Spiritualities, ethics, and implications of human enhancement and

Edited by

Christopher Hrynkow University of Saskatchewan

Series in Philosophy

Copyright © 2020 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc. www.vernonpress.com

In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States

Series in Philosophy

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019947991

ISBN: 978-1-62273-823-6

Irene J. Dabrowski and Anthony L. Haynor (authors of Chapter 3) wish to thank Ignatius Press for permission to quote extensively from Henri de Lubac’s The drama of atheist humanism (pages 400, 401, 403-409, 411, 414, 417, 420-422, 451-452, 468). To order this book, go to https://www.ignatius.com/The Drama-of-Atheist-Humanism-P528.aspx.

Extended quotations from Pope Francis’ Laudato Si’ presented in Chapter 8 used with official permission (N. 0003803/ 2019). © Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2015.

Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

Cover design by Vernon Press using elements designed by Freepik.

Table of contents

Setting the stage for conversations about human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality 1

1. Engaging issues at the intersection of human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality 3 Christopher Hrynkow University of Saskatchewan

2. Breaking the shackles of our genetic legacy 7 Ray Kurzweil Inventor, Author, Futurist

Ethics of human enhancement and artificial intelligence 17

3. The ‘new person’ contested: Atheist humanist vs. Catholic worldviews on 19 Irene J. Dabrowski St. John’s University Anthony L. Haynor Seton Hall University

4. Modeling moral values and spiritual commitments 43 Mark Graves University of Notre Dame

Human enhancement in contemporary society 67

5. ‘Siri, tell me a joke’: Is there laughter in a transhuman future? 69 Una Stroda Independent Scholar

6. Making us better? Spirituality and enhancing athletes 87 Tracy J. Trothen Queen’s University

7. Cyborg clergy and bionic Popes: An analysis of technological human enhancement from a Roman Catholic bioethical perspective 113 Michael Caligiuri University of Manitoba

8. The harmony of metal and flesh: Cybernetic futures 139 Jacob Boss Indiana University Bloomington

9. Embodiment matters: integral ecology, science, the promises and challenges of radical , and socio-ecological flourishing 159 Christopher Hrynkow University of Saskatchewan

Worldviews and artificial intelligence 187

10. Possible consequences of AI and transhumanism: Health concerns surrounding unemployment, second class citizenship, and religious engagement 189 Braden Molhoek Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences at the Graduate Theological Union

11. Three theologies that influence how we view AI, technology, and the world 209 Christopher J. Benek The CoCreators Network

12. Fixed points in a changing world 227 Peter Robinson University of Cambridge

Spirituality, the brain, and religious experience 243

13. Psychedelics, implants, spiritual enhancement, and a computational ethical proposal for harnessing spiritually augmenting BCIs 245 Philip Butler Loyola Marymount University

14. Rights and guidelines for protecting cognitive liberty in the age of neuro-engineering 269 Alan Weissenbacher Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences at the Graduate Theological Union

List of Abbreviated Terms 285

About the Contributors 287

Index 293

Setting the stage for conversations about human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality

1. Engaging issues at the intersection of human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality

Christopher Hrynkow University of Saskatchewan

The majority of the papers in this volume have their origins in the inaugural conference of the Saskatchewan Center for Science and Religion, held in Vancouver BC in November 2017. This gathering was generously supported by the center’s founding benefactor Wei Lei. The goal of the conference was to initiate and deepen interdisciplinary conversations about human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality. Those able to attend were treated to papers, given by academics working from diverse perspectives including scientists and scholars of religion, who considered the spiritual implications of issues surrounding human enhancement and artificial intelligence. A wide-ranging dialogue ensued concerning topics like how artificial intelligence may augment spirituality or make it obsolete, the challenge of transhumanism for world religions, the religious-ethical implications of artificial intelligence, faith traditions’ reactions to efforts to engineer human enhancement, and the opportunities and significant tensions emerging for religious traditions in light of recent developments in artificial intelligence research. The conference opened with a memorable keynote address from Ray Kurzweil, a transcribed and edited excerpt of which performs the same function for this volume. Herein, Kurzweil situates his contribution in the area commonly named as transhumanism with references to religiosity and spirituality that will be of great interest to scholars in the field of religion and science. The interweaving of elements of his life story and family history with his views on the transformative potential of various information and intelligence technologies is fascinating. The keynote elicited some interesting questions for the audience and poignant responses from Kurzweil, a selection of which are also presented in edited form for the readers’ consideration. 4 Chapter 1

