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Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

aaATIII, 222 principles of, 40–43 Abbott, A., 585n revisiting of, 491–96, 504n Abbott, Larry, 170, 542n second law of thermodynamics and, Abbott Laboratories, 282 39–40 ABC News, 393 world hunger solution and, 224 Abduljalil, A. M., 540n see also exponential growth Abeln, G. C., 562n, 563n acceleration, 10, 165 Abrams tanks, 332, 335 actin, 175, 199–200, 383 abstraction, 16, 175, 198 Acura RL, 287 “Accelerating Change” conference, 504n acute myeloblastic leukemia, 215 accelerating returns, law of, 3, 7–14, 29, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 118, 232, 35–110, 371, 373, 432, 441, 457, 234, 238, 306, 399 507n–26n adenoviruses, 216 communications and, 35, 48–50, 48–50, Adept Technologies, 285 73, 76–77, 77, 97, 102, 245–46, Adleman, Leonard, 529n–30n 511n–12n Adrian, E. D., 154, 539n computer memory and, 57–58, 57, 58, Afghanistan, 280, 332, 334 59, 75–76, 75, 76, 96, 102 Africa: conservatism of social institutions and, AIDS in, 95, 470 472–73 GMO food in, 406, 414, 415 DNA sequencing and, 73–74, 73, 74, natural nuclear reactor in, 139–40, 503n 514n Web access in, 469 economic growth and, 96–110, 433, Age of Intelligent Machines, The (Kurzweil), 524n–26n 3, 24, 94, 275, 277, 279, 393, 497n, ETI and, 344 518n, 519n exponential growth in, 3, 7–14, 35, Age of Spiritual Machines, The (ASM) 40–46, 56–84, 57–65, 67, 69–71, 73–84, (Kurzweil), 3, 24, 113, 315–16, 361 96–101, 98, 99, 101, 106–10, 108, 257, catching a fly ball examined in, 178–79 498n molecular computing in, 121 farsighted evolution and, 47–50, 48–50 only-a-human cartoon in, 290–91, 291 fractal designs and, 46–47 promise vs. perils of technology in, information, order, and evolution and, 393–94, 427 85–94, 516n–23n AGEs (advanced glycation end-products), intelligence and, 265, 344, 349–51 220 Internet and, 78–81, 78–81, 95, 97, 516n aging, 100, 233 life cycle of a paradigm and, 43–46 of cells, 209 life cycle of technology and, 51–56 slowing and reversal of, 28, 141, 206, miniaturization and, 42–43, 45, 57–61, 210–21, 253, 256–57, 259, 323, 371, 57–60, 73, 82–84, 82–84, 96, 102, 227 373, 377, 397 Moore’s Law and, see Moore’s Law agriculture, 17, 18, 20, 536n nature of order and, 36–43 GMOs and, 414–15, 471

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agriculture (cont.) amino acids, 483 reduction in farm workforce and, 302, nanotechnology and, 233, 233, 234, 340, 583n 242 AI, see artificial intelligence; narrow AI; in proteins, 27, 47, 85, 148, 208–10, 309, strong AI 517n, 550n AIDS drugs, 95, 470 amygdala, 541n Air Force, U.S., 280, 335 amyloid plaque, 220, 550n Air Force Strategic Missiles Evaluation analog, analog operations: Committee, 401 in brain, 71, 126, 147–51, 428, 442, 483 airplanes, aviation, 138, 146, 246, 266, 397, criticism from, 428, 442 409, 420 digital vs., 14, 126, 147, 149–50, 308, 428, Bernoulli’s principle and, 265 442, 461, 519n guidance for, 8, 255, 276, 413, 435–36, image sensors, 533n 456 Mead’s use of, 89, 188 air pollution, 243 transistors’ use of, 126, 149–50, 151, 188, airports, 284 189, 442, 443 air pressure, 265 ANALOGY, 569n Akers, Nick, 247–48, 595n Ananthaswamy, Anil, 553n alanine, 210 Andberg, Anders, 591n alcohol, 247–48 Anderson, Mark K., 527n algebra, 283 Anderson,M.C., 544n algorithmic information content (AIC), 37, Anderson, W. French, 196, 548n 38 anger, 193, 379, 389, 477–78 algorithms, 5, 444, 445, 461, 522n Anger, Natalie, 551n brain-modeling, 148–49 angiogenesis, blocking of, 218, 222 brain reverse engineering and, 147 animal rights, 378 Church-Turing thesis and, 454, 455 animals: data compression, 516n–17n antiaging experiments in, 220–21 decision or halting problem and, 601n blood-brain barrier in, 163 DNA computing and, 118 brain of, 4, 129, 145, 169 equivalence principle and, 136–37, 536n cloning of, 221, 222, 555n–56n learning, 156 consciousness of, 378, 466–68 minimax, 275–77 defensive technologies tested on, 416 neural net, 269, 570n–74n elimination of suffering of, 224, 379 parallelizing of, 439 gene therapy in, 215, 216 reversible computing and, 130–31, 132 medical nanobots in, 254–55 self-organizing, 146, 439–40, 481, 538n; memory in, 48 see also evolutionary (genetic) moratorium on transplantation of algorithms vascularized organs of, 418 software, 428, 438–42 motion detection in, 188 Allan, Alasdair, 281 observation by, 47, 48 Allen, Paul, 343 pattern recognition in, 16 Allen Telescope Array, 343, 343 pigmentation of, 90 Allis, G., 561n SARS virus in, 402 Allison, Graham, 596n transgenic, 215, 222 Allsop, A., 552n xenografts and, 418, 598n alpha (fine-structure constant), 140, 356, see also specific animals 503n Anissimov, Michael, 10, 299, 320, 321 ALT-711 (phenacyldimenthylthiazolium ant colonies, 151 chloride), 220 Anthes, Gary H., 570n aluminum, 245, 246 Anthropic Cosmological Principle, The Alzheimer’s disease, 549n (Barrow and Tipler), 500n biotechnology and, 209, 220, 555n anthropic principle, 15, 357, 359–64, brain reverse engineering and, 144, 188 499n–501n Ameisen, J. C., 557n antibiotics, 306, 409 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 605

I NDEX 605

antibodies, 242, 255, 425 nonbiological intelligence; robots, antigens, 218 robotics antiparticles, 363, 486–87, 503n, 521n art programs, recursive search and, 273, antiviral medications, 511n 577n–80n apes, 72, 191, 193, 387, 509n Asaad, W. F., 542n see also specific apes Ascent Technology, 284 apical dendrites, 191–92, 192 Asia, 95, 469 Apo-A-I Milano (AAIM), 217 GMOs in, 471 application-specific integrated circuits poverty in, 99, 470 (ASICs), 125, 135, 276, 445 vitamin A deficiency in, 414 Arai, K. I., 584n ASICs, see application-specific integrated Arbib, Michael A., 190, 548n circuits arginine, 210 Asilomar conference, 402, 418 Argonne National Laboratory, 283 Ask MSR (Ask MicroSoft Research), 286–87 Aristotle, 154, 337, 539n Association of American Publishers, 497n Aristov, V.V., 516n asteroids, 20, 40, 281, 398, 405–6 arm: astrocytes, 177 of kinematic constructor, 228, 229 astrophysics, singularity in, 23, 486, 487, of nanobot, 229–30, 233 503n of octopus, 181, 544n Atanassov, P., 595n Army,U.S., 280, 312, 331–32, 336 atherosclerosis, 212, 217, 257 Army Science Advisory Group (ASAG), 331 At Home in the Universe (Kauffman), 509n Arndt, Michael, 580n, 581n atomic bomb, 392–93, 404, 408, 594n Arnold, Michael S., 527n atomic-force microscope (AFM), 138, 237, ARPANET, 78 536n art, 17, 18, 20, 145, 191, 340, 498n atomic memory drive, 115 as knowledge, 372, 375 atoms, 5, 14, 85, 168, 198, 210, 383, 404, pattern and, 388 499n Artificial General Intelligence Research computational capacity and, 131, 133, Institute, 599n 138 artificial intelligence (AI), 8, 111, 144, 240, information in, 14, 15, 119, 131, 134, 438 536n Bayesian nets and, 267–68, 280 nanotechnology and, 226, 227, 228, 234, combining methods in, 278–79, 293 240, 244, 251, 253 defined, 265 ATP, see adenosine triphosphate development of, 497n atrasentan, 218 divergence of human intelligence and, Audience, Inc., 530n 146 Audio Spotlight systems, 313 education of, 202–3, 294 auditory cortex, 124 expert systems and, 266–67, 280, 282–83 auditory nerve, 195 genetic algorithms and, see evolutionary auditory system, human, 153, 165, 438, (genetic) algorithms 530n Lanier’s views on, 441 scanning of, 165 Markov models and, see Markov models Watts’s model of, 123–24, 147–48, narrow, see narrow AI 183–84, 185, 443, 452, 530n, 545n–47n neural nets and, see neural nets auditory virtual reality, 105, 310, 312–13, recursive search and, 272–73, 279, 318, 472 576n–80n Augarten, Stan, 513n from simple rules, 91–94 Augsburg, University of, 536n in software, 428 Australia, 128, 398, 433 strong, see strong AI Australopithecines, 509n toolkit of, 265–73, 278–79, 293, 435, 439, Austria, Austrians, 2, 327 456, 570n–80n autoimmune reactions: winter of, 263–66, 289, 569n biological, 223, 233, 255, 417, 426 see also computers, computation; nanobot, 417 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 606

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automation, 31, 65, 108, 340, 507n basis functions, 179, 544n in investing, 265, 435 batteries, 133, 246, 248 with robots, 285 Bayes, Thomas, 267, 570n autonomic computing, 284, 437 Bayesian nets (belief networks), 267–68, autonomous, semi-intelligent 280 observatories, 281 Bayles, Fred, 588n Autonomous Intelligent Network and “Be a Scientist, Save the World” (Smalley), Systems (AINS) program, 333 241 avastin, 218 beauty, 310, 389, 476 Aviram, Avi, 115, 528n Beethoven, Ludwig van, 378 Avouris, Phaedon, 527n Begley, Sharon, 542n, 543n axons, 124, 145, 150, 154–55, 176, 192, 428, behavior, 378, 380, 385 452 Bekenstein, Jacob D., 593n belief networks, see Bayesian nets Babbage, Charles, 93–94 Bell, Anthony J., 169–70, 444–46, 448–51, Babcock, Alpheus, 53 542n, 600n babies, 190 Bell, Gordon, 328 “designer,”215, 225–26, 553n Bellis, Mary, 515n baboons, HIV-type xenoviruses in, 418 Bender, Eric, 589n Bachand, George, 560n, 561n, 585n Benenson, Y., 530n backpropagation, 156 Bennett, Charles H., 130, 534n bacteria, 220, 282, 317, 367, 397 Bennett, James, 598n blood-brain barrier and, 163 Benson, E., 542n cultivation of, 594n Bentley, Jon, 438, 600n in digestive system, 386 Berg, Paul, 418 eukaryotic, 17, 18, 450, 583n Berger, Ted, 188, 195 flagellum of, 440 Bergeron, Bryan, 328–29, 588n future of, 297–98 Berndt, E. R., 512n genetic engineering and, 393 Bernoulli’s principle, 265 nanotechnology and, 226, 233, 236, 248, Bernstein, Michael, 526 254, 255 Bernstein, N., 544n protein synthesis and, 551n Berra, Yogi, 14 Baguisi, A., 556n beta-carotene, 414 Bai, Q., 584n beta-catenin, 505n Bailey, Patrick, 562n Beveridge, W. I., 427 Baker, Andrew H., 216 Bezos, Jeff, 96 Baker, Sue, 589n Biever, Celeste, 516n, 530n balance, 179, 189 Big Bang(s), 14, 356, 361, 500n Balkenius, Christian, 538n Bilesch, Stanley, 547n Ballard, D., 547n Bils, Mark, 100, 525n balls, catching of, 178–79 Bingham, R., 539n bandwidth, 9, 96, 107, 337, 346, 432 biochemists, skepticism of, 13 of brain scanning, 25, 144, 161, 197, 292 Biocosm vision, 361–62 of endocrine system, 200, 443 biological age, 253, 257 Internet, 81, 81, 263, 312, 472, 516n test for, 210, 550n banking, 102, 289 biological assembler, nanotechnology and, Barel, Helit, 597n 232–33 Barlow, Horace, 154 biological evolution, 522n Barrow, J. D., 502n anthropic principle and, 15, 357, 359 Barrow, John, 356, 500n asteroid and meteor collisions and, 398 Bartol, Thomas M., Jr., 190 complexity increases and, 36–38, Barton, S. C., 595n 508n–9n basal dendrites, 192 computational limits and, 137 Basel, University of, 115 continuance of, 47, 94, 511n Bashir, Rashid, 583n death and, 320, 321 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 607

I NDEX 607

digestive processes and, 301–2 dangers of, 206, 232, 395, 407, 408, 412 disease and, 511n defensive technologies and, 408, 416–18 diversity in, 45–46 designer baby boomers and, 210–14, in Epoch One, 14–15, 15 551n in Epoch Two, 15, 16, 47 environmentalist campaign against, 391, in Epoch Three, 15, 16, 47 395, 414–15 incredulity about, 433 ethical issues and, 221–22, 223, 224, 553n “inventions” of, 5 gene chips and, 214–15, 552n key events of, see key events, of biological gene therapy and, 215–16, 219, 220, 256, and technological evolution 323, 416–17, 553n limitations of, 21, 26, 27, 148, 271, guidelines for, 402, 418 309–10, 311, 321 nanotechnology compared with, 227, local optimization and, 309 232, 251, 256, 257, 412 measurement of, 357 regulation of, 416–17, 423 mutations and, 42, 92, 506n in reversal of aging, 28, 141, 206, 212–15, as open system, 42 218–21, 256, 257, 323, 371, 373, 396 order increased by, 40 in reversal of degenerative disease, 210, punctuated equilibrium theory of, 217–21, 396, 553n–55n 44–45, 510n–11n RNA interference and, 12, 214, 256, 323, survival purposes of, 38, 39, 41, 96 417, 422, 551n technological evolution as continuation see also cloning; stem cells of, 7, 42, 137 bioweapons program, 393 technological evolution compared with, Bird, Jon, 271 16–19, 17–19, 94, 347, 441, 487 birth control, see contraception upending of, 374 Bissi, E., 541n water-based chemistry of, 239 Black, Keith L., 541n wheels and roads and, 440 black holes, 23, 404, 503n biological intelligence, 124, 128, 428 event horizon of, 7, 23, 29, 363, 486–87, concerns about end of, 30 503n limits of, 8–9, 32, 316, 337, 340, 377 as ultimate computer, 362–64 merger of nonbiological intelligence universe-generating, 360 with, 4, 9, 24, 25, 47, 123, 128, 197, Blakeslee, Sandra, 548n 296, 300, 316–17, 337, 340, 372, Block, Steven, 157 375–76, 377, 424 blood: technology merged with, 9, 28, 298 nanobots in, 248, 253–57, 300, 303, 317, transcendence of, 375–76 377, 432, 472 Biological Micro Electronic Mechanical programmable, 305–6 Systems, see BioMEMS protein in, 282 biology, 411, 412 blood-brain barrier (BBB), 163–65, 242 emulating, three-dimensional molecular blood cells, 254, 276 computing and, 112–13, 116–17, 519n mechanical red, see respirocytes limits of, 206, 227, 234, 320, 321, 323, white, microbivores as replacements for, 325, 376, 381 254, 306 models of, 168 blood vessels, angiogenesis and, 218 nanotechnology compared with, 227, blue goo, 416 232, 234 Boahen, Kwabena, 530n biomass, 243, 399–400, 425–26, 595n body, biological, 199, 257–58 BioMEMS (Biological Micro Electronic emotions and, 193, 203 Mechanical Systems), 254, 303, 570n, functional simulations of, 124 583n human longevity and, 325 biosphere, 33, 397 identity and, 315, 383–87 biotechnology, 27, 84, 95, 102, 210–27, 301, limits of, 9, 27, 28, 29, 203, 325 323, 398, 549n–57n, 595n nanotechnology problems and, 251 availability of knowledge about, 398, pattern of, 371, 383–84 595n reverse engineering of, 127 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 608

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body, GNR impact on, 299–311, 583n–86n experience beamers and, 316, 380 brain and, 307–9, 585n fractal nature of, 46–47, 68, 446–49 digestive system and, 301–5 frontal lobe of, 505n heart and, 306–7 genome and, 89, 147, 180, 428–29, 440, organ elimination and, 304–7, 310–11 443–44, 523n programmable blood and, 305–6 GNR age impact on, 307–9, 312–20, body, virtual, 28–29, 199, 203, 319, 325 564n, 586n–87n Boehm, T., 554n gray-matter tissue in, 27, 505n–6n; see Boese, Christine, 338, 589n also cortex, cerebral bombs: hippocampus of, see hippocampus atomic, 392–93, 404, 408, 594n as holographic, 148, 152, 483 hydrogen, 391, 401, 404, 408 identity and, 383–87 Bonds, A. B., 541n imperfections of, 151–52 Bone, 215 implants and, see neural implants bone metabolism markers, 215 left prefrontal region of, 175 Bonner, John Tyler, 509n limitations of, 8–9, 20, 27, 143, 203, 227, bonobos, 192 340, 445, 503n Bostrom, Nick D., 259–60, 369, 401, 403, music in, 519n 404, 596n nanobots in, 28, 163–67, 201, 300, 316, Bouissou, Brigitte, 336, 589n 374 boundaries, of self, 387 nonbiological intelligence in, 28, 201–2, bowel functions, 304 377, 472 Boyer, Paul D., 501n parallelism of, 8, 25–26, 130, 148, 149, BP Amoco, 102 150, 270, 439, 462, 483, 504n Bradbury, Robert, 350 parietal lobes of, 202 Brader, Mark, 515n pattern recognition and, 8, 16, 25–26, brain, human, 4, 71–72, 120, 257–58 124, 143, 149, 150, 173, 441, 456, 501n aesthetics and, 310 patterns of, 325, 371, 383–84, 463–64, analog processes in, 71, 126, 147–51, 428, 475, 477–78 442, 483 plasticity of, 27, 151, 172–78, 202, 203, architecture of regions of, 152–53 445 cerebellum of, see cerebellum quantum computing and, 450–52 chaos of, 148, 149, 151, 152, 178, 198, quantum wave collapse in, 450–51 440, 446, 449, 450, 452, 460, 462, 483 randomness of, 149, 151, 152, 153, 440, of children, 152, 177 443–44, 449 Church-Turing thesis and, 454–55 redesign of, 27, 307–9, 383 complexity of, 89, 145, 147, 198, 200, repetition and redundancy in, 146, 147, 428–29, 430, 442–50, 463, 465, 475, 428 523n self-organizing processes of, 25–26, 148, computational efficiency of, 137–38 152, 153, 293, 371, 440, 443–44, 446, computer compared with, 149–53, 293, 456, 460, 483, 501n, 523n 444 size of, 452 computer’s interfacing with, 194–95 slow circuitry of, 150 contradictory views held by, 152 spindle cells in, 191–94, 192, 468 damage to, 173, 177 as “sub-critical,”259 as deeply connected network, 152 surgery on, 315–16, 384 design of, 46–47, 85, 147, 153, 317, 429, three-dimensional organization of, 68, 72 442–43, 444, 446–49, 479, 517n -to-brain communication, 316, 585n digital processes in, 71, 85, 126, 147–51, uploading of, 166, 198–202, 324, 451, 442, 483, 519n 548n–49n emergent properties of, 151, 463–64, 475, virtual reality and, 487 477–78 weight of, 137 evolution as learning paradigm of, 152 see also computational capacity of the evolution of, 16, 27, 129, 143, 146, human brain, achieving of 505n–6n, 522n brain, of primates, 27, 152 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 609

