued toto staystay awayaway fromfrom thethe minesmines.. AAss thethe trucetruce waswas breakingbreaking downdown ssoo werewere negotiationsnegotiations onon a coalcoal settlementosettlement. ThisThis wawass partiallypartially becausbecausee thethe operatorsoperators expectedexpected seizureseizure whenwhen

2 thethe railroadrailroadss werweree seizedseized onon MayMay 18l80„442 TheThe breakdownbreakdown ofof thethe trucetruce isis seenseen inin PennsylvaniaPennsylvania wherewhere ofof 100,000100,000 minersminers onlyonly 25,00025,000 werewere workinworkingg onon MayMay 19,19, forcingforcing

U.U. S.S. SteelSteel atat PittsburghPittsburgh ttoo operateoperate atat 1212 percentpercent capacity,capacity, andand steelsteel productioproductionn laterlater fellfell toto sevenseven percent.percent.4433 AnotheAnotherr reasonreason forfor thethe slackeningslackening ooff negotiationsnegotiations waswas thethe propagandpropagandaa campaigncampaign againstagainst welfarewelfare funds,funds, thatthat waswas resultingresulting inin a movementmovement iinn Congress,Congress, ledled bbyy SenatorSenator HarryHarry ByrdByrd ofof VirginiaVirginia,, ttoo outlawoutlaw uniounionn rurunn welfarwelfaree funds.44funds.44 GovernmentGovernment seizureseizure ofof thethe minesmines onon MayMay 2121 diddid notnot solvesolve thethe problemproblem becausebecause therethere was_nowas.no assurance·assurance that.ththat. thee minersminers wouldwould workwork underunder governmentgovernment supervision.supervision. InIn 19431943 whenwhen RooseveltRoosevelt seizedseized ththee mineminess ththee minersminers woulwouldd notnot workwork withoutwithout a contractcontract betweebetweenn theitheirr uniounionn andand thethe govern­govern­ mentoment. ItIt waSilwas, therefor~,.therefore, necessa,;rynecessary forfor a government­government- UMWAUMWA contract.contract. TheThe seizureseizure orderorder directeddirected SecretarySecretary ofof ththee InteriorInterior JuliusJulius KrugKrug,, asas SolidSolid FuelsFuels Administrator,Administrator, 22 toto signsign anan agreementagreement witwithh ththee UMWA.UMWA. AfteAfterr extendedextended meetings,meetings, withwith botbothh thethe unionunion andand thethe operators,operators, KrugKrug waswas unablunablee toto reacreachh anan agreementagreement bbyy thethe endend ofof thethe truce,truce, whewhenn ththee fewfew minerminerss stillstill workinworkingg againagain refusedrefused toto workwork withouwithoutt a contractocontract.4545 TheThe governmentgovernment asked,asked, inin vain,vain, thathatt ththee minerminerss keekeepp working.working. TheThe minesmines workedworked bbyy ththee ProgressiveProgressive MineMine Workers,Workers, deizeddeized inin thethe generalgeneral seizureseizure ofof MayMay 21,21, werweree returnedreturned ttoo theirtheir ownersowners onon MayMay 2266 sincesince thetheyy werweree undeunderr a workingworking con­con­ tract.tract. 4646 AA settlementsettlement ofof thethe strikestrike waswas assuredassured whenwhen KrugKrug andand LewisLewis agreedagreed onon ththee generalgeneral outlinesoutlines ofof a contractcontract onon MayMay 27.27. ByBy thisthis timtimee onlyonly 227 ofof 41094109 seizedseized minesmines werewere working. 4747 TheThe strikestrike waswas endedended onon MayMay 2929 withwith thethe Signing,signing, withwith Truman'sTruman's approval,approval, ofof thethe BituminousBituminous CoalCoal WageWage AgreemenAgreementt ofof 1946,1946, knowknownn asas thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agreement.484^ TheThe necessarynecessary approvals,approvals, byby thethe WagWagee StabilizationStabilization BoarBoard.d andand thethe OPA,OPA, camecame almostalmost immediately.immediately. PartPart ofof thethe OPAlSOPA's approvalapproval waswas a priceprice increaseincrease ofof 40t40g centscents perper tonton thatthat thethe oper­oper­ atorsators needeneededd toto helphelp covercover ththee increasedincreased productionproduction costs.4949 MostMost periodicalperiodicalss andand newspapersnewspapers consJderedconsidered thethe

w agreementagreement a "Lewis"Lewis Victory.VictorYo i1 TheThe UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers JournaJournall wawass ververyy happyhappy ttoo getget ththee safetysafety featuresfeatures andand especiallyespecially ththee welfarwelfaree fund.fund. TheThe operatorsoperators were,were, asas thethe operators 89 journajournall CoalCoal AgeAge said,said, IIdeeply"deeply dismayeddismayed 2323 overover thethe contract,rIcontract," andand thethe WashingtonWashington PostPost demandeddemanded thatthat thethe governmengovernmentt behe restrictedrestricted inin signingsigning futurefuture

contractscontracts withwith unionsunions inin seizedseized industries.industries$550° A^ GallupGallup

pollpoll onon JuneJune 1 showedshowed thatthat onlyonly 1313 percenpercentt ofof thosethose polledpolled hahadd a favorablefavorable opinionopinion ofof Lewis$Lewis. 5151 MostMost peoplepeople feltfelt asas diddid DaviDavidd E, .. Lilienthal,Lilienthal, headhead ofof thethe AtomicAtomic EnergEnergyy Commission,Commission, thathatt finallyfinally thethe coalcoal strikestrike waswas settledsettled andand thathatt nownow productioproductionn couldcould getget goinggoing agaiagain.no 552 Othersothers hopedhoped oror fearedfeared thathatt thithiss waswas thethe firstfirst stepstep inin nationalizationnationalization ofof ththee coalcoal industry.53industry.53 AsAs is usuallusuallyy ththee case,case, thethe settlementsettlement inin thethe bitu­bitu­ minousminous industryindustry setset thethe patterpatternn forfor ththee anthraciteanthracite contractcontract thatthat waswas signedsigned onon JuneJune 7.7» TheThe strikestrike hahadd a strongstrong impactimpact onon thethe AmericanAmerican

economy. 0 TheThe stoppage,stoppage, excludingexcluding ththee twotwo weekweek truce,truce,

lastedlasted 4455 days..days. CoalCoal suppliessupplies inin mostmost communitiescommunities nearedneared exhaustionexhaustion bbyy MayMay I"1. !!Brown-outs"Brown-outs "II werewere inin effecteffect overover mucmuchh ofof thethe EastEast andand MidwestMidwest... HeavyHeavy industry,industry, includingincluding automobiles,automobiles, dependentdependent uponupon steel,steel, waswas hardhard hithit whewhenn steelsteel productioproductionn declineddeclined toto lessless thanthan tenten percentpercent ofof capacity..capacity. RailroadsRailroads rarann onlyonly onon veryvery restricterestrictedd schedulesoschedules. FreightFreight shipmentsshipments werewere

limitedlimited ttoo food,food, fuelfuel~, andand otherother essentials;essentials; passengerpassenger serviceservice wawass reducereducedd ttoo onlyonly 2255 percentpercent ofof previousprevious schedulesoschedules. AnotherAnother majomajorr resulresultt waswas thatthat coalcoal starvedstarved

Europe,Europe, dependentdependent onon exportedexported AmericanAmerican coal,coal, barelybarely maintainedmaintained itselfoitselfo TheThe CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, voicevoice ofof thethe BritishBritish coalcoal industry,industry, warnedwarned thathatt thethe CivilianCivilian ProductionProduction AdministratioAdministrationn "declared"declared thathatt nnoo alloca-alloca­ tionstions ofof coalcoal toto EuropeEurope cancan bbee entertainedentertained forfor thethe For currentcurrent monthLAprilmonth/April 194£70194^7* For s omesome timtimee Americ Americaa ha hass tl54 beenbeen unablunablee ttoo contributecontribute a fullfull quotaoquota*"54 Injn anan attemptattempt toto helhelpp alleviatealleviate ththee probleproblemm ex-Newex-New YorkYork mayormayor LaGuardia,LaGuardia, inin chargecharge ofof EuropeanEuropean relief,relief, pleaded.pleaded withwith thethe disputantsdisputants forfor 500,000500,000 tontonss ofof coalcoal neededneeded forfor immediateimmediate shipment.shipment.5555 GovernmentGovernment operationoperation ofof thethe minesmines wawas.s placeplaced.d inin thethe carecare ofof SecretarySecretary ofof thethe InteriorInterior KruKrugg asas SolidSolid FuelsFuels AdministratoAdministratorr andand CoalCoal MineMiness Admistrator.Admistrator. KrugKrug namednamed ViceVice Admiral(lateAdmiral(laterr Admiral)Admiral) BenBen MoreellMoreell toto directdirect coalcoal productionproduction,, butbut actualactual operationoperation ofof

thethe mineminess wawass placeplacedd inin thethe handshands ofof thethe owner .0 TheThe minesmines werewere toto bbee returnereturnedd toto thethe operatorsoperators whenwhen theythey signedsigned a contraccontractt withwith thethe UMWUMWAA incorporatingincorporating thethe provisionsprovisions ofof thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementoagreement. FeFeww operatorsoperators availedavailed themselvesthemselves ofof thisthis provisionprovision andand manymany predic­predic­ tionstions ofof a quickquick returnreturn ofof thethe minesmines ttoo theitheirr ownersowners werewere dampeneddampened whenwhen mosmostt ofof ththee operatorsoperators saidsaid theythey wouldwould notnot signsign anyany contractcontract untiuntill ththee safetysafety andand fore­fore­ menmen issuesissues werewere settledsettled toto theitheirr satisfactisatisfactionono. 56 25 TheThe governmengovernmentt reluctantlyreluctantly5757 settledsettled downdown ttoo producingproducing coaLcoal. ProvisionsProvisions ofof thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agree-agree­ mentment werweree puputt intointo actionaction:: thethe writingwriting ofof a newnew safetysafety codecode waswas startedstarted goinggoing intointo effecteffect onon JulyJuly 29;529; 8 on

58 June 4 the medical survey under the direction of Rearon

AdmiralJune 4 thJoele medica T. Boone.l surve wasy undestartedr th checkinge directio coaln o f townRear

AdmiraconcU tions;l Joe l59 Tand. Boon moneye wa begans starte tod comecheckin intog coathel fundstown

setconditions; up in the59 ancontractod money begaMoren tthano com threee int omillion the fund s

dollarsset up ihadn th beene contract received0 Mor bye Augustthan thre1 bye themillio paymastern dollarof the s Navy(overseerhad been receive of dthe b y collection),August 1 by thbute nopaymaste r otrusteesf the Navy(oversee for the Welfarer of thande collection)Retirement, fundbut nhado beentrustee appointed~s for th e TheWelfar Southerne and Retiremenoperatorst funrefusedd had to paybeen theappointed required. Throyaltye Souther in na operatorlosing attempts refuse tod tgeto pathey fundsthe require declaredd royalt illegaly i n ina court.losing 60attemp Coalt produc­to get

tionthe fund climbeds declare to 12,000,000d illegal tonsin court. per week6° Coa inl theproduc 3000­ seizedtion climbe mines.d to This12,000,00 was approaching0 tons per awee recordk in thfore 3000 summerseized minesproduction,,61. This waThes approachin miners, gfor a therecor mostd fo rpart workingsummer production. six days a ^1week, Th e beganminers repaying, for th companye most parstorest workinthe $35g millionsix days ina weekcredit, begathatn hadrepayin beeng advancedcompany stores duringthe $3 5 themillio strikeon in62 credi t that had been advanced duringOn thSeptembere strike.^ 10,2 at government inSistence, the operatorsOn Septembe and ther UMWA10, atrenewed governmen talkst insistencefor the first, th e timeoperator sinces anseizuread the UMW63A Therenewe uniond talk positions for thwase firsthatt it timhade a sincgoode contractseizure. ^with Th ethe unio governmentn positio nand, wa s therefore,that it couldhad a merelygood contrac wait tfor wit a h betterthe governmen offer fromt and the, thereforeopera­ , torsocould merelThesey waitalkst foaccomplishedr a better offelittler fro sincem th e theopera ­ tors. These talks accomplished little since the 26 operatorsoperators werweree stillstill divideddivided overover ththee acceptanceacceptance ofof thethe welfarwelfaree fundsfunds andand ththee unionizationunionization ofof foremen.foremen. TheThe NortherNorthernn operatorsoperators andand ththee captivecaptive minemine ownersowners werewere willingwilling toto accepacceptt thesthesee provisionprovisionss jusjustt ttoo getget theirtheir mineminess hackback,, bubutt nonott unlessunless thethe SouthernSouthern ownersowners alsoalso accepted.o TheThe SouthernSouthern operatorsoperators woulwouldd notnot considerconsider acceptingaccepting eieithe therr idea.idea. InIn ththee midsmidstt ofof thesethese meetingsmeetings AdmiralAdmiral MoreelMoreelll retireretiredd atat ththee endend ofof Sep­Sep- tember(tember(th thee governmengovernmentt kepkeptt ththee mimine ness undeund.err NavyNavy administrationadministration bbyy appointingappointing hishis deputy,deputy, CaptainCaptain N.N. H.H. Collisson,Collisson, asas CoalCoal MinesMines Administrator).Administrator).64^

TalksTalks betweebetweenn ththee operatorsoperators andand thethe unionunion werewere recessedrecessed whilwhilee thethe minerminerss helheldd theitheirr conventionconvention bebe-­ ginningginning OctoberOctober I1 inin AtlanticAtlantic City.City. Twenty-eightTwenty-eight hundredhundred minersminers,, meetingmeeting withouwithoutt theirtheir leader,leader, whowho waswas downeddowned witwithh anan emergencyemergency appendectomyappendectomy inin Wa,sh­Wash­ ington~ington, passepassedd resolutionresolutionss praisingpraising Lewis·Lewis1 leader-leader­ ship,ship, givinggiving LewisLewis fullfull backingbacking onon futurefuture negotia-negotia- tions(withtions(with oneone exception:exceptions anyany futurefuture contractcontract mustmust bebe nationalnational inin coverage)~coverage), andand denouncingdenouncing governmentgovernment

r8 operationoperation asas "fakitfakee andand delusiono,,65delusion0 NOTESNOTES ONON CHAPTERCHAPTER IIII

1 lUMWJ~UMWJ9 LVII(AprilLVII(April 1~1, 1946),1946), pop. 3; CoalCoal Age,Age, LILI

(April(April 1946),1946), pPo127-1280pp0127-128. 2 2RexRex Lauck,Lauck, JohnJohn LoL. LewisLewis andand thethe InternationalInternational Union,Union, UniUnite tedd MineMine WorkersWorkers ofof America(America! SiSilve 1 verr Spring,Spring, MdMd.:Internationao :Internationall ExecutiveExecutive BoardBoard ofof thethe UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers ofof America,America, 1952),1952), p~p. 161;l6l; UMWJ,UMWJ, LVII(AprilLVII(April 1,1, 1946),1946), ppopp. 3-903-9* ----

3New^New YorkYork Times j9 MarchMarch 15,15, 1946,1946, pop. 1;1; WashingtonWashington Post,Post, MarchMarch 15~15, 1946,1946, PGp. 13013.

4New%ew YorkYork Times,Times, MarchMarch 15,15, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1.

5Washington^Washington Post,Post, MarchMarch 16,16, 1946,1946, p.p. 10.10.

6coalCoal Age g9 LI(AprilLI(April 1946),1946), p.P. 127;127; WashingtonWashington Post,Post, MarchMarch 19,19, 1946,1946, pop. 1515.. ^Lauck7Lauck~, OPoOp o citoc i t o Q

8NewNew YorkYork Times~Times9 MarchMarch 20,20, 1946,1946, pp., IS;15; UMWJ,UMWJ, LVII(AprilLVI I (April 19l, 1946),1946K poP» 505> ----

9washington^Washington Post,Post, MarcMarchh 25,25, 1946,1946, pp.. 5B5B;; NeNeww YorkYork

Times,Times, March 2121,, 1946,1946, pop0 1;1; wyoming-UtahWyoming-Utah LaboLaborr Journal,Journal,

MarchMarch 299293 1946,1946, ppo. 101. HereafterHereafter citedcited asas W-ULJoW-ULJ.

10 IOUMWJUMWJ9 9 LVII(ApriLVII(Aprill 1,.1946),1,.1946), Pp.* lI.o

^LauckliLauck9^ QpOPo. cit.cito~9 ppo. 1580.

12 12Newsweek~Newsweek, XXVII(MarcXXVII(Marchh 18 9, 1946),1946), ppo. 8108l.

~

13Washington^Washington PostPost~9 MarcMarchh 1616~, 1946,1946, pp.. 10;10; thisthis waswas ttoo countecounterr taltalkk thatthat thethe operatorsoperators favorfavordd takingtaking a percentagepercentage ofof thethe miners 8 wageswages toto financefinance thethe Fund.Fund. MosMostt ooff thesthesee proposalproposalss werweree foforr abouaboutt sevesevenn percent.percent.

14^NeNeww YorYorkk TimesTime~99 MarcMarchh 19,19, 1946,9 ppo. 14140.

1 15Ibidoo95jbid0.g Mar~h~22,Marafcu-22, ~- 1949,194$, Ppo° !3;·13; and.and. MarcMar~h.h 2:9,.1949,23,. 1946, Pp.« 14<140> -- 28 16 16 IIbido bid 0,» MarcMa r c h 26 ,~ 11946 946 ,II pp.. 20.20

17^ThThee CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXII(MarchCLXXII(March 29,29, 1946),1946), p.P. 435435 ... 18 18Ibido~Ibido, CLXXII(AprilCLXXII(April 5,5, 1946),1946), pop. 469.469

19^W-ULJw-ULJ,, ApriAprill 129129 1946,1946, p.p. 4,4, forfor anan exampleexample ofof thethe communitycommunity aid;aid; andand forfor thethe schoolschool andand hospitalhospital operationoperation seesee ibid.ibido~, MayMay 1010~, 1946 9, p.p. 202. 20 20 ThisThis waswas thethe firstfirst pointpoint agreedagreed toto betweebetweenn thethe UMWAUMWA andand ththee coalcoal operators.operators. OnOn MaMayy 1414 LewisLewis sentsent toto allall locallocal unionunionss thethe followingfollowing telegram:telegram: "Operators"Operators yesterdayyesterday concededconceded paymenpaymentt ofof ththee holiday.bacholiday.backk paypay amountingamounting ttoo approximatelyapproximately threethree milliomillionn dollars.dollars. PayPay ttoo bbee computedcomputed inin currentcurrent papayy andand toto bbee paidpaid atat next pay day. Ii See i bid. ~ May 17, 1946, po 1. next pay day." See ibidP, May 17, 1946, p. 1, 21New2*New Yo~kYork Times,Times, AprilApril 2,2, 1946,1946, p.p. 1,1, FullerFuller waswas anan ex-coalex-coal mineminerr andand hadhad jusjustt previouslpreviouslyy settledsettled thethe rubberubberr workerworkerss dispute.dispute,

2222washin~tonWashington Post,Post, April~ptil:: ~9,19, 1949,~P.-1946,: P> 11;17; ,W-ULJ,W-ULJ, ApriAprill 26,26, 194I94S ,~ ppo. 2.2,

23New2^New YorkYork Times,Times, AprilApril 8,8, 1946,1946, p.p, 35;35; Washing­Washing­ tonton Post,Post, AprilApril 25,25, 1946,1946, ppo. 8.8,

24W-ULJ,^W-ULJ, MayMay 3,3, 1946,1946, ppo, I.1.

25washington25washington Post,Post, AprilApril 14,14, 1946,1946, p.p, 2M.2M, TheThe ProgressivProgressivee MinMinee Workers,Workers, locatelocatedd exclusivelyexclusively inin SouthernSouthern Illinois,Illinois, werewere organizedorganized inin 19271927 duringduring a conflictconflict betweenbetween LewisLewis andand thethe IllinoisIllinois district.district. TheyThey belongebelongedd ttoo thethe AFAFLL duringduring thethe perioperiodd thatthat thethe UMWAUMWA hahadd beebeenn iinn ththee CI010O oror independentindependent,, 1937-1946.1937-1946. 26Department^Department ofof LaborLabor~, ThThee MonthlyMonthly LaborLabor Review,He view, LXII(JuneLXIl(June 1946)~1946), ppo. 9160916. HereafterHereafter citecitedd MonthlyMonthly LaborLabor Review.Review.

27^ThThee CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, OLXXII(MayCLXXII (May 10,10, 1946),1946), ppo. 649;649°, SaulSaul Alinsky9Alinsky, JohnJohn L.L. Lewis:Lewis: AnAn UnauthorizedUnauthorized BiographBiography(Newy (New YorkYork:: GoG. P.P. PutnamisPutnam's Sons,9 1949),1949), p.329,p.329, showsshows thatthat thethe uniounionn pronouncementpronouncementss madmadee werewere notnot adequate.adequate.

28TimeTime,, XLVII(MaXLVII(Mayy 13,13, 1946),1946), pop. 22;22; TheThe UnitedUnited StatesStates NewsNeWS,, XX(MayXX(May 17,17, 1946),1946), P.p. 26;26; W-ULJW-ULJ,, MayMay 3,3,

1946,1946, p.p, Ip19 seessees thethe operatorsoperators asas wantingwanting seizure.seizure. 29

29Newsweek,^Newsweek, XXVIIXXVII (MaY9(May, 1946),1946), ppopp. 27-28;27-28; forfor thethe conpleteconplete telegramstelegrams seesee W-ULJ,W-ULJ, MayMay 17,17, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1.

3°Time0Time,, XLVII(MayXLVII(May 20,20, 1946),1946), p.p. 15~15.

3 1ThThee CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXII(MayCLXXII(May 24,24, 1946),1946), p.p. 716;716; TheThe UnitedUnited StatesStates News,News, XX(MayXX(May 10,10, 1946),1946), pop. 41..41. McGradyMcGrady waswas appointed.appointed specificallyspecifically toto mediatemediate thethe welfarewelfare fundfund ...

32washington32Washington Post,Post, MayMay 17,17, 1946,1946, p.p. 1;1; PublicPublic PapersPapers ofof thethe Presidents:Presidents: HarryHarry SoS. Truman,Truman, II,II, 1946,1946, p.p. 2470247„ HereafterHereafter citedcited asas PublicPublic Papers,Papers, volume,volume, year,year, andand page.o

330ne~must~.I:.emeiDb~r>that33one must.remember; that atat thisthis timetime 9595 percentpercent ofof AmericaAmerica' r ss locomotiveslocomotives used.used coalcoal asas fuelfuel andand thatthat coalcoal mademade upup one-halfone-half ofof allall tonnagetonnage carriedcarried byby thethe railroads ...

