iI a ( r important Events in American Labor History 1778-1978 ii U.S. Department of Labor .1

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For sale I, the Suiperinitenidenit of loemllnenits. U.S. G(overnment Printing Office WXashiingtoni. D).t. 20402 1794 The Federal Society of 1827 The Mechanics' Union of Trade Important Journeymen Cordwainers was formed in Associations, made up of unions of Philadelphia by the shoeworkers. It skilled craftsmen in different trades, was Events in lasted until 1806, when it was tried and formed in Philadelphia. This was the fined for conspiracy. (See below.) first city central type of organization on American record. The Typographical Society was Labor History organized in New York by the printers. It 1828 The Workingmen's Party, remained in existence for 101/2 years. including wage earners, craftsmen, and 1778 Journeymen printers of New farmers, was organized in Philadelphia 1805 A Journeymen Cordwainers in July. It went out of existence in 1832. York City combined to demand an union in New York included a increase in wages. After the increase City was granted, the organization was closed-shop clause in its constitution. 1834 The National Trades Union was abandoned. formed in New York City. This was the 1806 Members of the Philadelphia first attempt toward a national labor 1786 The earliest authenticated strike Journeymen Cordwainers were tried for federation in the United States. It failed of workers in the United States in a criminal conspiracy after a strike for to survive the financial panic of 1837. single trade occurred when Philadelphia higher wages. The charges were (1) printers gained a minimum wage of $6 a combination to raise wages and (2) 1836 The National Cooperative week. combination to injure others. The union Association of Cordwainers, the first was found guilty and fined. Bankrupt as national labor union of a specific craft, 1791 Philadelphia carpenters struck a result, the union disbanded. This was was formed in New York City. There is unsuccessfully in May for a 10-hour day the first of several unions to be tried for no further record of this organization and additional pay for overtime. This conspiracy. after 1837. Other trades which formed was the first recorded strike of workers national organizations within the next in the building trades. 1825 The United Tailoresses of New few years were the printers, comb York, a trade union organization for makers, carpenters, and hand-loom 1792 The first local craft union formed women only, was formed in New York weavers. for collective bargaining was organized City. by Philadelphia shoemakers. It disbanded in less than a year. 1840 An Executive Order issued on 1848 Pennsylvania passed a State Laws providing fines and imprisonment March 31 by President Van Buren child labor law setting the minimum age for strikers preventing other persons established a 10-hour day for Federal for workers in commercial occupations from working were passed in Illinois and employees on public works without at 12 years. In 1849, the minimum was Minnesota. reduction in pay. raised to 13 years. 1866 The National Labor Union, a 1842 In the case of Commonwealth v. 1852 The Typographical Union, the national association of unions, was Hunt, the Massachusetts Court held that first national organization of workers to organized. A federation of trades' labor unions, as such, were legal endure to the present day, was formed. assemblies rather than of national craft organizations, and that "a conspiracy The first law limiting working hours of organizations, it included radical and must be a combination of two or more women to 10 hours a day was passed in reform groups. Drifting into social rather persons, by some concerted action, to Ohio. than trade union endeavors, it lost accomplish some criminal or unlawful craftsmen's support and went out of purpose, or to accomplish some 1859 The Iron Molders' Union, the existence in 1872. purpose not in itself criminal or unlawful forerunner of the present Molders' and by criminal or unlawful means." The Allied Workers' Union, was organized in 1867 The Knights of St. Crispin was decision also denied that an attempt to Philadelphia. organized on March 7 to protect establish a closed shop was unlawful or 1862 The "Molly Maguires," a secret journeymen shoemakers against the proof of an unlawful aim. society of Irish miners in the anthracite competition of "green hands" and apprentices in the operation of newly Massachusetts and Connecticut passed fields, first came to public attention. The "Mollies" were charged with acts of introduced machinery in the shoe laws prohibiting children from working industry. The last vestige of the order more than 10 hours a day. terrorism against mine bosses. They went out of existence in 1876, when 14 disappeared in 1878. 1847 The first State law fixing 10 of their leaders were imprisoned and 10 hours as a legal workday was passed in were executed. 1868 The first Federal 8-hour-day law New Hampshire. was passed by Congress. It applied only 1863 The present-day Brotherhood of to laborers, workmen, and mechanics Locomotive Engineers was founded. employed by or on behalf of the United States Government. The first State labor bureau was 1881 The Federation of Organized 1886 Under the initiative of the established in Massachusetts. Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU), Federation of Organized Trades and which later became the American Labor Unions, some 340,000 workers 1869 The Noble Order of the Knights Federation of Labor, was organized in participated in a movement for an of Labor was organized in Philadelphia. Pittsburgh in November with 107 8-hour day. It maintained extreme secrecy until delegates present. Leaders of 8 national 1878, then began organizing skilled and unions attended, including Samuel The Chicago Haymarket riot, in which unskilled workers openly. By winning Gompers, then president of the Cigar one policeman was killed and several railroad strikes against the Gould lines, Makers' International Union. others were wounded, aroused public and advancing the program for the opinion against unionism and radicalism 8-hour day, the Knights of Labor gained The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and for several years stopped the many followers, claiming over 700,000 and Joiners, later to become one of the movement for the 8-hour day. The members in 1886. It declined rapidly largest AFL unions, was organized. meeting in Haymarket Square had been thereafter with the emergence of the called as a peaceful protest against the AFL. 1882 The first Labor Day celebration killing of four strikers and wounding of was held in New York City in others during the strike for the 8-hour 1870 The first written contract September. day. between coal miners and operators was 1883 The Brotherhood of Railroad The American Federation of Labor was signed on July 29. It provided for a Trainmen was organized. sliding scale of pay, based on the price organized at a convention in Columbus, of coal. 1884 A Bureau of Labor was Ohio, in December as successor to the established in Federation of Organized Trades and 1873 The Brotherhood of Locmotive the Department of Labor Unions. Other trade unions and Firemen and Enginemen was Interior. It later became independent as organized. a Department of Labor without Cabinet city councils which had failed to gain 1874 The Cigar Makers International rank. It then was absorbed into a new autonomy within the ranks of the Union made first use of the union label. Department of Commerce and Labor, Kinghts of Labor also joined the AFL. which was created in 1903, where it 1887 The Brotherhood of Maintenance 1878 The Greenback-Labor Party was remained until the present Department of Way Employes was organized. organized by a fusion of the Greenback of Labor was established in 1913. Party and Workingmen's Party. 1888 The first Federal labor relations law was enacted. It applied to railroads and provided for arbitration and ifr4 m, rle-fsPresidential boards of investigation. The International Association of Machinists was organized in Atlanta, Ga. 1890 The United Mine Workers was