I NDEX 609

brain cells, gene therapy and, 215, 216 uploading the brain and, 166, 198–202, brain models, 407, 443, 445 324, 548n–49n analytic vs. neuromorphic, 146 using nanobots, 163–67, 197, 200, 262, early attempts at, 154–57 293 electronic neurons and, 173 brain simulations, 144, 145, 178, 196, 197, latest technology as, 458 265, 292, 293, 407, 428, 439, 445, 450, neuron, 4, 172–73, 428, 443, 446, 452, 452 455 functional, 122–25, 148, 150, 527n, 529n peeling the onion and, 148–49 neuromorphic, 122, 124–25, 438, 440, of regions, 177–94, 197, 265, 292–93, 428, 527n, 530n 440, 443, 452, 479 University of Texas cerebellum, 182–83, reverse engineering and, 4, 25, 143–49, 182, 545n 153, 167–94, 196, 197, 428, 439, 538n, brain stem, 172, 179, 181, 193, 203 541n–47n Brain Tissue Scanner, 161–62 right level for, 153, 167–69 Brand, Stewart, 588n subneural, 169–72, 541n Bray,Hiawatha, 535n see also neuromorphic models Bremermann, Hans J., 133, 535n brain reverse engineering, 143–203, 265, Brenner, Donald W., 562n, 563n 317, 377, 407, 435, 439, 446, 456, 485, Brickell, Edie, 382 522n, 537n–49n Bridis, Ted, 598n accelerated pace of, 195–98, 293, 428 Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs), 331–32 brain compared with computer and, Bright, R. K., 554n 149–53, 461, 463 Brill, Eric, 287 computational capacity and, 122, 127 British Columbia Cancer Agency, 514n exponential growth of, 73, 144, 196–98 Britt, Robert Roy, 580n GNR age and, 307–8 broadband communication, 278 neural nets and, 269–70, 574n Broca, Paul, 173 at neuron level, 163–67, 440, 444, 530n Broderick, Damien, 24, 504n, 569n overview of, 144–49, 537n–38n Brody, Herb, 591n reverse engineering of computer Brooks, David, 601n compared with, 157–58 Brooks, Rodney, 263, 265, 300, 333 self-understanding and, 4, 198 Brousseau, M. E., 554n sound localization and, 123–24 Browman, Steve, 597n strong AI and, 84, 93, 194–95, 293, 294, Brownian motion, 254, 388, 520n, 570n 407, 461 Brumfiel, G., 585n tools for, 25, 144–45, 158–62, 197 Brun, Todd, 140–41 see also brain models; brain scanning; bubonic plague, 398, 402 neuromorphic models Buchan, Bruce, 286 brain scanning, 73, 443 Buchanan, Mark, 592n bandwidth of, 25, 144, 161, 197, 292 Buckingham, Edgar, 536n brain models and, 147, 171–74, 178, Buddha, 392 292–93, 407 Buddhism, 380, 387, 388 destructive, 161–62 Buechel, C., 543n exponential growth of, 25, 161, 197, 407 Büettrich, Sebastian, 533n fMRI and, 150, 158, 160–61 buildings, 250, 397 imaging time and, 160, 160 as centralized technologies, 340, 409, 420, noninvasive, 158, 159, 162–63, 164, 197 421 price-performance of, 144, 197, 265, Buonomano, Dean, 545n 292 Burch, Greg, 598n resolution improved in, 25, 158, 159, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 100 160–63, 167, 175, 197, 265, 292, 407, Burenhult, G., 502n 428 Burke, Peter, 113–14, 115, 527n reverse engineering and, 25, 144, 147, Burkhard, Barbara, 542n 158–67, 171–72, 175, 176, 254, 262 business, AI systems in, 271, 283–84, 287 tools for, 158–62, 197, 428 Business Communication Company, 279 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 610

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business cycles, 97 in synthesis of diamondoid material, business models, 7, 103, 426 239–40, 563n intellectual property and, 339–40 three-dimensional shapes and, 15, 85 outdated, 96, 97 in Zeus, 350 business-to-business (B2B) revenues, 103, carbon dioxide, 244, 249, 252, 306, 400 104 carbon monoxide, 244 business-to-consumer (B2C) revenues, 103, cardiovascular disease, 581n 104 Carducci, M. A., 554n Busis, Neil A., 537n Carey, John, 580n, 581n busy-beaver problems, 455–56, 601n Carlisle, Brian, 285 Butler, Samuel, 96, 205, 549n Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), 275, Byrne, John H., 505n 285 Carnivore e-mail snooping system, 413 CA-125, 282 Carroll, Lewis, 326 Cacares, M., 505n Carroll, Rory, 598n Cagin, Tahir, 563n cars, 100, 287, 288, 311 calcium, 121, 162, 399 nanotechnology and, 230, 246, 247, 252 calculus, theorem of, 519n case-based reasoning, 285 California, stem-cell research in, 471 Caspari, Rachel, 218–19 California, University of, 113–14, 115, 138, Casseday, John, 545n 173, 174, 175, 505n–6n, 527n cassette tape, 53, 327 California Institute of Technology cataracts, 549n (Caltech), 194, 195, 240 cats, consciousness of, 467, 468 Callaway, E., 541n CD-ROMs, 54 Cambrian explosion, 17, 18, 20, 38, 47, 441 celebrities, virtual, 318 cameras, 113, 162 C. elegans, 221 Canada, gene therapy in, 216 Celera Genomics, 216 cancer, 210, 212, 399, 544n Cell, 176, 543n bioengineered treatments for, 217–18, cell membranes, 232, 251, 256–57 409 cell phones, 100, 113, 282, 346, 406, 444, blood-brain barrier and, 165 473 DNA mutations and, 219 in clothing, 312 drugs for, 212, 303, 304 cost of, 95, 338, 339 evolution used by, 511n mass use of, 42, 49, 49, 50, 95, 469, 512n gene expression and, 214, 219, 422 cells, 148, 198, 208, 383, 483 genetic profiling and, 215 aging of, 209 nanotechnology and, 233, 243, 255, 303, as computers, 221 306 death of, 215, 218 pattern recognition and, 282 energy for, 219–20, 583n vaccines for, 217, 218 gene expression and, 213, 551n canonical milestones, 19, 20, 502n–3n loss and atrophy of, 220 capital, investment, 96, 106, 339, 395, toxic, 219 524n transdifferentiation and, 222–23, 471, capitalism, 394, 406 556n–57n carbon, 230, 246, 251, 253 see also nucleus; specific kinds of cells in atomic-force microscope, 536n cell therapies, 214, 222–23, 471, 556n–57n biological life and, 16, 207, 210, 360, 361, cellular automata, 85–91, 93, 359, 518n–22n 500n class 4, 88–91, 88, 93, 520n in biomass, 399, 425, 595n kinematic, 235 in biosphere, 33 predictability and, 88–89, 90, 519n, black holes and, 360, 361 521n–22n in Epoch One, 14–15 rule 110 and, 87–89, 88, 523n in nanobots, 164, 238, 352, 399, 400 cellular gliders, 520n in nanotubes, 27, 113, 114, 229, 230, cellular logic switch, 221 234–35, 238, 246, 250, 375, 527n Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 514n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 611

I NDEX 611

centralized technologies, 340, 409, 420, 421 Chinnery, P. F., 555n cerebellum, 68, 124, 125 chips: brain reverse engineering and, 144, 147, design of, 122, 231 169, 178–83, 180, 182 gene (microarrays), 214–15, 552n fiber cells of, 179, 180, 180, 181, 545n hippocampal, 188 genome and, 180 manufacturing of, 42, 119, 122 muscles and, 179, 181, 260 neural, 188, 195 neuromorphic model of, 178–83, 180, 182 neural nets and, 270, 575n prediction and, 191 silicon, see silicon chips skill formation and, 178–79, 194, 260 chlorinated phenols, 252 wiring pattern of, 180, 180, 449 Choi, Charles, 530n, 537n, 548n cerebral palsy, 308 cholesterol, 211, 217, 554n Cerf, V., 516n Chomsky, Noam, 190 Chaboyer, Brian, 590n Chown, Marcus, 590n Chalmers, David J., 385, 594n chromosomes, 218, 219, 232, 510n Chang, Kenneth, 567n evolution of, 42, 92 Chang, Xiao Yan, 561n, 562n parity errors and, 208 chaos, 198, 459–62 X, 510n, 555n–56n of brain, 148, 149, 151, 152, 178, 198, Y, 42, 208 440, 446, 449, 450, 452, 460, 462, 483 Church, Alonzo, 453–54, 601n evolution and, 40, 41, 45–46, 509n Churchill, Winston, 35, 320, 324 GNR age and, 73 Churchland, Patricia, 473 pattern recognition and, 441 Church-Turing thesis, criticism from, 429, chaos theory, 89, 151, 271, 480 453–56, 601n chaotic computing, 145, 173, 441, 475 Ciccolo, Nate, 392–93 character recognition, 97, 265, 294, 337 circle of empathy, 386 chat rooms, 272 circulatory system, 442, 443 chatterbot, 272, 294 cities: Chaudhuri, Swades, 248 as centralized technologies, 340, 409, 420, chemical energy, 230 421 chemical industry, 252 early, 17, 18 chemistry, 14–15, 15, 167–68, 411 civilization: chemotherapy drugs, 511n destruction of, 345–46, 361 Cheng, J. C., 552n search for intelligent, see SETI Chenn, Anjen, 505n type II, 344, 348, 353 chess, 126, 290 type III, 344 computer, 8, 146, 274–78, 274, 441, 459, civilization, human-machine, 26, 45 498n destiny of, 3–4, 5, 128, 202, 299, 390 recursive search and, 272, 577n–80n nonbiological intelligence derived from, chickens, brain-stem neurons in, 172 317 Chiesa, G., 553n see also Singularity children: civil liberties, 421–22 brain of, 152, 177 civil services model, 472 dyslexic, 175 Civil War, U.S., 331 fears of, 241 Clark, Gregory, 587n handwriting learned by, 181 Clarke, Arthur C., 4, 51, 427 spindle cells in, 193–94 Clinical Proteomics Program, 282 chimpanzees, 20 clock speed, microprocessor, 61, 63, 66 humans compared with, 5, 39, 192, 505n, cloning: 509n human, 221–25, 556n thumbs of, 39, 509n therapeutic, 214, 220, 221, 222, 224, 256, China, 54, 99, 469 323 Chinese Room analogy: transdifferentiation, 222–24, 556n–57n of author, 465–66 closed systems, second law of of Searle, 430, 458–66 thermodynamics and, 510n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 612

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“closed timelike curve” (CTC), 140–41 failure rates and, 429, 456 coal, 243, 244, 246 increase in, 15, 36–40, 44, 45, 47, 85, 91, cobalt, 119 93, 359, 360, 389, 398, 476, 507n cochlea, 184, 185, 438 of neurons, 143–44, 153, 155, 197, 455 cochlear canal, 165 order compared with, 38–40, 90, 372 cochlear implants, 195, 384 physics and, 86, 519n cocktail-party effect, 184 probabilistic fractals and, 46 codons, 16, 208, 517n of rock vs. human, 37, 508n–9n Cognex Corporation, 285 of software, 428, 437–38 cognitive skills, seespecific skills of “super-critical” machines, 259 colds, common, 402, 418 complexity theory, 89, 145, 151, 271, 480 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 171–72 computational capacity of the human cold war, 374, 396, 401 brain, achieving of, 111–42 Colicos, Michael A., 175–76 bridge to 3–D molecular computing and, Collas, P., 557n 112–15, 526n–28n colliculus cells, 184 estimates of, 70, 122–27, 150, 199, 452, Collier, C. P., 528n 506n–7n, 527n, 529n–33n Collins, Philip G., 527n human memory capacity compared with, Colman, A., 556n 126–27 colon, 304 uploading of personality and, 124–25, colonization, 352–53 199 colorectal cancer, 552n computational limits, 5, 72, 112, 113, Colton, Richard J., 563n 127–42, 300, 432, 485–86, 533n–36n columnar structures, 160 Church-Turing thesis and, 453–56, 601n comets, 281, 405–6 criticism from Malthus and, 427–28, commerce: 434–35 e-commerce, 13, 103–5, 104, 263, 264 error rate and, 132 fraud in, 269 intelligence in the cosmos and, 349–51, common operating picture (COP), 332 590n–91n commonsense knowledge, 177, 267, 292 memory and computational efficiency communications, communications and, 136–38 technologies, 3, 261, 308, 313, 347 nanocomputing and, 133–35 broadband, 278 pico- and femtotechnology and, 138–39, decentralization of, 396, 406 141, 351, 536n exponential growth in, 35, 76–77, 77, reversible computing and, 130–35, 428, 102, 112, 245–46, 470 534n mass adoptions of, 48–50, 48–50, 97, Singularity date setting and, 135–36 511n–12n speed of light and, 139–40 military, 332–33 time travel and, 140–41 nanotechnology and, 248–49, 434 of universe-scale computer, 364–65, personalized customer, 103 485–86, 592n price-performance of, 77, 77, 243 computer-aided design (CAD), 231 radio transmissions, 344–49, 590n computer-assisted instruction (CAI), virtual reality and, 341 336–37 wireless, see wireless communications Computer History Museum, 327 see also telecommunications; telephones computer-integrated manufacturing compact discs, 53, 519n (CIM), 285 complexity, 44–47, 198, 209 computerized physician order-entry of brain, 89, 145, 147, 198, 200, 428–29, (CPOE) system, 283 430, 442–50, 463, 465, 475, 523n computers, computation, 17, 36, 309, 375 of brain models, 4, 153, 168–69 analog, 149–50, 442 class 4 automata and, 89–90, 91, 522n author’s early experience with, 2–3, 64, of digestion, 301 497n of emotion, 192 autonomic, 284, 437 exponential growth of, 20, 358 biological cells as, 221 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 613

I NDEX 613

biological evolution compared with, 47 star-scale, 350 brain compared with, 149–53, 293, 444 symbolic, 460–61, 463–64, 468 brain’s interfacing with, 194–95 three-dimensional molecular, see three- capacity of, 96, 127 dimensional molecular computing chaotic, 145, 173, 441, 475 transistors in, 27, 42–43, 45, 63, 63, 67, chess playing of, 8, 146, 274–78, 274, 441, 67, 150, 151, 153, 434, 498n 459, 498n Turing test and, 25, 263, 286, 292, consciousness of, 430, 458–69 504n–5n decentralization of, 351 typesetting on, 54 Dembski’s views on, 474–77 universal, 91, 94, 139, 228, 523n design of, 40, 45, 62, 71, 434, 481, 499n universe-scale, 364–65 digital, 148–51, 442, 461 vacuum tubes in, 45, 56, 67, 67, 434 doubling of power of, 8, 16, 41–42, viruses for, see software viruses 56–66, 57–65, 145, 261, 498n, 506n see also laptop computers; notebook dualism of, 444–45 computers; personal computers; efficiency of, 136–38, 362 supercomputers exponential growth of, 25, 56–73, 57–65, conditioning, 182–83 67, 69–71, 75, 75, 102, 112, 127, 128, Congress, U.S., 422, 594n, 599n 135, 276, 292, 432, 434, 436, 470, 498n, connectionism, 155–56 514n consciousness, 86, 190, 191, 326, 338, 369, hacking into, 406, 426, 594n 394 invention of, 17, 18, 38, 40, 45, 86, 93–94 criticism from ontology and, 458–69 invisible, 105, 136, 312 as emergent pattern, 463–64, 467–68 inward vs. outward expansion of, 351 of nonbiological intelligence, 376–80, mechanical, 93–94, 135, 228–29 385, 475 memory of, see memory, computer quantum computing and, 201, 429, modular approach to, 481 450–52 Moore’s Law and, 35–36, 41–42, 56–66, Singularity and, 374–82, 384 57–65, 434 spindle cells and, 468 nanotechnology and, 133–35, 139, spirituality and, 388 232–36, 233, 248–49, 349, 412, 434 subjectivity and, 378–80 neuronal information processing of universe, 375, 388, 390 compared with, 503n, 504n Consilience (Wilson), 195 new universe created for, 405 “constructive destruction” process, 114 nonlinearity required by, 155 consumers, power of, 104 optimal level of, 21, 29 contact lenses, 312, 472 parallel processing in, 129–30, 135, 149, contraception, 321, 433 150, 350, 461, 462 contradiction, 152 price-performance of, 12, 41–42, 45, Cooley, J. W., 600n 56–71, 57–65, 67, 69–71, 100, 102, Copernicus, Nicolaus, 433 125–28, 135–36, 142, 243, 261, 292, Coren, R., 502n 432, 437, 506n, 514n coronary artery disease, 302 productivity growth and, 100 Correlogic Systems, 282 programmable, 445 cortex,cerebral, 27, 157, 179, 189–94 quantum, see quantum computing architecture of, 68, 505n relay-based, 67, 67, 127–28, 434 auditory, 124 research budgets for, 25, 42, 259 frontal, 176 reverse engineering of, 157–58 frontoinsular, 193 reversible, 130–35, 244–45, 350, 428, inferotemporal, 186 534n insula regions of, 166, 193, 314 self-healing, 151 MEG and, 160 software programs for, see software motor, 175 speed of, 127, 261, 276, 436 prefrontal, 170 spread throughout entire universe, 45, spindle cells in, 191–94, 192 511n tactile input and, 174 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 614

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cortex, cerebral (cont.) Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Joel, 472, 602n V5 region of, 156 cybermirror, 315 visual, 156, 172, 176, 181, 530n Cybernetics (Wiener), 86 cosmological constant, 359, 361 cybernetic totalism, 380, 435 Cossman, J., 552n cyberwarfare, 333, 335 Coteus, Paul, 533n cyberweapons, 300 Coull, J. T., 543n cyborgs, 309, 377 Council of Europe, 471 CYC (enCYClopedic), 267, 291–92 “Countdown to Singularity” chart: Cyclomatic Complexity Metric, 437–38 linear plot of, 18, 18, 501n cystic fibrosis, 549n logarithmic plot of, 17, 17, 501n Covey, Ellen, 545n Dahan, M., 586n Cowan, W. M., 532n, 538n DAISI (Document and Image Storage CPEB protein, 176, 199–200, 543n Invention), 328, 329 Craig, Arthur, 193 Damasio, Antonio R., 193, 548n Cray 1 supercomputer, 535n Dana Farber Cancer Center, 218 C-reactive protein, 211 Daptobacter bacteria, 297, 298, 583n creativity, 2, 128, 145, 476 “Dark Winter,”398, 595n in GNR age, 340, 341, 398 Darnell, James, 549n human intelligence and, 4, 9 DARPA, see Defense Advanced Research love and, 485 Projects Agency recursive search and, 273, 577n–80n Darwin, Charles, 433 Singularity and, 21, 389 “Darwin, Charles,”31–33, 367, 381, 425–26 credit-card fraud, 269, 276, 284 “Darwin Among the Machines” (Butler), Crick, Francis, 206, 207, 549n 205 Cristofori, Bartolommeo, 53 data-compression techniques, 36–38, 47, criticisms, 427–83, 599n–602n 507n–8n from analog processing, 428, 442 redundancy and, 36, 508n, 516n, 517n from the Church-Turing thesis, 429, data mining, 265 453–56 Dautenhahn, Kerstin, 548n from the complexity of neural Davis, Tamara M., 592n processing, 428–29, 442–50 Dawkins, Richard, 440, 600n from failure rates, 429, 456 Dayan, Peter, 170, 542n from holism, 431, 479–83 death, 7, 9, 320–23, 373, 398, 470 from incredulity, 432–33 of author’s father, 211, 326 from likelihood of government biological evolution and, 320, 321 regulation, 430–31, 470–73 of cells, 215, 218 from lock-in, 429–30, 457–58 in gene-therapy trials, 416–17 from Malthus, 427–28, 433–35 from heart disease, 211, 217, 373, 413, from microtubules and quantum 418 computing, 429, 450–52 inevitability of, 320, 326 from ontology, 430, 458–69 mutations and, 219 panopoly of, 427–33 religious view of, 368, 372, 374 from rich-poor divide, 430, 469–70 from SARS virus, 402 from software, 428, 435–42 tragedy of, 329, 372 from theism, 431, 473–78 in war, 330–31, 331, 409 Crosby, Alfred W., 595n decentralization, 396, 420–21, 473 Crowley, Justin, 523n, 539n of computation, 351 cruise missiles, 255, 279–80, 335 democratization and, 406, 408 cryonics, 384 of work, 105, 122, 340–41 Cuban missile crisis, 401 decision making, 8, 190, 191 Cullen, Steve, 513n expert systems and, 266–67 cuneiform, 536n by unmanned spacecraft, 280–81 curved surfaces, Bernoulli’s principle and, decision (halting) problem, 453, 601n 265 Deep Blue, 274–77, 441, 459 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 615