The subsequent chapters engage and contribute to the academic discourse surrounding human enhancement, artificial intelligence, and spirituality with foci on the authors’ respective areas of expertise. These body chapters begin with a sharp contrast to the perspective represented in Kurzweil’s contribution. Irene Dabrowski and Anthony Haynor compare their articulation of a Catholic worldview with what they illustrate, building upon the work of the Jesuit thinker Henri de Lubac, as atheist humanism’s foothold within transhumanism. Their chapter is helpful in setting the stage for the reader to ponder ethical undercurrents circulating among transhumanists. It also names an alternative bound together with their articulation of a Catholic worldview. Next, in this section, Mark Graves calls our attention to some of the ethical issues that come into play when AIs interact with models of human morality and spirituality. Graves shares a particular concern with how these models offer a space for AIs to undertake tasks in support of human flourishing, while navigating the thorny area of suffering. He also poignantly identifies some of the tensions that accompany efforts to construct models of shared human values that could be employed by AIs who will have a different embodiment than Homo Sapiens . These models can, in turn, allow them to interact morally with humans. Graves raises the possibilities of a modeling or morality that can integrate shared memories and hope along with social, religious, and shifting interpretative elements building upon the contributions of an already existing community of interpretation concerned with AI spirituality. Employing cutting edge methodologies for analyzing moral content, he draws our attention to the possibilities of AIs ability to process texts quickly as a potentially fruitful path to establishing such models, a path he frames as analogous to formal human study of morality and religiously significant texts. The present volume then turns to consider the implications of human enhancements within contemporary societies. It begins with Una Stroda employing Apple’s well-known Siri aid as an entry point to consider the place of humor in a transhumanist future. The body of her chapter considers how laughter is treated in diverse faith and cultural traditions through a comparative lens. Stroda then intriguingly considers how select aspirations of transhumanists will shift laughter and its manifestations as we know them. This section of the book ends with Tracy Trothen’s fine piece addressing the intersections amongst spirituality, religion, sport, and human enhancements. She presents several moral dilemmas in order to bring some of the latest developments and issues in human enhancement into dialogue with the theological concept of hope. Moreover, she relates both areas to the experiential elements of sport, from (1) performances that appear ‘perfect’ to external viewers to (2) the emic achievement of ‘flow’. Trothen leaves her reader contemplating the importance of hope for framing and shifting debates concerning the ethics of human enhancements in sport. Engaging issues at the intersection 5

Michael Caligiuri opens the section on technology and the moral human body with his impressive survey of Roman Catholic perspectives on the philosophical and ethical consequences of cyborg technology as they extend outwards from both lay and clerical bodies. In the process, he skillfully weaves together both secular and religious antecedents to such discussions in a manner that is sure to peak reader interest. Caligiuri concludes by articulating six principles for guiding human enhancement, which he positions as congruent with Roman Catholic moral teaching and thought. Next, Jacob Boss turns to look at the situation of what he informatively names as the ‘ petite cyborg ’, who is distinguished by a fusing of the human with cybernetics that remains dependent on the global energy and capitalist systems. With reference to the diverse discourses drawn from sources including science fiction and the thought of Bruno Latour, he considers some possible futures that can arise from the horrors and possibilities of cybernetics. This section closes with a chapter typed by myself that employs the thought of Pope Francis on integral ecology and articulates its relationship to scientific endeavor. The results of that conversation are applied as a lens through which to consider both the promises and perils of radical life extension. A particular concern of this chapter is to place these promises and perils in relation to socio-ecological flourishing understood as flowing from humanity’s status as embodied creatures existing in intertwined social and ecological contexts within an Earth community. The section on worldviews and artificial intelligence begins with Braden Molhoek’s exploration of the application of AI ethics to transhumanism with reference to Michael Waltzer’s reflections on citizenship. Molhoek asks a number of poignant questions that set the stage for the insights presented in subsequent chapters. Molhoek’s contribution concludes with a compelling treatment of some ways that religious engagement will be shifted by plausible developments in AI and transhumanism. Christopher Benek continues the focus on AI, looking at its effects on both technologists being drawn towards considering religiosity and theologians being drawn to reconsider humanity’s role in the cosmos. Benek undertakes this exploration through his own three- part theological lens, leading to an argument in support of his participatory model. In this manner, he presents a theological hermeneutic aimed at allowing people to better themselves and their anthropological location in light of exponential developments in AI. This section ends with Peter Robinson unfolding his innovative research and some of its spiritual implications. Particularly noteworthy here is how Robinson challenges some of the misperceptions that people have about the ability and potential of computers to empathize. Further, he makes some intriguing connections to the concept of imago dei in his chapter. 6 Chapter 1

