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American Labor History 1778-1978 Ii U.S

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American Labor History 1778-1978 Ii U.S iI a ( r important Events in American Labor History 1778-1978 ii U.S. Department of Labor .1 7~ _, S Vv . *e t 'I'll i: S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~At.Al V/ Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be repro- duced, fully or partially, without permis- sion of the Federal Government. Source credit is requested but not required only to reproduce any copyrighted material contained herein. For sale I, the Suiperinitenidenit of loemllnenits. U.S. G(overnment Printing Office WXashiingtoni. D).t. 20402 1794 The Federal Society of 1827 The Mechanics' Union of Trade Important Journeymen Cordwainers was formed in Associations, made up of unions of Philadelphia by the shoeworkers. It skilled craftsmen in different trades, was Events in lasted until 1806, when it was tried and formed in Philadelphia. This was the fined for conspiracy. (See below.) first city central type of organization on American record. The Typographical Society was Labor History organized in New York by the printers. It 1828 The Workingmen's Party, remained in existence for 101/2 years. including wage earners, craftsmen, and 1778 Journeymen printers of New farmers, was organized in Philadelphia 1805 A Journeymen Cordwainers in July. It went out of existence in 1832. York City combined to demand an union in New York included a increase in wages. After the increase City was granted, the organization was closed-shop clause in its constitution. 1834 The National Trades Union was abandoned. formed in New York City. This was the 1806 Members of the Philadelphia first attempt toward a national labor 1786 The earliest authenticated strike Journeymen Cordwainers were tried for federation in the United States. It failed of workers in the United States in a criminal conspiracy after a strike for to survive the financial panic of 1837. single trade occurred when Philadelphia higher wages. The charges were (1) printers gained a minimum wage of $6 a combination to raise wages and (2) 1836 The National Cooperative week. combination to injure others. The union Association of Cordwainers, the first was found guilty and fined. Bankrupt as national labor union of a specific craft, 1791 Philadelphia carpenters struck a result, the union disbanded. This was was formed in New York City. There is unsuccessfully in May for a 10-hour day the first of several unions to be tried for no further record of this organization and additional pay for overtime. This conspiracy. after 1837. Other trades which formed was the first recorded strike of workers national organizations within the next in the building trades. 1825 The United Tailoresses of New few years were the printers, comb York, a trade union organization for makers, carpenters, and hand-loom 1792 The first local craft union formed women only, was formed in New York weavers. for collective bargaining was organized City. by Philadelphia shoemakers. It disbanded in less than a year. 1840 An Executive Order issued on 1848 Pennsylvania passed a State Laws providing fines and imprisonment March 31 by President Van Buren child labor law setting the minimum age for strikers preventing other persons established a 10-hour day for Federal for workers in commercial occupations from working were passed in Illinois and employees on public works without at 12 years. In 1849, the minimum was Minnesota. reduction in pay. raised to 13 years. 1866 The National Labor Union, a 1842 In the case of Commonwealth v. 1852 The Typographical Union, the national association of unions, was Hunt, the Massachusetts Court held that first national organization of workers to organized. A federation of trades' labor unions, as such, were legal endure to the present day, was formed. assemblies rather than of national craft organizations, and that "a conspiracy The first law limiting working hours of organizations, it included radical and must be a combination of two or more women to 10 hours a day was passed in reform groups. Drifting into social rather persons, by some concerted action, to Ohio. than trade union endeavors, it lost accomplish some criminal or unlawful craftsmen's support and went out of purpose, or to accomplish some 1859 The Iron Molders' Union, the existence in 1872. purpose not in itself criminal or unlawful forerunner of the present Molders' and by criminal or unlawful means." The Allied Workers' Union, was organized in 1867 The Knights of St. Crispin was decision also denied that an attempt to Philadelphia. organized on March 7 to protect establish a closed shop was unlawful or 1862 The "Molly Maguires," a secret journeymen shoemakers against the proof of an unlawful aim. society of Irish miners in the anthracite competition of "green hands" and apprentices in the operation of newly Massachusetts and Connecticut passed fields, first came to public attention. The "Mollies" were charged with acts of introduced machinery in the shoe laws prohibiting children from working industry. The last vestige of the order more than 10 hours a day. terrorism against mine bosses. They went out of existence in 1876, when 14 disappeared in 1878. 