I NDEX 615

deep brain stimulation, 195, 585n Dickens, Charles, 396 Deep Fritz software, 274–78, 441 Diehl, Michael R., 528n Deep Space One, 280–81 digestive system, 234, 238, 301–5, 307, 386 Deep Thought machine, 275 digital, digital operations: Defense Advanced Research Projects analog operations vs., 14, 126, 147, Agency (DARPA), 194, 284, 328, 333, 149–50, 308, 428, 442, 461, 519n 334, 588n in author’s archive, 327 Defense Department, U.S., 312, 331, 594n in brain, 71, 85, 126, 147–51, 442, 483, Defense Ministry, British, 594n 519n defensive technologies for GNR age, cameras, 113 408–10, 416–26, 598n–99n disks and tapes, 327–28, 588n deflation, 65, 101–8, 245 pianos, 53 DeGaspari, J., 584n as theory of physics, 86–87, 518n–22n de Grey, Aubrey, 212–13, 219–21, 321, Digital Biology Interest Group, 288 587n digital divide, 95 dehydrogenase, 247 Dijkstra, E. W., 56 Dekker, Cees, 527n Dingel, B. B., 516n Delio, Michelle, 582n dinosaurs, 222 Dembski, William A., 431, 473–78, 483, diodes, light-emitting, 245 602n dioxins, 253 democracy, 20, 152, 395, 396, 406, 408, 498n disabled, 189, 195 dendrites, 145, 153, 170–73, 178, 180, 197, disaster zones, 286 202, 383, 428, 452, 530n discount rate, 109–10, 526n apical, 191–92, 192 disease, 100, 116, 209 basal, 192 biological evolution and, 511n defined, 124 brain damage and, 177 morphology of, 155 brain reverse engineering and, 144 nonlinearities in, 124, 137, 148, 151 degenerative, reversal of, 210, 217–21, spines of, 171–72, 173, 174 553n–55n dendritic cells, cancer and, 217–18 elimination of, 205, 206, 241, 259, 396, Dennett, Daniel, 191, 467, 473, 548n 424 Denning, Peter J., 167 see also specific diseases Denton, Michael, 431, 479–83, 599n, 602n disks, digital, 327–28 depressions, 99, 102 disorder, 38, 40, 510n, 520n Derocher, Robert J., 582n Dittmer, W. U., 560n DeRose, James, 515n diversity, 152, 225, 424 Desai, T. A., 584n chaos and, 40, 41, 45–46 Desai, Tejal A., 568n genetic, 402 Descartes, René, 173 DNA, 11, 20, 45, 86, 218–23, 378, 386, 483, Desert Storm campaign, 284 551n De Silva, H., 560n complementary (cDNA), 551n desktop cold fusion, 250, 567n computing with, 112, 117–18, 119, developing countries, see underdeveloped 529n–30n countries damaged, 397, 552n development stage, 52 in Epoch Two, 15, 16, 47 De Vos, Alexis, 566n in Epoch Three, 16 DeWan, George, 597n errors in, 207–8, 233, 254, 256, 300, 471 Dewey, David, 600n fetal, 168 diabetes, 212, 303, 549n in gene therapy, 215–16, 553n type 1, 223, 255, 557n information in, 15, 16, 38, 40, 117, 207, type 2, 210, 211, 225, 302 232, 518n Diamond, M. C., 549n junk, 510n, 516n, 517n–18n diamondoid assembler, 229–30, 234, 238, as life’s computer, 207–10 239–40 military uses of, 334 DiCarlo, James, 194 mutations of, 208, 219 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 616

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DNA (cont.) Dulberger, E. R., 512n nanotechnology and, 232, 233, 235–36, Dumé, Belle, 536n 237, 242, 251, 397, 412 Dutta, A. K., 516n physical constants compared with, 362 DVDs, 54 RNA interference and, 214 dynamite, 404 of SARS virus vs. HIV, 398 dyslexia, 175, 337, 589n self-replication of, 16, 47, 116, 117, 118, Dyson, Freeman, 350, 359, 591n 207–8, 235, 529n Dyson Sphere, 350 sequencing, 73–74, 85, 470, 514n Dzegilenko, Fedor N., 562n, 563n structure and behavior of, 207–8, 549n transdifferentiation and, 223, 471 ear, 123, 165 2–bit base pairs of, 85, 207, 209–10, 516n, Earth: 517n asteroid collisions with, 20, 40, 398, Doctorow, Cory, 271–72 405–6 dogs,consciousness of, 467, 468 biomass of, see biomass Dolly the Sheep, 221 as center of universe, 342, 433 Dombeck, Daniel, 163 comet collision with, 405–6 Domjan, Michael, 542n hot core of, 246 Donovan, 300 magnetic field of, 281 dopamine, 303 mass of, 349 dorsal pathway, 175 meteor collisions with, 398 Dorus, Steve, 506n NTT model of, 113 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 570n water chemistry on, 239 Drake, Frank, 344, 590n eating, 301–5, 307 Drake equation, 342, 344–49, 590n eavesdropping, 333, 354 DRAM (dynamic random access memory), Eberhart, Russell C., 589n 57, 58, 58, 59, 66 Echelon system, 280 Drexler, K. Eric, 111, 141, 236–40, 242, 245, E. coli, 236, 551n 535n, 558n, 559n, 560n, 561n, 563n, e-commerce, 13, 103–5, 104, 263, 264 564n, 568n, 595n, 598n economy, economic growth, 128 as founder of nanotechnology, 139, GNR age and, 98, 230–31, 396–97, 406, 228–31, 395 410 on MNT manufacturing safeguards, 400 information technology and, 65, 107, molecular assembler idea of, 228–31, 107, 525n 234, 236–37 law of accelerating returns and, 96–110, nanocomputer design of, 135, 228–29 433, 524n–26n drugs, 371 in World Bank report, 99, 338, 396, 470 for AIDS, 95, 470 Edelman, G. M., 532n, 540n, 538n antiangiogenic, 218, 222 Edelman, Gerald, 201 antirejection, 223, 557n Edgar, B., 502n antiviral, 417, 422 Edison, Thomas, 52, 53 biological evolution and, 511n education, 202, 294, 336–37 cancer, 212, 303, 304 of AI, 202–3, 294 cholesterol-lowering (statin), 217 exponential growth of, 108, 108, 525n development of, 209, 213, 259, 282 software for, 175, 337, 341, 589n genetic profiling and, 214–15 see also learning as information technology, 470 egg cells, 221–22, 553n nanotechnology and, 242–43, 303, 583n Eighth Day of Creation, The (Judson), 550n to prevent weight gain, 11–12, 303 Einstein, Albert, 133, 355, 361, 388, 521n, to promote neurogenesis, 177 570n, 592n to reverse atherosclerosis, 217 general relativity theory of, 341, 355, 378, smart, 100, 212–15, 251, 256, 303–4, 323 500n, 503n, 520n Dubois, Charles, 196 parietal lobes of, 202 Dudley, Gary, 538n on simplicity, 39, 519n Duke University, 117, 118, 194–95 special relativity theory of, 341, 354, 520n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 617

I NDEX 617

Einstein-Rosen bridges, 355 emotions, 300, 310, 315–16, 319, 341, 475 Eisenach, J. A., 600n encryption codes, 121, 354, 412, 419 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 72 encryption trapdoor, 413, 422 Eldering, C., 600n encyclopedias, 54, 363 Eldredge, Niles, 510n–11n endangered species, preservation of, 222 electricity, 17, 18, 244 endocrine (hormonal) system, 163, 257, nanotechnology and, 114, 230, 248, 249, 325, 475 250, 252 artificial, 243, 306–7 prions and, 116–17 bandwidth of, 200, 443 from solar power, 249, 250 circulatory system and, 442, 443 electrocardiograms (ECGs), diagnosing of, endostatin, 218 8, 276, 281–82 endothelial cells, 163, 165, 210, 216 electromagnetic-coupling constant, 499n energy, 32, 33, 243–50, 339, 407 electromagnetic fields, 131 black holes and, 7, 363, 503n electromagnetic force, 140 cell aging and, 209, 552n electromagnetic radiation, communication cellular, 219–20, 583n with (radio transmission), 344–49, centralized, 420, 421 590n computational limits and, 72, 113, electromagnetic technologies, 76, 434 128–34, 129, 136, 300, 349–51, 427–28, electromechanical paradigm, 67, 67, 432, 434–35, 533n 127–28, 434 cost of, 96, 243, 246, 249–50 electron-beam lithography, 113 as digital vs. analog, 14 electronic circuits, 27, 71, 503n, 504n distributed, 421 electronic neurons, 172 Dyson Sphere and, 350 electronics, 3, 53, 54–55, 73, 227, 242, 245, efficiencies in the use of, 243, 244, 347, 444 248–49, 566n communications bridge between fossil fuels as source of, see coal; oil, oil biological information and, 308, 313 industry contemporary process of, 122 information’s relationship with, 86, 87, democratization and, 406 243, 457, 522n disposal problems and, 251 lock-in and, 429, 430, 457 nanotechnology and, 227, 407 for nanotechnology, 230, 238, 244, 245, portable, 56, 113, 247 352 price-performance of, 111–12, 526n nanotechnology-based, 133, 243–50, 340, value of, 339 395, 397, 430, 434, 457 Electronics, 111 nonbiological intelligence’s saturating of, electrons, 114, 141, 355, 499n 15, 21, 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511n in atoms, 14, 85, 131 patterns of, 325, 383, 385, 431, 474 computing with spin of, see spintronics potential, 133 as digital vs. analog phenomena, 519n recycling of, 249 movies of movement of, 138 renewable, 243, 244, 251, 372, 395, 421, quantum effects and, 119, 238 434, 457 transistor travel times of, 56, 61 for smart-dust systems, 334 elements, 14–15 solar, see solar energy see also specific elements spintronics and, 118 elimination process, 304–5 storage of, 246, 247, 248, 421, 434, 457 Ellis, Havelock, 376 total metabolic output of, 249 e-mail, 30–31, 78, 255–56 transmission of, 246–47 FBI snooping on, 413 transportation of, 246, 247, 340 spam filters for, 267–68 utilization of, 244–46 embryos, cloning and, 222, 555n–56n wind, 243, 244, 334 Emerson, J. J., 510n worldwide requirements for, 243–44 emotional intelligence, 8, 28, 124, 389 wormholes and, 355, 356 machine, 28–29, 145, 377–79, 385 Energy Department, U.S., 247, 567n spindle cells and, 191–94, 192 Enger, John, 524n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 1:14 PM Page 618

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engineered negligible senescence, 213 nanotechnology and, 229, 418, 423 Engines of Creation (Drexler), 111, 139, 228 SETI and, 348 enhancers, 551n xenografts and, 418, 598n ENIAC, 56 “Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Enough (McKibben), 410 Intelligence” (Bostrom), 260 entertainment, 259, 288, 339–40 “Ethics for Intelligent Machines” entropy, 39–40, 130, 134, 510n, 520n (Bostrom), 369 entropy rate, 508n ETI, see extraterrestrial intelligence; SETI “Entscheidungsproblem,” see decision eukaryotic evolution, 17, 18, 450, 583n (halting) problem Eumenes II, 54 environment: Europe: cleaning up of, 241, 249, 251, 372, 397, bubonic plague in, 398, 402 410 GMOs in, 471 complexity of, 449, 475 European Commission, 414 computing distributed in, 105, 136, 312 Evans, Thomas, 569n, 570n diversity and, 45–46 event horizon, 7, 29, 486–87 energy and, 243, 246, 249 gravity in, 23, 363, 486, 503n entropy and, 130 Everett, Hugh, 500n–501n exponential growth and, 44, 128, 433 evolution: factory farming and, 224 complexity increases and, 36–39, 44, 45, gene expression and, 551n 47, 389, 476, 507n nanotechnology and, 229, 230, 250–53, farsighted, 47–50 259 indirection and, 14, 15, 16, 30, 40–41, 92, survival and, 39 94 virtual-reality, 105, 312, 314, 337, 340, of language, 190 341 law of accelerating returns and, see voxel (three-dimensional pixel) maps of, accelerating returns, law of 285 as learning paradigm, 152 environmentalists, 391, 395, 414–15 as open system, 40, 41, 42 enzymes, 147, 207, 208, 217, 218, 238, 301, order and, 14, 15, 20, 36–45, 47, 509n 306, 482, 550n patterns and, 14–21, 389 digestive, 168 positive feedback in, 40, 41 DNA computing and, 117, 530n as runaway phenomenon, 32 as molecular machines, 231–32 self-replicating nanotechnology and, 418 nanotechnology and, 238–39, 247 six epochs of, 14–21, 15, 17–20 see also specific enzymes of universes, 360, 361 epigenetic information, 16, 147 see also biological evolution; technology epilepsy, 188, 216 evolution epithelium, 165 evolutionary (genetic) algorithms, 38–39, Epoch One, 14–15, 15 42, 91–93, 270–72, 405, 455, 480–81 Epoch Two, 15, 16, 47 in AI applications, 280, 281, 284, 288 Epoch Three, 15, 16, 47 basic schema for, 575n–76n Epoch Four, 15, 16–20, 17–20, 47 defined, 539n Epoch Five, 14, 15, 20–21, 40, 47, 205, 367 evaluation function for, 272 Epoch Six, 14, 15, 21, 32, 367, 390 neural nets combined with, 271, 278–79 equity markets, see stock, stock market order in, 38–39 equivalence principle, 136–38, 536n pattern recognition and, 92, 152, 271, esophagus, upper, 307 461 ethanol, 247 Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural ethical issues: Selection (Bonner), 509n biotechnology and, 221–22, 223, 224, existential risks, 400–408, 422, 495n–96n 553n exomuscle, 332 consciousness and, 379 experience beamers, 316, 379 defensive technologies and, 416 expert systems, 266–67, 280, 282–83 genetic engineering and, 402 exponential growth, 425, 486 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 619

I NDEX 619

of brain reverse engineering, 73, 144, fat insulin receptor (FIR) gene, 12, 303 196–98 FATKAT (Financial Accelerating of brain scanning, 25, 161, 197, 407 Transactions by Kurzweil Adaptive of communications, 35, 76–77, 77, 102, Technologies), 569n 112, 245–46, 470 fats, dietary, 301 of complexity, 20, 358 Fay, R., 545n of computing, 25, 56–73, 57–65, 67, FBI, 392, 413, 421 69–71, 75, 75, 102, 112, 127, 128, 135, FDA, see Food and Drug Administration 276, 292, 432, 434, 436, 470, 498n, fear, 241, 541n 514n Feder, Barnaby J., 564n criticism from Malthus and, 427–28, Federal Reserve Board, 97 433–34 feedforward sequence, 154, 170, 186, 574n in DNA sequencing, 74, 74, 470, 514n Feigenbaum, Edward A., 295–96, 582n double, 12, 25, 27, 28, 41–42, 56, 506n Feigenbaum test (FT), 295–96 of education, 108, 108, 525n Feinstein Amendment, 594n GNR and, 73, 227, 245–46 Feldham, Jim, 591n of information technologies, 3, 9, 25, 35, Felsenfeld, Gary, 549n 72, 84, 85, 109, 245–46, 265, 377, 385, femtotechnology, 138–39, 351 429, 433–35, 457, 469, 470, 491–96, Fenniri, Hicham, 528n 504n Feringa, Ben, 234 “knee of the curve” and, 9, 10, 97, 154 Fermi, Enrico, 348 of knowledge, 9, 73, 105, 302, 396 Fermi Paradox, 348, 357–59 limits of, 128, 433–34 ferromagnetic metallic alloys, 119 linear growth vs., 8, 10–14, 10, 97–98, fetuses, cloning of, 221 108, 109, 137 Feynman, Richard P., 86, 226, 227, 228, 320, Moore’s Law and, see Moore’s Law 558n nearly vertical phase of, 24 Feynman Gate, 534n of nonbiological intelligence, 257, 300, fiber cells: 316, 377, 407 climbing, 180, 180, 181 of order, 20, 45 mossy, 179, 180, 182, 545n paradigms and, 42–46, 43, 44, 263–64 fiber optics, 76, 346 in productivity, 98–101, 98, 99, 101 field-emission displays (FEDs), 253 of quantum computing, 121 fimbriae, 236 rabbits in Australia and, 128, 433 finance, 413, 449 see also accelerating returns, law of AI systems in, 283, 284, 287, 294 “Exponential Growth of Computing” chart, see also stock, stock market 70, 70, 125, 135 fine-structure constant, see alpha extinction, 222, 409, 511n, 588n fingers, 174 extracellular aggregates, 220 see also thumbs extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI), 372, 406 Finkel, Leif H., 162, 164, 530n, 541n search for, see SETI Finn, O. J., 554n eyeglasses, 105, 312, 472 firewalls, 256, 257 eyes, 130, 186–87, 187, 482 firmware, 444 First Union Home Equity Bank, 284 facial animation, 294–95 Fitch, Tecumseh, 190 factoring large numbers, 121, 354, 530n flash memory, 54, 113, 115, 116 factory farming, 224, 379 Fleischman, Martin, 567n famine, 406 Florence, University of, 288 Fandel, D., 512n flu, 398, 402 Fantastic Voyage (Kurzweil and Grossman), flying machines, 457–58 210, 217, 323 FocalPoint, 282–83 Fantastic-Voyage.net, 490 Focus, 309, 586n Faraday, Michael, 326 Fodor, Jerry A., 387, 594n Fast ForWord, 175 Fogg, D. K., 552n fat cells, 12, 219, 303 foglets, 28, 29, 33, 310, 325, 506n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 620

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Foiles, P., 555n Fremouw, Thane, 545n Foley, E. T., 562n French, Robert M., 569n food, food supply, 301, 339 Freud, Sigmund, 176 cloning of, 224 “Freud, Sigmund,”202, 203, 317–18, 381, in digestive tract, 386 458, 475 genetically modified, 406, 414–15, 471 Friedman, Scott, 547n nanotechnology and, 251 Frisch, Max, 341 spybots and, 406 Friston, K. J., 143, 537n, 543n food additives, 215 Fromherz, Peter, 586n, 587n Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 12, Frontier Medical Institute, 550n 195, 217, 282, 412, 416, 585n frontoinsular cortex, 193 foreign languages, translation of, 288, 292, fructose, 248 313, 337 fuel cells, 133, 230, 238, 244, 246, 247–48, Foresight Institute, 558n, 584n 334, 340, 397 guidelines of, 229, 395, 411, 418–19, 598n energy storage in, 247, 421, 434, 457 forgetting, 176–77, 543n Fuerth, Leon, 470, 471–72 Forró, László, 526n Fujishima, Akira, 567n Fortran, 89 Fulford, Benjamin, 526n forward internal models, 179 functional magnetic-resonance imaging fossil fuels, see coal; oil, oil industry (fMRI), 150, 156, 158, 160–61, 175, Founds, H., 555n 176, 193 Fountain, Henry, 536n fundamentalism, 498n four-dimensional network, 520n environmentalist, 414–15 Fourier transforms, 438 GNR impact and, 338, 340–41 Foveon, 533n humanist, 415, 471 Fox, Armando, 284 religious, 414 fractals, 89, 522n Fuster, J. M., 542n brain and, 46–47, 68, 446–49 future, 3–4, 5, 7, 299 defined, 68, 447 misunderstanding of, 10–14, 240–41 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 382 prediction of, 432 Franklin, Benjamin, 382–83 Future Combat System (FCS), 331–33 Franks, Tommy, 334 FutureGen, 244 Frantz, Gene, 533n Future of Life conference (2003), 11–12, fraud, detection of, 269, 276, 283, 284 499n Fredkin, Edward, 86, 87, 127, 518n–19n, Future Route, 284 533n, 534n reversible computing and, 130, 131–32 Gabriel, Richard, 569n Freeman, Walter J., 538n Gabrieli, John, 175, 176–77 free will, 382, 521n–22n Gage, Fred H., 177, 544n Freitas, Robert, Jr., 133, 230, 238, 403, 506n, galaxies, 357, 390 535n, 536n, 537n, 541n, 548n, Hubble distance and, 354 557n–60n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 566n, Milky Way, 342–48, 590n 568n, 584n, 585n, 587n, 591n, 595n, stars vs., 281 596n, 597n, 600n Gall, W. E., 532n, 538n on biological age, 253 Gallant, J., 547n brain scanning and, 164–66 Gallaway, J., 595n on brain-uploading system, 548n–49n gallium arsenide, 119, 138, 251 on energy, 249, 566n game-playing programs: on life expectancy, 323 for chess, 274–78, 441, 459 on nanobot problems, 399, 400, 411–12, recursive search and, 272–73, 577n–80n 425 Gan, Wen-Biao, 172 nanomedicine and, 254, 255, 305–6, 584n Ganer, Alan G., 599n robotic probes advocated by, 591n ganglion cells, 187 sentience quotient of, 536n Gardner, James, 359, 361–62, 366, 592n, vasculoid design of, 306 602n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 621