1892 The Homestead strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel & Tin Workers at the Carnegie steel mills in Homestead, Pa., resulted in the * t~~.:8 \ of Q ;; \ ~~~~death of several strikers and Pinkerton guards. The strike failed and the union was ousted from most mills in the Pittsburgh area. 1894 A strike of the American Railway * 'iittt 5 i 3 t t"\e Z~ti Union led by Eugene V. Debs against the Pullman Co. was defeated by the use of injunctions and by Federal troops sent into the Chicago area. Debs and several other leaders were imprisoned -{;$ i for violating the injunctions, and the union's effectiveness was destroyed. 1898 Congress passed the Erdman The United Textile Workers of America Act, providing for mediation and (AFL) was organized. voluntary arbitration on the railroads, and superseding the law of 1888. The 1902 The United Mine Workers of act also made it a criminal offense for America ended a 5-month strike on railroads to dismiss employees or to October 21 against anthracite discriminate against prospective operators, agreeing to arbitration by a employees because of their union Presidential commission. The Anthracite membership or activity. This portion of Coal Strike Commission, appointed on the act was subsequently declared October 16, recommended on March invalid by the United States Supreme 18, 1903, a 10-percent wage increase Court. and conciliation machinery, but denied union recognition. 1900 The International Ladies' 1903 The Department of Commerce Garment Workers' Union (AFL) was and Labor was created by an act of formed. Congress, and its Secretary was made 1901 The International Federation of a member of the Cabinet. Trade Unions (then International Secretariat of National Trade Union 1905 The Industrial Workers of the Centers) was formed on August 21. The World was organized in Chicago. AFL affiliated in 1910, disaffiliated in The Supreme Court held that a 1921, and reaffiliated in 1937. It maximum hours law for bakery workers remained a member until IFTU was was unconstitutional under the due formally dissolved in 1945. process clause of the 14th amendment. The Amalgamated Association of Iron, (Lochner v. New York.) Steel & Tin Workers (AFL) lost 14 union contracts after a 3-month strike against the United States Steel Corp. CIC4a /7t 1906 The International Typographical 1909 The 2-month strike of the The (Walsh) Commission on Industrial Union (AFL) struck successfully in book International Ladies' Garment Workers' Relations was created to investigate and job printing establishments for the Union (AFL) was settled by providing industrial unrest. In 1916, it rendered a 8-hour day, paving the way for preferential union hiring, a board of comprehensive series of reports on the extension of shorter hours in the printing grievances, and a board of arbitration. status of labor-management relations. trades. This laid the foundation for the impartial chairman method of settling labor 1913 The United States Department of 1908 Section 10 of the Erdman Act Labor was established by law. It applying to railroad employees, disputes. included the Bureau of Labor Statistics whereby the "yellow-dog" contract was 1911 The Supreme Court upheld an (created in 1884 as the Bureau of outlawed and an employer was injunction ordering the AFL to eliminate Labor, see above), the Bureau of forbidden to discharge a worker for the Bucks Stove and Range Co. from its Immigration and Naturalization (created union membership, was declared unfair list and to cease to promote an in 1891), and the Children's Bureau unconstitutional. (U.S. v. Adair.) unlawful boycott. A contempt charge (created in 1912). Power was given the against union leaders, including AFL Secretary of Labor to "act as mediator The boycott by the United Hatters of President Samuel Gompers, was and to appoint commissioners of Danbury, Conn., against D. E. Loewe dismissed on technical grounds. conciliation in labor disputes," and in and Co. was held to be in restraint of (Gompers v. Bucks Stove and Range 1918 the Conciliation Service was trade under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Co.) established as a separate division of the In January 1915, the individual union Department. William B. Wilson, a trade members were held responsible for the The Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in New unionist and Member of Congress, union's acts and were assessed York on March 25, which caused the became the first Secretary of Labor. damages and costs totaling $252,000. death of 146 workers, led to This was the first application of the establishment of the New York Factory The Newlands Act set up a Board of treble damage provision of the act to a Investigating Commission on June 30, Mediation and Conciliation to handle labor union. and eventual improvement in factory railroad disputes. conditions. 1914 The Clayton Act was approved, 1912 Massachusetts adopted the first limiting the use of injunctions in labor minimum wage act for women and disputes and providing the picketing and minors. other union activities shall not be considered unlawful. I./

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,,~~, p;~(b / an;'E / tt~~~~zE'vt'AniE1 On December 1, the President appointed the Colorado Coal Commission, which investigated the Ludlow Massacre and labor conditions in Colorado coal mines following an unsuccessful strike by the United Mine Workers. The Amalgamated Clothing Workers was formed by a seceding group of the United Garment Workers (AFL). 1915 The LaFollette Seamen's Act was approved, regulating conditions of employment for maritime workers. 1916 A Federal child labor law was enacted (declared unconstitutional on June 3, 1918); followed by an act of February 24, 1919 (declared unconstitutional on May 15, 1922); followed by a proposed child labor amendment to the Constitution on June 2, 1924. Only 28 of the necessary 36 States ratified the amendment. The Adamson Act, providing a basic 8-hour day on railroads, was enacted to eliminate a threatened nationwide railroad strike. 1917 A strike led by the Industrial The President created the National War 1920 The AFL Iron and Steel Workers of the World (IWW) in the Labor Board on April 8 "to settle by Organizing Committee ended an copper mines of Bisbee, Ariz., was mediation and conciliation controversies unsuccessful 31/2-month strike in the ended when the sheriff deported 1,200 ... in fields of production necessary for steel industry on January 8 after most of strikers. the effective conduct of the war." It went the strikers had drifted back to work. out of existence in May 1919. The President appointed a mediation The Women's Bureau was established commission, headed by the Secretary of 1919 Led by President Gompers of the in the Department of Labor by an act of Labor, to adjust wartime labor AFL, a commission created by the Congress. difficulties. Peace Conference at its second plenary session in January recommended the The Kansas Court of Industrial The "yellow-dog" contract was upheld inclusion in the Peace Treaty of labor Relations provided the first experiment and union efforts to organize workers clauses creating an International Labour in compulsory arbitration in the United party to such contract were held to be Organization. States. (Held unconstitutional in part in unlawful. (Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. 