34washington34washington Post,Post, AprilApril 26,26, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1.

35phil1ips,lips, OpeOp. cit.,cit., ppopp. 113-115.113-115.

36washington36ffiashington Post,Post, MayMay 18,18, 1946,1946, ppo. 1;1; andand MayMay 19,19, 1946,1946, poPo L1 .

3737ibid.1 bid.,» MayMay 18,18, 1946,1946, pp... 101.

38Ibid.,38Ibid., MayMay 24,24, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1.

393^LeeLee,, OpeOp. citcit. .. ,, p.p. 36;36; forfor a goodgood summarysummary ofof Truman'sTruman's anti-strikeanti-strike proposalsproposals seesee TheThe CollieryColliery Guard.ian,Guardian, CLXXII(MayCLXXII(May 31,31, 1946),1946), ppo. 745;745; forfor ththee com­com­ pletpletee texttextss ofof ththee radiradioo addresaddresss anandd ththee CongressionalCongressional speechspeech seesee PubliPublicc PapersPapers,, IIII,, 1946,1946, ppppo. 274-280.274-280.

440washington°washington PostPost,, MaMayy 27,27, 1946 1, ppo. 1.1.

41 1 4UMWJUMWJ,, LVII(JunLVII(Junee 1,1, 1946),1946), ppo. 880.

42washington42washington PostPost,, MaMayy 19,19, 1946,1946, pp.. I.1.

4343Ibidibid Q.. ? , MaMayy 2020,, 19461946,, ppo. 1212;; anandd JunJunee 22,, 19461946,, pPo. 2M ...

44se44Seee fulfulll pagpagee aadd ooff selecselectt editorialed.1 toria1ss againstagainst welfarwelfaree funfundd rurunn bbyy ththee NationaNationall CoaCoall AssociatioAssociationn iinn ibid.ibid.,, MaMayy 2020,, I9461946,, ppo. 10;10; anandd ibid.ibid q , MaMayy 2121,, 1946,1946, ppo. 11,, foforr a thoughtfuthoughtfull analysianalysiss ooff ththee welfarwelfaree 'fundfund. .. 3030

45Ibid45ibid ..a9 ~.. MSJ,y;..29,.1949"P$.l;May.2$,. 1946, p.-I; .ttExecutive"Executive 'OrderOrder No.No. 9728,"9728," FederalFederal Register,Register, 1111 F.R$F.R. 5593.5593-

46Co~146Coal Age,Age, LI(JuneLI(June 1946),1946), p.p. 116116..

47washington47Washington Post,Post, MayMay 28,28, 1946,1946, p.p. 1.1. TheThe num­num­ berber ofof seizedseized minesmines variesvaries sincesince somesome werewere returnedreturned toto theirtheir ownersowners whenwhen theythey signedsigned agreementsagreements witwithh thethe UMWA.UMWA. TheseThese minemine ownersowners signedsigned thethe NationalNational Bitumin­Bitumin­ ousous CoalCoal ConferenceConference agreementsagreements asas individualsindividuals nonott asas partpart ofof a largerlarger CoalCoal Producers'Producers1 Association.Association.

4^Se8Seee appendix,appendix, documentdocument I,I, forfor Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreement.agreement.

49UMWJ49UMWJ,, LVII(JuneLVIl(June 1,1, 1946),1946), p.p. 8;8; washingtonWashington Post,Post, June-I,June 1, 1946,1946, pop. 202.

5°UMWJ0UMWJ,, LVII(JuneLVII(June 1,1, 1946),1946), p.p. 3;3; CoalCoal Age,Age, LILI (June(June 19.ibT,1946), p.p. 65;65; WashingtonWashington Post,Post, MayMay 31,31, 1946,1946, pp.. 16;16; alsoalso seesee edieditorial torialss inin TheThe NewNew Republic,Republic, CnIVCXXIV (June(June 10,10, 1946)1946) p.p. 822;822; andand Time,Time, XLVIKJunXLVII(Junee 10,10, 1946),1946), p.p. 25.25. ----

551washingto1washingtonn Post,Post, JuneJune 1,1, 1946,1946, p.p. 4.4. ThisThis wawass almostalmost exactlyexactly thethe percentagepercentage ofof workersworkers iinn unionsunions inin 1946.1946,

52DaviDavidd EoE. Lilienthal,Lilienthal, TheThe JournalsJournals ofof DavidDavid E.E. Lilienthal,Lilienthal, II(NewII(New York:York: HarperHarper & Row,Row, 1964),1964), pp.. 56.56.

53Newsweek,53flewsweek, XXVIIxxviI(Ma (Mayy 27,27, 1946),1946), p.p. 20;20; Time,Time, XLVII(MayXLVIl(May 27,27, 1946),1946), p.p. 17;17; CoalCoal Age,Age, LI(Augusr-[946),LI(August 1946), pp. .. 66-71;66-71; TheThe CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXII(Septem-CLXXII(Septem­ berber 20,20, 1946),1946), pp.396-370.pp.396-370.

54Ibid54iPid.o,, CLXXII(AprilCLXXlKApril 5,5, 1946),1946), p.p. 469.469.

55Washington^Washington Post,Post, ApriAprill 2323,, 1946,1946, p.p. 1717.-

56Ibid.Ibido,, JuneJune 1,1, 1946,1946, p.p. 2.2.

57Time,57Time, XLVIII(SeptemberXLVIII(September 2,2, 1946),1946), p.p. 17;17; De­De­ partmenpartmentt ofof thethe Interior,Interior, BureauBureau ofof Mines,Mines, FederalFederal MineMine SafetySafety Code,Code, 1953..1953- WithoutWithout markedmarked revisionrevision thisthis isis thethe safetysafety codecode setset upup underunder thethe CoalCoal MinesMines Ad­Ad­ ministrationministration inin JulyJuly 1946.1946,

558w8W-ULJ,~ULJ, AugustAugust 9,9$ 1946,1946, p.p. 11 •.

.. 31

S9^UMWJUMWJ,, LVII(JuneLVlKJune IS,15, 1946),1946), ppo* 14140*

6 60°WW=_ULJULJ,, AugustAugust 16,16, 1946,1946, p.p. 3.3.

61Time,61Time, XLVIII(SeptembeXLVIII(Septemberr 2,2, 1946),1946), pp.. 1717.-

62CoaCoa1l MiningMining,, XXIII(MaXXIII(Mayy 1946),1946), p.p. 7.7.

6 63Newsweek,3Newgweek, XXVIII(SeptemberXXVIII(September 16,16, 1946),1946), p.p. 84.84.

64UMWJ,64UMWJ, LVII(OctoberLVII(October 1,1, 1946),1946), p.p. 3;3; Moree11Moreell acceptedaccepted ththee presidencypresidency ofof a largelarge constructionconstruction com­com­ pany,pany, Newsweek,Newsweek, XXVIII(SeptembeXXVIII(Septemberr 30,30, 1946),1946), p.p. 74.74.

6S65TimeTime , XLVIII(OctoberXLVIII(October 14,14, 1946),1946), p.p. 25;25; UMWJ,UMWJ, LVII(OctoberLVII(October IS,15, 1946),1946), pppp.. 1-9;1-9; NewsweekNewsweek,, XXVrrr­XXVIII (October(October 14,14, 1946),1946), ppo. 40.40. CHA.PTERCHAPTER IIIII I:: BREABREAKK IINN SWA~A-GOVERNMENT-GOVERNMENT RELATIONSRELATIONS

TheThe fallfall ofof 19461946 sawsaw renewerenewedd conflictconflict betweenbetween thethe UMWUMWAA andand ththee government,government,e ItIt revolvedrevolved aroundaround in­in­ terpretationterpretation ofof ththee Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement and,and, later,later, thethe revivalrevival ofof thethe ususee ofof thethe injunctioninjunction inin laborlabor disputes"disputes. AsAs witwithh thethe earlierearlier railroadrailroad strike,strike, PresidentPresident TrumanTruman useusedd hishis prestigprestigee andand powerpower toto breakbreak a strike.o

TheThe disputedispute arosearose onon OctoberOctober 1414 whewhenn LewisLewis accusedaccused thethe governmentgovernment ofof breakinbreakingg thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement throughthrough unilateraunilaterall interpretation.interpretation. HeHe statedstated thatthat Krug'sKrug8s misinterpretationmiSinterpretationss ofof thethe vaca­vaca­ tiotionn clauseclause andand ththee methomethodd ofof computingcomputing welfarewelfare fundfund paymentspayments werewere directdirect violationsviolations ofof thethe contract.contract. HeHe askedasked forfor a meetingmeeting onon NovembeNovemberr 1 toto reopereopenn thethe con­con­ tracttract forfor inclusioninclusion of:prpposedof; proposed chapgeschanges ... 1 HisHis de­de­ mandmand forfor neneww negotiationsnegotiations wawass basebasedd onon parpartt 1 ofof thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement thatthat carriedcarried forwardforward thosethose partsparts ofof ththee 19451945 agreementagreement nnoo amendeamendedd oror supple­supple­ mented.o ThisThis,, LewisLewis argued,argued, includedincluded SectionSection 1515 ofof thethe 19451945 agreementagreement thathatt statesstates inin part:part: "at"at anyany timetime afterafter MarchMarch 1,1, 1946,1946, eithereither partpartyy maymay givegive tenten day'sday's noticenotice inin writinwritingg ofof a desiredesire forfor a negotiatingnegotiating 3333 conferenceconference upouponn mattermatterss outlinedoutlined inin saidsaid noticenotice.. TheThe

u2tl2 otherother partpartyy agreesagrees toto attendattend saidsaid conferenceconference.o

Krug,Krug, onon a westernwestern inspectioninspection (campaign)(campaign) tour,tour, receivedreceived thethe noticnoticee inin Amarillo,Amarillo, Texas.Texas. HeHe wiredwired

LewisLewis thatthat thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement runsruns forfor thethe termterm ofof governmentgovernment operationoperation andand cannotcannot bebe reopened.o HeHe saidsaid thatthat hehe would,would, howeverhowever,, bbee willingwilling toto meetmeet LewisLewis anytimeanytime afterafter NovembeNovemberr 5,5, electionelection day.,day. AAtt thethe samesame timetime inin Washington,Washington, CaptainCaptain CollissonCollisson rejectedrejected anyany ideaidea ofof reopeningreopening thethe contractocontract. CollissonCollisson saidsaid thatthat allall interpretationsinterpretations ofof policypolicy undeunderr thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement hahadd beebeenn agreedagreed ttoo bbyy allall interestedinterested parties.parties.

HeHe agreedagreed thethe union'unionwss interpretationinterpretation ofof pro-ratapro-rata va­va­ cationcation paypay waswas correctcorrect andand orderedordered thathatt thethe decisiondecision ofof anan IllinoisIllinois umpireumpire onon thethe question,question, favorablefavorable ttoo thethe UMWAUMWA,, bbee adopedadoped asas governmentgovernment policypolicy.,. ThisThis de­de­ cisioncision onon vacatiovacationn papayy wawass immediatelyimmediately challenged,challenged, unsuccessfully,unsuccessfully, bbyy ththee operatorsoperators becausbecausee theythey feltfelt thethe umpireumpire thathatt mademade ththee decisiondecision waswas partial,,3partial.3

KrugKrug notifienotifiedd LewisLewis thatthat thethe onlyonly wayway ttoo meetmeet onon NovemberNovember I1 wawass forfor LewisLewis toto comecome toto TuleTule Lake,Lake, California,California, wherwheree KrugKrug wouldwould bbee onon NovembeNovemberr 101. LewisLewis rejecterejectedd thithiss sayingsaying thatthat accord.ingaccording toto thethe contractcontract allall meetingsmeetings mustmust bbee heldheld inin Washington.Washington.

HeHe sentsent KrugKrug ththee followingfollowing telegramtelegram onon OctoberOctober 2222:: 34 "Failure"Failure onon youyourr partpart toto honorhonor thisthis meetinmeetingg willwill constituteconstitute anotheranother breachbreach ofof thethe contractcontract andand willwill voidvoid thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement." 0 "44 TheThe realreal threatthreat

ofof a strikestrike onon NovemberNovember I,19 beforbeforee ththee election,election, nownow facedfaced thethe AdministrationoAdministration.

PresidentPresident TrumanTruman nownow facedfaced anan unpleasantunpleasant decision:decision: HeHe couldcould bacbackk KruKrugg lettingletting a strikestrike occuroccur fivefive daysdays beforebefore thethe electionelection oror hhee couldcould backback downdown fromfrom LewisLewis whenwhen oneone ofof thethe RepublicansRepublicans mainmain argumentsarguments againstagainst ththee DemocratDemocratss wawass thathatt thethe DemocratsDemocrats werweree appeasingappeasing labor..labor. TrumanTruman orderedordered

KrugKrug toto findfind a solutionsolution beforbeforee ththee electionelection. .. 5 AtAt thethe samesame time.time hehe askedasked AttorneAttorneyy GeneralGeneral ClarkClark forfor anan opinionopinion onon ththee legalitylegality ofof Lewis·Lewis" demandsdemands.e .• OnOn

OctoberOctober 2929 ClarkClark reportereportedd toto TrumanTruman thatthat hehe feltfelt LewisLewis hahadd ththee legallegal rightright ttoo reopenreopen ththee contractocontract 6

Krug,Krug9 inin ththee meameann timetime undeunderr directdirect ordersorders fromfrom TrumanTruman toto somehowsomehow avertavert ththee strike,strike, realizedrealized hishis mistakmistakee ofof nonott meetingmeeting Lewis.Lewis. HHee notifiednotified LewisLewis that,that, althoughalthough iitt wawass impossibleimpossible forfor hihimm ttoo bebe backback inin WashingtoWashingtonn byby NovembeNovemberr 1,1, hihiss deputydeputy CaptainCaptain CollissonCollisson woulwouldd meetmeet withwith thethe UMWAoUMWA. LewisLewis repliedreplied inin a telegramtelegram toto KrugKrug thatthat lIunder"under thesethese conditionsconditions Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement remainremainss effectiveeffective andand un­un­ changedchanged duringduring periodperiod ofof negotiationsnegotiations. .. ""?7 TheThe AdministrationAdministration badhad stoppedstopped a pre-electionpre-election strike,strike, 35 butbut itsits ambivalanceambivalance toto anandd seeminglyseemingly capitulationcapitulation beforebefore LewiLewiss diddid notnot helhelpp thethe DemocratsDemocrats inin thethe electionoelection. TheThe RepublicansRepublicans wowonn controlcontrol ofof ththee HouseHouse ofof RepresentativeRepresentativess byby a 246246 toto 189189 divisiondivision andand thethe SenateSenate byby 5151 ttoo 45045.

TheThe meetingmeeting onon NovembeNovemberr 1 betweenbetween OaptainCaptain OollissonCollisson andand UMlVAUMWA vice-presidenvice-presidentt 08LearyO'Leary deadlock­deadlock­ eded onon whawhatt thethe meetingmeeting represented.o ThThee uniounionn con-con­ tendedtended thathatt thethe holdingholding ofof thethe meetingmeeting wawass anan admis­admis­ sionsion bb.Yy ththee governmentgovernment inin supporst~portt ofof Lewis'Lewis' inter-inter­ pretationpretation ofof thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agreement.agreement. OollissonCollisson insistedinsisted thathatt thethe meetingmeeting wawass onlyonly toto discussdiscuss prob­prob­ lemslems nonott toto negotiatnegotiatee changeschanges iinn thethe existingexisting con­con- Q terct.S Other meetings with Oollisson were held' terct. Other meetings with Collisson were held on November 4, 6, and 70 The union, insisting on on November 4, 6, and 7. The union, insisting on negotiation, asked for a reduction of the standard negotiation9 asked for a reduction of the standard work week from 54 to 40 hours with no loss in pay. work week from 54 to 4° hours with no loss in pay. The government responded that it could not change The government responded that it could not change these: conditions because this would require re- these conditions because this would require re­ opening the contract o opening the contract. Krug and Lewis finally met on November 11, Krug and Lewis finally met on November 11, at which time the union presented its proposed con- at which time the union presented its proposed con­ tract changes directly to the Coal Mines Adminis- tract changes directly to the Coal Mines Adminis­ tratoro At a second meeting on November 13, Krug trator. At a second meeting on November 13, Krug asked that the union begin negotiations with the asked that the union begin negotiations with the operators and that the union postpone any strike for operators and that the union postpone any strike for 6060 daysdays afterafter whichwhich timetime thethe governmentgovernment wouldwould returnreturn thethe mineminess toto theirtheir ownersowners eveneven ifif nono contractcontract waswas reached,o LewisLewis replierepliedd thathatt thethe UMWAUMWA diddid nonott bavehave a contractcontract withwith thethe operatorsoperators andand thatthat hehe wishedwished changeschanges inin thethe contractcontract itit diddid havehave withwith thethe govern­govern­ ment,ment, ratherrather thanthan negotiatnegotiatee a neneww contractcontract withwith thethe operators.99

TheThe UMWAUMlfA,, onon NovemberNovember 15,15, exercisingexercising what~it'what 1 it consideredconsidered itsits rightright underunder thethe 19451945 contract,contract, terminatedterminated thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement onon NovemberNovember 2020e,

OnOn thethe samesame day,day, NovembeNovemberr 15,15, thethe President,President, withwith CabinetCabinet support,support, decideddecided thatthat itit wouldwould notnot yielyieldd ttoo Lewis8Lewis, TrumanTruman diddid thisthis forfor twtwoo reasons:reasons: hhee blamedblamed thethe electionelection resultsresults onon LewisLewis andand hehe fearedfeared anyany supportsupport ofof LewisLewis woulwouldd meanmean continuedcontinued governmentgovernment

operationoperation ofof thethe minesomines0 TrumaTrumann wouldwould,, ifif necessarynecessary toto prevenpreventt ththee walkout,walkout, invokeinvoke thethe provisionprovisionss out­out­ lawinglawing strikesstrikes againstagainst ththee government.government,!100 TheThe government,government, thougthoughh itit habadd ththee lawlaw behinbehindd it,it, diddid notnot havhavee ththee miners8 support,support, andand thuthuss frozefroze coalcoal suppliessupplies forfor essentialessential ususee only,only, expectingexpecting thethe worst.worst, KruKrugg announcedannounced ththee minesmines wouldwould remainremain inin operationoperation andand askedasked thethe minersminers toto staystay atat workwork.. TheThe AttorneyAttorney General,General, reversingreversing himselfhimself,, decideddecided thatthat thethe UMWUMWAA couldcould nonott legallylegally endend ththee Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis 37 agreement,agreement, and.and onon NovembeNovemberr 1818 securedsecured a temporarytemporary injunction,injunction, fromfrom JudgeJudge ToTo AlanAlan GoldsboroughGoldsborough ofof thethe

DistrictDistrict CourtCourt ofof Washington,Washington, restraininrestrainingg LewisLewis fromfrom endingending thethe contractcontract forfor atat leastleast ninenine daysdays andand rere­­ strictingstricting ththee UMWAUMWA fromfrom publicisinpublicisingg itsits position.position.1111

DespiteDespite thethe injunctioninjunction thethe minerminerss diddid notnot workwork onon

NovemberNovember 21 ~.

SinceSince thethe UMWAUMWA doesdoes not,not, inin itsits frameframe ofof refer­refer­ ence,ence, callcall strikesstrikes ththee injunctioninjunction hadhad nono force.force. TheThe injunctioninjunction hadhad ordereorderedd LewisLewis toto withdrawwithdraw thethe noticenotice thatthat thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agreementagreement waswas nono longerlonger inin force.force.

LewisLewis maintainemaintainedd thatthat thithiss waswas notnot a strikestrike callcall onlyonly information.information.fo forr ththee minersminers.. AFLAFL presidentpresident

WilliamWilliam GreenGreen supportedsupported thethe UMWUMWAA philosophyphilosophy whenwhen hehe stated,stated, "The"The minerminerss havhavee individuallyindividually discontinueddiscontinued workwork onon theitheirr ownown initiative,initiative, andand withoutwithout ordersorders fromfrom anyany sourcesource whatsoever.whatsoever .. 11121,12 TheThe minerminerss hahadd againagain struckstruck followingfollowing theitheirr "nunoo contract,contract, nono workwork"" dictumdictum uponupon noticnoticee fromfrom JohnJohn LLQ. LewisLewis thatthat thertheree wawass nono contractocontract.

OnOn NovembeNovemberr 21,21, upouponn petitiopetitionn fromfrom AttorneyAttorney

GeneralGeneral Clark,g JudgJudgee GoldsboroughGoldsborough orderedordered LewisLewis andand thethe UMWUMWAA toto showshow cause,cause, onon NovembeNovemberr 25,25, whywhy theythey whouldwhould nonott bbee punishepunishedd forfor contemptcontempt ofof courtcourt ...

NovemberNovember 2255 passepassedd witwithh LewiLewiss stillstill defyingdefying thethe order~order. HisHis contemptcontempt triatriall wawass setset forfor NovembeNovemberr Z727 andand continuedcontinued forfor threethree dayso13days.*3

AtAt ththee trialtrial,, thethe union,union, representedrepresented bbyy AFLAFL counselcounsel JosepJosephh A..PadawaA.o ,Padawayy andand UMWUMWAA chiefchief counselcounsel

WellWellyy K.K. HopkinsHopkins,, basedbased itsits defensedefense onon ththee ideaidea thatthat ththee courtcourt orderorder waswas invalidinvalid becausbecausee itit wawass a violationviolation ofof ththee Norris-LaGuardiNorris-LaGuardiaa ActAct ofof 19321932 thatthat forbidsforbids anyany courtcourt ththee powepowerr ttoo issueissue anyany injunctioninjunction inin a laborlabor disputedispute.1 .. 144 TheThe UMWUMWAA contendedcontended thathatt thethe injunctioninjunction wawass illegalillegal thethenn failurefailure toto obeyobey thethe injunctioninjunction couldcould nonott bebe consideredconsidered asas contemptcontempt.e

TheThe governmengovernmentt saidsaid thathatt ththee Norris-LaGuardiNorris-LaGuardiaa ActAct diddid notnot applyapply toto thethe governmentgovernment asas employeremployer nornor couldcould itit bbee construedconstrued toto prohibitprohibit injunctionsinjunctions toto protectprotect thethe publipublicc welfare.welfareo 15*5 Onon NovembeNovemberr 2929 JudgeJudge

GoldsboroughGoldsborough ruleruledd againstagainst a unionunion motiomotionn toto dismissdismiss thethe casecase andand denyeddenyed thethe union'union1ss groundsgrounds forfor ignoringignoring thethe order..order. OnOn thethe samesame dayday thethe governmentgovernment gotgot a tenten day extension of the injunctiono 161 fi day extension of the injunction. Meanwhile the strike continued" As during the Meanwhile the strike continued. As during the spring strike there were no pickets nor any dis- spring strike there were no pickets nor any dis­ turbances~ The union 9 as usual, allowed maintain- turbances. The union, as usual, allowed maintain- ence men and clerical workers to remain on the ·job ence men and clerical workers to remain on the job to facilitate the return to work and to keep the to facilitate the return to work and to keep the workings in a save condition~ Many miners workings in a save condition. Many miners 39 appreciated, thethe workwork breabreakk since,since, inin mostmost miningmining areas,areas, thethe huntinghunting seasonseason wawass inin effect~17effect.