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Gardner, Timothy, 221 genome, human, 13, 145, 225, 600n Garfinkel, S. L., 555n aging and, 221 Gargini, Paolo, 112, 526n brain and, 89, 147, 180, 428–29, 440, Gartner, John, 567n, 582n 443–44, 523n gas: compression of, 89, 147, 206–7, 443, 448, curved surfaces and, 265 449, 482, 508n, 516n–17n, 523n, 538n energy from, 243, 244, 247, 250, 252, DNA sequencing and, 73–74, 73, 74, 85, 420 514n prediction of properties of, 168, 432 fractal designs and, 46, 47 gates, 111 information content of, 46, 47, 206–7, logic, see logic gates 516n–17n, 522n “Gates, Bill,”374–76 proteins and, 42, 225, 510n, 517n Gell-Mann, Murray, 37, 38, 508n reverse engineering of, 517n gender, change in, 318–19 genome, virus, 553n gene chips (microarrays), 214–15, 552n genomics, 323 gene expression, 16, 147, 213–16, 283, geothermal technologies, 243, 244, 246 551n–53n, 556n, 557n Gerberding, Julie, 514n nanobots and, 232–33 Gerla, Mario, 589n peptides and, 213, 223, 232 Germany, Germans, 2, 138, 188, 195, 308, RNA interference and, 12, 214, 256, 323, 536n 417, 422, 551n Gianaro, Catherine, 506n suppression of, 219, 323, 422 Gilbert, S. F., 551n General Dynamics, 235 Gilder, George, 370, 394, 497n General Electric, 271 Giorelli, Giulio, 369 General Problem Solver (GPS) program, giraffe, brain of, 4, 169 264, 273, 569n Gisin, Nicolas, 353–54 general relativity theory, 341, 355, 378, Glenn, Jerome C., 565n 500n, 503n, 520n glial cells, 195 genes, genetics, 16, 27, 107, 168, 282, Glickstein, M., 544n, 545n 482–83 glucose, 124, 230, 232, 399, 530n of chimpanzees vs. humans, 5, 505n blood-brain barrier and, 163, 165 defective, 214, 553n in fuel cells, 230, 238, 248, 306 as disposition, 225 nanomedicine and, 238, 243, 307 fat insulin receptor (FIR), 12, 303 as nutrient, 301 mutations and, see mutations glycogen, 305 protection of, 42 GMOs, see genetically modified organisms regulatory sequences of, 551n GNR (Genetics, Nanotechnology, Robotics) revolution in, 73, 84, 205–27, 299–300, age, 205–98, 407, 549n–83n 549n–57n; see also biotechnology defensive technologies for, see defensive in sexual reproduction, 46 technologies for GNR age “suicide,”219 economic growth from, 98, 230–31, gene splicing, 418, 423, 482 396–97, 406, 410 gene therapy, 215–17, 219, 220, 256, 323, existential risks of, 406–7, 422 553n exponential growth and, 73, 227, 245–46 genetic algorithms (GAs), see evolutionary impact of, see impacts, GNR (genetic) algorithms information and, 84, 206–7, 210, 231, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 245–46, 261 406, 414–15, 471 intertwined benefits and dangers of, of, genetic disorders, 553n 396–400 genetic engineering, 28, 301 Joy’s concerns about, 391, 394–95 environmentalist campaign against, 391 peril vs. promise of, 391–426, 427, viruses and, 206, 393, 398, 402–3 594n–99n genetic errors, cloning and, 221, 556n relinquishment of, 12, 395, 406, 407–8, genetic modification, 116–17, 171 410–16, 423 genetic profiling, uses of, 214–15 synergy and, 73 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 622

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GNR (Genetics, Nanotechnology, Robotics) gross domestic product (GDP), 65, 98, 98, age (cont.) 99, 99 wealth creation from, 13, 107, 338, Grossman, Terry, 210–12, 217, 323, 396–97, 410 550n–51n, 593n see also biotechnology; nanotechnology; growth hormone, see human-growth robots, robotics; strong AI hormone goats, transgenic, 222 Grutzendler, J., 542n God, 15, 360, 375, 389–90, 474, 476, 477 Gulde, Stephan, 121, 531n “playing,”299 Gulf War, 331 Goda, Yukiko, 176 Gurdon, J.B.,556n Goddard, William A., III, 563n Gustafsson, Marie, 538n Gödel, Kurt, 453–54, 601n Gutenberg, Johannes, 54 Godling’s Glossary (Transend), 198 God parameters, 92 Hackett, John, 581n Goertzel, Ben, 279, 580n, 599n hacking, 406, 426, 594n Golden Rice, 414–15 Hahnlose, R. H., 540n Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 543n hair cells, 165 Goldstein, C. D., 535n H˚akelien, Anne-Mari, 557n Golgi cells, 182, 545n Haldane, J. B. S., 342 Golub, T. R., 552n Hall, J. Storrs, 310, 506n, 516n Gompers, Paul, 524n halting (decision) problem, 453, 601n Good, Irving John, 22, 23 Hameroff, Stuart, 450–52, 600n Goodall, Randall, 512n Hammarström, Per, 550n Google, 286 hands, see fingers; thumbs Gorbachev, Mikhail, 406 handwriting, 181, 269 Gordon, Theodore J., 565n haptic (tactile) interfaces, 105 gorillas, 192 Harcourt, Brace, and World, 497n Gosney, John, 58n hard drive, 115, 119 Gould, Stephen Jay, 487, 510n–11n, 602n hardware, 259 Graham, S., 555n for artificial neural networks, 574n–75n grandfather paradox, 140–41 deflation and, 102 grandmother hypothesis, 218–19, 302 to emulate human intelligence, 25, 126, granule cell, 180, 181, 182, 544n 127, 145 graphics programs, 46 files installed on, 324–25 gravitational constant, 499n self-organization in, 151 gravity, 356, 362, 486 software vs., 102, 428, 435, 438, 439, 445 body’s sensations of, 165 specialized, 275–76 event horizon and, 23, 363, 486, 503n for strong AI, 261 general relativity theory and, 520n Harper, Jack, 515n overcoming of, 364 harpsichords, 53 quantum, 14 Harrison,J.A., 563n gray dust scenario, 400 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban gray goo, 399–400, 416 (Rowling), 4–5 gray lichens scenario, 400 Hart, S., 586n gray plankton scenario, 400 Harvard University, 116, 162–63, 308, 471 Grayson, A., 584n Hauser, Marc D., 190, 548n Grayson, Richards, 564n Havenstein, Heather, 569n Great Depression, 99, 102 Hawking, Stephen, 309, 363–64, 487, 503n, “Great Principles of Computing” 586n, 592n (Denning), 167 Hawking radiation, 363–64, 487, 503n Greeks, ancient, 458 HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, Greenpeace, 391, 414–15 211, 217, 554n Greten, T.F.,554n heart, replacement of, 223, 302, 306, 373 Grey, Aubrey D. N. J. de, 551n, 555n heart cells, 214, 220 Grossberg, S., 545n heart disease, 212, 303 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 623

I NDEX 623

death from, 211, 217, 373, 413, 418 Hornbeck, Larry J., 516n reversal of, 210, 217 Horowitz, B., 143, 537n see also atherosclerosis hospitals, intensive-care units in, 255, 413, heat generation: 435, 456 computational limits and, 129–32, 350, House of Representatives, U.S., Science 351, 428, 434 Committee of, 599n energy and, 245, 249, 566n “How Long Before Superintelligence?” Hebb, Donald O., 156–57, 170–71, 176, (Bostrom), 259 542n H. pylori, 282 Hebbian reverberatory memory, 156–57, H-scan test, 550n 170–71 Hubble distance, 354 Heidmann, J., 502n Hubble Space Telescope, 590n Heisele, Bernd, 547n Hubel, D. H., 173, 542n Heisenberg, Werner, 138 Huehn, Rebecca, 567n Heller, A., 565n Huffet, H., 512n hemoglobin, 209 Hughes, James, 396 Henry, Thomas, 400 Human Genome Project, 510n Hersam, C., 563n human-growth hormone, 212, 215 Hess, K., 562n human intelligence, 264, 342, 407, 440 heuristic methods, 454, 455 Church-Turing thesis and, 429, 454–56 Hidden Order (Holland), 509n complexity of, 482 hippocampus, 171, 175, 176, 177, 188 as emergent property, 151 history: nonbiological portion of, 9, 28, 201–2, Dembski’s view of, 476–77 296, 300, 310, 316, 317, 356 human, rupture of, 9, 23 personal computers’ emulating of, 25, 70, “singularity” in, 486 125–26, 441–42, 533n HiTech, 275 plasticity of, 27, 203 Hitler, Adolf, 327 self-understanding and, 4, 198 HIV virus, 74, 398, 402, 514n software of, see brain reverse engineering Ho,Wilson, 561n, 562n, 564n as suboptimal, 151–52 Hobbes, Thomas, 338, 590n supercomputers’ emulating of, 25, 70, 70, Hochberg, David, 356, 592n 71, 71, 125, 150, 196, 530n–33n Hodgkin, A. L., 154–55, 539n technology merged with, 15, 20–21 Hodgkin’s disease, 552n see also biological intelligence Hofstadter, Douglas R., 4, 169, 198, 497n, humanism, fundamentalist, 415, 471 498n, 568n, 582n, 600n humanity, 136, 476 Hogan, Jenny, 560n ascent vs. descent of, 387 holism, criticism from, 431, 479–83 fear of loss of, 9, 310–11 Holland, John, 509n goal of, 373 Holmes, Bob, 552n human rights, 471 Holocaust, 1, 2 humans: holographic processes, 163, 325 brain of, see brain, human; cortex, of brain, 148, 152 cerebral memory retention and, 172 chess playing of, 274–75, 277 of universe, 365–66, 486 chimpanzees compared with, 5, 39, 192, hominids, 193 505n, 509n evolution of, 17, 18, 20, 39, 509n Church-Turing thesis and, 429, 454–56 see also chimpanzees; humans cloning of, 221–25, 556n homocysteine, 211 complexity of rock compared with, 37, Homo Faber (Frisch), 341 508n Homo genus, 17, 18, 509n divergence from great apes by, 509n Homo sapiens, 17, 18, 20, 42, 47, 195 duration of observation by, 48 Honda Odyssey, 287 dysfunction of, 202 hormones, see endocrine (hormonal) enhanced, 200 system jaws of, 506n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 624

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humans (cont.) image processing, 123, 187–88, 279, 445 migration and colonization patterns of, imagination, 299, 318 352 imaging reporter genes, 216 mirrors used by, 190 imaging technology, 138, 163, 164 order and, 90–91 imitation, 190 robotic searches for, 286 immortality, 320, 324–25, 330, 370, 474 as “second-class robots,”205–6 immune system, human, 217–20, 223, 255, teams of, 261 418, 425 technology’s merger with, 374, 377 immune system, technological, 241, 413 uniqueness of, 4, 226, 311, 433 nanotechnology-based, 400, 411–12, 417, human somatic-cell engineering, see 425–26 transdifferentiation Immune Tolerance Network, 557n Humayun, M. S., 546n impacts, GNR, 299–368, 583n–93n hunger, overcoming, 224, 371, 406 on body, 299–311, 583n–86n Hunt, J. M., 595n on brain, 307–9, 312–20, 586n–87n Huxley, A. F., 154–55, 539n on human longevity, 320–30 hydrocarbons, 252 on intelligent destiny of the cosmos, hydroelectricity, 243 342–68, 590n hydrogen, 119, 131, 210, 244–47, 251, 349, on learning, 335–37, 589n 365, 592n panoply of, 299–300 in fuel cells, 133, 230, 244, 246, 247, 306 on play, 341–42 nuclear fusion of, 250, 567n on warfare, 330–35 storage capacity of, 134 on work, 337–41 hydrogen abstraction, 239–40, 563n implants: hydrogen bomb, 391, 401, 404, 408 neural, see neural implants Hypersonic Sound technology, 313 pancreas, 124, 307, 530n hypertension, pulmonary, 216 to regulate insulin, 124, 243, 307, 530n hypsithermal limit, 249, 566n retina, 185, 308, 585n incompleteness theorem, 453–54, 601n IBM, 114, 287 individuality, 375 autonomic computing and, 284, 437 industrialization, 28, 95, 122 Blue Gene/L supercomputer of, 71, 125, industrial products, 215, 231, 245, 339 482, 533n industrial revolution, 17, 18, 20, 340, 409, Blue Gene/P supercomputer of, 71, 71 410 computer chess and, 275, 276, 441, 459 infant mortality, 321 nanotube fabrication at, 114, 527n infection, infectious disease, 165, 306, 335, self-assembling nanoscale circuits and, 581n 116, 529n MYCIN system and, 266–67 IBM 360 Model 91, 2–3 RNA interference and, 422, 552n IBM 1620 (“minicomputer”), 2 inferotemporal cortex, 186 IBM 7000 series, 2 Infineon chip, 195 IBM 7094, 64–65 information: ICBM arsenals, 401 accessibility of, 327–29, 338, 469 ideas, power of, 1–5, 497n–98n alternation between analog and digital identity, 142, 201, 315 representations of, 519n boundaries and, 387 in atomic structures, 14, 15, 119, 131, cloning and, 224–25 134, 536n copies and, 383–84, 389 biology’s intersection with, see human longevity and, 325–26, 329 biotechnology “me” vs. “not me” and, 386 black holes and, 503n Singularity and, 369, 382–87 in brain and nervous systems, 15, 16, If Aristotle Ran General Motors (Morris), 127, 148, 152, 179, 325, 440, 449 485 caring for, 329–30 iHex, 284 cellular automata and, 85–91 Illinois, University of, 115, 255, 335 complexity and, 15, 36–40, 437 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 625

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in DNA, 15, 16, 38, 40, 117, 207, 232, insider trading, 284 518n instinct, 293–94, 378 epigenetic data as, 147 Institute for Advanced Study, 498n–99n evolution and, 14–16, 15 Institute for Creative Technologies, 312 fractal designs and, 46–47 Institute for Molecular Manufacturing in genome, 46, 47, 206–7, 516n–17n, (IMM), 598n 522n Institute Workshop on Molecular GNR age and, 84, 206–7, 210, 231, Nanotechnology Research Policy 245–46, 261 Guidelines, 598n in hardware and software, 15, 16, 38 insula, right and left, 166, 193, 314 in holograms, 148, 152, 172 insulin, 168, 221, 255 importance of, 85 fat receptor gene and, 12, 303 improvements in recording of, 40 implantable devices for regulating of, knowledge vs., 372, 375, 386 124, 243, 307, 530n limits on transfer of, 21 insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), 215 longevity of, 325–30 integrated circuits, 56, 67, 71 matter and energy’s relationship to, 86, application-specific (ASICs), 125, 135, 87, 522n 276, 445 in “mesh” computing, 125 nanotube-based, see nanotubes and military communications and, 332–33 nanotube circuitry order as, 38–42 as paradigm, 67, 67, 75, 75, 127–28, 434 patterns of, 5, 258, 460, 522n transistors on, 42–43, 56, 71, 76, 111–12, physical world’s intersection with, see 114, 157, 351, 434 nanotechnology Integrated Fuel Cell Technologies, 247 value determined by, 231, 245, 339 integrator neurons, 166 Information Mechanics (Kantor), 518n Intel, 434 information technologies (IT), 8, 41 intellectual property (IP), 96, 105, 107, acceleration of, see accelerating returns, 339–40 law of patents, 84, 84, 106, 146, 525n, 533n, boom-and-bust cycles in, 13, 97, 103 537n decline in cost of, 338, 469, 472 intelligence, 4, 370, 372 demand for, 65, 65 artificial, see artificial intelligence; narrow economic share of, 65, 107, 107, 525n AI; strong AI energy as, 243, 457 biological, see biological intelligence exponential growth of, 3, 9, 25, 35, 72, 84, emotional, see emotional intelligence 85, 109, 245–46, 265, 377, 383, 429, extraterrestrial, see SETI 433–35, 457, 469, 470, 491–96, 504n human, see human intelligence paradigm shifts in, 429–30 military, 280, 281 power (price-performance, speed, moral, 8, 192 capacity, and bandwidth) of, 25, 27, nonbiological, see nonbiological 41, 84, 101, 102, 224, 377, 429, 432, intelligence 469, 470, 504n intelligence quotient (IQ), 505n prediction and, 432 intelligent design, 360, 480–81 principles of Singularity and, 25–29 Intel processors: reduction in adoption lag time for, 469, chip problems for, 456 472 single-chip vs. dual-core, 129–30, see also computers, computation; 533n–34n Internet transistors in, 63, 63, 66 Ingber, Donald, 163 intensive-care units, 255, 413, 435, 456 initiator (single design element), 46 Interaction Gate, 534n innovation, see paradigm shifts; technology interaural level difference (ILD), 184 evolution interaural time difference (ITD), 123, Innsbruck, University of, 121 184 insects, 415 interferometry, 344 swarms of, 333 international cooperation, 423 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 1:14 PM Page 626

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International Society for BioMEMS and invention stage, 51–52 Biomedical Nanotechnology, 584n inverse internal models, 179 International Technology Roadmap for investment, investing: Semiconductors (ITRS), 57, 112, 126, 292 automated, 265, 435 International Xenotransplantation capital for, 96, 106, 339, 395, 524n Authority (IXA), 598n in defensive technologies, 408, 417, 418, Internet, 261, 279 422 access to knowledge via, 26, 32, 261, 286 lock-in and, 429–30, 457–58 adoption of, 13, 95, 97, 264 in vitro fertilization, 340 bandwidth of, 81, 81, 263, 312, 472, 516n Iraq, Desert Storm campaign in (1991), bank transactions on, 102 284 brain compared with, 152 Iraq war, 280, 331, 332 complexity and, 38 I-Robot, 333 dangerous information on, 392–93, 395, irreversible computing, 130, 132, 245 594n Ishiyama, Kazushi, 304, 584n data traffic on, 80, 80, 516n islet cells, pancreatic, 124, 168, 213, 223, decentralization and, 396, 406, 420 255, 557n education and, 336 isogenic replacement cells, 556n hosts, 78–79, 78, 79 lock-in and, 430, 457 Jacobi, C.T.,535n nodes (servers) of, 13, 152, 263, 499n Jacobstein, Neil, 598n skepticism about, 13, 263 Jacoby, Mitch, 536n software viruses and, 255–56 Jaffee, E. M., 554n surveillance and, 413 Jahnke, A., 575n unused computational power of devices Jaiswal, J. K., 586n on, 125–26, 135, 278 Jansen, Jac J., 587n wireless communications and, 312, 346 Japan, life expectancy in, 408 see also World Wide Web Jefferson Airplane, 300, 315 Internet bubble, 13, 97, 263 Jenkins, D. E., 342 Internet Software Consortium, 499n Jensen, R. J., 585n interneuronal connections, 163, 184, 430 jet engines, design of, 270, 271 brain models and, 147–48, 174, 178, 428, jet propulsion, 138 446 Jobling, Mark A., 549n complexity of, 428 Johanson, D., 502n defined, 145 Johns Hopkins University, 398 growth in, 174 Johnson, M., 553n information and, 47 Johnson, R. Colin, 528n, 586n limits of, 26, 27, 129, 265, 270, 337, 445 Johnston, M. V., 539n memory and, 126–27, 137, 329, 523n Joint Forces Command, U.S., Project Alpha nanobots and, 313, 316 of, 333 in newborns, 152 Jones, Douglas, 515n number of, 8, 27, 129, 150, 440, 600n Jones, Tanya, 598n patterns of, 260, 317, 337, 445, 463 Joy, Bill, 12, 391, 394–95, 409, 411, 417, plasticity of, 175, 176 595n, 598n reset time for, 124, 503n, 504n Joyce, Gerald F., 235–36 simulations of, 122, 428, 530n Judson, Horace F., 550n see also axons; dendrites Jung, Carl, 382 intracellular aggregates, 220 Jupiter, 280, 349 intracellular surgery, 162–63 Justice Department, U.S., 284 inventions: Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 557n of author, 1, 2–3, 370, 497n of biological evolution, 5 Kaczynski, Ted, 32, 410, 411, 597n mass use of, 50, 512n Kahle, Brewster, 588n textile automation, 507n Kahn, Ron, 303 see also specific inventions Kalaugher, Liz, 528n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 627

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Kamat, Prashant V., 567n knowledge, 25, 341, 358, 375, 498n Kandel, Eric R., 544n backing up of, 323 Kanellos, Michael, 526n, 529n brain limits and, 9 Kanerva, Pentti, 172 commonsense, 177, 267, 292 Kant, Immanuel, 335 creation of, 300 Kantor, Frederick W., 518n downloading of, 300, 337 Kapor, Mitch, 295 economy and, 96, 97 Kardashev, N. S., 344, 590n exponential growth of, 9, 73, 105, 302, Kasparov, Gary, 8, 275, 277–78, 292 396 Kass, D. A., 555n human learning of, 26, 293–94 Kass, Leon, 470 information technologies’ encompassing Katz, Lawrence, 523n, 539n of, 8,85 Kauffman, Stuart, 509n information vs., 372, 375, 386 Keklak, John, 580n innate (instinct), 293–94 Keller, Helen, 341 Internet access to, 26, 32, 261, 286 Kelly, Jeffrey W., 550n limits on pursuit of, 391 Kelly, T. Ross, 234, 560n loss of, 372, 386 Kempermann, G., 177, 544n medical, 282, 283, 396 Kempf, Karl, 513n number of expert “chunks” of, 126 Kennedy, James, 589n as pattern, 323, 386 Kennedy, John F., 1, 401 personality uploading and, 124 Kennedy, Robert, 596n respect for, 424 Kentucky, University of, Institute for technology’s sharing of, 20, 26, 145, Molecular Manufacturing at, 240 202–3, 260 Kephart, Thomas W., 356, 592n Koch,Christof, 194, 450, 532n, 538n, 600n Kevlar, 332 Koehler, Kenneth R., 505n key events, of biological and technological Kokinov, Boicho, 569n evolution, 16–20, 17–20, 36, 501n–3n Konarka, 250 canonical milestones, 19, 20, 502n Korean War, 330, 331 in “Countdown to Singularity” charts, Kortum, Samuel, 524n 17–18, 17, 18, 501n Koumura, N., 560n increase-in-complexity criteria for, Krag, Tomas, 533n 36–40, 507n Kramer, Peter D., 169, 541n paradigm shifts for fifteen lists of, 18, 19, Kramnik, Vladimir, 274–75, 277–78 501n–2n Krauss, Lawrence, 590n punctuated equilibrium and, 44–45, Krazit, Tom, 526n 510n–11n Kristula, Dave, 516n Kharif, Olga, 586n Kurzweil, Allen, 319, 587n kidneys, 223, 305, 418 Kurzweil, Fredric, 1, 211 Kim, J. J., 545n archive of, 326–27 Kim, Seong-Gi, 540n as musician, 327, 339, 497n kinematic cellular automata, 235 Kurzweil, Hannah, 1, 2, 497n kinematic machine replication, 228, 229, Kurzweil, Ray (author), 504n, 505n, 544n, 558n–59n 548n, 550n, 580n, 582n, 592n, 593n, kinesthetic sensory management, 166 594n, 595n, 599n King, Neil, Jr., 598n biochemical programming of, 211–12 Klar, H., 575n biological age of, 211 Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, 395 childhood of, 1–3 Klenow, Peter, 100, 525n Chinese Room of, 465–66 Klibanov, A. M., 239, 562n congressional testimony of, 422 Klimov, V. I., 566n as cybernetic totalist, 380–81, 435 Kling, Ross D., 581n daughter of, 315 Knapp, Louise, 565n health of, 211, 225 “knee of the curve,”9, 10, 97, 154 information collecting of, 326–28 Knight, Will, 528n, 530n, 534n, 589n as inventor, 1, 2–3, 370, 497n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 628