In the penultimate chapter, Philip Butler explores concepts of spiritual enhancement in an intriguing way that focuses upon the ethical implications of spiritually augmenting brain-computer interface’s ability to mimic the biochemical processes stimulated by psychedelics. The reader is sure be impressed by his in-depth knowledge of these areas and his ability to think through a fascinating set of ethical implications of this emergent transhumanist technology. This volume’s final chapter examines the potential for harm, collateral risks, and some of the unintended negative consequences of intrusions into people’s mental domains associated with the emerging field of neuro- technology. Alan Weissenbacher shows that these relatively unproblematized interventions hold coercive properties. In response, he argues for the importance of his criterion of ‘acceptability across ideologies’ to avoid undue manipulation of neuro-technology in the service of ideologies in their religious, consumerist, and political forms. This introduction has given a flavor of what is on offer in this volume. Careful attention to each chapter will repay the reader with interest in the complex and pressing issues that come into play when considering the spiritual and religious implications of human enhancement and artificial intelligence. I sincerely hope that each reader’s learning and reflection will be enriched in a comparable way to be my own experience in editing this volume. In this light, I invite you to enjoy the diverse, innovative, and intriguing voices that are brought to the fore in the pages that follow.

-Christopher Hrynkow, Toronto, June 2019

PAGES MISSING

FROM THIS FREE SAMPLE

List of Abbreviated Terms

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) Artificial General Interligence (AGI) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificail Intelligences (AIs) Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Blood Oxygen Level Dependence (BOLD) Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Catholic News Service (CNS) Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Default Mode Network (DMN) (EEG) Erythropoietin (EPO) Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) Genetic Virtue Project (GVP) Human Level Machine Intelligence (HLMI) Intelligence Augmentation (IA) Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Major League Baseball (MLB) Medial PFC (MPFC) Medial Temporal Lobes (MTL) MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) National Health Service (NHS) 286 List of Abbreviated Terms

Natural Language Processing (NLP) N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Organisation for Economic Cooperations and Development (OECD) Parahippocampal Cortex (PHC) Parahippocampal Gyrus (PHG) Pontifical Academy of Life (PAL) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Primary Visual Field (V1) Quality of Life (qol) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Resting State Functional Connectivity (rsFC) Retrosplenial Cortex (RSC) Secondary Visual Field (V2) Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) Spiritually Augmenting Brain Computer Interface (SABCI) Structural Equation Models (SEM) Survival Risks (s-risks) Task Performance Network (TPN) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) Universal Basic Income (UBI) Ventral Prefrontal Cortex (VPFC) Visual Field 3 (V3) Visual Field 4 (V4) World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

About the Contributors

Christopher Benek is the Pastor and CEO of The CoCreators Network. He is a Presbyterian Church (U.S.A) Pastor who has served churches in New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina and Florida. Across the globe, he is considered a leading expert regarding Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology. The Rev. Dr. Benek is regularly featured in media sources worldwide. He is a frequent speaker who is internationally known for his social and religious commentary. You can read more about him at www.christopherbenek.com.