WhiWhil Iee thethe UMWAUMWA andand thethe governmentgovernment werewere inin court,court,

EdwardEdward BurkeBurke,, presidenpresidentt ofof thethe SouthernSouthern CoalCoal Pro­Pro­ ducers 8s Association,Association, proposeproposedd a resumptionresumption ooff negotiationsnegotiations betweenbetween ththee UMWUMWAA andand thethe operators.operators.

TheThe otherother membersmembers ofof ththee association,association, hopinhopingg thatthat

thethe governmentgovernment woulwouldd weakeweakenn thethe unionunion,9 werewere inin nono moodmood ttoo negotiate..negotiate. TheThe AssociationAssociation directorsdirectors stated:stated: "When"When operationoperation ofof thethe minesmines isi sresumed., resumed , thenthen thethe questionquestion ofof anan orderlyorderly negotiationnegotiation ofof aa collectivecollective bargaininbargainingg agreemenagreementt willwill becomebecome aann appropriateappropriate oneoone."ll181 BuButt nonott whilwhilee thethe governmentgovernment

8 isis fightingfighting ththee operators II battlebattle withwith thethe UMWA.UMWA. BurkeBurke waswas forcedforced toto resigresignn hishis positiopositionn onon Decem-Decem­ berber 44* .. OnOn DecemberDecember 3 JudgeJudge GoldsboroughGoldsborough ruledruled thatthat ththee

UMWAUMWA andand LewisLewis werweree guiltyguilty ofof contempt~contempt. InIn anan unusualunusual stepstep hhee askedasked ththee counselcounsel ofof bothboth sidessides foforr a meetingmeeting toto determinedetermine thethe sentence.o TheThe followingfollowing dayday ththee UMWUMWAA wawass finedfined $3j5009000,$3^500^,000, whicwhichh representedrepresented

$250,000$250f000 perper dayday forfor thethe 1414 daysdays ththee unionunion refusedrefused toto complycomply withwith ththee courtcourt orderoorder. LewisLewis waswas finedfined $10,00$10,00 personallypersonally forfor civilcivil anandd criminalcriminal contempt.contempt. TheThe injunctioninjunction wawass extendedextended indefinitely..indefinitely. InIn theth e 40 decisiondecision thethe judgjudgee saidsaid thathatt LewisLewis "willfully,"willfully, wrongly,wrongly, andand deliberatelydeliberately permipermitted tted"ll thethe strikestrike toto continuecontinue thatthat Itcaused"caused andand wilwilll continuecontinue toto causecause irreparableirreparable injuryinjury ttoo ththee plaintiffplaintiff,, toto thethe peoplepeople ofof thethe UniteUnited.d StatesStates andand toto thethe industryindustry andand econ­econ­ omyomy ofof thethe UniteUnitedd States.,1f19States."*9 UMWAUMWA attorneysattorneys filedfiled anan appealappeal andand postepostedd thethe

requiredrequired bondsbonds onon DecemberDecember 6.0 BothBoth unionunion andand gov­gov­ ernmenternment attorneysattorneys soughtsought immediateimmediate SupremeSupreme CourtCourt considerationconsideration byby filingfiling a writwrit ofof certioraricertiorari toto bypassbypass ththee CircuitCircuit CourtCourt ofof AppealsoAppeals.2020

InIn a statementstatement onon DecemberDecember 7 LewiLewiss endedended thethe

1717 dayday walkoutwalkouto. TheThe minersminers woulwouldd returnreturn ttoo workwork underunder thethe conditionsconditions ofof thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agreementagreement untiluntil MarchMarch 31,31, 194701947- HHee sentsent thethe minerminerss bacbackk ttoo worworkk soso thatthat thethe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt "during"during itsits periodperiod ofof deliberationdeliberation ..• e .o bebe freefree fromfrom publicpublic pressurepressure superinducedsuperinduced bbyy thethe hysteriahysteria andand frenzyfrenzy ofof anan exonomicexonomic crisis..crisis. IInn ad.d.iaddition tion,, publipublicc necessitynecessity requiresrequires ththee quantiquantitativ tativee productionproduction ofof coaLcoal. "11 HeHe alsoalso statedstated ththee willingnesswillingness ofof thethe UMWAUMWA tlto"to nego­nego­ tiatetiate a newnew wagwagee agreementagreement forfor thethe bituminousbituminous industryindustry witwithh suchsuch partiesparties asas maymay demonstratedemonstrate theirtheir authorityauthority toto dodo so,so, whetherwhether itit bbee anan alphabeticalalphabetical agencyagency ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates GovernmentGovernment oror thethe 41 associatedassociated coalcoal operators"u21operators." 1 BuButt neitheneitherr woulwouldd demonstratedemonstrate itsits desiredesire toto negotiate,negotiate, asas ththee govern­govern­ mentment wawass waitingwaiting forfor thethe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decisiondecision anandd thethe operators,operators, lmowingknowing thethe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decisiondecision waswas a whilwhilee off,off, hopehopedd thethe neneww CongressCongress wouldwould passpass somesome typetype ofof lawlaw restrictinrestrictingg unions.e TheThe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt acceptedaccepted ththee casecase andand setset ththee hearinghearing ofof argumentsarguments onon ththee contemptcontempt proceedingproceedingss foforr

JanuaryJanuary 14,14, 19471947~• TheThe unionunion basebasedd itsits argumentsarguments iinn threethree areas:areas: first,first, thethe DistrictDistrict CourtCourt hahadd nnoo powerpower toto issueissue ththee injunctioninjunction underunder ththee Norris-LaGuardiaNorris-LaGuardia

ActAct andand ththee ClaytonClayton Act;Act; second,second, ththee rightsrights ofof ththee unionunion underunder thethe first,first, eighth,eighth, andand thirteenththirteenth amend­amend­ mentsments werewere violatedviolated becausebecause ththee uniounionn couldcould nonott pub­pub­ licizelicize itsits positionposition,, itit diddid nonott havehave a jurjuryy trialtrial asas requiredrequired inin criminalcriminal contemptcontempt charges,charges, andand ththee injunctioninjunction madmadee coalcoal miningmining involuntaryinvoluntary servitude;servitude; andand lastly,lastly, eveJleven ifif thethe injunctioninjunction waswas valivalidd ththee finesfines werewere excessive,excessive, thusthus cruelcruel andand unusuaunusuall pun­pun­

2222 ishment.o TheThe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt consideredconsidered thethe casecase ofof ththee

UnitedUnited StatesStates vsVS o. UnitedUnited MinMinee WorkersWorkers ofof AmericaAmerica ssoo importantimportant thatthat itit brokebroke traditiotraditionn inin handinhandingg downdown a mid-weekmid-week decision(decision(th thee firstfirst sincesince 1932) .~ OOnn

MarchMarch 6 thethe SupremeSupreme Court,Court, inin a splitsplit decision,decision, 42 ruledruled againstagainst ththee unionunion onon allall pointspoints exceptexcept thatthat thethe finefine againstagainst thethe UMWUMWAA waswas excessive.o ThThee CourtCourt decided:decided:

101. ThatThat thethe Norris-LaGuardiaNorris-LaGuardia ActAct wawass notno t intendedintended toto applyapply ttoo ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates aass anan employer"employer. TheThe courtcourt divideddivided 5 ttoo 4 oonn thisthis question,question, witwithh JusticeJusticess RutledgeRutledge anandd FrankfurterFrankfurter dissentingdissenting.o 2.2. ThatThat ththee Uo. S ..* DistrictDistrict CourtCourt badhad theth e rightright toto issueissue a restrainingrestraining orderorder ttoo pre­pre­ serveserve existingexisting conditionsconditions whilewhile itit consid­consid­ eredered itsits owownn authority.,authority. TheThe votvotee onon thisthis questionquestion waswas 7 ttoo 22,, withwith JusticesJustices MurphyMurphy andand RutledgeRutledge dissenting"dissenting. 303» ThatThat minersminers workingworking inin government­government- seizedseized mineminess areare UUo. SoS. employes.employes. ThisThis de­de­ cisioncision bbyy a 6 toto 2 vote,vote, witwithh JusticesJustices MurphyMurphy andand FrankfurterFrankfurter dissenting..dissenting. JusticeJustice RutledgeRutledge expressedexpressed nono opinionopinion onon thisthis question. .. 404. ThThee courtcourt 0"K0'dOoK^'d ththee mergingmerging ofof civilcivil andand criminalcriminal contempcontemptt inin a singlesingle proceed­proceed­ ing.,ing. TheThe votevote waswas 77 tot o2, 2 , withwith JusticesJustices MurphyMurphy andand RutledgeRutledge dissentingdissenting ... 505* TheThe finefine ofof $10,000$10,000 againstagainst LewisLewis wawass affirmed"affirmed. TheThe finefine ofof $3,500,000$3,500,000 againstagainst thethe UMWUMWAA waswas reducereducedd toto $700,000$700,000 forfor crim­crim­ inalinal contempt,contempt, conditionalconditional uponupon ththee UMWAUMWA wiwithdrawin thd.rawingg isis contractcontract terminationtermination notice,notice, andand therebtherebyy purgingpurging itselfitself ofof contempt,contempt, withinwithin fivfivee daysdays afterafter issuanceissuance bbyy theth e SupremeSupreme OourtCourt ofof a mandatemandate,, otherwiseotherwise ththee $3,500,000$3,500,000 stands,,2jstands*23 TheThe CourtCourt divideddivided onon allall issues.,issues. OnlyOnly ChiefChief JusticeJustice VinsoVinsonn andand JusticesJustices ReeReedd andand BurtonBurton agreedagreed onon allall points..points. JusticesJustices MurphyMurphy andand RutledgeRutledge dis­dis­ sentedsented allall thethe way"way. TheThe dissentersdissenters agreedagreed thatthat ththee NorriS-LaGuardiaNorris-LaGuardia AcActt barsbars anyany injunction,injunction, eveneven bbyy thethe government,government, and,and, asas a consequence,consequence, LewisLewis dididd notnot havhavee toto obeyobey thethe restrainingrestraining order,order, andand that,that, therefore,therefore, nono finesfines whatsoeverwhatsoever shouldshould bebe imposed.imposed. 43 CommentComment upouponn ththee decisiondecision waswas generallygenerally favor­favor­ able.able* TheThe HouseHouse ofof RepresentativeRepresentativess brokebroke intointo cheerscheers onon hearinhearingg thethe decision,,24decision.^ TimeTime calledcalled iitt anan "appropriate"appropriate decisionodecision,, "tl2525 TheThe coalcoal operatorsoperators

2 wer~were veryvery pleased~26pleased. ^ TThehe survivinsurvivingg co-authoco-authorr o fof thethe actact inin question,question, FiorelloFiorello LaGuardiaLaGuardia,, saidsaid thatthat thethe decisiondecision wawass correctcorrect inin itsits interpretationinterpretation ooff

Congress r1 intentintent whenwhen thethe bilbilll wawass passepassedd inin 1932.271932.^ AllAll ofof thithiss matterematteredd littlelittle ttoo thethe unIonunion prespresss thatthat 2828 reacted as if all unions now would be destroyed. reacted as if all unions now would be destroyed. Lewis· defeat was completed, when on March 19 Lewis8 defeat was completed, when on March 19 he sent the following statement to Krug and the he sent the following statement to Krug and the miners: liThe notice of November 15, 1946, termin- miners: "The notice of November 15, 1946, termin­ ating the Krug-Lewis agreement as of November 20, ating the Krug-Lewis agreement as of November 20, 1946, is hereby unconditionally withdrawn."29 This 1946, is hereby unconditionally withdrawn."29 This invalidated his statement of December 7, 1946, that invalidated his statement of December 7* 1946, that ended the contract on March 31, 19470 Lewis had ended the contract on March 31, 1947° Lewis had now purged the UMWA of criminal contempt thus now purged the UMWA of criminal contempt thus paving the way for a reduction of the December 4 paving the way for a reduction of the December 4 fine to $700,000" The UMWA petitioned Judge Golds­ fine to $700,000. The UMWA petitioned Judge Golds0 ­ borough on March 25 for the $29 800,000 refund.,3 borough on March 25 for the $2,800,000 refund.3° The government returned the securities on April 24, The government returned the securities on April 24, when the government attorneys said they had no when the government attorneys said they had no objections. objections. NOTESNOTES ONON CHAPTERCHAPTER IIIIII

lNew*New YorkYork TimesTimes,, OctoberOctober 22,22, 1946,1946, pp.pp. 1,1, 17.17. o 2See^See appendix,appendix, documentdocument I;I; andand NationaNationall Bitum­Bitum­ inousinous CoalCoal WagWagee AgreementAgreement,, 1945,1945* ini» NationaNationall Bitum­Bitum­ inousinous CoalCoal wageWage Conference,Conference, WagWagee Agreement,Agreement, 1941-19501941-1950 (Fairmont,(Fairmont, WoVa„WoVao:: CommercialCommercial PrintinPrintingg Co.,Co., n.d.),n.d.), pp.pp. 105-118105-1180,

3-%eNeww YorkYork Times,Times9 OctoberOctober 22,22, 1946,1946, pop„ 17.17.

4~j4uMWJ, LVII(NovemberLVII(November 1,1, 1946),1946), p.p. 3.3.

5^NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times. OctoberOctober 25,25, 1946,1946, pp.. 26.26.

6^Ibid.Ibid.• ,, OctoberOctober 26,26, 1946,1946, ppo. 8;8; andand OctoberOctober 30,30, 1946,1946, p,.pTT 1.T

7 7Ibid Ibid",3, OctoberOctober 29,29, < }949,1946, pP* .. X1. ..

BuMWJ,8UMWJ, LVII(NovemberLVII(November 15,15, 1946),1946), pp.pp. 3,3, 1111.. 9^ThiThlss proposaproposall wawass endorsedendorsed bI'by ththee President,President, seesee PublicPublic PapersPapers,, II,II, 1946,1946, pp.pp. 481-483;481-483; W-ULJ,W-ULJ, NovemberNovember 15,15, 1946,1946, pp.. 505.

10Newsweek,10Newsweek, XXVIII(NovemberXXVIII(November 25,25, 1946),1946), pp.. 29.29.

11TimeTime,, XLVIII(NovemberXLVIII(November 25,25, 1946),1946), pppp.. 23-24;23-24; LaboLaborr Cases(NewCases(New York:York: CommercialCommercial ClearingClearing HouseHouse,, Inc.Inc.,, 1947),1947)» XIXI,, 63,43800 CitedCited 1111 LaborLabor CaseCasess 63,438.63,438.

1122NewsweekNewsweek,, XXVIII(DecembeXXVIII(Decemberr 22,, 1946),1946), ppo. 30.30.

13Time,13x11116, XLVIII(DecemberXLVIII (December 2,2, 1946),1946), pop. 19;19; CoalCoal

Age,Age, LI(DecemberLI(December 1946)91946), ppo0 1190119* TheThe UMWAUMWA hadhad obeyedobeyed thathatt partpart ofof thethe injunctioninjunction prohibitinprohibitingg publicitpublicityy ooff itsits actionsactions asas seenseen whewhenn LewisLewis hadhad saidsaid nothingnothing aatt allall andand ththee UMWUMWJJ waswas notnot publishepublishedd forfor DecemberDecember I))l9 1946.1946. SeeSee 1111 LaborLabor CasesCases 63,45763,457 forfor refusalrefusal ofof CourtCourt toto throWthrow outout ththee wholwholee case..o

14See*4see appendix,appendix, documentdocument II;II; AmericaAmericann Federation­Federation- ist,ist, LIII(DecembeLIII(Decemberr 1946)~1946), pppp.. 16-17;16-17; JamesJames Free,Free, iiLewis"Lewis v ... Truman~Trumam Round.Round Two, II" TheThe NeNeww Republic,Republic, CXCXVV

(December(December 2,2, 1946),1946), ppopp 0 718-7190718-719T ~ 45 l5•'CoaCoall Age,Age, LI(DecemberLI (December 1946)~1946), p~p. 119119~.

l6^ThThee CollieryColliery Guardian~Guardian. CLXXIII(DecemberCLXXIII(December 6,6,

1946),1946), pop0 760;760 ; 1111 LaborLabor CasesCases 63~459o63,459-

17Newsweek,^Newsweek, XXVIII(DecemberXXVIII(December 2,2, 1946),1946), p~pa 30.30.

l81QThThee CollieryColliery Guardian~Guardian,, CLXXIII(DecemberCLXXI 11 (December 6,6, 1946),1946), p ... 760"760 .

19See*9see 1111 LaborLabor CasesCases 63,45963,459 forfor contemptcontempt judge­judge­ mentment andand LaborLabor RelationsRelations ReferenceReference ManualManual(Washington (washington:: BureauBureau ofof NationalNational Affairs,Affairs, Inc",Inc. , 1947),1947), XIX,XIX, 20b6.2086.

CitedCited 1919 LRImLRRM 20860.

20~,20UMWJ, LVII(DecemberLVII(December 15,15, 1946)~1946), ppopp. 12-13.12-13.

21 21IbidIbida",, pop. 4.4.

22w-ULJ,22W-ULJ, JanuaryJanuary 10,10, 1947,1947, poP. 1.1.

23UMWJ,23UMWJ, LVIII(MarchLVIII(March 15,15, 1947),1947), p.P. 3;3; 1212 LaborLabor CasesCases 5r;23951,239 forfor decidecisio sionn onon (U"(U, s.,S., 6767 s.S. atCt 0. 677).677).

24Newsweek,^Newsweek, XXIX(MarchXXIX(March 17,17, 1947),1947), p.P. 30"30*

25~,25Time, XLIX(MarcXLIX(Marchh 17,17, 1947),1947), poP* 21.21.

26^CoaCoa1l Age,Age, LII(AprilLII(April 1947),1947), p.P. 129.129.

27^TiraeTime,, XLIX(MarcXLIX(Marchh 17,17, 1947),1947), Ppo» 22022.

^UMWJ28UMWJ,, LVIII(MarchLVIII(March 15,15, 1947),1947), Pp.« 3;3; AmericanAmerican Federation!stFederatIOiiTst,, LIV(AprilLIV(April 1947),1947), PPppo» 16-17_16-17.

29W-ULJW- UL J,, MarcMarchh 2121,, 1947,1947, ppo. 1.1.

330UMWJp°UMWJ, LVIII(AprilLVIII(April 1,1, 1947),1947), poP° 505» CHAPTERCHAPTER IVIV:: RELEASINRELEASINGG OFOF THETHE MINESMINES

ANIDAND THETHE 194.3194~j-- CONTRACTCONTRACT

PresidentPresident TrumanTruman announcedannounced onon DecemberDecember 31,31* 1946,1946,

thatthat WorlWorldd Wawarr IIII hostilitiehost!li ties's hahadd ended..ended. ThisThis state­state­ mentment affectedaffected ththee coalcoal industryindustry inin twotwo directdirect waysways::

first,first, ththee seizureseizure powepowerr ofof thethe governmentgovernment undeunderr thethe

nd Smith-ConnallySmith-Connally AcActt expiredexpired onon JuneJune 303°^9 1947,1947> anda second,second^ witwithh ththee governmentgovernment steppingstepping out,out, thethe oper­oper­ atorsators andand thethe UMWAUMWA werweree forcedforced ttoo negotiatenegotiate a con­con­

tracttract forfor thethe industry. *1 BuButt thethe operators l8 nego­nego­ tiatingtiating committeecommittee waswas badlbadlyy split.split. TheThe NorthernNorthern andand

captivecaptive operatorsoperators had,had, atat aann operators'operators1 meetingmeeting onon DecemberDecember 19,19? responderespondedd favorablefavorable toto Lewis'Lewis* earlierearlier requestrequest forfor immediateimmediate negotiations.o TheThe SouthernSouthern andand WesterWesternn operatorsoperators refusedrefused ttoo considerconsider anyany meet­meet­ ingsings withwith ththee UMWUMWAA untiuntill thethe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decideddecided thethe LewisLewis contemptcontempt casecase andand untiuntill CongressCongress actedacted onon laborlabor legislationBlegislation 2

ByBy JanuaryJanuary 1919 1947,1947* thethe westernWestern operatorsoperators hahadd

joinejoinedd ththee NortherNorthernn andand captivecaptive operatorsoperators inin askingasking

thethe UMWAUMWA forfor contractcontract negotiationnegotiationss coverincoveringg theirtheir minesomines. ThiThiss groupgroup representedrepresented aboutabout 6565 percenpercentt ofof

America'sAmerica's coalcoal production,,production o 3 TheThe unionunion,, limitelimitedd ttoo a nationalnational agreementagreement byby itsits 19461946 convention,convention, saidsaid thatthat 47 thethe operatorsoperators werweree lIall"all committedcommitted underunder previousprevious agreementsagreements ttoo negotiatnegotiatee a wagewage agreementagreement onon a nation­nation­

alal basis.,"4basisa"4 TheThe situationsituation remaineremainedd deadlockeddeadlocked whilewhile CongressCongress talketalkedd andand ththee SupremeSupreme CourtCourt deliberated.deliberated.