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Kurzweil, Ray (author) (cont.) law, legal system, 374–75, 379, 416 as materialist, 388, 394, 431, 473–74 law enforcement organizations, 413, as patternist, 5, 386, 388, 474 421 religious upbringing of, 1, 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, as Singularitarian, 368, 370–73 235 technology models of, 3 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, as technology optimist, 393, 395 307, 533n, 585n virtual-reality persona experienced by, LDL cholesterol, 554n 314–15 learning, 120, 143, 152, 202, 260, 293–94, as writer, 3, 370, 497n; see also specific 317 books AI and, 294 KurzweilAI.net, 279, 489–90, 497n, 580n basis functions and, 179 Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI), 570n, computer, 146 599n GNR impact on, 335–37, 589n Kurzweil Computer Products, 97, 570n of handwriting movements, 181 Kurzweil Education Systems, 337, 589n neural, Hebb’s theories of, 156–57, Kurzweil Technologies, 282 170–71 Kurzweil Voice, 599n neural, Svoboda’s research on, 171–72 Kurzweil Voice Report, 570n online, 300 Kwong, K. K., 540n to read, 175, 337, 589n by robot scientists, 283 labor productivity, 100, 101 synaptic plasticity and, 169, 541n La Cerra, P., 539n of visual-spatial relationships, 175 Lahn, Bruce T., 506n, 510n “Leary, Timothy,”31, 318, 368 Laino, Charlene, 581n LeDoux, Joseph, 169, 541n Lamina 1 neurons, 193, 314 Lee, Hyojune, 563n, 564n laminar structures, 160 Lee, San-Hee, 218–19 Lamm, Dick, 321 Leibniz, G. W., 167, 376, 458 Lamoreaux, Steve K., 139–40, 537n Lenat, Doug, 267 Landauer, Rolf, 130, 534n Lenslet, 120 language, 26, 260, 276 Lerner, Josh, 524n AI applications for, 286–88 leukemia, 215 brain region for, 173, 175, 190 Lewis, J. D., 554n evolutionary algorithms and, 92 Li, Chao, 529n origin of, 190 Liao, Shiping, 235, 560n Rosetta Disk and, 588n Liao, Yihau, 575n translation of, 288, 292, 313, 337 liberty, 421–22, 424 Turing test and, 272, 286, 288, 292, 295, Libet, Benjamin, 191 461, 464 libido, 318 written, 17, 18, 20, 36, 44, 48, 286, 338, libraries, 279, 393, 594n 536n Lie, Dieter C., 544n see also Chinese Room analogy; speech Lieber, Charles M., 528n recognition Lien, Hsing-Lung, 567n Lanier, Jaron, 380, 386, 456, 469 life, 86, 377, 501n criticism from software and, 435, 436, evolution of, 17, 18, 20, 47, 207–10 440–41 fragility of, 408 on lock-in, 457 length of, 9, 13, 98, 141, 205, 210–15, Lanza, R. P., 557n 218–21, 241, 259, 302, 323–24, 338, laptop computers, 133–36, 337, 349, 362 371, 372, 383, 408, 415 laser light, computing with, 113, 119–20 meaning of, 7, 311, 372, 470, 485 Lasota, Jean-Pierre, 503n origins of, 15, 16, 17 Lassiter, L. K., 554n purpose of, 370, 372 Latif, Sajid, 336 Life (game), 520n Lauhon, L. J., 561n, 562n light: Laurent, Gilles, 168 black hole and, 23, 486, 503n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 629

I NDEX 629

computing with, 113, 119–20 Ludd, Ned, 507n foglets’ control of, 310 “Ludd, Ned,”31–33, 225–26, 298, 319, 367, nanotechnology-based, 245, 252 426 light, speed of, 26, 41, 119, 133, 351–57, Luddites, 338, 341, 415, 507n 520n Ludwig Maximilians University, 235 superseding of limit of, 21, 29, 139–40, lungs, 209, 216, 306 300, 353–56, 366, 503n, 511n Lurie, Karen, 565n wormholes and, 354–56 Lyding, J. W., 562n, 563n Lindquist, Susan, 117, 176 Lyman, Peter, 588n linear growth: lymph nodes, 217 of evolution, 18, 18, 501n exponential growth vs., 8, 10–14, 10, macaque monkeys, 186, 193 97–98, 108, 109, 137 McCabe, Thomas, 437, 600n Lineweaver, Charles H., 592n McCallum, John C., 515n Linux, 533n McCool, Joe, 582n Lipitor, 217 McCormick, Bruce H., 540n liposomes, 216 McCrea, Keith, 567n Lisberger, S. G., 545n McCulloch, W. S., 155, 539n, 539n literature, 375, 498n McCulloch-Pitts neural-net model, 155, see also poetry 170 liver, 307 Macer, Darryl, 267 liver cells, 223, 557n McGill University, 242 liver disease, 418 McKibben, Bill, 391, 395, 410, 594n, 597n liver metastases, 552n McLuhan, Marshall, 14 Llinas, Rodolfo, 189, 544n, 545n MacRobert, Alan M., 590n Lloyd, Seth, 133–34, 342, 435, 451, 535n, macrophages, robotic (microbivores), 254, 590n, 593n 306 on universe-scale computer, 364–65, mad-cow disease, 116, 224, 543n, 549n 592n magic, 4–5, 388 Loan Arranger, 284 magnetic field, 118, 119, 160, 161, 281 local optimization, 309 magnetic (disk-drive) memory, 76, 76 lock-in, criticism from, 429–30, 457–58 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 308 Loebner Prize contest, 294 magnetic tape, 325 logic, 119, 309, 481 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 150, 158, limits to, 453–54 160, 186 logic gates, 112, 121, 245, 530n, 538n magnetoresistance, 119 brain compared with, 446, 449–50 Magueijo, Joao, 592n nanotubes as, 113, 114 Maher, M. P., 548n reversible, 131–32, 244, 249, 434, 534n Mahowald, M. A., 547n Lohn, Jason, 281, 580n Makeig, Scott, 172, 542n Long, R. Q., 567n Malthus, Thomas, 427–28, 433–35 longevity, human, 320–30, 371 mammals, 17, 18, 20 Long Now Foundation, 328, 588n brain matter added to, 16 Los Alamos National Lab, 139, 503n embryos of, 556n love, 189, 389, 476, 485 nervous system evolution in, 506n boundaries and, 387 spindle cells in, 192 falling in, 26, 142, 382 see also specific mammals remembering, 376 Man and Superman (Shaw), 96 spindle cells and, 193, 194 Mandelbrot set, 447–49, 450 Lovett, R., 553n MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Lovley, Derek R., 248 Numerical Integrator, and Computer), Lowel, S., 176, 543n 499n Lucas, J. R., 259, 376 Mann, David J., 562n Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs of, 157 mannitol, 165 Lucy (Australopithecine), 509n Mano, N., 565n, 585n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 630

630 I NDEX

manufacturing, 250–51 MCM-41, 252 law of accelerating returns and, 243 Mead, Carver, 183, 440, 533n molecular, see molecular manufacturing analog-emulation-of-brain work of, 18, productivity growth and, 100–101, 101 126, 151, 189, 442, 533n, 538n, 545n, robotics and, 276, 285–86 547n of silicon chips, 42, 119, 122 meaning: transistor, 60 as emergent pattern, 463–64 Mao, F., 565n parity and, 190 Marcikic, I., 591n meat, 224 Margolus, Norman, 518n mechanical devices, decrease in size of, 82, Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 268 82, 407 Markov chains, 268 media: Markov models, 89, 151, 152, 461, 481, 570n technology controversy and, 393 defined, 539n war coverage by, 330, 331 speech recognition and, 153, 268, 278 medical diagnostic systems, 266–67 Mars, 280 medical informatics, 265 Marshall, E., 552n medicine, 126, 214 Marshall, Matt, 566n AI applications in, 8, 276, 281–82 Martin, Mike, 566n knowledge and, 282, 283, 396 Martinville, Léon Scott de, 52 nanotechnology and, 238, 242–43, 251, Marx, Karl, 475 253–55, 259, 300, 303–5, 377, 407 “Mass Use of Inventions” chart, 50, 512n progress in, 411 Masuoka, Fujio, 113 regulation of, 373, 412–13, 416–17, 423 materialism, 388, 394, 431, 473–76 warfare compared with, 331 mathematics, 453–54 see also drugs; specific biotechnology chaotic systems and, 151, 198, 449, 450 practices of complexity theory, 145, 151 Medina, Javier F., 182–83, 545n existential risks and, 404 Medtronic MiniMed, 307, 530n, 585n, 586n proofs in, 264, 283 MEG, see magnetoencephalography singularity in, 22–23, 23, 485, 486 Melton, H. Keith, 580n Mathematica (program), 89 Meltzer, Martin I., 596n Matick, Richard E., 515n Melymuka, Kathleen, 580n Matrioshka brain, 350–51 memory, 48, 86, 316 Matrix Semiconductor, 113 brain and, 48, 126, 137, 138, 176, 523n matter, 32, 33 computational capacity compared with, black hole’s effect on, 7, 363 126–27 computational limits and, 72, 113, 128, efficiency of, 136–38 131, 133–34, 136–38, 300, 349–51, Hebbian reverberatory, 156–57, 170–71 427–28, 432, 434–35 human longevity and, 329 as digital vs. analog, 14 learning vs., 541n information’s relationship with, 86, 87, long-term, 157, 172, 175–76, 188, 543n, 522n 544n nonbiological intelligence’s saturating of, repression of, 176–77, 544n 15, 21, 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511n short-term (working), 170, 175 observed density of, 365, 592n in soma, 170–71 patterns of, 325, 383, 385, 431, 474 storage device for, 176 pico- and femtotechnology and, 138–39, synapses and, 169, 170–71, 175–76, 200, 351 541n, 543n, 544n Matthews, Stephen, 539n of threatening stimuli, 541n maturity stage, 52 uploading of, 199 Mauk, Michael D., 182–83, 545n memory, computer, 3, 26, 135, 261, 481–82 Max Planck Institute, 188, 195, 308, 313 cost of, 126 Maya (illusion), 388 law of accelerating returns and, 57–58, Maysinger, D., 564n 57, 58, 59, 64–65, 75–76, 75, 76, 96, Mazur, Eric, 162–63 102, 436 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 631

I NDEX 631

long-term, 158–59 Miles, J. B., 515n magnetic (disk-drive), 76, 76 military: molecular computing and, 115 AI used by, 259, 279–80, 281, 284 nanotubes in storage of, 113–15 development times reduced in, 334 random access, see RAM nanobots used by, 300, 333, 400 spintronics and, 118–19 robots, 189, 280, 285, 331–32, 333 storage issues and, 327–29, 588n virtual reality used by, 312, 335, 586n memory, flash, 54, 113, 115, 116 warfare and, 330–35 memory banks, 312 see also weapons memory cells, based on atoms, 121 military manuals, 594n MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Milky Way galaxy, 342–48, 590n Systems) technology, 133, 238, 247, Miller, Arthur, 376, 593n 306, 421 Miller, E. K., 542n Mencken, H. L., 369 Miller, Mark, 598n meritocracy, 472 Miller,Max, 21 Merkle, Ralph, 229, 230, 240, 400, 412, Miller, Steve, 175 559n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 595n, MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data) 598n architectures, 120 Merzenich, Michael, 174, 542n mind, 143, 444 mesh (peer-to-peer, many-to-many, and Church-Turing thesis and, 454 “multihop”) networks, 125, 280, 533n expansion of, 316–17 Mesopotamia, 536n growth of, 324 “MEST” (matter, energy, space, and time) longevity of, 325, 329 compression, 24 Mind Children (Moravec), 24 meteors, 398 “Minds, Brains, and Science” (Searle), 458

methane (CH4), 400 “Minds, Machines, and Gödel” (Lucas), methanol, 247 259, 376 Meyerson, Bernard, 519n, 529n miniaturization, 245, 407, 411 mice: law of accelerating returns and, 42–43, beta-catenin overproduction in, 505n 45, 57–61, 57–60, 60, 73, 82–84, 82–84, brain-scanning experiments in, 161–62, 96, 102 171–72 military and, 332, 334, 335 neurogenesis in, 177 price-performance of electronics and, robustly rejuvenated, 213 111–12, 526n weight gain prevented in, 11–12, 303 shrinking transistors and, 42–43, 45, 61, microarrays (gene chips), 214–15, 552n 76, 111–12, 113, 351, 434 microbivores (robotic macrophages), 254, see also nanobots; nanotechnology 306 minimax algorithm, 275–77 microbots, 333 Minsky, Marvin, 156, 177, 189, 202, 203, MicroCHIPS, 242–43 228, 260, 289, 473, 497n, 539n, 570n, microfluidic devices, 242 582n microprocessors, 116, 119 Minteer, Shelley, 565n clock speed of, 61, 63, 66 mirror system hypothesis, 190 cost per transistor cycle of, 62, 62, 66 missiles, 423 performance in MIPS of, 64–65, 64, 66 cruise, 255, 279–80, 335 transistors per, 63, 63, 498n guidance for, 255, 276, 279–80 microscopes, 47–48, 163 MIT, 157, 285, 337 atomic-force (AFM), 138, 237, 536n Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of, 264 scanning probe (SPM), 237, 240 Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at, Microsoft, 284, 286–87 332 Microsoft Word, 147, 538n Media Lab, 113, 221 microtubules, 383, 429, 449–52 Open Courseware of (OCW), 336 Microvision, 586n visual processing studies at, 186, 194 microwaves, 165, 247, 250, 343 mitochondria, 219–20, 583n midbrain, 193 Mobile Robot Laboratory, 529n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 632

632 I NDEX

model constraints, 152 Morgenstern, Oskar, 499n modernity, 387 Morris, Michael S., 355–56, 592n Modis, Theodore, 19, 501n–3n, 507n Morris, Tom, 485 Mohan, Anuj, 547n mortgage applications, 284 molecular assemblers, 228–31, 261 Moshfegh, Allen, 333, 589n molecular circuits, 27 motion, 145 molecular computing, see three- Brownian, 254, 388, 520n, 570n dimensional molecular computing detection of, 123, 156, 188, 547n molecular manufacturing, 11, 13, 226–31, digital basis for, 86 242, 250, 258, 422, 434, 457, 557n–58n of nanobots, 254 body changes and, 310, 324, 372 motor cortex, 175 cost of, 230–31, 338–39, 340 motor neurons, 166, 180–81 energy efficiency of, 245, 340 motor skills, brain region for, 173 Foresight guidelines for, 418–19 Mottaghy, F. M., 540n goal of, 234 mousepox, 398 molecular assemblers and, 228–31, 261 movies: safeguards for, 400 downloading of, 339–40 software design for, 231 eye’s extraction of, 186–87, 187 molecular photography technique, 119 see also specific movies molecules, 14, 16, 85, 131, 383, 499n Moving Object and Transient Event Search AGEs and, 220 System (MOTESS), 281 brain uploading and, 199–200 MP3 files, decoding of, 276 “chaperone,”209 MP3 players, 312 design of, 483 MRAM (magnetic random-access in gas, 168 memory), 119 in ice chips vs. cup of water, 510n MT (visual area), 185 nanobots and, 28 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 372 money, 478 multielectrode recording, 163 monkeys, 186, 193 multiple sclerosis, 308, 555n Montemagno, Carlo, 234, 516n, 560n, 561n, multiple universes (parallel multiverses; 585n “bubbles”), 15, 360, 362, 390, moon, energy harvesting on, 246 499n–500n Moore, Gordon E., 56, 111–12, 485, 512n, multiplication, neurons’ performing of, 513n, 526n 155–56 Moore, Patrick, 391, 414, 415, 598n, 601n Mumford, D., 547n Moore, T. B., 552n Murakami, Shuichi, 530n Moore’s Law, 35–36, 41–42, 56–72, 76, 114 muscles, 191, 210, 232, 552n criticism of, 66, 111–12 cerebellum and, 179, 181, 260 as fifth paradigm, 41, 66–72, 67, 72, 112 virtual reality and, 314 semiconductor feature size reduction Musgrave, Charles B., 562n, 563n and, 57–66, 57–65, 434 music, musician(s), 145, 191, 194, 202, 498n moral intelligence, 8, 192 as analog vs. digital phenomenon, 519n morality, 369, 374–75, 379 author’s father as, 327, 339, 497n Moravec, Hans, 148, 290, 464, 504n, 513n, of bands of cells, 297 514n, 531n, 547n, 582n, 601n brain plasticity and, 174, 176 brain computational capacity estimated downloading of, 100, 339 by, 123, 529n imagining of, 379 on evolution of computer power/cost, 68, as knowledge, 372, 375 69, 122 live performances by, 340 image processing and, 123, 187–88 pattern and, 388 robotics and, 24, 122, 123, 187–88, 205, virtual reality and, 312 285 music players, 473 More,Max, 262, 369, 371, 373, 510n, 569n, Mussa-Ivaldi, Ferdinando, 189 593n, 596n mutations, 46, 219 Moreau, René, 513n genetic algorithms and, 270, 539n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 633

I NDEX 633

in human evolution, 42, 92, 208, 506n, military’s use of, 332, 335 539n with recognition proteins, 583n mitochondrial, 219–20 nanostructures, 251 protein and, 553n Nanosys, 250 Mutschler, Ann Steffora, 526n Nanosystems (Drexler), 228, 229–30, 234 mutual assured destruction, 402, 421 nanotags, magnetic, 242 MYCIN system, 266–67 nanotechnology, 4, 27, 28, 84, 111, 141, 205, MYH1 gene, 506n 206, 221, 226–59, 299–300, 323, 558n–68n Naam, Ramez, 299 biological assembler and, 231–32 Nagaosa, Naoto, 118–19, 530n biotechnology compared with, 227, 232, nanobots, 28, 32, 33, 201, 232–38, 252 251, 256, 257, 412 in biomass, 399–400, 425–26 dangers of, 11, 206, 229, 230, 237, 241, in blood, 248, 253–57, 300, 303, 317, 377, 249, 251, 256, 334, 395, 398–400, 403, 432, 472 408–19, 423 blood-brain barrier and, 163–65 early adopters of, 242–43 as brain extenders, 317 economic effects of, 102, 245–46, 249–50, brain scanning with, 163–67, 197, 200, 257 262, 293 energy based on, 133, 243–50, 340, 395, colonies of, 352–53 397, 430, 434, 457 control of, 255, 406–7 energy required for, 230, 238, 244, 245, defined, 163 352 in digestive system, 303–5 environment and, 229, 230, 250–53, 259 DNA, 236 ethical issues and, 229 in Drexler’s molecular assembler, 229–30, exponential growth and, 27, 73, 227, 396, 231, 236–38 407, 558n energy and, 246, 248, 249 fat and sticky fingers problem and, fat and sticky fingers problem and, 236–38 236–38 foundations of, 139, 227–31 foglets, 28, 29, 33, 310, 325, 506n limits of, 133–35, 138 GNR age impact and, 302–7, 352–53, medicine and, 238, 242–43, 251, 253–55, 358, 398–400, 403, 409 259, 300, 303–5, 377, 407 human longevity and, 325 military use of, 300, 332–35 military’s use of, 300, 333, 400 patents for, 84, 84 programmable, 317 relinquishment of, 395, 411 self-replication of, 232, 237, 256, 352, in reversal of aging, 372, 373, 397 398–400, 403, 409, 411–12, 416, science citations of, 83, 83 425–26 self-replication and, see self-replicating software viruses and, 406–7 nanotechnology strong AI and, 261–62 strong AI and, 261–62, 412, 426 virtual reality and, 28, 29, 310, 313–17, technology hype cycle for, 263–64 319, 377 thermal effects and, 238 wireless communications used by, 163, threshold of, 60, 112 233, 303, 304, 316 transportation and, 230, 246, 247, 252, nanocatalysts, 246, 252 457–58 nanocomputing, 139, 232–36, 233, 412 wealth creation from, 13, 107, 396–97 limits of, 133–35, 349 see also molecular manufacturing nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), Nanotherapeutics, 243 309 nanotubes and nanotube circuitry, 27, nanofactories, 245, 340, 425 112–15, 122, 247, 248, 526n–28n, 558n nanofilters, 246, 252 carbon, 27, 113, 114, 229, 230, 234–35, nanogrids, 117 238, 246, 250, 375, 527n nanolayers, 251 environmental applications of, 251, 253 Nano Letters, 113–14 self-assembly in, 112–13, 115–16, 528n nanoparticles, 242–43, 250–53 nanoweapons, 300, 334–35 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 634