1923.) Mitchell.) The United Mine Workers of America struck against bituminous-coal The Transportation Act provided for a 1918 The Federal Government took operators on November 1. In December, tripartite Railroad Labor Board and control of the railroads from December the union agreed to arbitration by a terminated Federal control of railroads 1917 until March 1, 1920, under existing Presidential commission. The on March 1. Federal legislation which provided for Bituminous Coal Commission appointed 1921 government railroad operation in by the President on December 19 The Supreme Court held that wartime. awarded a 27-percent wage increase, nothing in the Clayton Act legalized secondary boycotts or protected unions The President named the Secretary of but denied the 6-hour day and 5-day week. against injunctions brought against Labor as War Labor Administrator on them for conspiracy in restraint of trade. January 4. (Duplex Printing Press v. Deering.) An act restricting the immigration of aliens into the United States and establishing the national origin quota system was approved. The President's Conference on 1926 The Railway Labor Act required 1930 The Railway Labor Act's Unemployment placed the main employers to bargain collectively and prohibition of employer interference or responsibility for unemployment relief not discriminate against their employees coercion in the choice of bargaining upon local communities. for joining a union. The act also representatives was upheld by the provided for the settlement of railway Supreme Court. (Texas & N.O.R. Co. v. The Arizona law forbidding injunctions labor disputes through mediation, Brotherhood of Railway Clerks.) in labor disputes and permitting voluntary arbitration, and factfinding picketing was held unconstitutional boards. 1931 The Davis-Bacon Act provided under the 14th amendment. (Truax v. for the payment of prevailing wage rates Corrigan.) 1927 The Longshoremen's and Harbor to laborers and mechanics employed by Workers' Compensation Act was contractors and subcontractors on 1922 The United Mine Workers was enacted. public construction. held not responsible for local strike action, and strike action was held not a The Journeymen Stone Cutters' action 1932 The Anti-injunction (Norris-La conspiracy to restrain commerce within in trying to prevent purchase of Guardia) Act prohibited Federal the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Labor nonunion cut stone was held to be an injunctions in labor disputes, except as unions, however, were held suable for illegal restraint of interstate commerce. specified, and outlawed "yellow-dog" their acts. (Coronado Coal Co. v. (Bedford Cut Stone Co. v. Journeymen contracts. UMWA.) Stone Cutters' Association, et al.) Wisconsin adopted the first A 21/2-month unsuccessful nationwide 1929 The Hawes-Cooper Act unemployment insurance act in the strike of railway shop workers against governing the shipment of convict-made United States. wage reductions began July 1. goods in interstate commerce was approved. 1933 Frances Perkins became 1924 Samuel Gompers, president of Secretary of Labor, the first woman the AFL, died on December 13. The Communist-inspired Trade Union named to the Cabinet. Unity League was formed in September. It was dissolved in 1935. Section 7(a) of the National Industrial The Bituminous Coal Conservation The Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey) Recovery Act provided that every NRA (Guffey) Act was passed to stabilize the Act established labor standards on code and agreement should guarantee industry and to improve labor Government contracts, including the right of employees to organize and conditions. (Labor relations provisions minimum wages, overtime bargain collectively through their declared unconstitutional on May 18, compensation for hours in excess of 8 a representatives without interference, 1936.) day or 40 a week, child and convict restraint, or coercion by employers. labor provisions, and health and safety (Title I of act declared unconstitutional The Federal Social Security Act was requirements. in Schecter v. U.S. on May 27, 1935.) approved August 14. 1937 General Motors Corp. agreed to The Wagner-Peyser Act created the The Committee for Industrial recognize the United Automobile United States Employment Service in Organization (later the Congress of Workers (CIO) as the bargaining agent the Department of Labor. Industrial Organizations) was formed on for its members, to drop injunction November 9 by several AFL proceedings against strikers, not to 1934 The first National Labor international unions and officials to discriminate against union members, Legislation Conference was called by foster industrial unionism. and to establish grievance procedures. the Secretary of Labor to obtain closer Federal-State cooperation in working 1936 In the first large "sitdown" strike, United States Steel Corp. recognized out a sound national labor legislation the United Rubber Workers (CIO) won the Steel Workers Organizing program. Annual conferences were held recognition at Goodyear Tire & Rubber Committee as the bargaining agent for until 1955. Co. its members. A 10-percent wage The Anti-Strikebreaker (Byrnes) Act increase and an 8-hour day and 40-hour The United States joined the week were negotiated. International Labour Organization. declared it unlawful "to transport or aid in transporting strikebreakers in The National Labor Relations Act was 1935 The National Labor Relations interstate or foreign commerce." held constitutional. (NLRB v. Jones & (Wagner) Act established the first Laughlin Steel Corp.) national labor policy of protecting the right of workers to organize and to elect their representatives for collective bargaining. Ten people were killed and 80 wounded The Fair Labor Standards Act provided The President on December 24 in a Memorial Day clash between police a 25-cent minimum wage and time and announced a no-strike pledge by the and the members of the Steel Workers a half for hours over 40 a week. AFL and CIO for the duration of the war. Organizing Committee at the plant of Subsequent amendments raised the the Republic Steel Co. in South minimum wage, so that as of 1976 it 1942 The United Steelworkers of Chicago. was $2.30 an hour for most employees. America was organized. It replaced the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 The Railroad Unemployment Insurance which was first established by the CIO was approved, followed by the Carriers (Crosser-Wheeler) Act was passed. in 1936. Taxing Act of 1937. (Similar laws of June 27, 1934, and August 29, 1935, 1940 A sitdown strike was held not to The President established the National had been declared unconstitutional.) be an illegal restraint of commerce War Labor Board to determine under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in the procedures for settling disputes. The 5-week "Little Steel" strike was absence of intent to impose market broken on July 1 when Inland Steel controls. (Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader.) The NWLB laid down the "Little Steel" employees returned to work without formula for wartime wage adjustments union recognition or other gains. 1941 Actions by the Carpenters' union (i.e., based on a 15-percent rise in living in jurisdictional disputes were held to be costs from January 1, 1941, to May 1, The National Apprenticeship Act was protected by the Clayton Act from 1942). passed, establishing the Bureau of prosecution under the Sherman Apprenticeship in the U.S. Department Anti-Trust Act. These actions were The Stabilization Act authorized the of Labor. construed in light of Congress' definition President to stabilize wages and of "labor dispute" in the Norris-La salaries, as far as practicable, based on 1938 The Merchant Marine Act of Guardia Act. September 15, 1942, levels. 1936 was amended to provide a Federal Maritime Labor Board. The UAW (CIO) won recognition at Ford Motor Co. after a 10-day strike. The union and the company signed a union-shop agreement-the first with a major automobile manufacturer. 