WithWith ththee strikestrike setset forfor AprilApril l(under1(under Lewis 8

DecemberDecember 7 statement),statement), RepresentativeRepresentative GeraldGerald LandisLandis

(R.-Ind(Ro-Indo 0)) calledcalled upouponn TrumaTrumann inin FebruaryFebruary toto getget thethe disputantsdisputants togethertogether.,* SenatorSenator HomerHomer Capehart(R.-Ind.)Capehart(R.-Ind.) onon FebruaryFebruary 2828 askedasked forfor SenateSenate hearinghearingss onon whywhy therethere hadhad beebeenn nono negotiations.negotiations. LewisLewis responderespondedd thatthat hehe hadhad beebeenn willingwilling toto talktalk sincesince DecemberDecember 7,7> butbut hadhad receivedreceived nnoo wordword fromfrom eithereither thethe operatorsoperators oror thethe governmentgovernment onon negotiations.,5negotiations,5 CoalCoal MinesMines Adminis­Adminis­ tratortrator CollissonCollisson inin replyreply ttoo CongressionalCongressional inquiries,inquiries, saidsaid thathatt althoughalthough thetherr werweree nnoo validvalid reasonsreasons whywhy negotiationsnegotiations werweree nonott beingbeing held,held, hehe could.could findfind nono immediateimmediate prospecprospectt forfor anan UMWA-operatorsUMWA-operators agreementagreement thatthat woulwouldd insureinsure a returreturnn ofof thethe mines.mines.

TheThe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decisiondecision onon MarchMarch 6 assuredassured thatthat thertheree woulwouldd bbee nnoo strikestrike onon AprilApril 101» TheThe nextnext day,day, MarchMarch 7~7? LewisLewis toldtold ththee SenateSenate LaborLabor CommitteeCommittee inin hearinghearingss onon ththee TaftTaft bilbilll thatthat ththee governmentgovernment hadhad steppedstepped inin ttoo stopstop collectivecollective bargaininbargainingg ttoo protectprotect thethe operatorsooperatorso TheThe minminee owners,owners, hehe said,said, werweree veryvery satisfiedsatisfied witwithh seizureseizure sincesince ththee coalcoal operatorsoperators hahadd receivedreceived recorrecordd profitprofitss inin 1946.19466^ TheThe statementstatement byby LewiLewiss onon MarchMarch 19,19, purginpurgingg thethe

UMWAUMWA ofof contempt,contempt, removedremoved oneone ofof thethe majormajor obstaclesobstacles

toto negotiationsnegotiations... WitWithh ththee LewisLewis casecase decideddecided andand thethe proposeproposedd laborlabor controlcontrol bilbilll stillstill inin committee,committee, thethe SouthernSouthern operatorsoperators letlet itit bbee knowknownn thatthat theythey werewere nownow willingwilling ttoo negotiatenegotiate a contract..contract. TheThe presi­presi­ dentdent ofof a largelarge SouthernSouthern coalcoal companycompany statedstated thatthat thethe SouthernersSoutherners werewere anxiousanxious ttoo signsign a contractcontract withwith thethe UMWAUMWA thatthat woulwouldd endend governmentgovernment control,control, bubutt werewere notnot willinwillingg ttoo signsign a contractcontract writtewrittenn byby someonesomeone elseelse. .. 7 TheTheyy insistedinsisted onon a separateseparate contractcontract becausebecause ofof non-competitivenon-competitive transportationtransportation costs.costs. AllAll attemptsattempts atat negotiationegotiationn evaporatedevaporated withwith thethe explOSionexplosion atat Centralia,Centralia, Illinois,Illinois, onon MarcMarchh 25.25. ThisThis coalcoal dustdust explosioexplOSionn inin thethe CentraliaCentralia CoalCoal Com­Com- Q pany mine number five killed III men"S The tragedy pany mine number five killed 111 men„° The tragedy gave Lewis an excellent bargaining point.. He gave Lewis an excellent bargaining point. He attacked the government~ who operated the mine, and attacked the government, who operated the mine, and especially Krug, for not living up to the Federal especially Krug, for not living up to the Federal r safety code of 1946 0 Lewis outbursts were for safety code of 19460 Lewis8 outbursts were for public consumption in an attempt to get the public's public consumption in an attempt to get the public's support for union demands for safety provisions in support for union demands for safety provisions in its upcoming contract with the mine owners" The its upcoming contract with the mine owners. The incident was used against the operators in a similar incident was used against the operators in a similar way., 9 The disaster also gave Lewis the opportunity way.9 The disaster also gave Lewis the opportunity 49

toto callcall a weekweek longlong "memorialumemorialu11 strikestrike beginningbeginning onon Apri 1 10 101 o The memorial mourning period. was violent­ April I.1 The memorial mourning period was violent­ ly denounced by the Coal Mines Administration and the ly denounced by the Coal Mines Administration and the operators as a violation of the Supreme Court mandate operators as a violation of the Supreme Court mandate against an April I strikee 11 The Justice Department against an April 1 strike.11 The Justice Department decided otherwise allowing the return of the UMWA decided otherwise allowing the return of the UMWA fine on April 240 fine on April 24. Krug, attempting to save face for the govern­ Krug, attempting to save face for the govern­ ment, ordered, on April 4, the closing of 518 mines. ment, ordered, on April 4? the closing of 518 mines. These mines, producing 616,000 tons daily, had been These mines, producing 6l6,GOO tons daily, had been declared unsafe by Federal mine inspectors,,12 They 12 weredeclare tod remainunsafe closedby Federa untill mintheye inspectorscould be .rendered The y wersafe.e to Lewis~remai n seeingclosed Krugunti lretreat, they coul reopenedd be rendere his d vitriolicsafe. Lewis attacks, seein ong Kruhimg sayingretreat that, reopene Uthisd ishi Krug'ss deathbedvitriolic confession"attacks on hiofm negligence~saying tha t Krug"thi s underis Krug' s pressuredeathbed confessionretreated "further of negligence asking .Lewis Kru gto undenamer pressurother unsafee retreate minesod furtheLewiS,r askinusingg Lewigovernments to nam inspec­e tors'other unsafreports~e mines replied. Lewis that, onlyusing twogovernmen of thet 2531inspec ­ 1 governmenttors1 reports operated, replie minesd tha twere onl ysafeo two 3o f Boththe 253Lewis1 andgovernmen Krug tknew operate it wasd mineimppssibles were safe.to close^ Botallh theLewi s minesand Kru untilg kne wthey it waweres impossiblsafeo Lewis,e to clossensinge all theth e pos- minesibles untireactionl the yto wersuche safe a closing,. Lewis ,ordered sensin gthe th miners,e pos­ onsibl Aprile reactio 8, ton treturno such toa workclosing in, thoseordere minesd the thatminers , theon Apriminersl 8, thermselvesto return toconsidered work in thossafee o mineWorks thare-t thsumede miner in smost thermselve mines nots considereofficiallyd safecalled. Wori1hazardous"k re­ andsume dby iApriln most 13mine outputs not reachedofficiall 60y perc~ntcalled ~f"hazardous .normal~14" and by April 13 output reached 60 percent of normal.^ 50 ComingComing inin ththee midsmidstt ofof thethe CentraliaCentralia controversy,controversy thethe MedicaMedicall SurveySurvey ofof thethe Bituminous-coalBituminous-coal IndustryIndustry addedadded mormoree publicpublic supportsupport toto ththee UMWUMWAA positionpositionss onon safetysafety andand welfare,welfare,o ThisThis documentdocument waswas a wholesalewholesale condemnationcondemnation ofof ththee coalcoal operators'operators8 conductconduct towardtoward thethe welfarewelfare ofof thethe.miner ~minerss andand theirtheir ,famifamilies lies.. TheThe surveysurvey included, medicamedicall services,services, medicalmedical facilities,facilities, housing,housing, sanitationsanitation~^ andand recreationalrecreational opportunies~opportunies.

AlAlthoug thoughh condemningcondemning botbothh thethe UMWUMWAA and. management,management, thethe surveysurvey inin mosmostt waysways aidedaided ththee union'sunion's demandsdemands forfor increasedincreased concernconcern forfor ththee miners'miners1 welfareowelfare.15*5

TheThe incidentincident atat CentraliaCentralia hahadd againagain postponedpostponed negotiationsnegotiations overover a monthomonth. OnOn AprilApril 1616 CollissonCollisson sentsent invitationsinvitations toto ththee uniounionn andand 3131 operators'operators1 groupsgroups toto meetmeet withwith himhim onon ApriAprill 29.29. TheThe NorthernNorthern andand WesternWestern operatorsoperators responderespondedd favorably,favorably, butbut thethe

SouthernersSoutherners refusedrefused whilwhilee LewiLewiss saidsaid nothingnothingo. TheThe

UMWAUMWA finallyfinally consentedconsented andand thethe firstfirst meetingmeeting sincesince SeptemberSeptember betweebetweenn thethe minminee workersworkers andand thethe minemine

ownersowners beganbegano0 TheThe operatorsoperators remainedremained divideddivided withwith thethe SouthernSouthern grougr.oupp reiteratinreiteratingg itsits demanddemand forfor sepa.r­separ­ ateate talkstalks becausbecausee ofof higherhigher freightfreight rates.rates. NoneNone ofof thethe operatorsoperators seemedseemed inclinedinclined toto negotiatenegotiate untiluntil afterafter thethe AmericaAmericann MiningMining CongressCongress meetingmeeting thatthat waswas toto bebe helheldd ththee secondsecond weekweek ofof MayMayo. TheThe uniounionn hadhad nono specificspecific demandsdemands atat ththee firstfirst meetingmeeting Sincesince thesethese 51 thesethese musmustt bbee decideddecided bbyy thethe PolicyPolicy CommitteComrni tteee tbatthat

waswas toto meetmeet onon ApriAprill 30, 0 Lewis,Lewis, forfor thethe first~;ttm~,firstttime, diddid notnot rulrulee outout separateseparate talktalkss witwithh ththee SouthernSouthern groupgroup ofof operators&operators. ThThee government1sgovernments positionposition waswas thethe brighbrightt spotspot ofof thethe meeting"meeting,, CollissonCollisson toldtold thethe disputantsdisputants thatthat thethe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratioAdministrationn wouldwould notnot askask CongressCongress forfor anan extensionextension ofof seizureseizure powerpower afterafter JuneJune 303° andand thatthat thethe governmentgovernment wouldwould with­with­ drawdraw fromfrom ththee meetingmeeting asas soonsoon asas a bargaininbargainingg re­re­ lationShiplationship habadd beebeenn established..established. TheThe nextnext meetingmeeting waswas setset forfor MayMay 15.*150 16^

BeforeBefore negotiationsnegotiations resumedresumed,, LewisLewis hadhad a studystudy mademade toto determinedetermine ththee percentagepercentage ofof coalcoal productionproduction minedmined inin thethe South,South, excludingexcluding thosethose SouthernSouthern minesmines ownedowned andand operatedoperated bbyy NortherNorthernn ownersowners asas captivecaptive mines.mines. ThisThis surveysurvey foundfound onlyonly 2727 percentpercent ofof pro­pro­ ductionduction wawass underunder thethe controlcontrol ofof SoutherSouther owners.owners.

TheseThese SouthernSouthern operatorsoperators chargedcharged LewisLewis withwith tryingtrying toto underminunderminee theirtheir bargaininbargainingg positionposition byby forcingforcing thethe captivecaptive mineminess inin ththee SouthSouth ttoo negotiatenegotiate asas

NorthernNorthern mines"mines, Lewis,Lewis, witwithh ththee informationinformation on.on

SouthernSouthern productionproduction,, nonoww acceptedaccepted divideddivided talks.talks,1*77

TheThe meetinmeetingg onon MayMay 1515 witwithh ththee entireentire indusrtyindusrty accomplishedaccomplished littlelittle untiuntill LewiLewiss agreedagreed toto separateseparate talkstalks withwith thethe Southerners"Southerners, SerioUSSerious negotiationsnegotiations 52 beganbegan witwithh ththee Northern,9 WesternWestern~, andand captivecaptive ownersowners onon MaMayy 16 0. TheseThese secretsecret meetings,meetings, lastinglasting untiluntil

f MayMay 3l31,f werweree ledled byby LewisLewis andand OINeillGO Neill. TheT^e wagewage conferenceconference endedended overover ththee questionquestion ofof thethe probableprobable passagepassage ofof thethe Labor-ManagementLabor-Management RelationsRelations ActAct ooff

1947(Taft-Hartley1947(Taft-Hartley Act).Act). ThThee operatorsoperators werewere ins1st-insist- antant thatthat theythey musmustt waitwait untiluntil thethe finalfinal decisiondecision oonn thethe bilbilll wawass made,made.,, TheThe negotiationsnegotiations alsoalso stalledstalled overover basicbasic dailydaily papayy ratesrates~, lengthlength ofof lunchlunch period,period, changeschanges inin thethe safetysafety code,code, unionizatiounionizationn ofof foremen,foremen, andand royaltiesroyalties andand control(control ofof ththee WelfareWelfare Fund.Fund. ThThee operatorsoperators wantedwanted toto paypay $11..35$11.35 perper eighteight hourhour dadayy withwith a 1515 minutminutee lunchlunch breakbreak,, nono supervisorssupervisors union,union, relaxingrelaxing ththee safetysafety code,code, nono increaseincrease inin WelfareWelfare FundFund royaltiesroyalties,, andand atat leastleast equalequal representationrepresentation

onon thethe controlcontrol boarboardd ofof ththee WelfarWelfaree Fund.Q ThThee UMWAUMWA counteredcountered bbyy askingasking forfor two-thirdtwo-thirdss ofof thethe WelfareWelfare

FundFund trusteestrustees,, anan eighteight hourhour dayday withwith 303° minutesminutes forfor lunchlunch forfor whicwhichh thetheyy wouldwould receivereceive $11..85,$11.85, acceptanceacceptance ofof ththee FederalFederal minemine safetysafety code,code, andand aann increaseincrease inin WelfareWelfare FundFund royaltyroyalty paymentpaymentss fromfrom fi~efive ttoo tetenn centscents peperr ton.*tonQ18^ NoNo newnew neetingneetingss werewere setset afterafter MayMay 3lG31° NegotiationsNegotiations withwith thethe SouthernSouthern operatorsoperators beganbegan

onon MayMay 28.0 TheseThese meetingsmeetings lastedlasted untiluntil JuneJune 303« 53 ThisThis meetinmeetingg waswas ledled byby HenryHenry FFo. Warden,Warden, forfor thethe operators,operators, andand JohnJohn O'LearyO,8Leary~, vice-presidentvice-president ofof thethe

UMWA,UMWA, forfor ththee miners.o TheThe negotiationnegotiationss quicklyquickly stalledstalled overover ththee operators'a insistenceinsistence thathatt manymany provisionsprovisions ofof thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreementagreement werewere unac­unac­ ceptableoceptable. TheThe mainmain disagreementsdisagreements were,thoswere. thosee con­con­ cerningcerning thethe managementmanagement andand scopescope ofof thethe WelfareWelfare FundFund andand thethe FederalFederal safetysafety code;code; thethe SouthernersSoutherners alsoalso wantedwanted eliminationelimination ofof paidpaid traveltravel timetime insideinside thethe mines,mines, minemine safetysafety committeecommittee powerpower toto closeclose mines,mines, and. pro-ratpro-rataa vacatiovacationn pay_pay. TheThe uniounionn want­want­ eded toto keepkeep allall itit hahadd gainedgained inin thethe Krug-LewiKrug-Lewi s agreement,agreement, strengtheningstrengthening ofof thethe weaweakk partpartss ofof thethe Krug-LewisKrug-Lewis agreement(thisagreement(this includedincluded strongerstronger minemine safetysafety provisionsprovisions,, exclusiveexclusive controlcontrol ofof ththee WelfareWelfare Fund,Fund, andand anan increasedincreased royaltyroyalty toto bbee paidpaid intointo thethe Fund),Fund), andand increasedincreased wageswageso. BothBoth negotiationnegotiation conferencesconferences endedended whewhenn ththee UMWUMWAA chargedcharged thethe oper­oper­ atorsators witwithh violatioviolationn ofof anan unwrittenunwritten agreementagreement onon publicitypublicity statementsstatements concerningconcerning thethe negotiationsonegotiations.119 TheThe negotiationsnegotiations brokbrokee down9down, oror ratherrather suspend­suspend ed,ed, becausbecausee neitherneither sideside wantewantedd ttoo actact untiluntil a finalfinal decisiondecision wawass reachedreached concerningconcerning thethe nonoww prob­prob­ ableable Taft-HartleTaft-Hartleyy ActActo. ThisThis bilbilll waswas reportedreported outout ofof conferenceconference onon JuneJune 303° ItIt passepassedd ththee HouseHouse onon 54 JuneJune 4 bbyy a votevote ofof 320320 toto 79079, TheThe SenateSenate passedpassed thethe bilbilll onon JuneJune 6,6, 5757 toto 17 ,<> TheThe bibill^ha ll~.had.d passedpassed bothboth houseshouses byby mormoree thanthan thethe necessarnecessaryy two-thirdstwo-thirds neededneeded ttoo overrideoverride a possiblpossiblee veto.veto* TheThe ActAct waswas sentsent ttoo ththee PresidentPresident onon JuneJune 909,2200 PresidentPresident TrumanTruman returnedreturned thethe bilbilll onon JuneJune 2200 ttoo CongressCongress withwith a strongstrong vetvetoo message.,21message,2* ThThee HouseHouse overrodeoverrode thethe vetoveto withinwithin anan hourhour ofof receivinreceivingg thethe vetoveto messagemessage bbyy a votevote ofof 331331 toto 83.83. ThThee SenateSenate byby a votvotee ofof 6868 toto 25 made the bill a law on June 230 2222 25 made the bill a law on June 23, With the probalility of a strike on July 8, With the probalility of a strike on July 8, after the ten day miners' vacation starting June 28, after the ten day miners1 vacation starting June 28, becoming more likely, both sides became more active becoming more likely, both sides became more active in seeking a settlement e Upon the insistence of in seeking a settlement. Upon the insistence of U. S. Steel and the Pittsburg Consolidation Coal U, S, Steel and the Pittsburg Consolidation Coal Company, the two largest coal producers, new Company, the two largest coal producers, new negotiations were started on June 15. The possibil­ negotiations were started on June 15» The possibil­ ity of an earlier strike became real upon enactment ity of an earlier strike became real upon enactment of the Taft-Hartley Act when within three days of of the Taft-Hartley Act when within three days of passage 250,000 miners stopped work to protest the passage 250,000 miners stopped work to protest the Act's passage0 23 In secret sessions the UMWA Act's passage,23 in secret sessions the UMWA received most of its demands in a contract signed received most of its demands in a contract signed on July 80 The first operators to sign were the on July 8, The first operators to sign were the captive and. Northern mine owners o The Southern captive and Northern mine owners. The Southern operators, faced. with accepting this contract or operators, faced with accepting this contract or 55 none,none, signedsigned onon JulJulyy 909. ByBy JulyJuly 1111 overover 9999 percentpercent ofof AmericanAmerican coalcoal productioproductionn waswas undeunderr thethe contract.24contract.24

ToTo avoidavoid penaltiepenaltiess undeunderr thethe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley ActAct thethe UMWAUMWA insisteinsistedd andand (gotgot inclusioninclusion ofof waywayss ofof protectingprotecting itself..itself. TheThe firstfirst wawass thethe eliminationelimination ofof ththee no-strikno-strikee andand penaltpenaltyy provisionprovisionss ofof previousprevious contracts"contracts. TheThe second,second, andand mosmostt famous,famous, waswas thethe provisionprovision thathatt ththee minersminers woulwouldd worworkk onlyonly whenwhen

"able"able andand willing. "II ThiThiss eliminatedeliminated ththee possibil­possibil­ ityity ofof unauthorizedunauthorized,, thuthuss illegal,illegal, wild-catwild-cat strikes.strikes. TheThe contractcontract alsoalso gavegave ththee minersminers a wagwagee ofof $13.40$13*40 perper eighteight houhourr day,day, a strongerstronger safetysafety code,code, andand anan increaseincrease inin WelfareWelfare FunFund.d royalroyaltie tiess toto tetenn centscents perper toneton. InIn compliancecompliance withwith thethe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley Act,Act, foremenforemen werweree excludedexcluded fromfrom unionizatiounionizationn and.and thethe UMWAUMWA andand ththee operatorsoperators maintainemaintainedd equalequal repre­repre­ sentationsentation onon ththee boarboardd ofof trusteestrustees ofof ththee WelfareWelfare

2 Fund. 0 255

AfterAfter fifteenfifteen monthmonthss thethe privateprivate minemine ownersowners werewere nownow runningrunning theitheirr ownown properties.o TheThe priceprice theythey paid#aid wawass steeposteep. ExceptExcept forfor thosethose practicespractices restrictedrestricted byby thethe Taft~HartleyTaft-Hartley Act,Act, thethe contract,contract, reopeningreopening ththee mineminess inin JulyJuly 1947,1947* waswas ththee oneone de­de­ mandedmanded byby ththee UMWAUMWA inin MarcMarchh 1946.1946. NOTESNOTES ONON CHAPTERCHAPTER IIVV

1New*New YorkYork Times,Times* JanuaryJanuary 1,1, 1947,1947, p$P. 1;1; seseee Truman'sTrumanus proclamationproclamation inin PublicPublic Papers,Papers, II,II, 1946,1946, p.P. 5145140*

2coal2Coal Age~Age, LII(JanuaryLII(January 1947),1947), p&P» 1010101.

3New%ew YorkYork Times,Times, JanuaryJanuary 2,2, 1947,1947, p.P- 7.7-

4W-ULJ~%-ULJ, JanuaryJanuary 24,24, 1947,1947, p.P. 4.4-

5Ibid5lb id.q , FebruaryFebruary 21,21, 1947,1947, p.P* 1;1; NewNew YorkYork 'rimes,Times, MarchMarch 1,1, 1947,1947, pop. 2;2; Time,Time, XLIX(MarchXLIX(March 10,10, 1947),1947), PI)P. 2323.. --

6^NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, MarchMarch 8,8, 1947,1947, p.P- 3;3; Newsweek,Newsweek, XXIX(FebruaryXXIX(February 10,10, 1947),1947), p.P. 6464..

7New7New YorkYork Times,Times, MarcMarchh 2222,, 1947,1947, p.P« 22;; CoalCoal AgeAge,, LII(AprilLII(April 1947),1947), Ppoo 1291290.

8^TheodorTheodoree H.H. White,White, 11IIINumber'Number FivFivee WaWass aa DrDryy Mine,"Mine, III1 TheThe NeNeww Republic,Republic, ·CXVICXVKMa (Mayy 5,5, 1947),1947), PPpp.. 21-21- 23;23; CoalCoal Age,Age, LII(MayLII(May 1947),1947), pppp.. 132,132, 134,134, andand 136136 ...

9UMWJ,9uMWJ, LVIII(AprilLVIII(April 1,1, 1947),1947), PPpp$. 3-5e3-5 .