634 I NDEX

nanowires, 117, 121 neuromorphic models, 178–94, 197, 308, Nantero, 114–15 316, 440 narrow AI: of auditory regions, 123–24, 147–48, applications for, 276, 279–89, 293 183–84, 185, 529n, 545n–47n defined, 92, 264 of cerebellum, 178–83, 180, 182 NASA, 24, 116, 235, 250, 280–81, 333 of hippocampus, 188 NASDAQ, 284 of neural regions, 452 Nash, Ogden, 391 of olivocerebellar region, 189 Nathanson, H. C., 516n of visual system, 185–88, 187 National Cancer Institute, 282 neuromorphic simulations, 122, 124–25, National Nuclear Security Agency, 307, 438, 440, 527n, 530n 533n, 585n neurons, nervous system, 46, 85, 145, 202, natural selection, 21–22, 127, 195 223, 468–69, 474, 475, 600n nature: in auditory cortex, 124 molecular machines in, 231–32 biological limitations to, 27, 127, 144 technology’s emulating of, 146, 149, blood flow and, 161 479–83 brain modeling and, 4, 172–73, 428, 443, transcendence and, 388, 389 452, 455 Nedervelde, Philippe Van, 598n brain reverse engineering and, 163–67, Nehaniv, Chrystopher L., 548n 440, 444, 530n Nelson, David, 502n building of, 111 neocortical neurons, 171 change of, 325, 383 Neumann, John von, 10, 227–28, 401, chaotic computing and, 173 498n–99n, 558n chip compared with, 530n, 538n kinematic constructor of, 29, 228 complexity of, 143–44, 153, 155, 197, 455 neural chips, 188, 195 damage to, 173, 308 neural clusters, 168, 197 design of, 153 neural diseases, 304 early models of, 154–57, 169 neural implants, 28, 201, 374, 377, 443, electronic, 173 483 excitatory vs. inhibitory, 157 challenge in connection of, 195 feedforward sequence of, 154, 170 nanobots compared with, 317 firing of, 147, 150, 155, 162, 170, 173, for Parkinson’s disease, 195, 255, 308, 176, 269, 313, 446 384, 585n formation of, 177 for retinas, 185, 308, 585n Hebb’s learning theories for, 156–57, neural nets, 89, 149, 173, 268–70, 288, 428, 170–71 442, 446, 481 of human vs. nonhuman primates, 506n algorithmic description of, 269, information in, 15, 16, 127 570n–74n information processing times and, 8–9, backpropagation and, 156 26, 27, 71, 503n, 504n, 505n biological, 269–70 loss of, 152, 293 business use of, 283 measurement of electrical output of, 154 connectionism and, 155, 156 membrane of, 442–43 defined, 539n motor, 166, 180–81 genetic algorithms combined with, 271, nanobots’ interaction with, 28, 165–66, 278–79 300, 319, 377 McCulloch-Pitts model of, 155, 170 personality and, 200 pattern recognition and, 151, 152, 156, plasticity of, 171–72 268–69, 271, 461 quantum computing and, 429, 450–52 Perceptron, 574n response time of, 172 neural precursor cells, 177 in retina, 123 neural processing, criticism from as self-organizing, 151, 538n complexity of, 428–29, 442–50 simplicity of, 143–44 neurogenesis, 177 simulation of, 268–69, 455 neuromorphic electronic systems, 533n stabilization time of, 150 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 635

I NDEX 635

subcellular components vs., 169–70 feedback cycle of, 28 virtual reality from within, 28, 29, 165, as human, 3, 317, 409 300, 377 in human brain, 28, 201–2, 377, 472 see also axons; dendrites; soma; spines; knowledge sharing and, 20, 26, 145, synapses 202–3, 260 neuron transistors, 308, 313 merger of biological intelligence with, 4, 9, neuroscience, 154, 168–69 24, 25, 47, 123, 128, 197, 296, 300, neurotransmitters, 153, 163, 199, 257, 378, 316–17, 337, 340, 372, 375–76, 377, 424 430 prevalence of, 226, 309, 335, 350, 352, in analog domain, 147, 149 375, 377 defined, 145 silicon vs. carbon, 375 information and, 47 speed of, 26, 27 memory and, 127, 137, 329, 523n spiritual experiences of, 377 patterns of, 260, 317, 337, 440, 445, 463 strengths of, 26, 27 in synapses, 145, 147, 153, 170 Turing test and, see Turing test neutrons, 14 see also artificial intelligence newborns, 152, 193 nonlinearity: Newburger, Eric C., 511n in neuronal information processing, 124, Newell, Allen, 264, 273, 569n 137, 138, 148, 150–51, 155, 197, 428, New Kind of Science, A (Wolfram), 85, 90, 442, 452, 503n, 527n 519n as requirement for self-organizing Newton, Isaac, 473, 485 system, 155 Newtonian physics, 520n nonsexual reproduction, 46 Ng, Y. Jack, 342, 590n “nor” gate, 94, 523n Nicolaescu, Roxana, 567n notebook computers, 64–65, 247 Nicolelis, Miguel, 194–95 Notebooks (Butler), 96 Niehaus, Ed, 598n “Note for Physicists” (Wolfram), 519n, Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 373, 374, 475 521n 911 emergency systems, 255, 413 Novamente architecture, 279 Ningaraj, Nagendra S., 541n Nowatzyk, Andreas, 161 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone nuclear energy, 20 Corporation (NTT), 113 natural, 139–40, 503n Nishizawa, Matsuhiko, 565n nuclear reactors, 243, 252 Nissen, S. E., 554n power plants, 255, 420 nitric oxide, transmembrane diffusion of, nuclear war, 401 170, 446 nuclear-waste management, 252 nitrogen, 551n nuclear weapons, 397–98, 401–2, 423 Nixon, Richard M., 391 atomic bomb, 392–93, 404, 408, 594n NMDA receptors, 383 proliferation of, 393, 401–2, 426 Nobel, Alfred, 404 nucleic acids, 47, 423 noise, 38 nucleotides, 207 Nomad for Military Applications, 586n nucleus, 198, 208, 219 nonbiological experience, transformation cloning and, 221–22, 556n to, 324–26 cochlear, 184 nonbiological intelligence: genes inserted into, 215, 220, 323 change in meaning of, 311 nanotechnology in upgrading of, 232–36, concern about, 30 412 consciousness of, 376–80, 385, 475 posterior ventromedial (VMpo), 193, 314 design and architecture freedom of, 26, nurture (experience), 225 27, 31 nutrients, 301, 303, 304 emotional, 28–29, 145, 377–79, 385 nutritional supplements, 211, 303, 371 energy and matter saturated by, 15, 21, Nuttin, B., 585n 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511n exponential growth of, 257, 300, 316, obesity, 221, 302 377, 407 objectivity, 378, 380, 385, 388, 467, 468 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 636

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O’Brien, R. J., 542n in fuel cells, 230, 238, 247, 248 observation, 47–48, 358 respirocytes and, 305, 306 obsolescence stage, 52, 53 Oyabu, Noriaki, 561n Och, Franz Josef, 288 O’Craven,K.M.,539n Pacino, Al, 315 octopus, arms of, 181, 544n Page, David C., 510 Odlyzko, Andrew M., 511n, 516n Page, Michael, 563n Oellette, Jennifer, 581n Paine, R. W., 545n Oeppen, Jim, 597n Pakistan, 336 Oertel, D., 545n Palmer, Brett, 587n Office of Naval Research, U.S., Autonomous Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 240, Intelligent Network and Systems 286 (AINS) program of, 333 pancreas: Ó hAnluain, Daithí, 540n artificial, 124, 243, 307, 530n Ohio State University Health System, 283 modeling of, 168 Ohm’s Law, 118 pancreas cells, 223, 557n oil, oil industry, 102, 243, 244, 252, 420 islet, 124, 168, 213, 223, 255, 557n Oklahoma, University of, 119, 131, 134 Panov, A. G., 567n Oklo nuclear reactor, 139–40, 503n Papageorgiou, Constantine, 547n oligodendrocytes, 177 paper documents, 327, 328, 588n oligonucleotides, 552n Papert, Seymour, 156, 177, 497n, 539n, olive cells, 184 544n olivocerebellar region, artificial, 189 Pap-smear slides, 282–83 Omnidirectional Search System, 343, 344 paradigm, 42–46, 127–28 oncogenesis, 552n asymptote of, 44, 45, 231, 244 oncology, 581n fifth, see Moore’s Law O’Neal, D. Patrick, 564n life cycle of, 43–46, 43, 44, 67, 72 “One Half a Manifesto” (Lanier), 380 of self-organizing chaotic processes, ontology, criticism from, 430, 458–69 459–62 Open Courseware (OCW), 336 sixth, see three-dimensional molecular optical character recognition (OCR), 97 computing optical coherence imaging (OCI), 163 paradigm shifts, 16, 30, 43, 47, 94, 323, 434 optical computers, 119–20 acceleration of, 9, 11, 17–20, 17–20, 25, optical fibers, 53 28, 36, 42, 44, 48–50, 48–50, 264, 324, optical imaging, 161 334, 432, 511n–12n optical switching, 76 complexity and, 38 optic nerve, 154, 166, 170, 186–87, 188 defined, 36 optimism, 374 doubling rate for, 50, 56, 338, 469, 512n order, 38–41, 198, 389 economic cycles and, 106 class 4 automata and, 88–91 exponential growth of RAM capacity complexity compared with, 38–40, 90, over, 75, 75 372 for fifteen lists of key events, 18, 19, defined, 90 501n–2n evolution and, 14, 15, 20, 36–45, 47, 509n lock-in vs., 429–30 exponential growth of, 20, 45 mistakes during, 13 information as, 38–42 punctuated equilibrium vs., 44–45, nature of, 36–43 510n–11n organ transplants, 418, 598n technology hype cycle for, 263–64 Osborne, Lawrence, 540n paralysis, 173, 195, 308–9 oscillator circuit, 271 parietal lobes, 202 ovarian cancer, 282 parity, 190, 208 Overbye, Dennis, 503n Parker,Pat, 598n overpopulation, 13 Parkinson’s disease, 303, 549n oxidants, 252 biotechnology and, 216 oxygen, 161, 163, 209, 305, 399 brain reverse engineering and, 144, 195 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 637

I NDEX 637

neural implants for, 195, 255, 308, 384, of interneuronal connections, 260, 317, 585n 337, 445, 463 Parmentola, John A., 331, 588n knowledge as, 323, 386 particle accelerators, high-energy, 403–4 of neurotransmitters, 260, 317, 337, 440, particles, 120, 134, 168, 355, 520n, 521n 445, 463 in event horizon, 363, 486–87, 503n self as, 383, 386 Lloyd’s estimates on, 364–65 of special cells, 297 quantum-entangled, 353–54, 363, 487 transcendence and, 388 Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, 175, 543n uploading of, 377 passivity, 373 PCBs, 253 past, 7, 11, 408, 409–10, 436 PDAs (personal digital assistants), 125 Pasteur, Louis, 226 Pearson, Helen, 560n patents, 106, 525n, 533n Peng, Jinping, 562n brain reverse engineering and, 146, 537n Penn, Anna, 523n, 539n nanorelated, 84, 84 Pennisi, Elizabeth, 510n pathogens, 282, 371 Pennsylvania, University of, bioengineered, 407, 409, 417 Neuroengineering Research “enhanced intelligence” cells and, 221 Laboratory of, 162, 530n gene sequences of, 395 Penrose, Roger, 201, 450–52, 600n microbivores and, 254, 306 Pentium processors, 276 nanobots and, 300, 303, 397 Peploski, James, 561n, 562n self-replicating, 423–24 peptides, 217, 233, 308 software, see software viruses gene expression and, 213, 223, 232 see also specific pathogens perception, 190, 191, 194 “pathogen sentinel” program, 423 feedforward sequence and, 154, 186, patternists, 5, 385, 388, 474 574n pattern recognition, 135, 260–61, 309, 316, see also visual systems 435, 438, 439, 480, 482 Perceptron, 156 brain and, 8, 16, 25–26, 124, 143, 149, Perceptrons (Minsky and Papert), 156 150, 173, 441, 456, 501n Perry, Jason K., 563n chaotic computing and, 173, 441, 475 Perry, Martin, 561n, 562n computer chess and, 274, 277, 278, 441, personal computers, 17, 18, 406, 473 459 changing of, 324–25 evolutionary algorithms and, 92, 152, human intelligence emulated by, 25, 70, 271, 461 125–26, 441–42, 533n “hypothesis and test” in, 186–87, 187 IBM 7094 compared with, 64–65 irreversible computing and, 130 laptops, see laptop computers Markov models and, 151, 152, 278, 461 mass use of, 50, 512n in medical diagnosis, 281–83 MIPS provided by, 64–65, 122 memory and, 126 notebook, see notebook computers military software and, 279–80, 335 spam messages on, 255–56 neural nets and, 151, 152, 156, 268–69, speed of, 276 271, 461 personality, 225 by robots, 286 backing up of, 323 patterns: location of, 200 of body, 371, 383–84 uploading of, 124–25, 166, 199–201, 429, of brain, 325, 371, 383–84, 463–64, 475, 451 477–78 in virtual reality, 29, 314–16, 587n copies of, 383–84 personal services, 340 emergent, 463–64, 467–68, 475, 477–78, pesticides, 224, 253, 415 480 Peters, James A., 549n of energy and matter, 325, 383–84, 385, Peterson, Christine, 229, 395, 558n, 598n 431, 474 Petricoin, Emanuel F., III, 282, 581n evolution and, 14–21, 388 pharmaceutical companies, 303 of information, 5, 258, 460, 522n Philipkoski, Kristen, 514n, 570n, 581n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 638

638 I NDEX

Phoenix, Chris, 400, 595n poetry, 202 phonautographs, 52 recursive search and, 273, 577n–80n phone books, information in, 90 Poggio, Tomaso, 166, 179, 532n, 541n, 544n, phonemes, 268 546n, 547n phonetics, 268, 278 on neuron as chip, 530n, 538n phonographs, 52–53, 55 visual processing and, 186, 194 photolithography, 45, 116, 122 polarization, 344 photons, 119, 141, 162, 353 political issue(s): photoreceptor neurons, 166, 547n biotechnology and, 223, 224 photovoltaics, 246, 249 encryption trapdoor and, 422 physical reality, 9 nanotechnology and, 423, 426 nanotechnology in manipulation of, 4, preemptive action as, 423–24 28 political patron model, 472 spirituality and, 388 pollution, 28, 243, 251–53 physician-patient relationship, 104 Polsson, Ken, 513n physics, 20, 168, 320, 411, 454 polyethylene glycol, 332 constants of, 139–40, 356, 359–62, 365, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 117, 499n, 592n 530n digital theory of, 86–87, 518n–22n polymer (or hydrogel) particles, 583n in Epoch One, 14–15, 15 polymers: intelligence compared with, 364 biodegradable, 243 Newtonian, 520n electrically actuated, 583n singularity in, 23n, 486, 487, 503n polynucleotides, 207 virtual reality and, 319 Pons, Stanley, 567n phytochemicals, 301, 304 Pontil, M., 547n pianos, 53, 55 pool, software for, 288 Picasso, Pablo, 202 Popper, A., 545n Pick Best Next Step program, 272–73, population growth, 99, 321, 433 577n–80n Port, Otis, 580n, 581n picotechnology, 138–39, 141, 351, 536n portable electronics, 56, 113, 247 piercing, body, 310 positron-emission tomography (PET), pigs, HIV-type xenoviruses in, 418 160–61 piracy, intellectual, 339 Posner, M. I., 540n Pirsig, Robert M., 392 posterior inferior-temporal cortex cells, 175 Pitts, W., 155, 539n posterior parietal-cortex cells, 175 plague, 398, 402, 409 posterior ventromedial nucleus (VMpo), Planck constant, 133–34, 359, 360, 365, 193, 314 592n Postma, Henk W. Ch., 527n planets, 280, 342, 349, 357 post-Singularity period, as posthumanism, in Drake equation, 345, 346, 347 374 see also Earth Pouget, Alexandre, 179 planning, 190, 191, 194 poverty, 241, 259, 372, 397, 410, 424 “Plastic Fantastic Lover” (song), 300 in World Bank report, 99, 338, 396, 470 plastics, self-healing, 335 power loom, invention of, 507n plastic surgery, 310 power plants, 255, 409, 420 Plato, 326 power relationships, access to knowledge play, 300, 341–42 and, 104 pleasure: Prater, Corwyn, 320 of breathing, 306 precautionary principle, 403, 404 eating and, 301, 304 precursor stage, 51 sex and, 301, 307, 315, 319 Predator, 280, 332, 335 Plus, Mark, 498n predictions: plutonium, 393 as brain feature, 190–91 pocket computers, 444 cellular automata and, 88–89, 90, 519n, Poe, Edgar Allan, 312 521n–22n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 639

I NDEX 639

computational processes and, 93 in nanotechnology, 227 of future, 432 rate of, 10–13, 16, 41, 50, 102, 108, 510n, of materialism, 431, 473–75 512n of properties of gas, 168, 432 relinquishment of idea of, 407 as test of theory of physics, 519n risks of, 417 prefrontal cortex, 170 Project Alpha, 333 Preskill, John, 363 promoters, 551n Preston, Richard, 595n property, destruction of, 375 price-performance, 432 prostate cancer, 282 of brain scanning, 144, 197, 265, 292 prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 282 of computing, 12, 41–42, 45, 56–71, prostitution, virtual, 318 57–65, 67, 69–71, 100, 102, 125–28, proteins, 234, 239, 383, 423 135–36, 142, 243, 261, 292, 432, 437, AGEs and, 220 506n, 514n amino acids in, 27, 47, 85, 148, 208–10, of electronics, 111–12, 526n 309, 517n, 550n exponential growth of, 430, 469, 470 beta-catenin, 505n of Internet, 263 blood-brain barrier and, 163–64, 165 of software, 103, 436, 438 CPEB, 176, 199–200, 543n of wireless communications, 77, 77 DNA self-assembly and, 117 primates, 17, 18, 190, 433 epigenetic data in, 147 brain in, 27, 152 folding of, 27, 209, 234, 482–83, 550n duration of observation in, 48 as food, 224, 301 nervous system evolution in, 506n gene expression and, 16, 147, 213, 214, suffering of, 379 223, 552n visual system of, 574n genome and, 42, 225, 510n, 517n see also specific primates misformed, 209, 220, 254, 397, 550n Primo Posthuman, 302 mitochondrial function and, 220 Principia Mathematica (Whitehead and nanotechnology and, 235–36, 412, 425 Russell), 453 pattern recognition and, 282 “Principles of Extropy” (More), 369 prions, 116–17, 176, 224, 232, 254, 543n printing, printing press, 17, 18, 20, 42, 44, recognition, 583n 54 RNA interference and, 214 prions, 116–17, 176, 224, 232, 254, 543n synthesis of, 47, 208–10, 213, 378, 550n, privacy, 407, 413, 422 551n, 552n proactionary principle, 403, 495n–96n wheel-like, 440 probabilistic fractals, 46–47, 449 proteome, 225 probes, nanobots as, 352, 591n proteomics, 323 problem solving, 8, 42, 296, 372–73, 499n proteosome, 209 Church-Turing thesis and, 429, 453–56, protofibrils, 209, 254, 397, 550n 601n protons, 14, 85, 119, 131 evolutionary algorithms in, 38–39, 92 Ptolemies, 54 Perceptron and, 156 public awareness, 423 speed of, 21–22 pulmonary hypertension, 216 swarms and, 333 punch cards, 327 Proceedings of the National Academy of punctuated equilibrium (PE), 44–45, Sciences, 116 510n–11n productivity: Purdue University, 115–16, 118, 528n exponential growth in, 98–101, 98, 99, Purkinje, Johannes, 181 101 Purkinje cells, 180, 181, 182, 545n manufacturing, 100–101, 101 Putnam, H., 596n of software, 428, 437 Putnam, Sarah, 588n progress, 96, 321, 370, 391, 408 break in the continuity of, 24 quadriplegics, 308 defined, 41 quanta, 14 intertwined sciences and, 411 quantum coherence, 446, 451 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 640