Jacob Boss is a doctoral candidate and associate instructor in the Department of Religious Studies at Indiana University Bloomington, and editorial assistant at the Journal of American Academy of Religion. His research focuses on transhumanism and the do-it-yourself human augmentation movement.

Philip Reed-Butler is Visiting Assistant Professor in the Theological Studies Department at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. His work primarily focuses on the intersection of neuroscience, technology, spirituality and race. His is the author of “Making Enhancement Equitable: A Racial Analysis of the Term ‘Human Animal’ and the Inclusion of Black Bodies in Human Enhancement” ( Journal of Posthuman Studies , 2018). He recently completed his first book project entitled Black Transhuman Liberation Theology , which imagines what might happen if Black people utilized technological advancements to enhance both Black spiritualities and Black bodies in the struggle of materializing liberating realities.

Michael Caligiuri is an alumnus of the University of Manitoba and the University of Ottawa, where he earned degrees in both the sciences and humanities, and a PhD in Religious Studies. He is a Research Fellow of St. Paul’s College and an instructor in Catholic Studies and Religious Studies at the University of Manitoba. His areas of focus include religious and secular , issues in body modification technology, cybernetics and , as well as science, ethics, and religious systems.

Irene J. Dabrowski is Associate Professor of Sociology at St. John’s University, Staten Island Campus, New York City, where she served as Chair of the Division of Social Sciences for a decade. Dr. Dabrowski’s main areas of expertise are futurology, the sociology of health and illness, urban sociology, women’s studies, and the sociology of education. Her research and teaching incorporate interdisciplinary, holistic, and systems thinking. She has published an article (with Anthony L. Haynor), “Valuing the Future,” in a World Future Society 288 About the Contributors volume. As a Visiting Scholar at The Hastings Center (a think tank that focuses on biomedical ethics), Dr. Dabrowski investigated the ethical dimensions of holistic health care, integrating the work of the quantum physicist David Bohm into this project. Since 2005, she has served (with Anthony L. Haynor) as Co- Coordinator of the New Jersey Chapter of the World Future Society. Dr. Dabrowski is an advisory board member of the Lifeboat Foundation, an international think tank that assists humanity in addressing the existential risks and misuses associated with technology. As a member of SENCER (Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities), she has attended summer institutes on science education and its implications for student civic engagement. Dr. Dabrowski is as a Liaison Board Member of the East Coast Colleges Social Science Association (ECCSSA) and has served as Associate Editor of The ECCSSA Journal , where she published an article on the post- positivist paradigm that called for a revision of social science in response to the Singularity. Her recent scholarship has critiqued artificial intelligence and a transhumanist worldview in an emerging electronic civilization, drawing on the insights of Catholic Social Thought.

Mark Graves is Visiting Research Assistant Professor at University of Notre Dame’s Center for Theology, Science, and Human Flourishing with his research occurring at the intersection of artificial intelligence, psychology, and theology. He earned his doctorate in computer science at the University of Michigan in the area of artificial intelligence, completed a postdoctoral fellowship in genomics at Baylor College of Medicine as one of the first computer scientists to work on the Human Genome Project, and worked in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research for ten years before studying systematic and philosophical theology at Graduate Theological Union (GTU) and Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley. He has published forty technical and scholarly works in computer science, biology, psychology, and theology, including the books Designing XML Databases (2002), Mind, Brain, and the Elusive Soul (2008) and Insight to Heal: Co-Creating Beauty Amidst Human Suffering (2013) and taught courses engaging the relationship between science and religion at Santa Clara University, the Graduate Theological Union, University of California Berkeley, Fuller Theological Seminary, and the University of Notre Dame. His current research in cultural analytics and machine ethics uses semantic text analysis to create computational models of human morality.