10Thisl°This wawass legallegal sincsincee paragrapparagraphh 6 ofof ththee "Safety"Safety PracticesPracticesl!" sectionsection ooff ththee 19411941 agreementagreement states:states: "ThliThee International-UnionIntel'national'_ Union,, UniteUni tedd MinMinee WorkersWorkers ofof AmericaAmerica,, mamayy deSignatedesignate MemoriaMemoriall periodperiodss providedprovided iitt shalshalll givgivee propeproperr noticnoticee ttoo eaceachh District. "It ThisThis provisioprovisionn hahadd beebeenn carriecarriedd forwarforwardd iinn subsequentsubsequent agreementsagreements,, seseee NationaNationall CoaCoall Wagwagee ConferenceConference,, Op~. cit.cit .. ,, p ... 6565..

11Newsweek,11Newsweek, XXIX(ApriXXIX(Aprill 77,, 1947),1947), Pp.- 2727;; TimeTime,, XLIX(ApriXLIX(Aprill 14,14, 1947),1947), PPoPP« 22-23.22-23.

l12The2The OollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, OLXXIV(AprilCLXXIV(April 11,11, 1947),1947), pp.» 463. •. Thi ss- wasWas'• '26'26"P perben't".p,er'cen't'.. oT'of,th ,the"e ha.,tlonnation' t ss on::tputoutput ooff coal,COg.) ,e 5757 13Time,*3Time» XLIX(ApriXLIX(Aprill 14,14, 1947),1947), Pp&» 22~22. TheThe twtwoo "safe"n mineminess werewere thethe RelianceReliance #2#2 andand StanBC~yr:mllesStanls&irryi::M*ies operatedoperated bbyy thethe UnionUnion PacificPacific CoalCoal CompanyCompany iinn Wyoming ...

14^ThThee CollieryColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXIV(AprilCLXXIV(April 18,18, 1947),1947), pGp. 490;490; NeNeww YorYorkk Times~Times, AprilApril 14,14, 1947,1947, Pp.. 13.13. A FederalFederal investigationinvestigation foundfound thethe CentraliaCentralia CoalCoal CoCo~* 1 "wi"willfull Ilfullyy negligent'negligent II inin providingproviding necessarnecessaryy safetysafety measuresmeasures.. TheThe companycompany waswas laterlater finedfined $1000$1000(maximum(maximum underunder IllinoisIllinois statestate law)law) forfor thithiss offense.offense. SeSeee

UMWJUMWJ,, LVIIl(JulLVIII(Julyy 15,15, 1947),1947), p.P* 10100.

15S*5seeee DepartmentDepartment o~of thethe Interior,Interior, A MedicalMedical SurveySurvey ofof ththee Bituminous-coalBituminous-coal Industry,Industry, 1947.1947. FoForr operators"l attemptedattempted rebuttalrebuttal ofof thisthis reporreportt seseee Newsweek,Newsweek, XXIX(FebruaryXXIX(February 10,10, 1947),1947), Pp.* 51;51; andand CoalCoal Age,Age, LII(JuneLII(June 1947),1947), PPpp.. 74-77.74-77. --

16l6Ibid.Ibid.,, LII(MayLII(May 1947),1947)* p.P. 177;177; NewNew YorkYork Times,Times, AprilApril 17,17, 1947,1947, Pp~. 1;1; AprilApril 282~,, 1947,1947, pp.PP. 1 andand 14;14; andand AprilApril 30,30, 1947,1947, Pp.. 1.1.

17ThThee Collie:r;yColliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXIV(MayCLXXIV(May 23,23, 1947)',1947), p.p. 662;662; NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, MayMay 1,1, 1947,1947, Pp.. 2222;; MayMay 7,7, 1947,1947, p ... 18;IS; andand MaMayy 16,16, 1947,1947, Pp.. 1212..

18uMWJ,l8UMWJ, LVIIl(JunLVIII(Junee 15,15, 1947>,1947), Pp.. 3.3-

19 19IbidIbid. .. t, pp.pp. 3-4&3-4.

202°Lee>, OPoOP. cit.,cit., pp~pp. 77-78.77-78.

21Public21Public Papers,Papers, III,III, 1947,1947, PPpp ... 288-297;288-297? HarryHar ry S.S. Truman,' ~,MemotretNew-.~YCJX:lc: Memo irstNew York; ^BotiJDoubJied~'&;Oom­b 1 ed^cy & JOcrm- pany,pany, 1956),1956), ppppo. 45-46045-46.

22 22LeeLee,, OpeOP. cite,cit», pp.pp. 100-102100-1020.

23Coal23coal_Age Age,, LII(JulyLII(July 1947),1947), p.P. 125;125; TheThe Col­Col­ lieryliery Guardian,Guardian, CLXXIV(JuneCLXXIV(June 27,27, 1947),1947), pPit. 832.^32.

24UMWJ,24UMWJ, LVIII(JulLVIII(Julyy 15,15, 1947),1947), pp.PP. 3-53-5..

2 25see5see contractcontract inin ibidibidQ o,, pppp.. 11-1411-14;; alsalsoo se seee Truman'sTruman's statementstatement onon thethe settlementsettlement inin PublicPublic Papers,Papers, III,III, 1947,1947, Ppoo 332332$. CHAPTERCHAPTER V:~,TV:7POSTSCRIP POSTSCRI PTT

ThereThere werewere threethree enduringenduring resultresultss ofof thethe conflictsconflicts ofof ththee UMWUMWAA stemmingstemming fromfrom ththee yearsyears 19461946 andand 1947.1947 • TheThe

:firstfirst isis ththee rolerole ofof thethe UMWAUMWA inin thethe formationformation ofof thethe

Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley ActAct.. TheThe secondsecond isis ththee mosmostt importantimportant con­con­ cessioncession receivereceivedd byby thethe UMWAUMWA inin ththee dispute:dispute: ththee WelfareWelfare

Fund. 0 AndAnd laslastt isis ththee rolerole ofof ththee UMWAUMWA inin thethe laborlabor unityunity movement.movement.

TheThe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley AcActt isis consideredconsidered onlyonly inin thethe areasareas wherwheree thethe UMWUMWAA hadhad anan influenceinfluence onon thethe formula­formula­ tiontion ofof oror waswas directlydirectly affectedaffected bbyy thethe act. 1 TheThe Taft­Taft-

HartleyHartley AcActt waswas enactedenacted byby thethe EightiethEightieth CongressCongress elect­elect­

eded inin 1946. 0 ThisThis waswas thethe firstfirst RepublicanRepublican CongressCongress sincesince 1950193° andand witwithh anan alliancealliance witwithh conservativeconservative SouthernSouthern DemocratsDemocrats passepassedd ththee firstfirst majomajorr laborlabor lawlaw sincesince 19360193&» JohnJohn LoL» LewiLewiss playeplayedd anan importantimportant rolerole inin thithiss election.election* LewisLewis,, a registeredregistered RepublicanRepublican whowho supportedsupported WillkieWillkie inin 1940,1940, waswas a conservativeconservative inin allall areasareas exceptexcept thosthosee affectingaffecting labor.labor,, LewiLewiss received,received, whatwhat hehe constdered,considered, illill treatmenttreatment fromfrom botbothh RooseveltRoosevelt (over(over thethe "little"little steelsteel formula")formula") andand Truman(overTruman(over thethe handlinghandling ofof ththee springspring strikestrike inin 1946).1946). He,He, therefore,therefore, hadhad fewfew qualmsqualms iinn embarrassingembarrassing TrumanTruman beforbeforee thethe 1946194^ 59 elections.elections. TrumanTruman sawsaw throughthrough LewiLewiss andand accuratelyaccurately foretoldforetold thethe resultresultss ofof thethe electionelection whenwhen hhee said,said, onon DecemberDecember 11,11, 1946,1946, thatbatt LewiLewiss badhad Il"attemptea ttemptedd ttoo pullpull a dirtydirty politicapoliticall tricktrick andand itit backfiredbackfired;; butbut

hehe succeededsucceeded inin givinggiving laborlabor generallygenerally a blacblackk eyeeye9s whichwhich will·dowill do laborlabor nono googoodd inin thethe neneww RepublicanRepublican Congress. "rt2 OfOf courscoursee reactioreactionn ttoo LewisLewis diddid not,not, ofof itself,itself, electelect thethe 19461946 RepublicansRepublicans,, butbut hishis threatsthreats andand blusteringblusteringss ofof OctoberOctober andand NovembeNovemberr aideaidedd themthem immensely.immensely. ButBut TrumanTruman actedacted asas thoughthough LewisLewis wawass thethe primaryprimary reasoreasonn forfor thethe electionelection resultsresults.. ThisThis isis seenseen inin ththee vindictivevindictive policypolicy pursuepursuedd byby thethe Presi­Presi­ dentdent upouponn ththee UMWAUMWA aftera"fter thethe electionelection resultsresults becamebecame known.known.

Lewis'Lewis1 timintimingg waswas poorpoor allall througthroughh thethe delibera­delibera­ tionstions onon ththee Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley Act.Act. AlAlll duringduring thethe timetime thatthat ththee Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley AcActt wawass beinbeingg consideredconsidered hehe waswas threateningthreatening thethe countrycountry withwith a coalcoal strike.strike. FirstFirst onon AprilApril 1l~, 19471947~? andand laterlater onon JulyJuly 1.1. TheThe HousHousee CommitteeCommittee onon EducatioEducationn andand LaboLaborr heldheld hearingshearings fromfrom FebruarFebruaryy 5 toto MarchMarch 13.13. TheseThese coincicedcoinciced withwith thethe SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decisiondecision onon ththee UMWUMWAA andand Lewis.Lewis.

WithWith thisthis decisiondecision thethe HouseHouse hadhad littlelittle toto fearfear bbyy reintroducingreintroducing thethe laborlabor injunctioninjunction intointo law.law. TheThe

HartleyHartley billbill passepassedd ththee HouseHouse onon AprilApril 1717 immediatelyimmediately 606o followingfollowing thethe memoriamemoriall stoppageoThisstoppage. This wawass inin thethe midstmidst ooff thethe outcryoutcry bbyy ththee operatorsoperators thatthat LewisLewis hadhad violatedviolated ththee SupremeSupreme CourtCourt mandate.mandate. Lewis'Lewis1 actionsactions couldcould onlyonly havhavee aidedaided thethe passagpassagee ofof thethe bilbi 11l iinn thethe HouseoHouse.

OnOn thethe samesame day,day, ApriAprill 17,17> 'raftTaft reportereportedd hishis billbill fromfrom committee.committee. Taft'sTaft*s billbill wawass passepassedd onon

MayMay 13.13. TheThe passagpassagee occurredoccurred asas negotiationnegotiationss betweenbetween thethe operatorsoperators andand ththee UMWAUMWA hadhad recessedrecessed.. 'fheThe SenateSenate billbill includedincluded a provisioprovisionn thatthat woulwouldd havhavee limitedlimited industrywideindustrywide bargainingbargaining.. TheThe UMWUMWAA hahadd triedtried ttoo avoidavoid thisthis provisionprovision bbyy dividingdividing talktalkss withwith thethe operators,operators, butbut hadhad failedfailed ttoo prevenpreventt SenateSenate passage.passage.

A conferencconferencee committeecommittee,, meetinmeetingg frofromm MaMayy 1515 ttoo

MayMay 29,29, arrivedarrived atat thethe compromisecompromise Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley billbill..

ByBy MayMay 2929 allall hopeshopes ofof a coalcoal settlementsettlement hadhad passed.passed.

AsAs seenseen above,above, botbothh partiepartiess werewere waitinwaitingg toto seesee whatwhat thethe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley AcActt includeincludedd andand thethe restrictionsrestrictions thatthat woulwouldd bebe placedplaced onon thethe UMWAUMWA.. ItIt seemsseems thatthat therethere werweree directdirect relationshipsrelationships betweebetweenn ththee failurefailure ofof thethe coalcoal industrindustryy andand :thethe UMWAUMWA ttoo agreeagree onon a settle­settle­ mentment andand thethe formationformation ofof thethe Taft;"HartleyTaft-Hartley Act.Act. ActionsActions bbyy botbothh thesthesee partiepartiess duringduring thethe springspring ooff 19471947 helpedhelped toto puspushh CongressCongress intointo actionaction againstagainst allall unionsunions.. TheThe inactivityinactivity ofof thethe coalcoal negotiatorsnegotiators 61 inin MayMay andand JunJunee ofof 19471947 aidedaided anan anti-laboranti-labor coalitioncoalition inin CongressCongress ttoo paspasss ththee legislationlegislation beforbeforee a coalcoal 3 strikestrike onon JulJulyy 101Q3

CertainCertain restrictivrestrictivee sectionssections ofof thethe ActAct werewere directdirect resultresultss ofof UMWUMWAA actionsactions duringduring 19461946 andand 1947.1947• TheseThese werweree thethe exclusionexclusion ofof supervisorssupervisors fromfrom em­em­ ployeeployee status,status, thethe outlawingoutlawing ofof uniounionn operatedoperated wel­wel­ farefare funds,funds, thethe suabilitysuability ofof unionunionss inin court,court, thethe revivalrevival inin lawlaw ofof laborlabor injunctions,injunctions, andand thatthat FederalFederal employeesemployees couldcould nonott strike.strike. TheThe firstfirst twtwoo ofof thesethese werewere majormajor UMWUMWAA demandsdemands inin negotiationnegotiationss inin 1946194& andand 1947;1947; ththee lastlast threethree werweree ththee directdirect resulresultt ofof thethe LewisLewis case.o TheThe otherother provisionprovisionss werewere nonott soso spec­spec­ ificallyifically inin responsresponsee ttoo thethe UMWAUMWA actionsactions sincesince thethe so-calledso-called "unfair"unfair laborlabor practicespractices"" werewere commoncommon toto mostmost unions.o TwoTwo items,items, ththee exclusionexclusion ofof CommunistsCommunists andand ththee eliminationelimination ofof ththee closedclosed shop,shop, diddid notnot affectaffect ththee UMWAUMWAo. TheThe UMWAUMWA hadhad excludedexcluded allall Commun­Commun­ istsists iinn J92J\9~77 andand itit wawass a uniounionn shopshop organization.organization.44

III"I cancan' S tt understanunderstandd •. 0. 0. whywhy anyoneanyone wouldwould opposeoppose a HealthHealth andand WelfarWelfaree FundFund whicwhichh isis doingdoing suchsuch magnificenmagnificentt workwork.o u5"5 ThisThis commentcomment byby TrumanTruman inin 19481948 hashas becombecomee generallygenerally acceptedaccepted byby mostmost Amer­Amer­ icans.icans. ThoughThough referredreferred ttoo asas thethe WelfareWelfare Fund,Fund, iitt waswas setset uupp inin 19461946 asas twtwoo separateseparate funds:funds: a WelfareWelfare 6262 andand RetirementRetirement FundFund(jointl ( jointlyy administeredadministered byby ththee UMWAUMWA andand thethe government)government) andand a MedicalMedical andand HospitaHospitall FundFund (operated(operated bbyy thethe UMWA)UMWA)., TheseThese beganbegan operationoperation iinn earlyearly 19471947 andand ththee firstfirst benefitbenefitss werweree forfor thethe sur­sur­ vivorsvivors andand dependents-6f::thedependents 6f the CentraliaCentralia explosion.explosion. TheThe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley ActAct madmadee unionunion operatedoperated fund.sfunds illegalillegal andand inin thethe 19471947 contractcontract ththee twotwo fundsfunds werweree mergedmerged intointo oneone WelfareWelfare andand RetirementRetirement Fund.Fund. TheThe FundFund coveredcovered allall minersminers,, theirtheir dependents,dependents, andand ex-miners.ex-miners. ItIt provideprovidedd a comprehensivecomprehensive insurance,insurance, includingincluding hospitalhospital andand doctordoctor coverage,coverage, deathdeath benefitsbenefits,, rere­­ habilitation,habilitation, andand retirement.retirement.

A majomajorr reoganizatiareogan±zatinn:tookn took placplacee iinn 19501950 follow­follow­ inging a yearyear thathatt sawsaw a suspensionsuspension ofof paymentpaymentss becausebecause ofof insufficentinsufficent income.income. TheThe FundFund establishedestablished inin ththee

1950195° contractcontract hahass continuedcontinued toto ththee presentpresent.. BeginningBeginning inin 1953,1953> thethe FundFund begabegann a chainchain ofof tenten hospitalshospitals ttoo provideprovide medicamedicall carecare inin AppalachiaAppalachia. .. ^6 TheseThese hospitalshospitals werewere allall operatingoperating bbyy 19551955 providinprovidingg medicalmedical carecare anandd nurses'nurses' trainingtraining forfor thisthis depresseddepressed area.area. ExtremeExtreme financialfinancial problemproblemss forced.forced ththee FundFund toto sellsell thethe hos­hos­ pitalspitals inin 1963-196401963-19640 TheThe FundFund isis runrun byby a boarboardd ofof threthreee trustees ... OneOne isis appointedappointed byby ththee UMWA,UMWA, oneone byby thethe operators,operators, andand oneone bbyy ththee otherother two.two. LewisLewis hashas beenbeen ththee unionunion trusteetrustee sincesince thethe Fund'sFund's inception.inception . TheTh eoperators operators havehave beebeenn representedrepresented byby CaptainCaptain N.N. HH.. Coll1ssonCollisson

(1946-1947,(1946-1947» undeunderr governmentgovernment seizure),seizure), EzraEzra VaVann HornHorn

(1947-1950),(1947-1950), CharlesCharles Owens(1950-l956),Owens(1950-1956), andand HenryHenry

SchmidtSchmidt( ( 1956-present).1956-present). TheThe neutralneutral trusteetrustee hashas beenbeen

ThomasThomas EE.. Murray(Murray(1947-1948),1947-1948), StyesStyes Bridges(l948-1950),Bridges(1948-1950), andand JosephinJosephinee Roche(1950-present).Roche(1950-present). ExceptExcept forfor theth e yearyear 19491949 ththee trusteetrusteess havhavee donedone anan excellentexcellent jojobb ofof administeringadministering ththee Fund.Fund. ContrastedContrasted withwith commer­commer­ cialcial groupgroup insuranceinsurance andand commercialcommercial insurance,insurance, whichwhich

returnreturn onlyonly 9090 andand 5252 percenpercentt respectivelyrespectively ofof theirtheir incomesincomes inin benefitsbenefits,, thethe UMWUMWAA WelfareWelfare FundFund returnsreturns

9797 percenpercentt ofof itsits collectionscollections ofof overover $120$120 millionmillion perper year.year,7?

AlthoughAlthough royaltieroyaltiess havhavee beenbeen increasedincreased 12012000 percentpercent sincesince thethe Fund'sFund's establishment,establishment, thethe FundFund hahass beenbeen and. continuescontinues toto bebe plaguedplagued bbyy a lacklack ofof money.money. ThisThis hahass beebeenn causedcaused bbyy a varietyvariety ofof reasonsreasons alalll

stemmingstemming fromfrom thethe declinedecline ofof coalcoal markets.o Employ­Employ­ mentment inin coalcoal 'miningmining hashas droppeddropped fromfrom overover 400,000400,000 inin 19461946 ttoo lessless thathann 200,00200,0000 atat thethe present.present. ThThee sourcesource ofof ththee Fund'sFund's income,income, anan increasingincreasing royaltyroyalty onon thethe amountamount ofof coalcoal producedproduced,, hahass helpedhelped maintainmaintain revenues,revenues, bubutt witwithh thethe dropdrop inin employmentemployment fewerfewer youngyoung menmen turturnn ttoo mininminingg andand moremore ofof thethe remainingremaining 64 minersminers areare inin ththee uppeupperr ageage bracketbracketss andand areare thusthus retiringretiring oror nearnear retirementretirement.. ThisThis forcesforces moremore anandd moremore ofof ththee Fund'Fund'ss moniesmonies intointo ththee pensionpension area.area. AA majormajor causecause ofof thithiss employmentemployment dropdrop isis mechanizationmechanization ofof thethe mineminess whichwhich hahass advancedadvanced atat a rapidrapid rate.rate. TheThe FundFund hahass remainedremained solventsolvent byby reducinreducingg itsits ben­ben­ efitsefits inin allall areas$areas, TheThe situationsituation willwill stabilizestabilize iinn thethe future,future, bubutt notnot untiuntill manmanyy ofof thethe olderolder retiredretired minersminers havhavee died.died.

"Unity"Unity ofof labor1slabor's policiepoliciess inin AmericaAmerica isis desir­desir­ able.able. AttainmentAttainment ofof thathatt unityunity isis labor'slabor's tasktask anandd o obligations tl8 Although Lewis expressed this idea obligation." Although Lewis expressed this idea many times his actions have questioned his sincerity. many times his actions have questioned his sincerity. He has always been happy to help his laboring He has always been happy to help his laboring friends as seen in his generous loans to other friends as seen in his generous loans to other unions: $500,000 to the telephone workers in 1947 unions: $500,000 to the telephone workers in 1947 and $10 million to the steel workers in 1950. He and $10 million to the steel workers in 1950. He participated, as the UMWA representative, and as the participated, as the UMWA representative, and as the AFL representative during 1946 and 1947, in mal1Y AFL representative during 1946 and 1947? in many unity conferences with the CIO and the independent unity conferences with the CIO and the independent

railroad brotherhoods o In 1947, when he was repre­ railroad brotherhoods. In 1947* when he was repre­ senting the AFL~ Lewis asked the CIO unions to join senting the AFL, Lewis asked the CIO unions to join the AFL in the same way that the UMWA had: as inde- the AFL in the same way that the UMWA had: as inde­ pendent unions o But in December 1947, when the AFL pendent unions. But in December 1947? when the AFL 65 refusedrefused toto bacbackk hihiss actionsactions againstagainst ththee Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley requirementrequirement ttoo signsign anti-Communistanti-Communist oaths,oaths, hehe tooktook thethe UMWUMWAA outout ofof thethe AFL.9AFL. 9 AfterAfter LewisLewis leftleft thethe AFAFLL hhee waswas invitedinvited toto unityunity conferencesconferences inin 19491949 andand 1950.1950. HHee diddid notnot participateparticipate inin eithereither conferenceconference thethe thethe CIOCIO blamedblamed hishis refusarefusall toto joijoinn thethe 19501950 conferenceconference forfor thethe fail­fail­ ureure ofof ththee conference.conference. DuringDuring thethe KoreaKoreann War,War, LewisLewis refusedrefused ttoo joijoinn ththee otherother unionunionss inin a uniteunitedd warwar effort.effort. WhileWhile ththee AFAFLL andand ththee CIOCIO werweree movingmoving closercloser together,together, inin ththee earlyearly 1950's,1950*s> LewisLewis wawass movinmovingg far­far­ therther fromfrom botbothh groups.groups. GeorgeGeorge MeanMeanyy inin 19521952 chargedcharged LewisLewis witwithh creatingcreating thethe CIOCIO ttoo establishestablish hishis ownown powerpower basbasee inin organizedorganized labor.labor. MeanyMeany laterlater chargedcharged thatthat LewisLewis wouldwould nonott bbee includedincluded inin ththee unityunity talkstalks because,because, "Good"Good LordILord! He'Herss ththee fellowfellow thathatt spiltspilt thethe AFL.AFL. He*Hetss thethe fellowfellow whowho triedtried toto splitsplit thethe CIOCIO afterafter hhee gotgot tiredtired ofof thatthat.. He'sHe's thethe fellowfellow whowho camecame bacbackk ttoo thethe AFLAFL iinn 19471947 andand triedtried ttoo splitsplit iitt again.again."u1010 MeanyMeany reflectereflectedd thethe viewview ofof bothboth,, thethe CIOCIO andand thethe AFL:AFL: thetheyy werweree willingwilling toto listenlisten toto LewisLewis urgeurge unity,unity, bubutt werewere warywary ofof havinghaving himhim iinn anyany unitedunited laborlabor movementmovement ...