640 I NDEX

quantum computing, 113, 119, 120–21 magnetic (MRAM), 119 consciousness and, 201, 429, 450–52 Ramona project, 315, 587n factoring large numbers and, 121, 354 randomness, 92, 131, 132, 362, 388, 474 quantum decoherence, 120, 121 class 4 automata and, 89, 90, 520n, quantum disentanglement, 353–54 521n quantum dots, 242, 245, 308, 313, 586n deterministic processes and, 89 quantum entanglement, 119, 353–54, 363, of neural net, 269 487 of neurons and brain, 149, 151, 152, 153, quantum gravity, 14 440, 443–44 quantum mechanics, 85, 380, 450, 486, quantum, 353–54, 363, 474–75, 481, 499n, 522n 521n, 522n continuous levels and, 85, 518n Rao, R., 547n Copenhagen interpretation of, 500n Rao, Tata N., 567n “hidden variables” interpretation of, 431, Rappaport, N. J., 512n 521n Ratner, Mark A., 115, 528n “many worlds” or multiverse theory and, rats, 188, 255 500n–501n Rauch, Jonathan, 524n randomness in, 353–54, 363, 474–75, Ray, Thomas, 429, 442–44, 446, 456, 600n, 481, 521n, 522n 601n spintronics and, 118, 119 RayandTerry.com, 490 uncertainty, 138, 238, 353, 486 Ray Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet, 273, 580n wormholes and, 355 Raymond, J. L., 545n quantum theory, 382, 503n, 519n reading, 175, 337, 589n quantum wave function, collapse of, real-estate industry, 105 450–51, 500n, 521n reality: quarks, 85, 486 analog vs. digital nature of, 519n quasars, 356 mental models of, 198 qubits, 119, 120, 121, 450 see also physical reality; virtual reality Quintana, J., 542n reasoning, 120, 143, 285 recessions, 99, 106 rabbits: high-tech (2000–2003), 97, 524n cerebellar lesions in, 183 records, recording industry, 53, 327, 339 exponential growth of, 128, 433 recursion, 190 Rabiner, Lawrence, 570n recursive search, 272–73, 279 radiation, 165 algorithmic description of, 273, electromagnetic, 344–49, 590n 576n–80n Hawking, 363–64, 487, 503n red-blood cells, mechanical, see respirocytes radioactive isotopes, from Oklo reactor, Rediscovery of Mind, The (Searle), 459–60 139–40, 503n reductants, 252 radio circuits, 271 “Reduction in Watts per MIPS” chart, radios, 17, 18, 338 128–29, 129 mass use of, 50, 512n Reed-Sternberg cell, 552n portable, 45 Rees, Martin, 361, 500n, 597n radio-transmitting civilization, search for, Regan, Chris, 235 see SETI regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 161 radix-2 Cooley-Tukey algorithm, 438 regulation, 430–31, 470–73 radix-4 method, 438–39 medical, 373, 412–13, 416–17, 423 Radman, Morislav, 549n Reil, Torsten, 288, 582n Rado, Tibor, 455, 601n Reilly, B.D.,554n Raff, Lionel M., 561n, 562n “Relative State Formulation of Quantum railroads, 13, 263–64, 420 Mechanics” (Everett), 500n–501n Rainer, G., 542n relativity theory: RAM (random access memory), 64, 65, 75, general, 341, 355, 378, 500n, 503n, 520n 75, 115 special, 341, 354, 520n dynamic, see DRAM relays, 67, 67, 127–28, 434 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 641

I NDEX 641

religion: Riesenhuber, Maximilian, 186 author’s upbringing in, 1, 2 Riley, James, 588n death as viewed by, 368, 372, 374 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 299 fundamentalism and, 414 Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 190 548n Singularity compared with, 370, 374 RNA, 47, 216, 441 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for gene expression and, 16, 213 Gigascale Integration at, 113 messenger (mRNA), 207, 208, 214, 412, repetition, mechanical, 26 552n repression, of memory, 176–77, 544n nanotechnology and, 232 reproduction: transfer (tRNA), 207, 208, 233 of bacteria, 248 RNA interference (RNAi), 12, 214, 256, 323, of cells, 218 417, 422, 552n in vitro fertilization and, 340 Roach, John, 591n nonsexual, 46 roads, biological evolution and, 440 sex separated from, 301, 367 Robitaille, P-M. L., 540n sexual, see sexual reproduction Robot (Moravec), 24 research, 279, 407 robotic telescopes, 281 computer, budgets for, 25, 42, 259 robots, robotics, 24, 122 Internet, 392–93, 594n disabled assisted by, 189, 195 paradigm shifts and, 45 household, 292 stem-cell, 222, 431, 471 kinematic constructor, 228, 229, 558n respirocytes (mechanical red-blood cells), manufacturing and, 276, 285–86 28, 227, 305, 306, 506n military, 189, 280, 285, 331–32, 333 effectiveness of, 254, 558n at molecular level, see nanobots retina, 166, 187, 530n monkeys’ control of, 194–95 feedforward sequence and, 154, 170 nanotechnology and, 228–33, 246 image processing in, 123, 187–88 as probes, 352, 591n implants of, 185, 308, 585n revolution in, 73, 84, 205, 206, 259–300, of toad, 154 570n–83n; see also strong AI virtual reality and, 312, 472 search-and-rescue, 286 retirement, 98 vision systems for, 123, 187–88, 285–86, Rettig, Duane, 569n 529n Reuter, A., 560n rock: reverse engineering, 127, 146, 213, 323 complexity of, 37, 508n–9n of blood, 305–6 computation in, 131, 137, 362 of computers, 157–58 information in, 37, 137, 508n–9n, 536n of human brain, see brain reverse Rodgers, Peter, 592n engineering rogue nations, 423 of primate visual system, 574n Roninson, I. B., 554n of products, 231 Rosamond, J., 552n reversible computing, 130–35, 244–45, 350, Roscheisen, Martin, 250 428, 534n Rosen, Nathan, 355, 592n Reynolds, Glenn, 598n Rosenblatt, Frank, 156, 539n Rhea, John, 589n Rosetta Disk, 588n rhesus macaques, humans compared with, Roska, Boton, 187, 547n 505n rotaxane, 115 Rhodoferax ferrireducens bacterium, 248 Roth, U., 575n ribosomes, 16, 147, 198, 207–10, 213 Rothblatt, Martine, 379, 418, 593n, 598n design of, 483 Roush, Wade, 580n nanotechnology and, 232–35, 238–39, Rowling, J. K., 4–5 412 Roy, C. S., 540n Rich, Elaine, 265, 266 Rubel, E. W., 542n Richards, Jay W., 593n Rueckes, Thomas, 114 Richards, Mark A., 438, 439, 600n Rukeyser, Muriel, 5 rich-poor divide, 95, 430, 469–70 rule 110, 87–89, 88, 522n, 523n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 642

642 I NDEX

Rupley, Sebastian, 533n objectivity and, 378, 380 Russell, Bertrand, 264, 321, 453, 514n, 600n simplicity as driving force in, 39 Russia, ICBM arsenal of, 401 technology’s enabling of advances in, 143 see also specific sciences Sabatini, B. L., 541n Science, 114, 117, 176, 215, 505n Sagan, Carl, 18, 35, 346, 355, 501n, 590n science fiction, 271–72, 569n Sahlins, Marshall, 387 Scientific American, 51, 101, 236–38, 254 “Sailing to Byzantium” (Yeats), 301 scientific models, right level for, 167–68 Saini, Subhash, 562n, 563n scientist’s pessimism, 12 St. Louis University, 247–48 Scripps Research Institute, 235–36, 556n Sakamoto, K. M., 552n S-curves: Salinas, E., 539n energy and, 244 Samonds, Jason M., 541n in paradigm life cycle, 43–44, 43, 44, 67, Sandberg, Anders, 134, 144, 350–51, 356, 72 535n of technology as expressed in its life Sandhana, Lakshmi, 589n cycle, 51–56 Sandia National Laboratories, 304 transportation and, 457 Sandvik, Haavard Bunes, 592n search-and-retrieve methods, 328 sanitation, 409 search engines, 100, 150, 286–87, 336, 436 San Jose AI conference (2004), 286 Searle, John R., 394, 458–69, 474, 475, 477, Santa Fe Institute, 509n 601n SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) second-harmonic generation (SHG) virus, 74, 398, 402–3, 423, 514n microscopy, 163 satellites, 413 Securities Observation, News Analysis, and Space Solar Power, 250 Regulation (SONAR) system, 284 Space Technology 5, 281 security issues: spy, 281 defensive technologies and, 417 Sato, Hisahiko, 517n law enforcement organizations and, 413, Sato, K.-I., 516n 421, 424 Sato, M., 553n spybots and, 406–7 Savoy, R. L., 539n “Seed AI,”569n scaffolds, nanoscale, 242 Seegrid, 285 Scalaidhe, S. P., 543n Seeing Machines, 285 Scalise, George M., 525n Seeman, Nadrian C., 235, 236, 560n scanning-probe microscope (SPM), 237, Seitz, C. L., 535n 240 Select computer program, 2–3, 497n ScanSoft (formerly Kurzweil Computer self-assembly, 121, 227 Products), 570n in nanotube circuits, 112–13, 115–16, Schafer, Ron, 588n 528n Schaller, R. D., 566n self-organizing system(s), 89, 225, 265, 435, Scheibel, Thomas, 529n 459–62 Schewe, Phillip F., 586n algorithms, 146, 439–40, 481, 538n; see Schmidt, Bob, 283 also evolutionary (genetic) algorithms Schneider, Frank, 550n biopolymers, 252–53 Schoenauer, T., 575n brain as, 25–26, 148, 152, 153, 293, 371, Schopenhauer, Arthur, 7 440, 443–44, 446, 456, 460, 483, 501n, Schönenberger, Christian, 526 523n Schopf, J. W., 502n communication networks as, 125, 533n Schwartz, Jeffrey M., 542n connectionism and, 155–56 Schwarzschild, Kurt, 503n design and, 479–83 science, 335, 372, 373, 375, 498n knowledge and, 126 AI applications in, 283 mesh networks, 125, 280, 533n human grasp of, 261 military’s use of, 332–33 inflated self-significance corrected by, nonlinearity as requirement for, 155 487 see also Markov models; neural nets vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 643

I NDEX 643

self-replicating nanotechnology, 230, SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial 235–36, 346, 352 Intelligence), 342–53 broadcast architecture and, 232, 235, 400, biological vs. nonbiological intelligence 409, 412, 419 and, 350, 352, 358 Foresight guidelines for, 229, 395, 411, computational limits and, 349–51 418–19, 598n Drake equation and, 342, 344–49, 590n immune system and, 400, 411–12, 417 Fermi Paradox and, 348, 357–59 need for, 352, 400, 411–12, 425–26 scope of, 342–43, 343 probes and, 352, 412 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, see safety concerns about, 11, 206, 229, 232, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory 237, 256, 395, 398–400, 403, 409, Syndrome) virus 411–12, 425–26 sex, sexual activity: von Neumann’s model of, 228 contraception and, 321 weapons and, 334 desire and, 193 self-replication: pleasure and, 301, 307, 315, 319 of computer viruses, see software reproduction separated from, 301, 367 viruses virtual, 318–19 of computing resources, 116–17, 139 sexual reproduction, 46, 92, 207, 301, 402, of DNA, 16, 47, 116, 117, 118, 207–8, 441 235, 529n genetic algorithms and, 270n, 539n GNR defense and, 423–24 Shachtman, Noah, 588n immune system and, 417 Shah, P. K., 553n intelligent destiny of the cosmos and, Shakespeare, William, 126, 196 346, 352, 356 shale oil, 244 power of patterns vs., 388 Shane, Scott, 597n Selkoe, D. J., 555n Shannon, Claude, 507n–8n Sematech, 57 Shapiro, Ehud, 118 semiconductors, semiconductor industry, Shaw, Gary A., 438, 439, 600n 119, 153, 253 Shaw, George Bernard, 96 deflation in, 102 Shaw, J. C., 264, 273, 569n feature-size reduction in, 57–61, 57–60, Shay, Mary-Ellen, 557n 113, 434 Shenderova, O. A., 563n growth in, 65, 102 Shepherd, Gordon M., 184, 545n International Technology Roadmap for, Sherman, William, 236, 560n 57, 112, 126, 292 Sherrington, Sir Charles S., 458, 540n nanotubes as, 114 Shi, Yuhui, 589n quantum effects in, 429 Shoham, S., 586n spintronics and, 119 Shostak, Seth, 346, 358, 422, 590n see also silicon; silicon chips; transistors Si, K., 543n Sendoh, M., 584n signal-processing techniques, 279, 438–39, sensorimotor skills, formation of, 178–79 445 sensory data: silicon, 442 brain’s processing of, 120 in BioMEMS, 583n in Epoch Three, 16 in photovoltaic cells, 249 virtual reality and, 319 silicon chips, 113, 119, 122 sensory disabilities, 144 number of, 351, 591n sensory signals, nanobots’ monitoring of, number of components on, 41–42, 165–66 111–12, 351, 526n sentience quotient (SQ), 536n three-dimensional, 113 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 280, silicon intelligence, 376 397 silicon lithography, 113 serial endosymbiosis theory, 583n Silk, J., 502n Serre, Thomas, 547n Silva, R. A., 560n Chinese Room analogy of, 430, 458–66 SIMD (single instruction multiple data) serum monitoring, 423 architecture, 118, 119–20, 229 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 644

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Simmel, F. C., 560n downloading of, 300 Simon, Herbert A., 264, 273, 569n–70n formation of, 178–79, 194, 202, 260–61, Simon, S. M., 586n 309 Simone (movie), 315 human longevity and, 329 simplicity: skin, 242, 307 brain design and, 446–49 skin cells, 213, 214, 223 Einstein’s views on, 39, 519n transdifferentiation and, 223, 471, 557n equivalence principle and, 136–38, 536n Sky & Telescope, 342–43, 343 of neurons, 143–44 Slack, Jonathan M. W., 557n Simpson, Michael, 236 Smalley, Richard E., 234, 236–41, 246, 254, Sims 2 game, 341 432, 559n, 560n, 561n, 564n simulations: smallpox, 398, 402 brain, see brain simulations Smart, John, 24, 35, 358, 370, 504n, 507n, existential risks and, 404–5 592n Singer, Maxine, 418 Smart-Airport Operations Center (SAOC), Singer, W., 176, 543n 284 Singularitarian, 369–90, 593n–94n smart dust, 334 alienation and loneliness of, 370–71 Smith, Huston, 387, 594n meaning of being, 371–73 Smith, K. R., 553n understanding and, 370 Smith, Quentin, 500n–501n use of term, 7, 370, 498n Smith, Tony, 565n Singularitarian Principles, The Smolin, Lee, 360, 361, 362, 364, 592n (Yudkowsky), 498n Smoller, Joel, 504n Singularity: snails, consciousness of, 466, 467 concept of, 5, 7–9, 498n Snider, S., 586n consciousness and, 374–82, 384–85 snowflakes, 93 countdown to, 17, 17, 18, 18 Snyder, Allan, 161 death and, 326 Snyder, Lawrence H., 179 as economic imperative, 96–110, Sobel, Dava, 590n 524n–26n soccer, software for, 288 Epoch Five and, 14, 15, 20–21, 205 social institutions, conservatism of, 472–73 Epoch Six and, 14, 15, 21 Social Security, 97–98 GNR age and, 205, 206 software, 5, 100, 259 goal of, 364 AI systems’ monitoring of, 284 history of use of word, 22–24, 485–87 algorithms, 428, 438–42 identity and, 382–87 auditory, 148 meaningful statements about the nature for chess, 274–78, 274, 441, 459 of life after, 29–33 complexity of, 428, 437–38 passivity and, 374 as composing universe, 86 powering of, 243–50 consumer power and, 104 principles involved in, 25–29 criticism from, 428, 435–42 religion compared with, 370, 374 deflation and, 102–3 time frame for, 123, 135–36, 226 development of, 97, 107, 437, 534n as transcendence, 373, 375, 387–90 for dyslexic students, 175, 337, 589n von Neumann’s views on, 10 genetic algorithms and, 271 Singularity.com, 489 genome compared with, 206–7 Singularity Institute for Artificial hardware vs., 102, 428, 435, 438, 439, 445 Intelligence (SIAI), 598n–99n human intelligence modeled by, 25, 126, Sinnott, Susan B., 563n 127; see also brain reverse engineering Skaletsky, Helen, 549n irreversible, 130 Skarda, Christine A., 538n longevity of, 325–30 skeleton, 307 military uses of, 279–80 skepticism, 12–13, 263 for molecular manufacturing, 231 skills: price-performance of, 103, 436, 438 backing up of, 323 productivity of, 428, 437 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 645

I NDEX 645

responsiveness of, 436 Space Solar Power satellite, 250 self-organization in, 151 Space Technology 5 satellites, 281 for space exploration, 280–81 space-time, wormhole in, 140 for speech recognition, 5, 103, 146, 153, SpamBayes, 268 184, 268, 436, 438, 529n, 570n spam filters, 267–68 sports, 288 special relativity theory, 341, 354, 520n stability of, 435–36 species, extinction of, 222, 409, 511n for strong AI, 261–62 “Speculations Concerning the First of universal computer, 91, 523n Ultraintelligent Machine” (Good), 22 viability of, 325 speech recognition, 122, 265, 286–88, 337 software viruses, 241, 255–56, 333, 423 author’s work with, 268, 278, 294, 570n, biological viruses compared with, 599n 413–14, 416 Markov models and, 153, 268, 278 dealing with, 413–14, 416, 417–18, 426 neural nets and, 268 Internet information on, 594n search engines and, 286–87 nanobots and, 406–7 software for, 5, 103, 146, 153, 184, 268, self-modifying, 416 436, 438, 530n, 570n solar cells, 397, 457 sperm cells, genetic information altered in, solar energy, 234, 243, 244, 246–51, 340, 434 552n calculation of, 248, 566n Spike, The (Broderick; 1997), 24 cost of, 249–50 Spike, The (Broderick; 2001), 24 Matrioshka shells and, 351 spikes, 161, 169–70, 445–46, 530n solar panels, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251, 421, defined, 154 434, 457 growth of, 171 solar system: spike trains, 170 computational limits and, 349–51, 435 spinal cord, 163, 171, 181, 193, 203 expansion beyond, 351–53 injury to, 308 intelligence in, 374 spindle cells, 191–94, 192, 468 mass of, 349, 350–51, 590n–91n spines, 151, 162, 171–72, 180, 197 solvents, halogenated organic, 253 defined, 171 soma (cell body), 124, 155, 192, 208 growth of, 173, 174, 202 memory function in, 170–71 spintronics, 112–13, 116–17, 119, 529n somatic gene therapy, see gene therapy spiral ganglion, 165 Sommer, Fritz, 160 spirituality: Somorjai, Gabor A., 567n Dembski’s views on, 475–77 Soros, George, 394 of nonbiological intelligence, 377 sound: in the physical world, 387 foglets’ control of, 28, 310 transcendence and, 387–90, 475–76 localizing of, 123–24, 148, 184 Sporns, O., 540n patterns of, 297 sports, 288, 341 in phonemes, 268 spybots, 406–7 processing of, 123–24, 172, 530n spy satellites, 281 virtual reality and, 105, 310, 312–13, 318 squid neurons, 155 Southern California, University of, 116, 188 SRI International, 282 Soviet Union, bioweapons program in, 393 Srivastava, Deepak, 562n, 563n space, 23, 520n standard of living, 106 curvatures in, 520n Stanford University, 114, 176 empty, 355 Staring into the Singularity (Yudkowsky), 35 energy generating in, 246, 247, 250 stars, 281, 342, 344 expansion of, 354 collapsed, 141 exploration of, 280–81, 352–53, 412 in Drake equation, 345, 346, 347 general relativity and, 500n Dyson Sphere and, 350 quantum gravity and, 14 formation of, 360 special relativity and, 520n sun, 349–51, 591n Space Elevator, 250 Vega, 355–56 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 646