1943 The President created by an Executive Order a Committee on Fair J Employment Practices, empowering it to 7I "conduct hearings, make findings of e4frr /1W fact, and take appropriate steps to obtain elimination" of "discrimination in the employment of any person in war industries or in Government by reason of race, creed, color, or national origin." The War Labor Disputes (Smith-Connally) Act, passed over the President's veto, authorized plant seizure if needed to avoid interferance with the war effort. 1944 The Railway Labor Act, authorizing a labor union chosen by a majority to represent a craft, was held to require union protection of the minority in that class. Discrimination against certain members on ground of race was held enjoinable.(Steel v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad.) 1945 The CIO affiliated with the newly formed World Federation of Trade Unions. (It withdrew in 1949.) The AFL, which held that the labor organizations of Soviet Russia were not "free or democratic," did not affiliate with the WFTU. The President's National The UMWA bituminous-coal miners won The President appointed the Labor-Management Conference a health and welfare fund from the Commission on Labor Relations in the convened in Washington, D.C., but Federal Government, which had seized Atomic Energy Installations, which, on produced few tangible results. the mines. April 18, 1949, recommended establishment of a panel to protect free 1946 The United Steelworkers (CIO) The President provided for the collective in atomic ended a 1-month strike and established termination of all wartime wage and bargaining plants. a "first round" wage pattern of increase salary controls. The Federal Government's first national of 181/2 cents an hour. conference on industrial safety met in 1947 The Norris-La Guardia Act Washington, D.C. The Employment Act of 1946 committed prohibition against issuance of the Government to take all practicable injunctions in labor disputes was held 1949 An amendment to the Fair Labor measures to promote maximum inapplicable to the Government as an Standards Act (1938) directly prohibited employment, production, and employer. (U.S. v. John L. Lewis.) child labor for the first time. purchasing power. The Portal-to-Portal Act was approved, The Supreme Court, by denying review The United Automobile Workers (CIO) "to relieve employers and the of a lower court's action, upheld a ended a 31/2-month strike against Government from potential liability . .. in decision that the Labor Management General Motors Corp. by negotiating an portal-to-portal' claims." Relations Act requires employers to hourly wage increase of 181/2 cents, The Labor bargain with unions on retirement plans. after a Presidential factfinding board Management Relations (Inland Steel Co. v. United had recommended 191/2 cents. (Taft-Hartley) Act was passed (June 23) over the President's veto. Steelworkers of America.) Locomotive Engineers (Ind.) and 1948 General Motors Corp. and the Settlement of a steel industry-United Railroad Trainmen (Ind.) ended a United Automobile Workers (CIO) Steelworkers (CIO) strike on the basis national 2-day strike following an of noncontributory $100 monthly injunction and under threat of legislation signed the first major contract with an "escalator" clause, providing for wage pensions at age 65, plus death, to draft the workers. They accepted the increases based on the Consumer Price sickness, and accident benefits, 181/2-cent-an-hour increase followed a recommendation by a recommended by the President. Index. Presidential factfinding board. The CIO anti-Communist drive 1950 A 5-year contract with no The Inter-American Regional Workers culminated in explosion of two unions at reopening provisions was negotiated by Organization (ORIT) of the International its annual convention. Trial and the United Automobile Workers (CIO) Confederation of Free Trade Unions expulsion of nine other unions followed and the General Motors Corp. It was established at a meeting in Mexico early in 1950. provided for pensions, automatic City in January. It claimed to represent cost-of-living wage adjustments, 17 million workers in North, South, and The International Union of Electrical, guaranteed annual increases, and a Central America. Radio and Machine Workers was modified union shop. founded at the CIO convention following Labor representatives withdrew in the expulsion of the United Electrical, A United Labor Policy Committee February from all participation in the Radio and Machine Workers. composed of representatives of the Government's mobilization and AFL, CIO, and railroad unions was stabilization program in protest over Free, democratic trade unions of formed in December for the purpose of what they felt was labor's secondary various countries, including the CIO in presenting labor's views to the role in its operation. They voted to the United States, withdrew from the Government on problems arising from return in April after being given a World Federation of Trade Unions, the national emergency. The AFL stronger voice in policymaking. which had become Communist withdrew from the committee in August dominated. 1951, thereby dissolving the group. The CIO participated with the AFL as part of the United States delegation to A new worldwide labor The Defense Production Act authorized the International Labor Conference of organization-the International the ILO for the first time since 1946. Confederation of Free Trade Unions the President to curb inflation and (ICFTU)-with the AFL, CIO, and promote defense production. The first amendment to the Taft-Hartley United Mine Workers participating, was 1951 The International Association of Act, permitting negotiations of formed at a meeting in December at Machinists reaffiliated with the AFL in union-shop agreements without London, England, of labor January after being independent since previous polls of employees, became representatives from 51 countries. 1945 due to jurisdictional disputes. In law in October. The union shop for August, the American Federation of workers on the nation's rail and air lines Hosiery Workers, formerly an affiliate of had previously been approved under the the AFL United Textile Workers, National (Railway) Mediation Act in rejoined the AFL as a separate union. January. 1952 A Presidential emergency board, the presidency. Walter P. Reuther, was immediately chartered by the AFL. in February, recommended agreement president of the United Automobile A bitter struggle for representation in the on the union shop between the railroads Workers, was named president of the east coast longshore industry, between and nonoperating railroad unions CIO by the CIO convention. the old ILA and the newly chartered AFL representing about 1 million workers. union, took place on the docks, in the 1953 The Supreme Court upheld the courts, and in NLRB hearing rooms A strike of nearly 8 weeks' duration right of the International Typographical during the last 3 months of 1953. ended in July when the United Union (AFL) to compel a newspaper to (Following a representation election in Steelworkers of America (CIO) signed pay for the setting of type not used, and which the AFL union was defeated, the agreements with basic steel producers of the American Federation of Musicians unaffiliated ILA was certified by the employing about 500,000 workers. (AFL) to demand that a local "standby" NLRB in August 1954 as collective Following the companies' rejection of orchestra be employed when a traveling bargaining agent for the dock workers.) Wage Stabilization Board orchestra was hired for an engagement. recommendations, the Government The Court said that neither practice 1954 A "no-raiding" agreement was seized the steel industry. The strike violated the "featherbedding" ban in the activated by the AFL and CIO in June. began after a district