AnotherAnother aspectaspect ofof Lewisi8 lacklack ofof intentintent inin laborlabor unitunityy waswas hihiss creationcreation ofof thethe omnibusomnibus DistrictDistrict 50.5°« 66 ThisThis department,department, thethe largestlargest ofof thethe UMWAUMWA thirty­thirty- oneone districts,districts, containscontains workerworkerss inin allall segmentssegments ofof industryindustry fromfrom railroadrailroad workersworkers onon LongLong IslandIsland ttoo bartendersbartenders inin WyomingoWyoming. TheThe jurisdictionajurisdictionall problems.problems createdcreated bbyy thithiss districtdistrict havhavee hamperedhampered thethe UMWUMWAA inin allall unityunity moves.o LewiLewiss doesn'tdoesn't wanwantt toto loselose thesethese workersworkers andand otherother unionsunions claimclaim theythey shoudshoud belonbelongg toto theirtheir organizationsorganizations whethewhetherr industrialindustrial oror craft.craft.11^ ConsideringConsidering allall thesthesee factors,factors, includingincluding thethe per­per­ sonalitysonality ofof JohnJohn L.L. Lewis,Lewis, itit isis nonott surprisingsurprising thatthat ththee UMWUMWAA hashas remaineremainedd anan independentindependent unionunion sincesince 1947.1947. NOTENOTESS ONON CHAPTERCHAPTER VV

lFor*For ththee latestlatest accountaccount ofof ththee Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley AcActt seesee Lee,Lee, 0EoOp. citcit..

2Truman Truman,, Memoirs,Memoirs, I.I. p.p. 555.555.

3Lee,•5Lee> Op.0P° tit.,cit., pp.pp. 56-75.56-75- ^Lauck4Lauck,, Dp.Op. cit.,cit., pp.. 244;244; BureaBureauu ofof LaborLabor Statistics,Statistics, BulletinBulletin NoNo.. 865,865, ExtentExtent ofof CollectiveCollective BargainingBargaining andand UnionUnion Recognition,Recognition, 1945,1945, 1946,1946, pp.. 66.. 5Harry^Harry SoS. Truman,Truman, TheThe TrumaTrumann Program:Program: AddressesAddresses andand MessafesMessages byby PresidentPresident HarryHarry S.S. Truman,Truman, eedd M.M. BBo. SchnapperSchnapper (WWashington:a s hi ng t o n: PublicPublic AffairsAffairs Press,Press, 1948),1948) , pop. 140140.. 6^ThThee hospitalhospitalss werewere builtbuilt inin Beckley,Beckley, ManMan,, anandd Williamson,Williamson, WesWestt VirginiaVirginia;; Middlesboro,Middlesboro, Pikeville,Pikeville, Harlan,Harlan, Hazard,Hazard, Whitesburg\Vhi tesburg,, andand McDowell,McDowell, Kentucky;Kentucky; andand WiseWise,, Virginia.Virginia.

7Jack7Jack Barbash,Barbash, edo,ed., UnionsUnions andand UnionUnion LeadershipLeadership (New(New York:York: HarperHarper & Row,Row, 1959),1959)» p.P. 223;223; NeNeww YorkYork Times,Times, ApriAprill 12,12, 1966,1966, ppo. 30.30, o SLau9k, Op" ci t., p. 168; see Arthur J. Goldberg, °Lauck, 0po cit., p. 168; see Arthur J. Goldberg, AFL-CIOAFL-CIO:: !JaborLabor United(NewUnited(New York:York: McGraw-HilMcGraw-Hilll BookBook Company,Company, IncInc.o , , 1956),1956), forfor a historyhistory ofof thethe unitunityy ooff AmericanAmerican labor.labor.

9W-ULJ,?W-ULJ, DecemberDecember 19,19, 19471947~, Pp.. 1.1.

*°Goldberg10Goldberg~, OpeOp. cit.,cit., ppPPo. 68,68, 74,74, andand 79.79.

llS**Seid.maneidman,, Dp.Op. cit.,cit., pppp.. 197197 andand 248.248. CHAPTERCHAPTER VIVI:\UONCLUSIONS: CONCLUSIONS ThisThis thesisthesis hahass trietriedd toto showshow somesome ofof thethe difficultiesdifficulties ofof a government-operatedgovernment-operated industryindustry iinn thethe AmericanAmerican economiceconomic system.system. ItIt waswas writtenwritten focusingfocusing upouponn ththee laborlabor sideside ofof thethe conflict.conflict. SinceSince governmentalgovernmental workerworkerss inin seizedseized industriesindustries inin thisthis countrycountry areare organized,organized, specialspecial problemsproblems de­de­ velopvelop inin thethe policiepoliciess ofof thesthesee unionsunions inin theirtheir relationshiprelationship toto theirtheir employer:employer: ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates government.government. TheThe probleproblemm dealtdealt withwith inin thisthis essayessay waswas anan extraordinaryextraordinary oneone sincesince ththee unionunion involvedinvolved attemptedattempted toto ususee tacticstactics that,that, thougthoughh thetheyy hahadd provenproven usefuusefull iinn dealingdealing withwith thethe operators,operators, couldcould nonott bbee useusedd bbyy governmengovernmentt employees.employees.

TheThe ideaidea isis developedevelopedd inin thithiss essayessay ofof thethe

futilityfutility ofof governmentgovernment directiondirection ofof labor-manage­labor-manage­ mentment contracts.o InIn thethe casecase ofof ththee coalcoal miners,miners, shownshown herehere,, governmentgovernment interventionintervention andand seizureseizure diddid notnot helphelp inin drawingdrawing thethe minersminers andand thethe operatorsoperators

intointo anythinganything closeclose ttoo agreement.Q UnderUnder seizureseizure thethe privatprivatee operatorsoperators werweree relievedrelieved ofof theirtheir ob­ob­ ligations,ligations, bubutt receivereceivedd thethe profitsprofitso. TheThe operatorsoperators usedused ththee governmentgovernment toto fightfight itsits continuingcontinuing battlesbattles 69 withwith ththee UMWAUMWAo. ThThee government,government, inin itsits desiredesire toto

getget thethe mineminess working,working, signedsigned a veryvery generousgenerous

contract.contract. ByBy doingdoing soso itit alienatedalienated manmanyy operatorsoperators

whowho feltfelt thetheyy couldcould notnot,, forfor competitivecompetitive economiceconomic

reasons,reasons, grantgrant soso mucmuchh ttoo ththee UMWAUMWAo. InIn signingsigning

thisthis contractcontract thethe governmengovernmentt putput enormousenormous pressurepressure

onon thethe operatorsoperators toto gigive v~,., tnr"ap.yfinr\apyrsubsequen stIbsequent,.oontr,acj,t oontrac$,

eveneven betterbetter,, andand moremore costly,costly, concessionsconcessions toto thethe miners.miners. ThisThis isis exactlyexactly whawhatt happenedhappened whewhenn thethe minesmines werweree releasereleasedd inin 1947.1947. TheThe UMWA,UMWA, forfor itsits part,part, resenteresentedd anyany interferencinterferencee bbyy thethe governmentgovernment

in,in, whawhatt itit considered,considered, itsits legallegal conflictconflict withwith

thethe operators.operators. ThoughThough thethe minerminerss werewere pleasepleasedd withwith

thethe economiceconomic andand welfarwelfaree provisionprovisionss ofof theitheirr contractcontract

withwith ththee government,government, thetheyy diddid nonott likelike thethe restric­restric­

tionstions placedplaced upouponn theitheirr actionsactions byby beinbeingg governmentgovernment

employeesoemployees. ResentmentResentmentss werewere thusthus builtbuilt onon bothboth

sides:sides: ththee operatorsoperators diddid notnot likelike thethe governmentgovernment

givinggiving ththee minersminers soso muchmuch ofof theitheirr profitsprofits,, whilewhile

thethe minersminers diddid notnot likelike workingworking forfor thethe governmentgovernment

whilewhile theirtheir bossebossess receivedreceived recordrecord profits.e

TheThe incidentsincidents involvedinvolved inin thisthis essayessay habadd a

veryvery strongstrong effecteffect onon nationanationall laborlabor policypolicy.. AsAs seenseen above,above, ththee actionsactions ofof unionsunions,, andand especiallyespecially thethe UMWAUMWA,, duringduring reconversionreconversion,, thoughthough manymany werewere 70 legallegal andand justifiablejustifiable,, alienatedalienated thethe majoritymajority ofof thethe public$public. TheThe resultsresults areare foundfound inin thethe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley Act.Act. TheThe revivalrevival ofof ththee laborlabor injunctioninjunction againstagainst thethe UMWAUMWA assuredassured thethe inclusioninclusion ofof anan injunctioninjunction provisionprovision inin thithiss legislation.legislation. ThThee fearfear ofof a nationwidenationwide coalcoal strikestrike throughouthroughoutt 19461946 andand 19471947 playeplayedd intointo ththee handshands ofof thosethose whwhoo feltfelt restrictionrestrictionss onon laborlabor werewere necessary.necessary ManyMany ofof ththee restrictionrestrictionss inin thethe Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley AcActt werewere thethe resultresult ofof thithiss fear,fear, thathatt nearedneared thethe panipanicc stagestage inin severalseveral casescases includingincluding ththee oneone discusseddiscussed inin thisthis essay.essay. ~lthoughAlthough ththee resultingresulting limitationslimitations onon laborlabor werewere violentlviolentlyy denounceddenounced bbyy laborlabor forfor manymany years,years, mostmost ofof ththee Taft-HartleyTaft-Hartley ActAct habass beenbeen acceptedaccepted byby organizedorganized labolaborr asas necessary_necessary. APPENDIXAPPENDIX 7272

CHART I

200

/ ) / / / / / / clothing 150

food

items

... -.-- .... ;---.-~ -_ .. ------rent 100 1945 1946 1947 IncreaseIncreasess iinn pricpricee foforr selecselectt itemsitems,, 1945-19471945-1947.• BaseBasedd

oonn 1935-1931935-19399 averageaveragess equaequall 100100.o PercenPercentt increaseincreasess JunJunee 19461946-December-December 19471947:: foofoodd 39$39%~, alalll itemitemss 24$24%,, clothinclothingg 21$21%,, anandd renrentt 6%„6%& TakeTakenn frofromm TrumanTruman,, ThThee EconomiEconomicc ReportReportss ooff ththee PresidentsPresident~, parpartt II~, pp., 3b38,, anandd parpartt IIII,, p. 11. 7373

CHARTCHART IIII

3030 r

I' I" 'V '\ II '\ v A , / \ I '\ 2020 I V'v '\ I \ I \ I \ I , I \ \ I I .... 1010 I "'- "- I .... I ~ , ,,--.1 , I I ',,"', , I V o0 1940' 1941 * 19421942'" 11943 ' 1944' 1945' 194&' 1947' NeNett savingsaving asas percentpercent ofof disposabledisposable personapersonall income.income

FromFrom TrLIInan,Trumanf TheThe EconomiEconomicc ReportReportss ofof ththee President~President,

papar r tt II,, p „• 16l6 „0 7474

TABLETABLE II

WorWorkk StoppagesStoppages ManMan DayDayss idleidle Numbernumber WorkersWorkers NumbeNumberr lPercentPercent ooff involinvolve vedd estimatedestimated workingworking timetime FFirs lrstt postpost wawarr yeayearr (August(August 15,15, 1945-Aug-1945-Aug- ustust 14,14, 19461946) ):: TotalTotal 4,6304,630 4~4,981 981,, 000000 119,785,000119,785,000 1.621.62 ------,---f---- f------r---- WorlWorldd WarWar III I:: 'TotalTotal 14973114,731 6,744,0006,744,000 36,301,00036,301,000 .11.11 ... - . - . --- - ... -- .. - . - - - - - . - . ... - ...... , ...... , .... - - - .. -- - . - . - . - .... - . - DecemberDecember 8-31,8-31, 19411941 8484 16,00016,000 303,000303,000 .06.06 19421942 2,9682,968 840,000840,000 4,183,0004,183,000 .05.05 19431943 3,7523,752 1~981,0001,981,000 1~,501,00013,501,000 .15.15 19441944 4,9564,956 2,116,0002,116,000 8,721,00,721,0000 .09.09 JanJan.. I-Aug.-Augo 14, 1 14, 1,791,000 9,593,000 19451945 2,9712,971 1,791,000 9,593,000 .17.17 ~-----f------1------yYearl earlyy averageaverage 1935-19391935-1939 2,8622,862 1,125,0001,125,000 16,949,00016,949,000 .27.27

WorkWork stoppagesstoppages inin thethe firstfirst yeayearr afterafter VJ-day,VJ-day, iinn WorlWorldd WarWar II,II, andand inin thethe 1935-19391935-1939 periodperiod.. FromFrom MonthlyMonthly LaborLabor Review,Review, LXIII(DecemberLXIII(December 1946),1946), p.p. 883.883. 7575

TABLETABLE IIII

MonthMonth StoppagesStoppages beginningbeginning ManMan DaysDays idleidle (al(alll inin monthmonth stoppages)stoppages) NumberNumber WorkersWo rke r s NumbeNumberr PercenPercentt ooff involvedi nvo1ved estimatedestimated workingworking timtimee (al(alll industries s)

JanuaryJanuary 325325 11,400,00 ~ 400,0000 19,750,00019,750,000 3.13-1 FebruaryFebruary 275275 130,000130,000 23,000,00023,000,000 4.24.2 MMarcarch h 424200 165,00165~0000 13,825,00013,825,000 2.32.3 April April 495495 575,000575?ooo 15,550,00015,550,000 2.2.44 MMaay y 380380 560560,009 0000 12,360,00012,360,000 1.91.9 JuneJune 375375 175~000175.000 4,475,004,475,0000 .7.7 JulyJuly 525525 190~000190,000 39300,0003,300,000 .5.5 AugusA ugustt 515515 240240,009 0000 3,425,0003,425*000 0 *2 SeptemberSeptember 450450 380~000380,000 5,000,0005,000,000 :~& *J OctoberOctober 450450 290290,009 0000 4,500,004~500,0000 .606 NNovembeovember r 310310 450,000450,000 4,750,004,750,0000 .7.7 DecemberDecember 180180 95,00095,000 33,065,00j 065,0000 .4.4

MonthlyMonthly trentrendd inin workwork stoppages~stoppages, 1946.1946. FromFrom MonthlMonthlyy LaborLabor Review,9 LXIV(FebruarLXIV(Februaryy 1947),1947), p.P» 264.264. DOCUMENTDOCUMENT II

iThe^The BituminousBituminous CoalCoal WageWage AgreemenAgreementt ofof 19461946 knownknown asas ththee Krug-LewiKrug-Lewiss agreemengagreement/

ThisThis agreementagreement betweenbetween ththee SecretarySecretary ofof ththee Inter­Inter­ ior,ior, actingacting asas CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratorAdministrator undeunderr ththee author­author­ ityity ofof ExecutiveExecutive OrderOrder NooNo. 9728(dated9728(dated MayMay 21,21, 1946,1946. 1111 a FoF. R.R. 5593),5593)* ^andd ththee UniteUnitedd MinMinee WorkerWorkerss ooff AmericaAmerica,, coverscovers forfor thethe perioperiodd ofof GovernmentGovernment possessionpossession thethe termsterms andand conditionsconditions ofof employmentemployment inin respecrespectt ttoo allall minesmines inin GovernmentGovernment possessiopossessionn whichwhich werewere asas ofof MarchMarch 31,31> 194619469? subjectsubject toto thethe NationalNational BituminousBituminous CoalCoal WageWage AgreementAgreement dateddated AprilApril II"11, 194501945°

101, PROVISIONSPROVISIONS OOFF NATIONANATIONALL BITUMINOUBITUMINOUSS COALCOAL WAGEWAGE AGREEMENTAGREEMENT PRESERVEDPRESERVED ExceptExcept asas amendedamended andand supplementedsupplemented herein,herein, thisthis agreementagreement carriescarries forwardforward andand preservespreserves thethe termsterms andand conditionsconditions containedcontained inin allall joinjointt wagewage agreementsagreements effec­effec­ tivetive ApriAprill 191, 19411941~? throughthrough MarcMarchh 31,31, 1943,1943? thethe supple­supple­ mentalmental agreementagreement providinprovidingg forfor thethe six(6)six(6) dayday workwork week,week, andand allall ththee variousvarious districtdistrict agreementsagreements executedexecuted betweenbetween thethe UnitedUnited MinMinee WorkersWorkers andand ththee variouvariouss CoalCoal AssociationsAssociations andand CoalCoal Companies(basedCompanies(based uponupon thethe afore­afore­ saidsaid basibasicc agreement)agreement) asas theythey existedexisted onon MarchMarch 31,31* 1943,1943* andand ththee NationaNationall BituminouBituminouss CoalCoal WageWage Agreement,Agreement, dateddated AprilApril ll~11, 194501945o

202. MINMINEE SAFETYSAFETY PROGRAMPROGRAM

(a)(a) FEDERALFEDERAL MINMINEE SAFETYSAFETY CODECODE

AAss soonsoon asas practicablpracticablee andand nonott laterlater thanthan 303° daysdays fromfrom ththee datedate ofof ththee makinmakingg ofof thethe agreementagreement~, thethe Direct­Direct­ oror of6f ththee BureauBureau ofof MinesMines afterafter consultationconsultation withwith repre­repre­ sentativessentatives ofof ththee UniteUnitedd MinMinee WorkersWorkers andand suchsuch otherother personspersons asas hehe deemsdeems appropriate!)appropriate!, willwill issueissue a reasonablereasonable codecode ofof standardsstandards andand rulesrules pertaininpertainingg ttoo safetysafety condi­condi­ tionstions andand practicepracticess inin thethe minesmineso. TheThe CoalCoal MinesMines Admin­Admin­ istratoristrator wilwilll puputt thisthis codecode intointo effecteffect atat thethe mines&mines. InspectorsInspectors ofof ththee FederalFederal BureauBureau ofof MinesMines shallshall makemake periodicperiodic investigationsinvestigations ofof thethe minesmines andand reportreport ttoo thethe CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratorAdministrator anyany violationsviolations ofof thethe FederalFederal SafetySafety CodeoCode. InIn casescases ofof violatioviolationn thethe CoalCoal MinesMines Ad­Ad­ ministratorministrator wilwilll taketake appropriateappropriate actionaction whichwhich maymay in­in­ cludeclude discipliningdisciplining oror replacingreplacing thethe operatingoperating managermanager soso thathatt willwill allall reasonablereasonable dispatchdispatch saidsaid violationviolation willwill bbee correctedcorrected.o FromFrom timtimee toto timetime thethe DirectorDirector ofof thethe BureauBureau ofof

MinesMines maY9may9 upouponn requesrequestt ofof thethe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratoTAdministrator 7777 oror thethe UnitedUnited MinMinee WorkersWorkers,^ reviewreview andand reviserevise ththee FederalFederal MinMinee SafetySafety CodeoCode*

(b)(b) MINMINEE SAFETYSAFETY COMMITTEECOMMITTEE

AAtt eacheach minminee therthere~sM.llhbeD,a.'Mt.nee shallbbeDa/Mtne.S^fetyGCommitte ... SafeJyGennuilttlteee selectedselected bbyy thethe locallocal unionuniono. ThThee MinMinee SafetySafety CommitteeCommittee maymay inspectinspect anyany minemine d.evelopmentdevelopment oror equipmentequipment usedused inin producingproducing coalcoal forfor ththee purpospurposee ofof ascertainingascertaining whetherwhether compliancecompliance witwithh ththee FederaFederall SafetySafety CodeCode existsoexists. TheThe CommitteeCommittee membersmembers whilwhilee engagedengaged inin ththee performancperformancee ofof theirtheir dutiesduties shallshall bbee paidpaid byby thethe Union~Union, bubutt shallshall bbee deemeddeemed ttoo bbee actingacting withiwithinn ththee scopescope ofof theirtheir employmentemployment inin ththee minemine withiwithinn ththee meaninmeaningg ofof thethe Workmen1sWorkmen's Compen­Compen­ sationsation LawLaw ofof thethe statestate wherwheree suchsuch dutiesduties areare performed.performed. IfIf ththee CommitteeCommittee believesbelieves conditionsconditions foundfound endangerendanger thethe lifelife anandd bodiebodiess ofof thethe minemine workersWorkers,, itit shallshall reportreport itsits findingsfindings andand recommendationrecommendationss ttoo ththee management.management. InIn thosethose specialspecial instancesinstances wherewhere thethe CommitteeCommittee believebelievess anan immediateimmediate dangerdanger existsexists anandd thethe CommitteeCommittee recommendsrecommends thatthat thethe managemenmanagementt removeremove allall minminee workerworkerss fromfrom thethe unsafeunsafe area,9 thethe operatingoperating managemanagerr oror hishis managerialmanagerial subordinatesubordinate isis requirerequiredd ttoo followfollow thethe recommendatiorecommendationn ofof thethe Committee^9 unlesunlesss andand untiuntill ththee CoalCoal MinesMines Adminis­Adminis­ trator,ll takingtaking intointo accountaccount thethe inherentlyinherently hazardoushazardous charactercharacter ooff coalcoal miningmining,, determinesdetermines thatthat thethe authorityauthority ofof thethe SafetySafety CommitteeCommittee isis beingbeing misusemisusedd anandd hhee cancelscancels oror modifiemodifiess thatthat authorityoauthority. ThThee SafetySafety CommitteeCommittee andand thethe operatingoperating managermanager shallshall maintaimaintainn suchsuch recordrecordss concerninconcerningg inspections,inspections, findings,findings, recommendationrecommendationss andand actionsactions relatingrelating ttoo thisthis provisionprovision ofof ththee agreementagreement asas thethe CoalCoal MineMiness Adminis­Adminis­ tratortrator maymay requirrequiree andand shallshall supplysupply suchsuch reportsreports asas hhee maymay request .0