Anthony L. Haynor is Associate Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work at Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey. He served for several years as department Chair. Dr. Haynor’s main areas of interest are sociological theory, social problems, self and society, the sociology of knowledge, and social change. In his book, Social About the Contributors 289

Practice: Philosophy and Method (Kendall/Hunt, 2003), Dr. Haynor presented a communitarian method for social problem-solving. More recently, he contributed a chapter, “Classical Sociological Theory,” to the Cambridge Handbook of Sociology (2017). Dr. Haynor has published (with Irene J. Dabrowski) in the area of futurology and has given presentations at the World Future Society Annual Meetings. He has also published (with Irene J. Dabrowski) on Catholic Social Thought, most recently on the contribution of the document, Gaudium et Spes , to an analysis and assessment of the transhumanist movement. Dr. Haynor is currently working on integrating the human sciences in the service of maximal human flourishing in a civilizational epoch characterized by ever increasing instrumental rationality, demographic diversity, concentrations of wealth and authority, and global interdependence.

Christopher Hrynkow , PhD (Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Manitoba), ThD (Christian Ethics, University of Toronto) is an associate professor in Religion and Culture at St. Thomas More College, University of Saskatchewan. From January 2019 to July 2019, he is serving as Patrick and Barbara Keenan Visiting Chair in Religious Education at the University of St. Michael’s College in the University of Toronto. In July 2019, he will return to St. Thomas More College as Department Head and Undergraduate Chair in Religion and Culture for the University of Saskatchewan. There, Hrynkow also teaches courses in Religious Studies, Catholic Studies, Peace Studies, and in the Critical Perspectives on Social Justice and the Common Good program.

Ray Kurzweil is one of the world’s leading inventors, thinkers, and futurists, with a thirty-year track record of accurate predictions. Called ‘the restless genius’ by The Wall Street Journal and ‘the ultimate thinking machine’ by Forbes magazine, he was selected as one of the top entrepreneurs by Inc. Magazine, which described him as ‘the rightful heir to Thomas Edison’. PBS selected him as one of the ‘sixteen revolutionaries who made America’. Ray was the principal inventor of the first CCD flat-bed scanner, the first omni-font optical character recognition, the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, the first text-to-speech synthesizer, the first music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and the first commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition. Among Ray’s many honors, he received a Grammy Award for outstanding achievements in music technology; he is the recipient of the National Medal of Technology , was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame , holds twenty-one honorary Doctorates, and honors from three U.S. presidents. Ray has written five national best-selling books, including New York Times best sellers The Singularity Is Near (2005) and How To Create A Mind (2012). 290 About the Contributors

Braden Molhoek works at the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, is a Lecturer in Science, Technology, and Ethics at the Graduate Theological Union, and is a Lecturer in the School of Engineering at Santa Clara University. He teaches courses on science and religion, ethics, software ethics, and bioethics. Having been interested in the intersection of science and religion since he was a double major in genetics and religion, Molhoek has published and presented on a variety of topics, including and virtue, theological anthropology in light of science, cloning, gene patents, and transhumanism.

Peter Robinson is Professor of Computer Technology at the University of Cambridge, where he works on problems at the boundary between people and computers. This involves investigating new technologies to enhance communication between computers and their users, and new applications to exploit these technologies. His recent work has included desk-size projected displays, emotionally intelligent interfaces and applications in semi- autonomous vehicles. This has led to broader explorations of what it means to be human in an age of increasingly human-like machines.

Una Stroda is a musician and a theologian. A native of Latvia, she currently resides in Chicago, IL. She holds degrees in piano performance, in ecumenical studies, in cross-cultural theology, and is a recent PhD graduate from the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Her dissertation explores biblical, historical, and theological aspects of laughter in relation to the divine: the laughing God, the presence and absence of laughter in scriptures and the Christian tradition, and eschatological perspectives of human laughter.

Tracy J. Trothen is a professor of ethics at Queen’s University, jointly appointed to the School of Religion and the School of Rehabilitation Therapy where she teaches in the graduate Aging and Health Program. She is an ordained minister in The United Church of Canada, a certified Supervisor-Educator in Clinical Spiritual Health (CASC), and a Registered Psychotherapist (CRPO). Trothen’s areas of research and teaching specialization include: embodiment, biomedical and social ethics, Christian theology, spiritual health, aging, human enhancement technologies, and sport. Trothen is the author of Spirituality, Sport, and Doping: More than Just a Game (2018). Her other recent books include Winning the Race? Religion, Hope, and Reshaping the Sport Enhancement Debate (2015), and the anthology Religion and Human Enhancement: Death, Values, and Morality co-edited with Calvin Mercer (2017). She is currently at work, with Calvin Mercer, on a study guide tentatively entitled Living Healthy for 500 Years and Other Technological Enhancements: Heaven or Hell? Trothen is a member of the American Academy of Religion's Human Enhancement and Transhumanism Unit Steering Committee. About the Contributors 291