court granted an Labor Management Relations After a series of meetings, unity injunction restraining the seizure order, (Taft-Hartley) Act. committees of the two federations but it was halted at the request of the agreed in October upon merger without President pending review of the The AFL and CIO, meeting in their resolving in advance the jurisdiction of decision by the Supreme Court. The respective conventions, approved a competing AFL and CIO unions. (Unity strike was resumed after the Supreme no-raiding pact to extend for 2 years committees and the executive boards of Court held that the President exceeded from January 1, 1954. The agreement the AFL and CIO approved the terms of his constitutional powers when he was binding only upon those member the merger in February 1955.) ordered the seizure. unions accepting it. Both organizations hailed the pact as the first step towards Proposals for guaranteed annual Presidents of the principal labor organic unity. employment or wage plans were federations, Philip Murray of the CIO developed by the United Automobile and William Green of the AFL, died in The convention of the AFL revoked the Workers, the Steelworkers, the November. The AFL Executive Council 60-year-old charter of the International Electrical Workers, and the Rubber elevated George Meany, former Longshoremen's Association, charging Workers. secretary-treasurer of the Federation, to corruption within the union. A new union 1955 In June, the Ford Motor Co. and constitution, these 29 officers 1957 The biennial convention of the the United Auto Workers (then CIO) constituted the Executive Council, the AFL-CIO expelled the Teamsters, negotiated a new 3-year agreement governing body between the biennial Bakery Workers, and Laundry Workers, which established a supplementary conventions. having a combined membership of unemployment compensation plan approximately 1.6 million, on charges of financed by company contributions of 5 1956 In the first year of unity, former domination by corrupt influences. This cents an hour. By the end of 1955, AFL and CIO State labor organizations action followed upon a refusal on the similar plans were negotiated for more merged in 19 States. The Brotherhood part of the three unions to accept the than a million workers, including the of Locomotive Firemen and corrective recommendation of the remainder of the auto industry. Enginemen-unaffiliated throughout its Excutive Council. 83-year history-joined the AFL-CIO in The founding of the American September. Although several Three formerly independent railroad Federation of Labor and Congress of international unions proposed and unions became affiliated with the Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) on discussed mergers, only a few were AFL-CIO during 1957: The Brotherhood December 5, 1955, brought under one carried out. On the other hand, a of Railroad Trainmen, the American roof unions representing approximately number of unions signed mutual Train Dispatchers Association, and the 16 million workers-over 85 percent of assistance pacts or no-raiding American Railway Supervisors the membership claimed by all unions in agreements. The Federation's Ethical Association. the United States. The last conventions Practices Committee recommended to of the separate organizations, held on the Executive Council after hearings, 1958 Federal legislation passed during December 1 and 2, approved the that three unions (the Allied Industrial 1958 included a Welfare and Pension merger agreement, a new constitution, Plans Disclosure Act, which required Workers, the Laundry Workers, and the administrators of all and an implementation agreement Distillery Workers) should show cause health, insurance, designed to combine the two pension, and supplementary why they should not be suspended unemployment compensation plans federations without dissolving either because of domination by "corrupt" organization. The first convention of the influences in the administration of covering more than 25 workers AFL-CIO elected its president (George employee welfare funds. (amended 1962) to file with the Meany), secretary-treasurer (William F. Secretary of Labor descriptions and Schnitzler), and 27 vice presidents, of annual financial reports, to be available whom 17 had been proposed by the for public inspection. Reports also had AFL and 10 by the CIO. Under the to be made available for plan participants. Other laws included one for optional Federal loans to States for a temporary 50-percent extension of 7-;1ru unemployment payments to workers /'+ f*t4X'f who had exhausted their benefits under Federal and State programs. IanatCivil Rights Act of 1964 was signed The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 by the President on July 2, to become was signed into law on August 20. The After negotiations to resolve the effective a year later. Title VII-Equal longstanding railroad dispute involving measure provided for work and Employment Opportunity-barred education programs, loans to operating railroad workers failed to discrimination on the basis of race, low-income farmers and businesses, produce any concrete results, Congress color, religion, sex, or national origin in and various other national community passed legislation calling for arbitration hiring, apprenticeship, compensation, antipoverty programs. of the two principal issues: the use of and terms, conditions, or privileges of firemen on diesel locomotives in freight employment, and union membership. An 1965 The longshore dispute erupted and yard service, and the makeup of Equal Employment Opportunity into a strike beginning January 11, after train crews. The report of the arbitrators, Commission was charged with New York longshore workers voted issued on November 26, provided for investigating and adjudicating down an agreement reached just before the gradual elmination of firemen in 90 complaints under this title. the injunction expired (see entry in percent of freight and yard service. The 1964). The strike lasted about a month in major ports, but all east and gulf coast ports were not back to work until another month had elapsed. The Hosiery Workers union was formally dissolved after 50 years of existence, and its members were N4 absorbed by the Textile Workers Union of America (AFL-CIO). Once a union of 50,000 members, the Hosiery Workers union had declined to around 5,000. The enactment of the McNamara-O'Hara Service Contract Act > on October 22 provided wage standards 'X for employees performing work on ~~~~~~~~~~~-A Federal service contracts. These standards were similar to those long low_ applicable to employees on Federal construction and supply contracts. Agricultural employers became subject to revised regulations governing applications for temporary foreign agricultural workers under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. In addition to making a "reasonable effort" to recruit domestic workers, a grower was required to offer American workers minimum wages, varying by States, before foreign labor was permitted to be used. Beginning April 1, banning public employee strikes. Union Reuther, who protested the action, and 1965, "nonadverse" higher wages leaders were subsequently jailed for George Meany, who defended it, over became effective. The revised violating a court injunction. Five major the international program of the regulations were issued after expiration airlines were struck on July 8, after the AFL-CIO. of the Mexican farm labor program. Machinists rejected the recommendations of an emergency 1967 Professional workers employed Social security amendments of 1965 board. both their own independent associations included the so-called "Medicare" plan, and traditional trade unions during the which provided partial coverage for The 1966 amendments to the Fair Labor year in increasing collective bargaining those