303o WORKMENnSWORKMEN'S COMPENSATIONCOMPENSATION ANANDD OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL DISEASEDISEASE TheThe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratoAdministratorr undertakesundertakes toto directdirect eacheach operatingoperating managemanagerr ttoo providprovidee itsits employesemployes withwith thethe protectionprotection andand coveragecoverage ofof ththee benefitbenefitss underunder Workmen'sWorkmen's CompensationCompensation andand OccupationalOccupational DiseasDiseasee Laws,9 whetherwhether compulsorycompulsory oror elective,9 existinexistingg inin thethe statesstates inin whichwhich thethe respectivrespectivee employesemployes areare employed.o RefusalRefusal ofof anyany operatingoperating managermanager toto carrycarry outout thithiss directiondirection shallshall bebe deemeddeemed a violatioviolationn ofof hihiss dutiesduties asas operatingoperating manageromanager. InIn ththee eventevent ofof suchsuch refusarefusall ththee CoalCoal MinesMines Administra­Administra­ tortor willwill taktakee appropriatappropriatee actionaction whichwhich maymay includeinclude dis­dis­ cipliningciplining oror replacingreplacing ththee operatingoperating managermanager oror shuttingshutting downdown ththee mine.o 78 4$4. HEALTHHEALTH ANANDD WELFAREWELFARE PROGRAMPROGRAM ThereThere isis herebherebyy providedprovided a healthhealth andand welfarewelfare pro­pro­ gramgram inin broabroadd outline--andoutline—and itit isis recognizedrecognized thathatt manymany importanimportantt detailsdetails remairemainn toto bbee filledfilled in--suchin—such programprogram toto consistconsist ofof threethree parts9 asas follows:follows: (a)(a) A WELFAREWELFARE ANDAND RETIREMENTRETIREMENT FUNDFUND A welfarwelfaree anandd retiremenretirementt fundfund iiss herebherebyy createdcreated andand therethere shallshall bbee paidpaid intointo saidsaid fundfund bbyy thethe operatingoperating managersmanagers fivefive centscents peperr tonton onon eacheach tonton ofof coalcoal pro­pro­ ducedduced forfor useuse oror forfor saleosale0 ThisThis fundfund shallshall bbee managedmanaged byby threethree trusteesg9 oneone appointedappointed bbyy ththee CoalCoal MineMiness Ad­Ad­ ministrator"ministrator, oneone appointedappointed bbyy ththee PresidenPresidentt ofof thethe UniUnite tedd MineMine Workers!)Workers^, andand thethe thirthirdd chosenchosen bbyy ththee otherother two..two. TheThe fundfund shallshall bbee usedused forfor makingmaking paymentpaymentss toto miners,miners, andand theitheirr dependentsdependents andand survivors,survivors, witwithh respectrespect toto (i)(i) wagwagee lossloss nonott otherwiseotherwise compensatedcompensated atat allall oror adequatelyadequately undeunderr thethe provisionsprovisions ofof FederalFederal oorr StateState lawlaw andand resultinresultingg fromfrom sicknesssickness (temporary(temporary disability),disability), permanentpermanent disabilitydisability~, deathdeath oror retirementretirement,, andand (ii)(ii) other related welfare purposes, as determined by the other related welfare purposes 9 as determined by the trusteesotrustees. SubjectSubject toto thethe statedstated purposespurposes ofof ththee fund,fund, thethe trusteestrustees shallshall havehave fullfull authorityauthority withwith respecrespectt toto questionsquestions ofof coveragecoverage andand eligibilityeligibility~, prioritieprioritiess amongamong classesclasses ofof benefitsg9 amountsamounts ofof benefitsbenefits,, methodsmethods ofof providingproviding oror arrangingarranging forfor provisioprovisionn ofof benefitsbenefits,, andand allall relaterelatedd matters*o TheThe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratorAdministrator willwill instructinstruct thethe operatingoperating managermanagerss thatthat thethe obligationobligation toto makmakee pay­pay­ mentsments toto thethe welfarwelfaree andand retirementretirement fundfund becomebecomess effec­effec­ tivetive withwith referencreferencee toto coalcoal producedproduced onon andand afterafter JuneJune 1,1, 1946;1946; thethe firstfirst actualactual paymenpaymentt isis toto bebe madmadee onon AugustAugust 15,15? 19461946~, coveringcovering thethe periodperiod fromfrom JunJunee 1 toto JulyJuly 15;15; thethe secondsecond paymentpayment ttoo bbee mademade onon SeptemberSeptember 15,15» coveringcovering thethe perioperiodd fromfrom JulyJuly 1515 toto AugustAugust 31;31; andand thereafterthereafter paymentpayment toto bbee madmadee onon ththee 15th15th dayday ofof eacheach monthmonth coveringcovering thethe precedinprecedingg monthomontho

(b)(b) A MEDICA~mDICALL ANDAND HOSPITAHOSPITALL FUNDFUND

ThereThere shallshall bebe createdcreated a medicalmedical andand hospitalhospital fund,fund, toto bebe administeredadministered byby trusteestrustees appointedappointed bbyy thethe PresidentPresident ofof ththee UniteUnitedd MineMine WorkersoWorkers,, ThisThis fundfund shallshall bbee accumu­accumu­ latedlated fromfrom thethe wagwagee deductionsdeductions presentlypresently beingbeing mademade andand suchsuch asas mamayy hereafterhereafter bebe authorizedauthorized bbyy thethe UnioUnionn and. itsits membersmembers forfor medical~medical, hospita1hospital^9 andand relaterelatedd servicesservices forfor thethe minersminers andand theitheirr dependents.dependents0 TheThe moneymoney inin thisthis fundfund 7979 shallsnail bbee useusedd forfor thethe indicatedindicated purposepurposess atat ththee discre­discre­ tiontion ofof thethe trusteestrustees ofof thethe fund;fund; andand thethe trusteestrustees shallshall provideprovide forfor suchsuch regionaregionall oror locallocal variationvariationss andand adjust­adjust­ mentsments inin wagewage deductions,de(luctiDn~~;* beneftts~~andc6t.her~)pr.actli:ce~,benGfits^andcbfcher^practices, andand transfertransfer tifof fundsfunds toto locallocal unions,g asas mamayy bbee necessarynecessary andand asas areare inin accordanceaccordance withwith agreementsagreements madmadee withinwithin thethe frameworkframework ofof thethe UnionUffion1s8s organization"organization. TheThe CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratoAdministratorr agrees(afteragrees(after thethe trusteestrustees makemake arrangementsarrangements satisfactorysatisfactory toto thethe CoalCoal MinesMines J.dministrator)Administrator) ttoo directdirect eacheach operatingoperating managermanager ttoo turnturn overover toto thithiss fund,9 oror ttoo suchsuch locallocal unionsunions asas ththee trusteestrustees ofof ththee fundfund maymay direct!)directs allall suchsuch wagewage deductions,deductions, begin­begin­ ningning witwithh a statedstated datedate ttoo bbee agreedagreed upouponn byby thethe Admin­Admin­ istratoristrator andand ththee PresidentPresident ofof thethe UniteUnitedd MineMine Workers:Workers:

Provided!'Provided, however 9 thathatt ththee UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers shallshall firstfirst obtainobtain ththee consentconsent ofof ththee affectedaffected employesemployes ttoo suchsuch turn-overturn-over... ThThee CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratorAdministrator wilwilll co­co­ operateoperate fullyfully withwith ththee UniteUnitedd MinMinee WorkersWorkers toto thethe endend thatthat thertheree mamayy bbee terminateterminatedd asas rapidlyrapidly asas maymay bbee prac­prac­ ticableticable anyany existingexisting agreementsagreements thatthat earmarkearmark ththee expen­expen­ diturediture ofof suchsuch wagwagee deductions,ll exceptexcept asas thethe continua­continua­ tiontion ofof suchsuch agreementsagreements maymay bbee approvedapproved bbyy ththee trusteestrustees ofof ththee fund"fund. PresentPresent practicespractices witwithh respecrespectt toto wagwagee deductionsdeductions andand theitheirr ususee :-portoi provisionprovisionss ofof medical^g hospitalhospital andand relatedrelated servicesservices shallshall continuecontinue untiuntill suchsuch datedate oror datesdates asas maymay bbee agreedagreed upouponn bbyy ththee CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratorAdministrator andand ththee PresidentPresident ofof ththee UnitedUnited MineMine Workers8Workers.

(c)(e) COORDINATIONCOORDINATION OFOF THETHE WELFARWELFAREE ANDAND RETIRETIREMEN REMENTT FUNDFUND ANANDD THETHE MEDICALMEDICAL ANANDD HOSPITALHOSPITAL FUNDFUND TheThe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratorAdministrator andand thethe UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers agreeagree ttoo ususee theitheirr goodgood officesoffices toto assureassure thatthat trusteestrustees ofof ththee twtwoo fundsfunds describeddescribed aboveabove wilwilll cooper­cooper­ ateate iinn andand coordinatecoordinate ththee developmentdevelopment ofof policiepoliciess andand workingworking agreementsagreements necessarynecessary forfor ththee effectiveeffective opera­opera­ tiontion ofof eacheach fundfund towartowardd achievingachieving ththee result t thatthat eacheach fundfund will,will, ttoo ththee maximumaximumm degreedegree practicable,practicable, operateoperate ttoo complementcomplement thethe otheroother.

5"5o SURVEYSURVEY OFOF MEDICALMEDICAL ANANDD SANITARYSANITARY FACILITIESFACILITIES TheThe CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratorAdministrator undertakesundertakes ttoo havehave mademade a comprehensivecomprehensive surveysurvey andand studystudy ofof thethe hospitalhospital andand medicalmedical facilitiesfacilities~, medicalmedical treatmenttreatment,, sanitary,sanitary, andand housinhousingg conditionsconditions inin thethe coalcoal mininminingg areas.areas. TheThe purposepurpose ofof thithiss surveysurvey wilwilll bbee toto determinedetermine thethe char­char­ acteracter and.and scopescope ofof improvementsimprovements whicwhichh shouldshould be:-madebe: made 80 to.to providprQvidee ththee minminee workerwQrkerss Qfof thethe NatioNatiQnn wiwit thh medical,medical, hQusinghousing andand sanitarysanitary facilitiesfacilities cQnformingconforming to.to recQgnizedrecognized AmericanAmerican standards"standards.

6"6. WAGESWAGES (Ia)(a) AlAlll minminee workerswQrkers,, whetherwhether emplQyedemployed bbyy thethe dayday,, tQnnagetonnage Qror fQQtagefootage rate,J shallshall receivereceive $1$1.80 855 peperr dadayy inin additiQnaddition to.to thatthat provideprQvidedd fQrfor inin thethe cQntractcontract whichwhich expiredexpired MarcMarchh 3131~, 1946019460 (b)(b) WQrkWork performeperfQrmedd Qnon thethe sixthsixth cQnsecutiveconsecutive dadayy isis QptiQnal,optional, buthut whenwhen performeperfQrmedd shallshall hbee paipaidd fQrfor aatt timetime andand Qne-halfone-half Qror raterate andand Qne-half"one-half. (c)(c) HolidayHQliday,, whenwhen wQrked,worked, shallshall bbee paipaidd fQrfor aatt timetime andand one-halfone-half Qror raterate andand Qne-halfoone-half. HQlidaysHolidays shallshall bebe cQmputedcomputed inin arrivingarriving atat ththee sixthsixth andand seventhseventh dad.ayy inin ththee week.o

707o VACATIOVACATIONN PAYMENTPAYMENT AAnn annualannual vacatiQnvacation perioperiQdd shallshall bebe ththee rulerule oQff ththee industry..industry. FrQmFrom Saturday,Saturday, JuneJune 29,29, 1946,1946, tto.o MQnday,Monday, JulyJuly 8,8, 1946,1946, inclusive^9 shallshall bbee a vacationvacation periQdperiod duringduring whicwhichh cQalcoal productioprQductiQnn shallshall cease.o Day-menDay-men rere­­ quiredquired tto.o worwQrkk duringduring thisthis periQdperiod atat cokecoke plantsplants anandd Qtherother necessarilynecessarily cQntinuQuscontinuous QperatiQnsoperations Qror Qnon emergencyemergency Qror repairepairr wQrl{work shallshall havehave vacationvacationss ofof thethe samesame duratiQnduration atat Qtherother agreedagreed periQdsperiods.o AllAll employesemployes withwith a recorrecQrdd Qfof oneone yearlsyear's standingstanding (June(June 1,1, 19~51955 tto.o MaMayy 31,31, 1946)1946) shallshall reveivereveive asas compen­compen­ satiQnsation fQrfor thethe abQveabove mentionementiQnedd vacatiovacatiQnn periQdperiod thethe susumm Qfof oneone hundrehundredd dollars($IOO),dollars($100), witwithh ththee follQwingfollowing excep­excep­ tiQn:tion: EmplQyesEmployes whwhoo enteredentered ththee armedarmed servicesservices andand thQsethose who.who returnereturnedd frQmfrom ththee armearmedd servicesservices ttoo theitheirr jobjQbss duringduring thethe qualifyingqualifying perioperiQdd shallshall receivereceive thethe $100$100 vacatiQnvacation payment. 0 AllAll ththee termtermss andand provisionprQvisiQnss Qfof districtdistrict agreementsagreements relatingrelating tto.o vacationvacation papayy forfor sicksick andand injuredinjured emplQyesemployes areare carriedcarried forwardforward tto.o thithiss agreementagreement andand paymentspayments araree to.to bbee mademade inin ththee sum,:sumo asas provideprQvidedd herein"herein. Pro.Pro ratrataa paymentpaymentss forfor ththee mQn,thsmonths theythey areare Qnon ththee payrQllpayroll shallshall bbee prQvidedprovided fQrfor thQsethose minemine workerwQrkerss whwho.o araree givengiven emplQymentemployment duringduring ththee qualifyingqualifying perioperiQdd andand thQsethose who.who leaveleave theitheirr emplQymentoemployment. TheThe vacatiQnvacation paymenpaymentt ofof ththee 19461946 perioperiQdd shallshall bbee madelon~madecan; t.he~.la.st.paythe; last pay 'd~yday.occu ~ Qcc:urttpg~r r xng ii.n-·.the~mnntho·oL-JlIneinthe mnhfchoof •"June Qfof thathatt yearoyear.

8.0 SETTLEMEN'rSETTLEMENT OFOF DrDISPUTE SPUTESS UpoUpQnn petitiopetitionn filedfiled bbyy thethe UniteUnitedd MineMine WQrkersWorkers withwith thethe CQalCoal MineMiness AdministratorAdministrator shQwingshowing thatthat thethe prQcedureprocedure 81 forfor thethe adjustmentadjustment ofof grievancesgrievances inin anyany coalcoal nroducingproducing districtdistrict isis inequitableinequitable inin relationrelation toto thethe generallygenerally prevailingprevailing standardstandard ofof suchsuch procedureproceduress inin thethe industry,industry, thethe CoalCoal MineMiness AdministratoAdministratorr willwill directdirect thethe operatingoperating managersmanagers atat mineminess inin thethe districtdistrict shownshown toto havhavee anan in­in­ equitableequitable grievancegrievance procedurproceduree toto puputt intointo effecteffect withinwithin a reasonablereasonable periodperiod ofof timetime thethe generallygenerally pervailingpervailing grievancegrievance procedurproceduree inin thethe ind.ustry.industry.

909o DISCHARGEDISCHARGE CASESCASES TheThe CoalCoal MinesMines AdministratoAdministratorr wilwilll carrycarry outout thethe provisionprovision inin agreementsagreements whichwhich werweree inin effecteffect onon MarchMarch 31,31> 1946,1946, betweenbetween coalcoal minemine operatorsoperators andand ththee UnitedUnited MineMine WorkersWorkers thathatt casescases involvinginvolving ththee dischargedischarge ofof employesemployes forfor causecause shallshall bbee disposeddisposed ofof withiwi thinn fivefive daysodays.

10.10. FINEFINESS ANDAND PENALTIESPENALTIES NNoo finesfines oror penaltiepenaltiess shallshall bbee imposedimposed unlesunlesss author­author izedized bbyy ththee CoalCoal MinesMines Administrator.o InIn thethe eventevent thatthat suchsuch finesfines oror penaltiepenaltiess areare imposedimposed bbyy thethe CoalCoal MinesMines Administrator,Administrator, ththee fundsfunds withhelwithheldd forfor thatthat reasonreason shallshall bebe turneturnedd overover ttoo thethe trusteetrusteess ofof thethe fundfund providedprovided forfor inin sectionsection 4(4(b b)) hereof, J ttoo bbee used.used forfor thethe purposespurposes statedstated therein.therein.

11011. SUPERVISUPERVISOR SORSS WitWithh respectrespect ttoo questionsquestions affectingaffecting thethe employmentemployment andand bargainingbargaining statusstatus ofof foremen,foremen, supervisors,supervisors, technicaltechnical andand clericalclerical workerworkerss employedemployed inin ththee bituminoubituminouss miningmining industry,industry, ththee CoalCoal MinesMines Admt.nistratorAdministrator willwill bbee guidedguided bbyy thethe decisionsdecisions andand procedureprocedure laidlaid downdown bbyy ththee NationalNational LaborLabor RelationRelationss Board.Board,

12012. SAFETYSAFETY NothinNothingg hereihereinn shallshall operateoperate toto nullifnullifyy existingexisting statestate statutes^9 bubutt thisthis agreementagreement isis intendedintended toto supple­supple­ mentment thethe aforesaidaforesaid statutesstatutes inin ththee interestinterest ofof increasedincreased minemine safetY$safety.

13.13o RETROACTIVERETROACTIVE WAGEWAGE PROVISIONSPROVISIONS TheThe WageWage provisionprovisionss ofof thisthis agreementagreement shallshall bebe retroactiveretroactive ttoo MayMay 2222~, 194601946° 8282

14014o EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE DATEDATE

ThisThis agreementagreement isis effectiveeffective asas ooff May,May, 2929,, 1946,1946, sub­sub­ jecjectt ttoo approvalapproval ofof appropriateappropriate GovernmentGovernment agencies.agencies. SignedSigned aatt WashingtonWashington,, DDo. CoC. onon thisthis 29th29th dayday ofof MayMay~, 194601946.

JULIUSJULIUS A0. KRUG,KRUG, CoalCoal MinesMines Admin­Admin- istratori strator JOHNJOHN Lt~. LEWIS,LEWIS, PresidentPresident UnitedUnited MineMine WorkerWorkerss ofof AmericaAmerica DOCUMENTDOCUMENT IIII

LSelect^Select partpartss ofof SectionSection 4 ofof thethe Norris­Norris-

LaGuardialaGuardia Act(47Act(47 Stat Qo 701770^7

SectionSection 404° NNoo courtcourt ofof ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates shallshall havehave jurisdictiojurisdictionn ttoo issueissue anyany restrainingrestraining orderorder oror temporarytemporary oror permanentpermanent injunctioninjunction inin anyany casecase involvinginvolving oror growinggrowing outout ofof anyany laborlabor disputedispute toto prohibitprohibit anyany personperson oror personspersons participatingparticipating oror interestedinterested inin suchsuch disputedispute (as(as thesethese termtermss areare hereihereinn defined)defined) fromfrom doing~doing, whethewhetherr singlysingly oror inin concertconcert~, anyany ofof thethe followingfollowing acts:acts: (a)(a) CeasingCeasing oror refusingrefusing toto performperform anyany workwork oror toto remain_inremain_in anyany relationrelation ofof e~£loyment;employment; /SubsectionSubsection (b)(b) omitte£!,omitted/; (Tc)c) PayinPayingg oror givinggiving to,,otO~Jorr withholdinwithholdingg from,from, anyany personperson participatinparticipatingg oror interestedinterested inin suchsuch labolaborr dispute,dispute, anyany strikestrike oror unemploymenunemploymentt benefitsbenefits oror insurance,insurance, oror otherother moneymoneyss oror thingthingss ofof value;value; (d)(d) BByy allall lawfullawful meanmeanss aidingaiding anyany personperson partici­partici­ patingpating oror interesteinterestedd inin anyany laborlabor dispotedispote whwhoo isis beingbeing proceedeproceededd againstagainst in:,)in9 oror isis prosecuting,^anprosecut.t~g,~.aJlYy actionaction oror suitsuit inin anyany courtcourt ofof ththee UnitedUnited StatesStates oror ofof anyany State;State; (e)(e) GivingGiving publicitpublicityy toto the.the, existenceexistence of,of, oror thethe factsfacts involvedinvolved in,in, anyany laborlabor dispute,dispute, whetherwhether byby adver­adver­ tising~tising, speaking,speaking, patrollinpatrollingg oror bbyy anyany otherother methomethodd notnot involvinginvolving fraudfraud oror violence;violence; (f)tf) AssemblinAssemblingg peaceablpeaceablyy toto actact oror toto organizeorganize toto actact inin promotiopromotionn ofof theitheirr interestsinterests inin a laborlabor dispute;dispute; (g)(g) AdvisingAdvising oror notifyingnotifying anyany persopersonn ofof anan inten­inten­ tiontion ttoo dodo anyany ofof ththee actsacts heretoforeheretofore specified;specified; (h)(h) AgreeingAgreeing witwithh otheotherr personpersonss toto dodo oror notnot ttoo dodo allYany ofof ththee actsacts heretoforeheretofore specified;specified; andand (i)(i) AdvisiDg~Advising, urgingurging oror otherwiseotherwise causingcausing oror induc­induc­ inging withouwithoutt fraudfraud oror violenceviolence thethe actsacts heretoforheretoforee speci­speci­ fied*o BBIBLIOGRAPHI BLIOGRAPHYY BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKSBOOKS

A1inskyAlinsky, ~ SauLSaul. JohnJohn LoL. Le.wiLewis S;; AnAn UnauthoriUnauthorize zedd Bio­Bio­ graphyography » NewNew York:York? GoG. PoP. PutnamUsPutnam's Sons,Sons, 194901949.