Alan Weissenbacher served many years as a counselor to homeless addicts, removing them from the urban setting and empowering them to run a farm while receiving counseling, spiritual care, and job training. His work with these clients inspires his research into neuroscience and spiritual formation, exploring ways to improve religious care and addiction recovery through understanding how the brain works. Recent publications include the chapter on neuroscience and religion in the textbook, Religious and Science edited by Gary Ferngren and an article exploring the neural correlates of instantaneous and gradual religious change published in Zygon . He is the book review editor for Theology and Science and is a father to two young boys.

Index

Bioethics, 113-115, 121-123, 127- A 129, 133, 281 bionic brain, 24 Abraham, 83 biotechnologies, 12, 23, 28 acceptability across ideologies, 6, body, 5, 12, 49, 69-70, 76, 78, 79, 81, 269, 280-282 83, 90, 96, 102, 113, 114, 118-119, Adorno, Roberto, 276 122-127, 129, 132, 139, 141, 143- affective computing, 228-230 145, 153, 177, 179, 200, 213, 219, Agar, Nicholas, 279 227, 231, 233, 252 alternative intelligence, 222-223 Bostrom, Nick, 24, 260 antiquity, 72 Bublitz, Jan, 276 apocalyptic, 75, 140, 142, 149 Buddhism, 51-52, 58, 75-76, 79 Armstrong, Lance, 87, 94 artificial superintelligence (ASI), 23- 24 C atheist humanism, 20-22, 25, 27, 29, Canaan, 72-73 31, 32, 34-38 Carhart-Harris, Robin, 252-254 Anthropocene, 143, 146-147 categorical spiritual experience, 246, Augustine, 55, 195 249, 258 automation, 23, 190-191, 193-194, Charter of Fundamental Rights, 278 197, 201-202, 205-206 Childress, James, 277 autonomy, 28-29, 31, 99-101, 115, Christian humanism, 25, 34 121, 128, 145, 237, 277 Christus Victor, 75 awakening, 75-76 Cloud, the, 79-80 Clown, 73-75 B cognitive liberty, 269, 276, 281 cognitive localization, 273, 281 Baal, 72-73 collective purpose, 192, 197, 201- Babylon, 73 202, 204-205 Bartles, Andreas, 271 computational ethics, 245-246, 259, Beauchamp, Tom , 277 261-264 Belief, 21, 78, 91, 121, 128, 146, 150, condition, human, 32, 59, 78, 83, 198, 204, 215, 231, 249, 270, 272, 126, 199 274-276 covenant, 77 benign violation theory, 72 creation, 21, 31-33, 36, 38, 56, 63, 74, Bellah, Robert , 45, 53, 88, 92 78, 81, 83, 93, 95, 96,104, 163, 176, Benedict XVI (Pope), 35, 37, 126 177, 195, 199-200, 210-211, 217, 220-223 294 Index culture, Western, 78, 83 European Convention on Human Curran, Charles, 115, 121 Rights, 278 Cyborg, 5, 113-116, 133, 139-143, exemplars, moral, 49-50, 94 145-148, 153-156, 170-171 exemplars, moral and spiritual, 57