over 65 for hospitalization, Standards Act, the most far-reaching in activity. AFL-CIO unions which nursing home care, home nursing, and the history of the act, extended organized professional workers moved diagnostic expenses. An optional minimum wage protection to some 10 towards closer cooperation. In March, supplementary plan provided coverage million workers previously excluded they formed the AFL-CIO Council of for most major medical expenses. from the benefits of the law. Scientific, Professional, and Cultural Benefits became available on July 1, Employees (SPACE), dedicated to 1966. Coalition bargaining, that is, the enhancing organizing, collective coordination of strategy and action bargaining, legislative, and public In November, the Industrial Union among different unions having contracts relations activities for the member Department of the AFL-CIO arranged with the same company, passed a major organizations. with 10 insurance companies to test when General Electric Co. underwrite a pooled pension plan for negotiated a new agreement with the Early in the year, the unaffiliated Mine, employees of small companies. The Electrical Workers (IUE) in the presence Mill and Smelter Workers merged with program was available in 1966 for of representatives from 10 other unions. the United Steelworkers. In mid-July, employers having fewer than 100 the merged unions and 25 others joined workers. Delegates representing the U.S. trade union movement walked out of the 50th in a strike against major copper 1966 Two transportation strikes tested session of the International Labour producers which continued through the the adequacy of legislation designed to Conference in Geneva when a delegate remainder of the year. prevent work stoppages. New York from Communist Poland was elected as City's transit system was shut down for presiding officer. The boycott led to an 12 days in violation of a State law open argument between Walter A 5-man arbitration board, established A major Fair Labor Standards Act case In July, the Amalgamated Meat Cutters by Congress in July after a 2-day was decided by the Supreme Court in and Butcher Workmen of America and railroad stoppage, imposed a 2-year Maryland v. Wirtz. The Court held that the United Packinghouse, Food and settlement within the framework of coverage of employees of State and Allied Workers, with a combined previous bargaining on railroads and six local government hospitals and schools membership of about 500,000 shopcraft unions when the parties were was a valid exercise by the Congress of completed a merger. unable to reach agreement within the article 1, sec. 8 (the commerce clause) time limits specified in the legislation. of the Constitution. Following a long series of policy disputes and an earlier suspension, the 1968 On June 12, the Age The AFL-CIO created a new department United Automobile Workers formally Discrimination in Employment Act, to coordinate its urban rehabilitation disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO in July. signed by President Johnson the programs, and pledged cooperation with The event marked the first major schism previous December, went into effect. business and government in placing the in the labor movement since 1957, when The act made it illegal for employers, hardcore unemployed in jobs. The the AFL-CIO expelled the Teamsters unions, and employment agencies, in Federation's Building and Construction and two other unions, charging corrupt interstate commerce to discharge, Trades Department announced a new practices. Shortly thereafter, the UAW refuse to hire or otherwise discriminate program to facilitate minority race entry and Teamsters formed the Alliance for against persons aged 40 to 65. On into trades apprenticeships. A number Labor Action, to coordinate their efforts November 27, the Secretary of Labor in of AFL-CIO affiliated and independent toward organizing, bargaining, response to a requirement under the unions also announced programs to aid community, and political goals. When statue, recommended that no changes underprivileged groups. other labor organizations were invited to be made in these age limits. join the new group, the AFL-CIO The United Mine Workers of America charged the two unions with attempting Provisions restricting wage expelled its affiliate, District 50, in April, to set up a rival federation, and warned garnishment-the practice of attaching in a dispute over the latter's its affiliated unions that supporting or portions of a debtor's salary or wage for endorsement of atomic energy. joining the ALA would be grounds for satisfaction of creditors-were enacted suspension. In November, following as part of the Consumer Credit charges and countercharges of raiding, Protection ("Truth in Lending") the ALA stated that it would be willing to Act of 1968. enter into negotiations for a no-raiding pact with the Federation. 1969 Four railroad brotherhoods-the In February, the AFL-CIO withdrew from On October 29, the President issued Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the the International Confederation of Free Executive Order 11491, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Trade Unions (ICFTU), in disapproval of Labor-Management Relations in the Enginemen, the Switchmen's Union of ICFTU attitudes toward Soviet bloc Federal Service, which replaced North America, and the Order of nations and for ICFTU failure to comply Executive Order 10988, Railway Conductors and with AFL-CIO demands to reject Employee-Management Cooperation in Brakemen-merged to form the United admission of the United Auto Workers to the Federal Service, issued in 1962. Transportation Union (AFL-CIO), having the world labor organization. Changes made by the new order a combined membership of over included the establishment of a Federal 200,000. At the same time, the 2,500 After expiration of an 80-day Labor Relations Council to administer member Railway Patrolmen's Taft-Hartley injunction on December 20, the program, and a Federal Service International Union merged with the east coast dockworkers shut done major Impasse Panel to resolve disputes over 270,000 member Brotherhood of Atlantic and Gulf ports in a dispute over new contract terms. Railway, Airline, and Steamship Clerks. wages and benefits; "containerization" was a key issue. Settlement was 1970 The first mass work stoppage in In December, the Bakery and reached in New York City in the 195-year history of the Post Office Confectionery Workers, expelled from mid-January, 1970, and strikes at other Department began March 18 with a the AFL-CIO in 1957, returned to the ports ended shortly afterward. walkout of letter carriers in Brooklyn and Federation by merging with the Manhattan, and soon involved nearly American Bakery and Confectionery A new Department of Labor drive to 210,000 of the Nation's 750,000 postal Workers' International Union (AFL-CIO). open construction jobs to minorities employees, virtually paralyzing mail began and focused first on the service in New York, Detroit, and The UAW-Teamster sponsored Alliance Philadelphia area. Builders were asked Philadelphia, and affecting service in for Labor Action held its first convention. to submit specific minority hiring goals. other major cities. Agreement was The ALA resolved to "revitalize the The joint Department of Labor-National reached after 2 weeks, but not before labor movement," organize the Alliance of Businessmen JOBS program the President declared a state of unorganized, and campaign for social announced expansion from 50 to 125 national emergency, assigned military and political action, tax reform, national cities. The NAB reported in early 1969 units to New York City post offices, and health insurance, urban renewal, and that firms participating in JOBS had promised to begin discussions of all cuts in military spending. hired 120,000 hard-core