Barbash~Barbash, JackJack (edo0)) UnionsUnions andand UnionUnion LeadershipoLeadership. NewNew York:York: HarperHarper & Row~Row, 195901959.

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DanielsDaniels,, JonatbanoJonathan,, ThThee MaMann 6fof Independence. 0 NeNeww York:York:

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FederaFederall WritersWriters~9 ProjecProjectt ooff OklahomaOklahoma,, W.WoPaA.P.A. LaborLabor HistorHistoryy ooff OklahomaOklahoma.. OklahomOklahomaa CityCity:: AAo* MMo. VanVan HornHorn,, 193901939* 8686

Galenson~Galensoxij, WalterWalter". TheThe CIOCIO ChallengeChallenge ttoo thethe AFLoAFL, Cam­Cam­ bridge:bridge: HarvardHarvard UniversitUni versi tyy Press,Press, 19600I960.

Ginzberg,Ginzberg, Eli,Eli, andand Berman:;lBerman9 Hyman..Hyman* TheThe AmericanAmerican WorkerWorker inin ththee TwentiethTwentieth Century"Century. NewNew York:York: TheThe FreeFree PeessPress ofof GlencoeGlencoe~, 196301963. Goldberg,Goldberg, ArthurArthur JoJ. AFL-CIO:AFL-CIO: LaborLabor United.United. NeNeww York:York: McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill BooBookk Company.,Company, Inco,Inc., 195619560o

Goldman,Goldman, EriEricc E....E* TheThe CrucialCrucial Decade,Decade, AmericaAmerica,, 1945-1945- .!2.2.2"1955° NeNeww YorkYork:: AlfreAlfredd AoA. KnopfKnopf,, 1956.1956* Heilbroner,Heilbroner, RobertRobert L"L, TheThe MakingMaking ofof EconomicEconomic Society.Society. EnglewoodEnglewood Cliffs,Cliffs, NN". J,,:J.: PrentiPrentice-Hall ce-Hall,, IncInc. ~,, 1962.1962. Hoover,Hoover, HerbertHerbert". Addresses.UponAddresses Upon thethe AmericaAmericann Road,Road, 1945-1948.1945-1948. NeNeww YorkYork:: D"D. VaVann NostranNostrandd Company,Company, 1949a1949.

Koenig,Koenig, LouisLouis WWo. (ed.)(ed. ) TheThe TrumanTruman Administration:Administration: ItsIts PrinciplePrincipless andand PracticePractice". NewNew YorkYork:: NeN~ww YorkYork UniversityUniversity PressPress,, 1956.1956. LaborLabor Cases.Cases. NeNeww York:York: CommercialCommercial ClearingClearing House,House, Ince,Inc., 194701947» VolumeVolumess 1111 andand 12.12. LaborLabor RelationsRelations ReferenceReference Manual"Manual. Washington:Washington: TheThe

BureaBureauu ofof NationaNationall Affairs,Affairs, Inc.Inco,, 1947"1947° VolumVolumee 1919&- Lantz,Lantz, HermaHermann RoR. PeoplePeople ofof CoalCoal TownTown.. NewNew York:York: ColumbiaColumbia UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1958.195&°

Lauck,Lauck, RexRex". JohJohnn LoLo LewisLewis andand thethe InternationalInternational UnionUnion UniUnite tedd ,MineMine WorkersWorkers ofof AmericaAinerica.! SiSilve 1ver r Spring,Spring, MdMd.o :: InternationalInternational ExecutiveExecutive BoarBoardd ofof 'thethe UniteUnitedd MineMine WorkerWorkerss ofof America,America, 195201952.

Lee,Lee, ReR. Alton"Alton. TrumanTruman andand Taft-Hartle~.Taft-Hartley. Lexington:Lexington: UniversitUniversityy ofof KentuckyKentucky Press,Press, 1961966 •.

Lerner,l1 MaxoMax. ActionsActions anandd PassionsPaSSions.. NeNeww YorkYork:: SimonSimon andand SchusteriJSchuster, 1949.1949«

Lewis~Lewis, JohJohnn L.L. SpeechSpeech bbyy JohJohnn LoL . LewisLewis inin OppositioOP~ositionn toto Taft-HartleTaft~Hartleyy Statute.Statute. \~shington:Washington: Labor1" s Non­Non­ partisaPartisann League~League, 1947.1947°

LilienthalLi1ienthal~, DaviDavidd EEo. TheThe JournalsJournals ofof DaviDavidd E"E. Lilienthal..Lilienthal. ~:u\'1.0 V NeNeww YorkYork:: HarperHarper & RowRow,^ 1964.1964<> VolumVolumee 202. 87 LiLitwack twack,, Leon"Leon. TheThe AmericanAmerican LaborLabor Movement..Movement. EnglewoodEnglewood CliffsCliffs.J NoN o Jo!J.: Prentice-Hall,Prentice-Hall. Inco,Inc., 196201962. Marcantonio,Marcantonio, Vito"Vito. I VoteVote MyMy Conscience:Conscience: Debates,Debates, SSpeeches eeches , andand WritinWriting s ofof VitoVito Marcantonio·Marcantonio, 11935 - !.22..Q.o1950. EditedEdited byby AnnetteAnnette T ... Rubinstein,Rubinstein, et ... aal 1l NeNeww York:York: VitoVito MarcantonioMarcantonio Memorial,Memorial, 19561956 ...

McDonald~McDonald, DavidDavid JJ. .. ,~ andand Lynch~Lynch, EdwardEdward A..A. CoalCoal ana.ndd UnionismoUnionism. SilverSilver Spring,9 Md,,:Md„: CorneliusCornelius PrintingPrinting Company,Company, 193901939. Mettitt,Mettitt, WalterWalter Gordon"Gordon. DestinationDestination Unknown:Unknown: FiftyFifty YearsYears ofof LaborLabor Relations.6 NewNew York:York: Prentice-Hall,Prentice-Hall, Inc.Inc .. ,, 19510195K

Millis~Mi His, HarryHarry Ao,A., andand Brown,Brown, EmilyEmily C..C. FromFrom thethe WagnerWagner ActAct toto Taft-HartleyoTaft-Hartley. Chicago:Chicago: UniversityUniversity ooff ChicagoChicago Press,Press, 19501950 ... NationalNational BituminousBituminous CoalCoal WageWage Conference..Conference. WageWage Agree­Agree­ ments,ments, 1941-1950.,1941-1950. Fairmont,Fairmont, WW.Va... Va .. : CommercialCommercial PrintingPrinting Company,Company, n.dn"d ... Phillips,Phillips, CabelLCabell. TheThe TrumanTruman Presidency..Presidency. NeNeww York:York: TheThe MacmillanMacmillan Company,Company, 19661966..

Rayback~Rayback, JosephJoseph GoG. A HistoryHistory ofof AmericanAmerican LaborLabor.. NewNew:: York:York: TheThe MacmillanMacmillan Company,Company, 19591959 ... Rees,Rees, AlbertoAlbert. TheThe EconomiesEconomics ofof TradeTrade Unions.Unions. Chicago:Chicago: UniversityUniversity ofof ChicagoChicago Press,Press, 196201962. Seidman,Seidman, Joel.Joel. AmericanAmerican LaborLabor FromFrom DefenseDefense toto Recon­Recon­ version. .. Chicago:Chicago: UniversitUniversityy ooff ChicagoChicago PressPress,, 1953 ... Taft,Taft, PhilipPhilip". ThThee A.FAoFo. ooff LLo. fromfrom ththee DeatDeathh ooff GompersGompers ttoo ththee MergerMergero. NeNeww YorkYork:: HarpeHarperr & BrothersBrothers,, 19591959 ...

_____ .0 OrganizedOrganized LaborLabor inin AmericanAmerican History..History. NewNew York:York: HarpeHarperr & RowRow,, 196401964. — Truman,Truman, HarrHarryy S6S. TheThe EconomicEconomic ReportReportss ooff ththee PresidentPresident aass Transmitte~tTransmitted too CongressCongress:: JanuarJanuaryy 19481948,, JanuaryJanuary 1947194~,* JulJulyy 194701947o NeNeww YorkYork:: ReynaReynall & Hitchcock,Hitchcock, T94S194 00 8888

_____ *0 Memoirs.o NewNew York:York: DoubledayDoubleday && Company,Company, 19551955-- 195601956o TwoTwo volumes,o

___0o MroMr0 President:President: TheThe FirstFirst PublicationPublication fromfrom ththee PersonaPersonall Diaries,Diaries, PrivatPriv~tee LettersLet~rsz, PapersPapers anandd RevealingRevealing InterviewInterviewss ofof HarryHarry SoS, Truman"Truman, EditedEdited bbyy WilliaWilliamm Hillman..Hillman, NeNeww YorkYork:* Farrar,Farrar, StrausStraus anandd Young,Young, 195219520,

____ 0» TheThe TrumanTruman Program:Program: AddressesAddresses andand MessagesMessages bbyy

PresidenPresid.entt HarrHarryy SoS. Truman, 0 EdiEdite tedd byby MM.. BB.. SchrapperoSchrapper. WashingtonWashington:: PublicPublic AffairAffairss Press,Press, 19481948~-

___~Q • TrumanTruman Speaks..Speaks, NewNew York~York? ColumbiaColumbia UniversityUniversity PressPress,, 1960I960 .., UnitedUnited MineMine WorkerWorkerss ofof AmericaAmericao, ProceedingsProceedings ofof ththee FortiethFortieth ConsecutiveConsecutive Convention"Convention. 1948.194& •

____" . AnnualAnnual ReportReport ofof thethe TrusteesTrustees ofof thethe WelfareWelfare andand RetiremenRetirementt Fund..Fund, 1960.,I960,

Voorhis,Voorhis, Jerry~Jerry, ConfessionsConfessions ofof a Congressman~Congressman, NewNew York:York: DoubledayDoubleday & Company,Company, 1947"1947»

Wechsler,Wechsler, JamesJames AAe. LaborLabor BaroHBaro_,Q NewNew York:York: WilliamWilliam MorrowMorrow andand Company,Company, Inca,Inc., 194401944° Wieck,Wieck, EdwardEdward AAQ, TheThe Miners'B CaseCase andand thethe PublicPublic Interest"Interest. NewNew YorkYork:: RussellRussell SageSage Foundation,Foundation, 194701947° GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT DOCUMENTSDOCUMENTS DepartmentDepartment ofof ththee Interior,Interior, BureauBureau ofof Mines"Mines. FederalFederal MineMine SafetySafety CodeCode forfor Bituminous-CoaBituminous-Coall andand LigniteLignite MinesMines ofof ththee UniteUnitedd States,States, 1953.1953.

____, BureauBureau ofof MinesMines CircularCircular NoNo .., 736507365. SafetySafety RecordRecord

ofof MineMine NoNoo, 7979 IslandIsland CreekCreek CoalCoal Coo,Co., Holden,Holden, LoganLogan County,County, W.Va,WoVao~, 194601946,

.,o A MedicalMedical SurveySurvey ofof thethe Bituminous-CoalBituminous-Coal Industry~Industry9 --194701947*

DepartmentDepartment ofof LaborLabor~, BureaBureauu ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics BulletinBulletin NoNoo. 865865~, ExtentExtent ofof CollectiveCollective BargainingBargaining andand UnionUnion Recognition,Recognition, 1945,1945» 194601946o , BureauBureau ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics BulletinBulletin No.No . 867.867 . ---.WageWag e StructureStructure inin Bituminous-CoalBituminous-Coal Mining,Mining, FallFall ooff !2A.2.,194-5, 194601946,

, BureauBureau ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics Th~lletinBulletin No.No . 900.900 . ---UnionUnion HealthHealth andand WelfareWelfare Plans,Plans, 1947.1947.

, BureauBureau ofof LaborLabor StatisticsStatistics BulletinBulletin No.No . 1000.1000 . -----BriefBrief HistoryHistory ofof thethe AmericanAmerican LaborLabor Movement,Movement, 1964.1964*

_____ ao TheThe MonthlyMonthly LaborLabor Review.Review. Volumes.&2~~~,14JI94&-Volumes 62^65,1$34&- 1947. 1947o The Federal Register. Volumes 11-12, 1946-1947. The Federal Register. Volumes 11-12, 1946-1947. National Commission of Technology, Automation, and NationaEconomicl Commissio Progress.n of TechnologyTechnology, Automationand the American, and Economy,Economic 1966.Progress . Technology and the American Economy, i960. PublicPublic PapersPapers ofof thethe Presidents:Presidents: HarryHarry S.S. Truman,Truman, 1961-1961- 1963.1963. VolumesVolumes forfor thethe yearsyears 1945-1947.1945-1947. StatutesStatutes atat Large.Large. VolumesVolumes 47,47, 57,57, andand 61.6l. NEWSPAPERSNEWSPAPERS

NeNeww YorYorkk Times.Times. 1946-1947.1946-1947.

Salt t LakeLake 'rribune.Tribune, 1946-1947.1946-1947.

WashingtoWashingtonn Post.Post. 1946-1947.1946-1947,

Wyoming-UtaWyoming-Utahh LaborLabor Journal.Journal. Cheyenne,Cheyenne, WyomingWy~ming,, weekly.weekly.

1946-1947.1946-1947. PERIODICALPERIODICALSS

AmericaAmericann Federation!stFederationist.. VolumeVolumess 53-54(1946-1947).53-54(1946-1947).

ThThee AmericaAmericann MercuryMercury.. VolumeVolumess 64-65(1946-1947).64-65(1946-1947).

ThThee AtlantiAtlanticc MonthlyMonthly.. VolumVolumee 179(947).179(1947).

CoaCoall AgeAge.. VolumeVolumess 51-52(1946-1947).51-52(1946-1947).

CoaCoall MiningMining.. VolumVolumee 23(1946).23(1946).

ThThee CollierCollieryy GuardianGuardian.. VolumeVolumess 172-175094172-175(1946-19476-1947).)o 9090 CurrentCurrent HistoryHistory.. VolumesVolumes 10-14(1946-1947).10-14(1946-1947).

TheThe NationNation.. VolumeVolume 163(1946).163(1946).

NewsweekNewsweek.. VolumeVolumess 28-29(1946-1947).28-29(1946-1947).

TheThe NeNeww RepublicRepublic.. VolumeVolumess 114-117(1946-1947)114-117(1946-1947)..

Time.Time. VolumeVolumess 48-49(1946-1947).48-49(1946-1947).

UnitedUnited MinMinee WorkerWorkerss Journal.Journal. VolumesVolumes 52-53(1946-1947).52-53(1946-1947).

TheThe UniteUnitedd StatesStates NewsNews.. VolumeVolumess 20-21(1946-1947).20-21(1946-1947).

ARTICLESARTICLES Bernstein,Bernstein, BartonBarton J.J. liThe"The TrumanTruman AdministrationAdministration andand ititss ReconversionReconversion WagWagee .Policy,Policy, "tI LaborLabor History,History, IIII (Winter(Winter 1961),1961), 3-193-19.. .

Chasan,Chasan, WillWill.. "LewiS:"Lewis: RobberRobber BaronBaron ofof Labor, "II ThThee AmericaAmericann MercuryMercury,, LXIV(MaLXIV{Mayy 1947),1947)* 526-533.---526-533.

Coffin,Coffin, Tris.Tris. "John"John L. isfs LastLast Stand,"Stand," TheThe Nation,Nation, CLXIII{DecemberCLXIII(December 7,7, 1946),1946), 639-641.639-641.

Danielson,Danielson, RicharRichardd EE.. "The"The RightRight ttoo Strike, "II ThThee AtlanticAtlantic MonthlyMonthly,, GLXXIX(FebruaryGLXXIX(February 1947),1947), 28-32.28^32. Free,Free, James.James. "Lewis"Lewis vv.. TrumanTruman:: RoundRound TWo,"Two," TheThe NeNeww RepuhlRepublic ic,, . CXV(DecembeCXV{ Decemberr 2,2, 1946),1946), 718-719.718-719. Hardman,Hardman, J.J. B.B. S.S. IIJohn"John L.L. Lewis,Lewis, LaborLabor Leader,Leader, andand Man:Man : AnAn Interpretation, "II LaborLabor History,History, VI(Fa11VI(Fall 1965),1965)9 214-231.214-231. Kramer,Kramer, Dale.Dale. "Follow"Follow ththee Leader,1ILeader," TheThe NewNew Republic,Republic, CXVI(Apri1.l4,CXVI(April 14, 1947),1947), 22-2722-27 •..

Mo1ey,Mo ley, RaymondRaymond.. "Who"Who MakesMakes Policy?, "tI NewsweekNewsweek,, XXVIIIXXVIII (December(December 999,-1946) .1946),, 108.108.

Raskin,Raskin, A.A. HeH. "How"How MinersMiners LiLive, ve, "II ThThee AmericanAmerican Mercury,Mercury, LXIV(Apri l1 .1947),1947), 421-427.421-427. .

Wechsler,Wechsler, JamesJames A.A. "Showd.own"Showdown onon Lewis,LewiS, "II TheThe Nation,Nation, CLXIII(November·30,CLXIII(November.30, 1946),1946), 602-6050602-605. •. "Unconditional"Unconditional Surrender,"Surrender," TheThe Nation,Nation, CLXIIICLXIII --(December(December 14,14, 1946),1946), 683-684.683-684. 9191

WhiWhite te,, TheodoreTheodore H.H. tt'Number"'Number FiFiv vee WaWass a DrDryy Mine,Mine, I1 "II TheThe NeNeww RepublicRepubl i G,, CXVI(CXVI(Ma Mayy 5,5, 1947),1947), 21-23.21-23.

CORRESPONDENCECORRESPONDENCE

Allai,Allai, Henry.Henry. InternationalInternational BoarBoardd Member,Member, President,President, andand SecretarY-TreasurereSecretary-Treasurere ofof DiDistric strictt 14,14, UMWAUM:VA,, JanuaryJanuary 18,l8, 1967.1967.

Austin,Austin, Louts.Louis. ActinActingg PresidentPresident ofof DiDistric strictt 2323,, UMWA,UMWA, FebruarFebruaryy 6,6, 19~7.1947.

Doyle,Boyle, W.W. A.A. President,President, UMWAUMWA,, JanuaryJanuary 19,19, 1967.1967.

Fowler,Fowler, DavidDavid.. PresidentPresident ofof DistrictDistrict 21,21, UMWA,UMWA, JanuaryJanuary 23,23, 1967.1967.

Ghizzoni,Ghizzoni, JohnJohn.. PresidentPresident ofof DistrictDistrict 22,, UMWA,UMWA, JanuaryJanuary 2323,, 1967.19^7.

Heffer1y,Hefferly, FredFred K.K. InternationalInternational BoardBoard MemberMember,, President,President, andand Secretary-TreasurerSecretary-Treasurer ofof DistrictDistrict 15,15, mrWA,UMWA, FebruaryFebruary 1,1, 1967.1967.

Kmetz,Kmetz, JohnJohn T.T. PresidentPresident ofof DiDistric strictt 1,1, UMWAUMWA,, JanuaryJanuary 24,24, 1967.1967.

Lewis,Lewis, JohnJohn LL.. PresidentPresident EmeriEmeritus tus,, UMWAUMWA,, JanuaryJanuary 23,23, 1967.1967.

Lovelace,Lovelace, Jess.Jess. SecSecretary-Treasurercofi^Distric retary-"rreasurerco~~'Di i; tr ict t 2323,, UMWAUMWA,, 2ebruaryFebruary 1,1, 1967.19&7-

McCarthy,McCarthy, JustJustin i n.. EditoEd i torr ofof thethe UniteUni tedd MineMine Worker s JournalJournal,, FebruarFebruaryy 2323,, 1967.19&7*

Nicholls,Nicholls, Sam.Sam. PresidentPresident ofof DistricDistrictt 10,10, UMWA,UMWA, JanuaryJanuary 19,19, 1967.1967. Sweeney,Sweeney, Edward.Edward. Secretary-TreasurerSecretary-Treasurer ofof DistrictDistrict 2,2, UMWAUMWA,, JanuaryJanuary 20,20, 1967.1967.

Urbaniak,Urbaniak, C.C. J.J. PresidentPresident ofof DiDistric strictt 31,31, UMWAUUIVA,, JanuaryJanuary 24,24, 1967.19^7 •

INTERVIEWINTERVIEW

Stevenson,Stevenson, Frank.Frank, PresidentPresident ofof DistrictDistrict 2222,, UMWA.UMWA. AtAt variousvarious timestimes duringduring OctoberOctober andand NovembeNovemberr 1966,1966, MrMr.. StevensonStevenson kindlkindlyy allowedallowed thethe authorauthor toto examineexamine hihiss officeoffice files.files. 9292 VITAVITA

NameName JohnJohn ErvinErvin Brinley}Brinley, Jr.Jr.

BirthplaceBirthplace Price~Pricej UtahUtah

BirthdateBirthdate AugustAugust 5~5, 19431943 ElementaryElementary SchoolsSchools CentralCentral Price,J UtahUtah

YellowstoneYellowstone WashingtonWashington RooseveltRoosevelt RockRock Springs,Springs, wyomingWyoming

SecondarySecondary SchoolsSchools RockRock SpringsSprings JrJr HighHigh RockRock Springs,Springs, WYomingWyoming

PricePrice Jr~Jr. HighHigh CarbonCarbon HighHigh Price,Price, UtahUtah

UniversityUniversity UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah SaltSalt LakeLake City~City, UtahUtah 1961=~19671961-1967

De~reeDegree B.Ba S.,S., UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, Utah,Utah, 19651965

ProfessionalProfessional OrganizationsOrganizations OrganizationOrganization ofof AmericanAmerican Historians~Historians* westernWestern HistoryHistory Association,Association, InstituteInstitute ofof Ea.rlyEarly AmericaAmericann HistorHi storyy andand CultureCulture

Ho n o r a r f r Qxnaai z &<& A on s PhPhii AlphAlphaa ThetThetaa (History)(History) GammaGamma ThetThetaa UpsiloUpsilonn (Geography)(Geography)

ProfessionaProfessionall PositionsPositions ResearcResearchh AssistantAssistant DepartmenDepartmentt ooff HistoryHistory UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah SaltSalt LakLakee CityCity~, UtahUtah~, 19661966 TeachinTeachingg AssistantAssistant DepartmenDepartmentt ooff HistoryHistory UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah

SalSaltt LakLakee CityCitYg9 Utah,9 1966~1966- 19671967