D F

Davis, Carolyn Franks, 272 Fédération Internationale de de Lubac, Henri, 4, 19-22, 25-27, 29- Football Association (FIFA), 95 39 feminist philosophy, 78 death, 21, 56, 72-75, 78, 81, 83, 119, fertility, 73-78 128, 143, 151,178, 179, 220, 260, flourishing, 4-5, 20-21, 27-28, 31, 35, 263, 274 37, 39, 43-47, 58-59, 101, 159-161, Deep Blue, 196-197, 205 163-164, 166-168, 174-175, 178, Default Mode Network, 251-256 180-182, 197, 202 democratic humanitarianism, 28 flow, 4, 93, 97-98, 100, 106 depression, 73, 191-193, 228, 256, Francis (Pope), 5, 35, 37, 159-173, 271-272, 274, 278 175-181 deprivation, 189-190, 191-193, 228, Freeman, Walter, 270 256, 271-272, 274, 278 Freud, Sigmund, 71 Derrida, Jacques, 81-83, 247 functional interconnectivity, 273 designer babies, 35, 38 devil, 75, 83 G digital revolution, 21 DMT, 248, 250, 253-256 Gallo, William, 192, 205 Gattaca, 198 E Gaudium et Spes, 35, 123, 125, 129 gene doping, 89, 101 Easter, 75, 83 gene editing, 31-32, 89, 198, 205 ecology, 5, 142, 159-169, 171, 174- genetic engineering, 19-20, 23, 34, 182 36, 38, 79, 260 Egypt, 72-74, 78 genetic modification, 89, 100, 105, electronic evolution, 23 140 Elshtain, Jean, 115 germline , 23 embodiment, 4, 45-47, 53, 79, 96-97, Gnosticism, 75-76 103-104, 169, 174-175, 177, 179- Graham, Billy, 215-218 181 Greece, Ancient, 71-72 enforced activity, 192, 196-198, 201, 204 H Erythropoietin (EPO), 89, 102 escapism theology, 213-221 Haraway, Donna, 116, 133, 140-142, eschatology, 21, 81 145-146, 155, 171 eugenics, 26, 114, 118, 126-127 Harris, Mike, 205 Index 295

Hawking, Stephen, 36, 38, 140, 209, Judaism, 75, 77-78, 80 218 Juengst, Eric, 116 Health and Retirement Survey, 192 Herzfeld, Noreen, 189-190, 194-196, K 199-200, 207 Hofmann, Albert, 254 Kant, Immanuel, 71, 259, 279 Hofstede, Geert, 69 Kantian ethics, 259 Holbrook, Izuma, 270, 275, 280 Kapogiannis, Dimitrios, 273 Homer, 71 Kasyapa, 77, 80 Homo nouveau, 20, 23, 25 Kurzweil, Ray, 3, 7-15, 20, 24, 47, 79, Hospitality, 81-82 145, 168-171, 173-174, 179, 211- human enhancement technologies , 212, 260, 262 28, 37, 113 human flourishing, 4, 20, 27-28, 31, L 35, 37, 43-37, 58-59, 101, 202 human genome, 23, 127, 199, 281 latent semantic analysis (LSA), 44- human perfectibility, 19, 25, 31, 37 45, 54-57 Humanity+, 22-23, 27-28, 37-38 laughter, Gnostic, 77 humor, sense of, 69-70 laughter, incongruous, 70, 75, 77 hypothesis, social brain, 71 laughter, life-giving, 74 laughter, obscene, 74 I leisure activities, 190, 193, 203-204, 206 Ienca, Marcella, 276 Levandowski, Anthony, 205 imago Dei, 5, 194, 205, 223 LSD, 245, 248-250, 254-256 immolation of human beings, 31, 33 immortality, 20-23, 32, 73, 81, 170- M 171, 173, 199 implantability, 114, 118-119 machine ethics, 44, 48 incarnation, 81, 96-97, 104, 220, 223 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 99, 105 incongruity theory , 71 Major League Baseball (MLB), 103 intelligence augmentation (IA), 25 master algorithms, 31 interdependence, 100, 159-160, 163, McCormick, Richard, 121 166 means-ends rationality, 35 Isaac, 77-78 medical implants, 23 Israel, 72, 211 mental health, 190, 192-193, 206, 275 J mental integrity, 276, 278, 280-281 Methuselarity, 23, 171 Jahoda, 189-190, 192-193, 196, 200, mind, augmented, 79 203, 205 mind, collective, 33, 38, 69, 79-80 Jewish, 75, 77, 83, 170-171, 237, 248 mind, extended, 48-49 Joke, 69-72, 75-77, 79-80, 83 296 Index moral bioenhancement, 89-90, 106, participatory theology, 211, 219-222 280 PCC/precuneus, 251-256 moral development, 48-49 Peirce, Charles S., 51 , 106, 278-279, Performance-enhancing drugs, 89, 281 103 moral psychology, 43, 45, 47-50 Persinger, Michael, 272 Musk, Elon, 209, 218-219 personal identity, 192-193, 197, 201, Muthukumaraswamy, 253 204-205, 274, 280 Mutilation, 123 personhood, 19, 24, 35-36, 79, 96, 132, 179, 238 N Persson, Ingmar, 106, 277, 279-281 Phelps, Michael, 90-102 Nanobots, 24, 91 Pistorius, Oscar 94, 105 Nanotechnology, 12, 23, 113-114, Play, 13, 63, 82, 95-98, 153, 214 212 Pontifical Academy of Life (PAL), natural language processing (NLP), 123, 124, See PAL 44-45, 54 positive science, 26 neural correlates, 49, 250, 252, 255, posthuman, 83 269-270, 272-274 proactionary principle, 28 neuroengineering, 144 programming, of the mind, 69-70, neuromodulation, 253, 271, 275- 72 276, 281 Prometheus, 30-31 neurotechnology, 6,276, 281-282 promissory perspective, 32-34, 36, New Atheism, 275 39 Noosphere, 33, 147-148 prudential wisdom, 48 Nuremberg Code , 277 Psilocybin, 245, 248, 250, 252-257 Punchline, 75, 80 O R Objectification, 35 Olympics, 102, 106 radical life extension, 5, 7, 159-161, ontological being, 20 166-167, 169-173, 178-181, 200- organizing scientism, 30 201 Osiris, 72-73 Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 272 Oxytocin, 80, 106 rationality, instrumental, 21, 35, 38 rationality, substantive, 35 P reality, augmented, 80 reality, sacred, 81 PAL, 127-128, 132 regular shared experience, 192, 197, pain, 21, 37, 46, 58-59, 74, 81, 200 100,116, 140, 144, 145, 175, 228, relief theory , 71 275 Resting State Functional Palhano-Fontes, Fernanda, 250-252 Connectivity (rsFC), 251-255 Index 297