unemployed. issues including pay. The program's goal was to hire 600,000. Hawaii became the first State to allow State and local government employees the right to strike. Strikes were to be permitted only if efforts to reach an agreement failed and if the public health was not endangered. agPerS 1pn cA+h After a 41/2-year boycott of California table grapes, the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (AFL-CIO) reached agreement with most producers. In August, the UFWOC and Teamsters signed a no-raiding pact giving the UFWOC jurisdiction over all field workers, while the Teamsters 4'b4ZA/r-~h retained the right to organize food processing and cannery workers. In December, following expiration of an emergency strike ban, a nationwide rail strike-the fourth since World War Il-was called by four rail unions. The strike was ended after 1 day by issuance of a Federal injunction, and Congress hastily voted to extend the strike ban until March 1, 1971, and to increase retroactive pay. On December 29, the President signed the National Association of Special Three mergers of major unions took the Occupational Safety and Health Act, Delivery Messengers, and the National place during the summer. District 50, which authorized the Secretary of Labor Postal Union (Ind.)-merged to form Allied and Technical Workers, once a to establish occupational safety and the American Postal Workers Union division of the Mine Workers, merged health standards in the Nation's (AFL-CIO) having nearly 300,000 with the United Steelworkers, bringing workplaces. Under provisions of this members. Steelworker membership to more than law, effective April 28, 1971, the 1.25 million. The United Papermakers Secretary and an independent review The Alliance for Labor Action, formed by and Paperworkers Union combined with commission appointed by the President the Auto Workers and Teamsters in the International Brotherhood of Pulp, were given authority to impose civil 1968 to coordinate their organizing Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers to penalties and fines. Criminal action was efforts and other common objectives, form the 345,000 member United Paper permitted in cases of willful violations was disbanded in December. Workers International Union. The that resulted in death and in certain 1972 On January 17, West Coast Lithographers and Photoengravers other cases. The review commission longshore workers resumed a strike that International Union and the International was to hear appeals of citations and of had been halted by a Taft-Hartley Brotherhood of Bookbinders combined proposed penalties for alleged injunction issued in October 1971. The to form the Graphic Arts International violations. The party losing the appeal strike ended February 19 after 139 Union, with more than 120,000 could seek further review by a U.S. days, making it the longest dock strike members. court of appeals. The law also provided in the nation's history. for State development and enforcement 1973 The United Steelworkers and the of occupational safety and health One of the longest labor disputes in Steel Industry Coordinating Committee, standards, subject to approval by the U.S. labor history was settled by a July representing 10 major steel producers, Secretary of Labor. agreement between the United approved an "Experimental Negotiation Transportation Union and major railroad Agreement" designed to avert crisis 1971 Five postal unions-the United companies to gradually phase out bargaining and stockpiling in the steel Federation of Postal Clerks, the firemen's jobs on diesel freight industry. Affecting 300,000 workers the National Association of Post Office and locomotives. The dispute began in agreement provided for voluntary final General Services Maintenance 1937, and at various times involved and binding arbitration of unresolved Employees, the National Federation of arbitration boards, presidential panels, issues in the 1974 negotiations. Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees, Congress, and the courts. Under a law effective June 1, long-term rivalry between the two automatic cost-of-living adjustments Washington became the first State to unions. Local unions representing about whenever the Consumer Price Index allow the union shop for civil servants. 25 percent of the Brewery Workers' rose 3 percent. 40,000 members rejected the merger, As a result of an agreement reached on however, preferring direct affiliation with About 3,000 women unionists from 58 June 1, the International Printing AFL-CIO. The Federation had averted labor organizations assembled in Pressmen and Assistants Union of possible legal obstacles to direct Chicago in late March to establish the North America and the International affiliation by revoking the Brewery Coalition of Labor Union Women. The Stereotypers', Electrotypers', and Workers' charter during the AFL-CIO Coalition was dedicated to promoting Platemakers' Union of North America Convention in October. equal rights and better wages and merged on October 2, forming the working conditions for women workers. 135,000-member International Printing The President signed the The organization was to work toward and Graphic Communications Union Comprehensive Employment and increasing union membership of (AFL-CIO). Training Act of 1973, designed to women, greater participation by women consolidate and decentralize the in union affairs and policymaking, and On June 13, as a prelude to Phase IV, numerous and sometimes overlapping favorable legislation affecting women the President announced a freeze of up Federal employment programs. Under workers. to 60 days on prices. Wages, interest, the law, the Federal Government was to and dividends continued to be exempt provide funds to State and local In May, the New York Times and the from controls. Phase IV, implemented governments, and the latter, as prime New York Daily News signed an 11-year on June 18, reaffirmed the wage sponsors, were to determine the type of agreement with the Internationl standards of Phase 11 and Ill on a employment services to be provided Typographical Union. The contract gave voluntary basis and required within their jurisdictions. Additional the newspapers the unrestricted right to prenotification of price increases in key Federal funds were to be made introduce automated typesetting industries. available to communities having procedures, in return for lifetime for The International Union of Brewery, disproportionately low earnings or high security current employees. The unemployment. companies were obligated to retrain Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery employees displaced by new processes, Workers approved a leadership decision 1974 On January 3, the President and the work force could be reduced to merge with the International signed amendments to the Social only through attrition. The papers Brotherhood of Teamsters, ending a Security Act. The bill provided for agreed to encourage retirements through paid 6-month productivity funding standards to assure the About two-thirds of 3,000 physicians leaves (trial retirements) and retirement payment of adequate contributions and represented by the Committee of Interns bonuses. to purchase termination insurance. The and Residents struck 22 New York City insurance, provided by the Pension hospitals for 3 days in March. Long On June 1, the Amalgamated Clothing Benefit Guaranty Corporation headed working hours and other pressures Workers of America (AFL-CIO) called by the Secretary of Labor, was to pay associated with hospital training were at their first nationwide strike since 1921, pensions up to $750 a month if a plan issue. A 2-year agreement with the involving 1 10,000 workers in 30 states. terminated without sufficient funds to League of Voluntary Hospitals achieved The union reached agreement with the pay all of its nonforfeitable