1847 The first State law fixing 10 of their leaders were imprisoned and 10 hours as a legal workday was passed in were executed. 1868 The first Federal 8-hour-day law New Hampshire. was passed by Congress. It applied only 1863 The present-day Brotherhood of to laborers, workmen, and mechanics Locomotive Engineers was founded. employed by or on behalf of the United States Government. The first State labor bureau was 1881 The Federation of Organized 1886 Under the initiative of the established in Massachusetts. Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU), Federation of Organized Trades and which later became the American Labor Unions, some 340,000 workers 1869 The Noble Order of the Knights Federation of Labor, was organized in participated in a movement for an of Labor was organized in Philadelphia. Pittsburgh in November with 107 8-hour day. It maintained extreme secrecy until delegates present. Leaders of 8 national 1878, then began organizing skilled and unions attended, including Samuel The Chicago Haymarket riot, in which unskilled workers openly. By winning Gompers, then president of the Cigar one policeman was killed and several railroad strikes against the Gould lines, Makers' International Union. others were wounded, aroused public and advancing the program for the opinion against unionism and radicalism 8-hour day, the Knights of Labor gained The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and for several years stopped the many followers, claiming over 700,000 and Joiners, later to become one of the movement for the 8-hour day. The members in 1886. It declined rapidly largest AFL unions, was organized. meeting in Haymarket Square had been thereafter with the emergence of the called as a peaceful protest against the AFL. 1882 The first Labor Day celebration killing of four strikers and wounding of was held in New York City in others during the strike for the 8-hour 1870 The first written contract September. day. between coal miners and operators was 1883 The Brotherhood of Railroad The American Federation of Labor was signed on July 29. It provided for a Trainmen was organized. sliding scale of pay, based on the price organized at a convention in Columbus, of coal. 1884 A Bureau of Labor was Ohio, in December as successor to the established in Federation of Organized Trades and 1873 The Brotherhood of Locmotive the Department of Labor Unions. Other trade unions and Firemen and Enginemen was Interior. It later became independent as organized. a Department of Labor without Cabinet city councils which had failed to gain 1874 The Cigar Makers International rank. It then was absorbed into a new autonomy within the ranks of the Union made first use of the union label. Department of Commerce and Labor, Kinghts of Labor also joined the AFL. which was created in 1903, where it 1887 The Brotherhood of Maintenance 1878 The Greenback-Labor Party was remained until the present Department of Way Employes was organized. organized by a fusion of the Greenback of Labor was established in 1913. Party and Workingmen's Party. 1888 The first Federal labor relations law was enacted. It applied to railroads and provided for arbitration and ifr4 m, rle-fsPresidential boards of investigation. The International Association of Machinists was organized in Atlanta, Ga. 1890 The United Mine Workers was 1892 The Homestead strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel & Tin Workers at the Carnegie steel mills in Homestead, Pa., resulted in the * t~~.:8 \ of Q ;; \ ~~~~death of several strikers and Pinkerton guards. The strike failed and the union was ousted from most mills in the Pittsburgh area. 1894 A strike of the American Railway * 'iittt 5 i 3 t t"\e Z~ti Union led by Eugene V. Debs against the Pullman Co. was defeated by the use of injunctions and by Federal troops sent into the Chicago area. Debs and several other leaders were imprisoned -{;$ i for violating the injunctions, and the union's effectiveness was destroyed. 1898 Congress passed the Erdman The United Textile Workers of America Act, providing for mediation and (AFL) was organized. voluntary arbitration on the railroads, and superseding the law of 1888. The 1902 The United Mine Workers of act also made it a criminal offense for America ended a 5-month strike on railroads to dismiss employees or to October 21 against anthracite discriminate against prospective operators, agreeing to arbitration by a employees because of their union Presidential commission. The Anthracite membership or activity. This portion of Coal Strike Commission, appointed on the act was subsequently declared October 16, recommended on March invalid by the United States Supreme 18, 1903, a 10-percent wage increase Court.
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