Resurrection, 72-73, 75, 81, 96, 104 U Revelation, 25, 69,-70, 75, 78-81 risus paschalis , 75-79 Unemployment, 189-193, 202-203, ritual, 73, 75, 92, 219 206 robots,23-24, 89, 91, 228-229 United Nations Declaration of Royce, Josiah, 51 Human Rights, 46 utilitarian ethics, 28, 115, 172, 259 S Uttal, William, 273 sacramental option, 32-33 V Savalescu, Julian, 281 semantic analysis, 43, 45, 47, 53-54 Valence, 29, 231-233, 254 Semenya, Caster , 90, 107 virtue ethics, 47-48, 58, 104 Sin, 22, 34, 75, 142, 151, 170 vulnerability, 100, 114, 126-129 Singer, Emily, 270 Siri, 4, 70 W skills, social, 80 smart bats, 91 Walker, Mark, 270 social engineering, 26 Walzer, Michael, 194 Spheres of Justice , 194 Watson, computer system, 79 spiritual augmentation, 245, 247- welcome, the, 82 248 White, Lynn, 275 spiritually augmenting brain- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 54 computer interface, 6, 245-248, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 255-262, 264 89, 102 strivings, 43, 45, 50, 52, 55 Worldview, 4, 19-22, 27-28, 31, 37, sun-god, 73-74 154, 163-164, 177, 279-280, 288 super swimsuit, 104 superiority theory, 71 Z supremacy theology, 212-213, 219 symbolic universe, 20-21, 36 Zeki, Semir, 271 Zen, 76-77 T Zion, 81

Taoism, 75 technological utopianism, 29, 33, 35 technologism , 35-36 time structure, 192, 197, 200, 204 Tommy John surgery, 91 topic modeling, 57 Totality, Principle of, 122 Transcendence, 33, 35, 50, 55-56, 63, 93, 95, 170, 195