benefits. improvements in hours, working Clothing Manufacturers Association on conditions, salaries, and fringe benefits. June 8. A new Public Employee Department of The walkout was backed by the the AFL-CIO was formed. It included 24 On June 3, the 2,500-member American Medical Association, which Cigar affilated unions representing 2 million said it was the first by interns and Makers' International Union of America public employees, including those of the (AFL-CIO) was merged into the Retail, residents in the Nation's history, U.S. Postal Service. The 30-year-old excepting minor "job actions." Wholesale and Department Store Union Government Employees Council was (AFL-CIO). One of the oldest national merged with the new organization. The highest unemployment rates since unions, dating back to 1864, the Cigar 1941, reaching 9.2 percent in May, Makers once numbered Samuel 1975 On January 2, the President inspired considerable union criticism of Gompers, first president of the signed the Trade Act of 1974. The Act administration policies. Heavy layoffs American Federation of Labor, among was designed to help workers who lose caused by declining auto sales resulted its members. their jobs because of imports, as well as in depletion of Chrysler's supplementary On Labor Day, the President signed the to provide financial and technical unemployment fund in March, and that Employee Retirement Income Security assistance to companies and of General Motors in May. Financial Act of 1974, which regulated all private communities hurt by foreign crises of city governments in New York pension plans and, to a much more competition. It provided displaced and other major cities forced service limited extent, all private welfare plans. workers with up to 52 weeks of cutbacks and wide-spread layoffs of payments (78 weeks for workers 60 or municipal employees. To assure workers that pension older), and assistance in retraining, promises will not be broken, pension placement, and relocation. plans were required to observe certain Early in July, the Nation witnessed the 65, also retired after reaching the Arnold Miller twice were rejected, once first legal large-scale strike of State union's mandatory retirement age. by the union's bargaining council and employees, involving more than 80,000 Douglas Fraser, 60, replaced once by UMW members. The latter employees of the State of Pennsylvania. Woodcock, who had held the post since rejection prompted President Carter to The majority, represented by the 1970. Floyd R. Smith retired as chief of invoke the emergency dispute American Federation of State, County the International Association of procedures of the Taft-Hartley Act, but and Municipal Employees, reached Machinists and was succeeded by many miners refused to obey the court agreement and returned to work within a William W. Winpisinger. order to return to work. The 3-year week, partly as a result of court agreement provided for substantial injunctions claiming danger to the On November 1, the President signed wage increases, and significant public. Employees represented by the an amendment to the Fair Labor improvements in health, retirement, and Pennsylvania Social Services Unions Standards Act, raising the minimum vacation benefits. Employers were and the Pennsylvania Nurses wage to $2.65 an hour as of January 1, permitted to establish incentive wage Association reached agreement later in 1978, and to $2.90, $3.10, and $3.25 as plans, subject to majority approval by the month. of January 1 of the following 3 years. local UMW members, but failed to retain language, negotiated in the agreement In August, California became the first The United States officially withdrew previously rejected by members, that State to enact legislation covering farm from the International Labour would have allowed management to labor relations. Its Agricultural Relations Organization (ILO) on November 5 discipline leaders of "wildcat" strikes. Act provided for secret ballot because of continuing dissatisfaction representation elections and with the increasing political involvement In June 1978, a Senate filibuster established machinery to resolve unfair of the United Nations agency. defeated the Labor Law Reform Bill, labor practices complaints. which was strongly supported by the 1978 One of the longest strikes in coal Labor movement, and had been passed 1977 I.W. Abel retired as industry history ended with a March 24 by the House of Representatives. The Steelworkers' president after reaching agreement between the United Mine bill, designed to strengthen union the mandatory retirement age of 68. He Workers (UMW) and the Bituminous organizing efforts and curb alleged was succeeded by Lloyd McBride, who Coal Operators Association. The strike, employer abuses and violations of defeated Edward Sadlowski in a which began December 6, 1977, was current laws, would have expanded the vigorously fought election. Auto marked by internal union dissent, and National Relations Board (NLRB) from 5 Workers' president Leonard Woodcock, terms agreed upon by UMW President to 7 members, expedited union elections, protected employees during An amendment to the Age The President signed the Civil Service union organizing campaigns, penalized Discrimination in Employment Act of Reform Act on October 13. The changes employers for refusal to bargain in good 1967, raising the compulsory retirement constituted the most comprehensive faith, and prohibited issuance of age for most workers from 65 to 70, and reform of the rules governing the government contracts to companies that eliminating the age 70 mandatory Federal work force since the passage of willfully violated NLRB or Court orders. retirement for Federal workers, became the Pendleton Act of 1883. Among the effective October 1, 1978, for Federal key features of the act were an There were three union mergers. The workers and 3 months later for most independent appeals process, independent, 260,000-member Civil other workers in private and public protection against abuse of the merit Service Employees Association in New industry. system, and incentives and rewards for York joined the American Federation of good work and skilled management. A State, County and Municipal Employees In October, the President signed the new agency, the Federal Labor (AFSCME), bringing AFSCME Full Employment and Balanced Growth Relations Authority, was to administer membership to over 1 million. The Act of 1978, establishing, as a priority, the Federal labor relations program and 140,000-member Bakery and reduction of unemployment to 4 percent investigate unfair labor practices. Confectionery Workers combined with over a 5-year period, with corollary the 32,000-member Tobacco Workers goals of lowering inflation rates and On October 24, the President, faced Union to form the Bakery, Confectionery Federal budget and foreign trade with continuing high levels of inflation, and Tobacco Workers International deficits, and maintaining economic announced a plan calling on labor and Union. The Sleeping Car Porters, growth. The act called for close management voluntarily to restrain founded in 1925 by civil rights leader A. coordination and periodic reviews of compensation increases to 7 percent, Philip Randolph, voted to become a programs and policies of the President, and for management to exercise similar division of the Brotherhood of Railway, Congress, the Federal Reserve System, restraints on prices. The President said Airline and Steamship Clerks (BRASC). and many other agencies at all efforts also would be made to hold down Drastic reductions in railway passenger government levels. increases in the Federal deficit. service had reduced membership in the porter's union from a World War 11 peak of 12,000 to about 1,000. An Album of Secretaries of Labor

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