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Star Trek, 348 Blue Gene/L, 71, 125, 482, 533n Stein, Ben, 586n Blue Gene/P, 71, 71 stem cells: human intelligence emulated by, 25, 70, adult, 223, 556n, 557n 70, 71, 71, 125, 150, 196, 533n autologous, 216 protein folding and, 209 controversy over, 222, 431, 471 superconducting, superconductors, 119, neural, 177 451 Stenger, Victor, 499n superconducting wires, 246 Stenner, M., 591n superintelligence, 259–60 Sterling, Bruce, 588n runaway AI and, 262, 569n Stix, Gary, 529n supernova explosion, 23 stock, stock market, 103, 525n–26n supply chains, optimizing of, 271 AI applications in, 284 surgery, 307, 317 price of, 13, 108, 109–10 brain, 315–16, 386 stories: intracellular, 162–63 as composing universe, 5 optical imaging and, 161 principles of fields as, 167 plastic, 310 Störmer, Horst, 253 transplant, 418, 598n strawberry genes, 551n surveillance: stream separation, 123 by law enforcement organizations, 413, string theory, 359, 360 421, 424 stroke, 144, 173, 188, 210, 212 military, 281, 334 strong AI, 259–63, 289–300, 422 spybots and, 406–7 brain reverse engineering and, 84, 93, survival, 90, 152, 325, 396 194–95, 293, 294, 407, 461 digestive system and, 301–2 Church-Turing thesis and, 454 economic imperative as, 96 criticism from ontology and, 430, 458–69 as evolutionary purpose, 38, 39, 41, 96 dangers of, 206, 403, 409 family size and, 433 defined, 92, 260 grandmother hypothesis and, 218–19 friendly, 409, 420, 424, 598n–99n terrorism and, 421 at human levels, 260, 262 of virus outbreaks, 402 nanotechnology and, 261–62, 412, 426 in warfare, 330–31, 331, 334 runaway, 24, 262–63, 569n Susskind, Leonard, 360, 361, 362, 364 skepticism about, 292 Svoboda, Karel, 171–72, 541n, 542n wealth creation from, 13, 396–97 swarm intelligence, 333 Strout, Joseph, 326 swarm weapons, 335 student matching program, 2–3, 497n Sweden, life expectancy in, 408 subatomic particles, 85, 133, 198, 355 Sylla, M. L., 600n computing with, 138–39, 141, 351 symbolic computing, 460–61, 463–64, 468 transformed energy states in, 403–4 synapses, 155, 166, 169–74, 269, 383, 430 subconscious, 318 backpropagation and, 156 subjective experience, 378–80, 386, 388, 467 blood flow and, 161 subneural models, 169–72, 541n brain scanning and, 161, 162, 166, subtraction paradigm, 161 171–75, 197 sucrose, 248 in cerebellum, 180, 180, 181, 182 suffering, 321, 373, 374–75, 423 in cerebral cortex, 190 alleviation of, 224, 311, 379, 406, 409–10 CPEB protein in, 176, 199–200, 544n of animals, 224, 379 criticism from the complexity of neural sugar, 220, 248 processing and, 428, 445–46 see also glucose defined, 124 sun, 349–51, 591n formation of, 170, 171, 173–74, 174, 176, Sung, J. C., 552n 202, 446 Sung, Kah-Kay, 546n Hebb’s neural learning theory and, 156, Sun Tzu, 105 157, 170–71 supercomputers, 231, 261, 312, 535n in hippocampus, 175 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 647

I NDEX 647

hormones and, 443 relinquishment of, see GNR, learning and, 179 relinquishment of memory and, 169, 170–71, 175–76, 200, shrinking of, see miniaturization; 541n, 543n, 544n nanotechnology models of, 144, 169–71 three stages of impact of, 408 neurotransmitters in, 145, 147, 153, 170 transcendence of, 389 nonlinearities in, 137, 148 as unified system, 411 plasticity of, 151, 156, 169, 171, 173, see also specific topics 541n technology evolution: resetting of, 124, 150 biological evolution compared with, synaptic scaling, 171 16–19, 17–19, 94, 347, 441, 487 system-on-a-chip concept, 533n complexity increases and, 38 as continuation of biological evolution, tactical autonomous combatants (TACs), 7, 42, 137 333 in Epoch Four, 15, 16–20, 17–20, 47 tags and labels, nanoparticles as, 242 in Epoch Five, 15, 20–21, 40, 47 Talbot, David, 569n in Epoch Six, 15, 21 Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), 396 farsighted, 47–50, 48–50 Taleyarkhan, R. P., 567n key events of, see key events, of biological Tallal, Paula, 175, 543n and technological evolution Tammany Hall, 472 order increased by, 40 Tanaka, K., 547n theory of, see accelerating returns, law of tanks, Abrams, 332, 335 TED (technology, entertainment, design) tape recordings, 53, 327 conference (2001), 314–15, 587n tapes, digital, 327–28, 588n Tegmark, Max, 500n Tasmanian tiger, DNA of, 222 telecommunications: tattoos, 310 adoption of, 97, 264 Taub, Edward, 174 bubble in (1997–2000), 13, 97, 264 Taylor, J. G., 143, 537n technology hype cycle for, 263–64 T cells, 217–18, 417, 557n teleconferencing, 123 “Technological Singularity, The” (Vinge), telephones, 17, 18, 317–18, 438 22 as auditory virtual reality, 318 technology, 372, 375, 498n mass use of, 48, 48, 50, 512n author’s interest in trends in, 3, 370 speech recognition over, 287 brevity and, 5 surveillance and, 413 centralized, 340, 409, 420, 421 telephones, cellular, see cell phones Clarke’s third law and, 4 telepresence, 123 communications, see communications, Telescom conference (1998), 394 communications technologies; telescopes, 47 telecommunications; telephones Hubble Space Telescope, 590n decentralized, see decentralization robotic, 281 decline in cost of, 64–65, 95, 338, 469, television, 330, 338 472 mass use of, 50, 512n failure rates of, 429, 456 Telford, Ric, 528n in GNR age, see biotechnology; GNR telomerase, 218 (Genetics, Nanotechnology, Robotics) telomeres, 218, 219, 221, 223–24, 323 age; nanotechnology; robots, robotics; Temple, Blake, 504n strong AI 10% Solution for a Healthy Life, The human intelligence merged with, 15, (Kurzweil), 211 20–21 termites, 151, 466 information, see information terrorism, 247, 280 technologies civil liberties and, 421–22 life cycle of, 51–56 GNR age and, 395, 397, 400, 401–2, 414, magic compared with, 4–5 421, 423–24 opposable thumb and, 16, 39, 41 nuclear, 401–2 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 648

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terrorism (cont.) nanotubes and nanotube circuitry and, preemptive action and, 423–24 112–15, 526n–28n suicide, 402, 421 quantum computing and, 113, 119, Tesla, Nikola, 1 120–21 Texas, University of, 124, 248 self-assembly in nanotube circuits and, cerebellum model and simulation of, 112–13, 115–16, 528n 182–83, 182, 544n spintronics and, 112–13, 116–17, 529n Texas A&M University, Brain Networks three-dimensional shapes: Laboratory at, 162 carbon and, 15, 85 Theis, Thomas, 114 of proteins, 209, 234, 482–83, 550n theism, criticism from, 431, 473–78 Through the Looking Glass (Carroll), 326 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior thumbs: (von Neumann and Morgenstern), of humans vs. chimpanzees, 39, 509n 499n opposable, 4, 16, 39, 41, 47, 152, 433, 487, therapeutic cloning, 214, 220, 221, 222, 224, 509n 256, 323 time, 23 “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” digital basis for, 86 (Feynman), 227, 228 general relativity and, 500n thermodynamics: problem solving and, 296 laws of, 130, 168, 432 quantum gravity and, 14 second law of, 39–40, 509n–10n, 520n reversal of, 4–5 thermonuclear explosion, 134 special relativity and, 520n Thier, P., 539n subjective, 31–32, 33 thinking, thought, 86, 144, 167, 316, travel in, 140–41 386–87, 390, 445 Time, Future of Life conference of (2003), about body, 193, 203 11–12, 499n Church-Turing thesis and, 454 Tipler, Frank, 500n cortex and, 190, 191 titanium dioxide, 252 expansion of, 316–17, 325 titanium-oxide nanoparticles, 250 incredulity and, 432–33 toad, Adrian’s experiments with, 154 at its best, 379 Tobias, Phillip, 502n pattern recognition and, 149, 309 Toffoli, Tommaso, 130, 518n, 534n physical action vs., 175 tolerance, 424 robots controlled by, 194–95 Tomlin, Lily, 189 slowness of, 8–9, 309 Tom Swift Jr. book series, 1–2, 497n understanding, 154–57, 198 Tononi, G., 540n see also consciousness; intelligence; mind toolmaking, 17, 18, 20, 72, 213 Thomas, Dylan, 326 Torcetrapib, 217 Thompson, Donald L., 561n, 562n Torgerson, Justin R., 139–40, 537n Thompson, J. N., Jr., 555n Toshiba, 247 Thompson, Larry, 598n totalitarianism, 471, 498n Thompson, R. F., 545n relinquishment and, 395, 406, 407–8 Thorne, Kip S., 355–56, 363, 592n Toth-Fejel, Tihamer, 560n Thorpe, S. J., 574n Tow nes, C. H., 590n threatening stimuli, 541n toxic cells, 219 three-dimensional molecular computing, toxins, 371 27, 45, 67, 111–22, 128, 133, 292, 434, Internet information on, 594n 526n–33n nanotechnology and, 251, 252, 253, 256, bridge to, 112–22, 526n–33n 300 computing with light and, 113, 119–20 testing for, 215 DNA computing and, 113, 117–18, 119, in viruses, 402 529n–30n Trachtenberg, J. T., 542n emulating biology and, 112–13, 116–17, traditional cultures, 387 519n trains, see railroads fractal dimensions and the brain and, 68 Trajtenberg, Manuel, 540n vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 649

I NDEX 649

transcendence, 373, 387–90, 475–76 Tryk, Donald A., 567n of biological intelligence, 375 Tseng, Yu-Chih, 527n patterns and, 388 tuberculosis, 282 use of term, 388, 390 Tukey, J. W., 600n transcension scenario, 358 tumorigenesis, 215 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), tungsten, 536n 161 turbulence, 90, 522n transdifferentiation, 222–24, 471, Turing, Alan M., 94, 155, 259, 286, 295, 556n–57n 453–54, 504n, 505n, 600n, 601n Transend, David Victor de, 198 Turing machine, 94, 523n Transhumanists, 498n problem solving and, 429, 453–56 transistors, 20, 45, 59–63, 71, 116, 151, 153, Turing test, 25, 200, 201, 263, 294–96, 473, 271, 519n 504n–5n analog-mode use of, 126, 149–50, 151, copies and, 383, 443 188, 189, 442, 443 language and, 272, 286, 288, 292, 295, digital-mode use of, 150, 442 461, 464 on integrated circuit, 42–43, 56, 71, 76, “Ray Kurzweil,”383, 429 111–12, 114, 157, 351, 434 variations of, 294–96 in Intel processors, 63, 63, 66 Turkle, Sherry, 338, 497n, 506n manufacturing of, 60 Turner, Linda, 236 microprocessor cost per cycle of, 62, 62, turnover pulse, 511n 66 Turrigiano, G. G., 542n molecular computing and, 115, 528n two-photon laser scanning microscopy nanotube, 27, 114, 230, 527n (TPLSM), 162–63, 164, 166 nanowire field-effect, 116 Tyler-Smith, Chris, 549n neuron, 308, 313 type II civilization, 344, 348, 353 as paradigm, 67, 67, 75, 75, 127–28 type III civilization, 344 per microprocessor, 63, 63, 498n typography, 54 price of, 59, 59, 62, 66 shorter electron travel times in, 56, 61 UAVs, see unmanned aerial vehicles shrinking of, 42–43, 45, 61, 76, 111–12, ubiquitin, 209 113, 351, 434 Ueland, T., 553n single-molecule, 121 Ulam, Stanislaw, 498n stacked, 113 ulcers, 282 tunneling in, 429, 451 Ullman, Shimon, 547n transition-state theory, 240 ultrasonic beams, 313 translation, of languages, 288, 292, 313, 337 Unbounding the Future (Drexler and translation process, 208–9 Peterson), 558n transportation, 289, 347, 434 uncertainty, 267 of energy, 246, 247, 340 probabilistic fractals and, 46 flying machines, 457–58 quantum, 138, 238, 353, 486 lock-in and, 429, 430, 457–58 uncertainty principle, 138 nanotechnology and, 230, 246, 247, 252, underclass, disappearance of, 338 457–58 underdeveloped countries: railroads, 13, 263–64, 420 criticism from the rich-poor divide and, see also airplanes, aviation; cars; vehicles 469–70 transterrestrial community, 361–62 economic growth in, 99 traveling-salesperson problem, 529n–30n education in, 336, 396 Travis, John, 554n family size in, 433 Treder, Mike, 400, 595n life expectancy in, 338 Trezise, A. E., 553n uniforms, army, 332 Trinity College, 288 Unitarianism, 1, 382 TriPath Imaging, 282–83 United Nations, 525n–26n Trosch, Rick, 308 United Therapeutics, 216, 282, 581n truth, many paths to, 1 universal assembler, use of term, 228 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 650

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universe(s), 342–68 Van Essen, D., 547n age of, 347, 590n Vangelova, Luba, 556n anthropic principle and, 15, 357, 359–64, van Praag, Henriette, 177, 544n 499n–501n variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), cellular automata and, 85–91, 518n–22n 116, 224 closed, 500n Vasan, S., 555n computational limits of, 364–65, 485–86, vasculoid, 306 592n Vaupel, James W., 597n computing of, 342 vectors, 553n consciousness of, 375, 389, 390 Vega, 355–56 as deterministic, algorithmic system, vehicles, 245, 246, 250 85–86 fuel cells for, 247 Earth-centered view of, 342, 433 robot-driven, 285–86, 292 in Epoch Six, 14, 15, 21, 367, 390 unmanned aerial (UAVs), 280, 332, 333, evolution of, 360, 361 335 existence of, 389–90 see also cars expansion of, 354, 357, 360, 361 Venter, Craig, 216 holographic, 365–66, 486 ventral pathway, 175 inflationary period of, 357, 360 venture-capital investment, 395, 524n multiple (parallel multiverses; vestibular system, 314 “bubbles”), 15, 360, 362, 390, video games, 125, 276, 319–20, 341 499n–500n video graphics array (VGA) computer new, 358, 405 screens, 55 purpose of, 374 Vietnam War, 331 search for extraterrestrial intelligence in, Vince, Gaia, 528n see SETI Vinci, Leonardo da, 2, 51, 473 spreading of intelligence through, 15, 21, Vinge, Vernor, 22, 23, 24, 324, 328, 504n 29, 45, 300, 361–68, 372, 375, 389, 486, virtual bodies, 28–29, 199, 203, 319, 325 511n virtual people, 105, 287, 313, 318, 473 stories vs. atoms in, 5 virtual reality, 4, 9, 28–29, 203, 312–20, 340, wormholes in, 354–56 397, 487 University College, 288 auditory, 105, 310, 312–13, 318, 472 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 280, 332, body changes and, 310 333, 335 concerns about, 318, 319–20 unsolvable problems, Church-Turing thesis e-commerce and, 105 and, 453–56 foglets and, 28, 29, 310 Upper Paleolithic era, 219 full-immersion, 105, 315, 340, 341, 457, Uranos, 350–51 472 usr/bin/god (Doctorow), 271–72 military use of, 312, 335, 586n Utah, University of, 308 nanobots and, 28, 29, 310, 313–17, 319, Utility Fog, 506n 377 utility function, 39, 362, 364 from within the nervous system, 28, 29, 165, 300, 377 V1 (visual area), 185 personality in, 29, 314–16, 587n V5 (cortical region), 156 social change and, 473 vaccines: visual, 105, 310, 472 Alzheimer’s disease and, 220, 555n virtual-reality environment designers, 314 cancer and, 217, 218 viruses, 226, 418, 423, 511n mousepox, 398 gene therapy and, 215, 216 smallpox, 398, 402 genetic engineering and, 206, 393, 398, vacuum tubes, 45, 56 402–3 as paradigm, 67, 67, 75, 75, 127–28, 434 HIV and AIDS, 74, 95, 398, 402, 470, Valdes, Francisco, 591n 514n values, 323, 424 Internet information on, 594n vampire bot, 248 nanotechnology and, 233, 235–36, 255 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 651

I NDEX 651

SARS, 74, 398, 402–3, 423, 514n wealth, 341, 372, 391 smallpox, 398, 402 creation of, 13, 107, 338, 396–97, 410 synthetic, 216 weapons, 8, 330–35 as vectors, 553n bioweapons, 393 viruses, software, see software viruses guidance of, 255, 276, 279–80, 413, 435 Visser, Matt, 356, 592n of mass destruction, 423–24 visual cortex, 156, 172, 176, 181, 530n nanotechnology-based, 300, 334–35 visual-spatial relationships, learning of, 175 nuclear, see nuclear weapons visual systems, 130, 265 simulations of, 280, 334 modeling of, 185–88, 187 smart, 335, 435 of primates, 574n weather patterns, 449 robotic, 123, 187–88, 285–86, 529n Weaver,Kimberly, 503n visual virtual reality, 105, 310, 472 weavers, destruction of cottage industry of, vitamin A, 414 507n vitamins, 301 Webb, John K., 356, 592n Vita-More, Natasha, 302, 583n, 589n Web browsers, 473 Vlastos, Gregory, 51 Weibel, Peter, 549n Vogel, Viola, 236 Weiershausen, W., 516n voice over Internet protocol (VOIP), 473 weight gain, prevention of, 11–12, 303 voice synthesis, 294–95 Weinberg, Steven, 500n Voogd, J., 544n, 545n Weiner, H. L., 555n voxel (three-dimensional pixel) maps, 285 Weir, Laila, 586n VPNs (private networks), 256 Weis, R., 587n Vrba, Elisabeth, 511n Weiss, Rick, 556n Weiss, Ron, 221, 555n Wade, Nicholas, 510n Weizenbaum, Joseph, 312 Wagner, Richard, 549n Weizmann Institute of Science, 118 Waisman, D. M., 552n Welsh, J. P., 544n Walch, Stephen P., 562n, 563n Werblin, Frank S., 186–87, 547n Wales, University of, 283 Westphal, Sylvia, 553n Walker, John, 515n “what-if” experiments, 26 Wal-Mart, 283 wheel, biological evolution and, 440 Walsh, Christopher, 505n Wheeler, John A., 355, 503n, 592n Wang, Chuan-Bao, 567n “When Will Computer Hardware Match the warfare, 300, 330–35, 398, 401, 409 Human Brain?” (Moravec), 122 civil liberties and, 421–22 White, Carter T., 563n death in, 330–31, 331, 409 White, S. R., 589n see also specific wars white blood cells, 305 war-game simulation, 398, 595n microbivores as replacement for, 254, 306 Warner Bros., 315 Whitehead, Alfred North, 72, 189, 410, 453, Warwick, Kevin, 194 514n, 601n water, 239, 240, 406 Whitesides, George, 254, 568n pattern of, 383 Whitfield, John, 541n pollution of, 243 “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us” (Joy), purification of, 252 391, 394–95, 409, 427 spirituality and, 388 Wiener, Norbert, 86, 268, 382, 518n, 593n Waterston, Robert, 206n, 549n Wiesel, T. N., 173, 542n Watson, Arthur H., 599n will, freedom of, 382, 521n–22n Watson, James, 11, 206, 207, 549n Williams, Brian, 281 Watts, Lloyd, 143, 440, 531n–32n, 537n, Williams, Sam, 576n, 581n 545n Wilson, Arthur, 437 auditory system model of, 123–24, Wilson, D., 584n 147–48, 183–84, 185, 443, 452, 530n, Wilson, E. O., 195 545n–47n Wilson, Frank A., 509n, 543n waves, cellular gliders and, 520n Wimax standard, 346, 432 vsnk$all.qxd 7/8/05 9:06 AM Page 652

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wind energy, 243, 244, 334 Wright, Robert, 86–87, 518n Winerman, Lea, 561n writing, 17, 18, 20, 36, 44, 48, 286, 338, 536n Winston, Patrick, 284 Wu, L., 553n Winter, J. O., 587n Wurman, Richard Saul, 315 Wired, 394, 427 wireless communications, 221, 282, 346, X chromosome, 510n, 556n 432 xenografts, 418, 598n between brains, 316, 585n xenoviruses, HIV-type, 418 to Internet, 312, 346 Xerox, 570n nanobots’ use of, 163, 233, 303, 304, Palo Alto Research Center of, 240, 286 316 Xerri, C., 542n price-performance of, 77, 77 Xiao, Y., 584n Wisconsin, University of, 115 X inactivation, 510n wisdom, 330, 335, 369 X-ray scattering, 138 grandmother hypothesis and, 219, 302 Xu,Kaixin, 589n Wise, Kensall, 304, 584n xylose, 248 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 312 Wolfram, Stephen, 93, 481, 518n Yamada, T., 564n cellular automata and, 85–91, 93, 359, Yan, Hao, 117, 529n 448, 519n–22n Yang, R. T., 567n Woodruff, R. C., 555n Y chromosome, 42, 208 Woods, C. Geoffrey, 523n, 539n yeast, gene expression in, 283 work, 259 Yeats, William Butler, 301 automation and, 108 Yeltsin, Boris, 406 call-center, 287 Yin, Tom, 545n categories of, 302, 314 Young, E., 184, 545n decentralization of, 105, 122, 340–41 Young, Mike, 283 farm, decline in, 302, 340, 583n Young, Richard, 509n GNR impact on, 337–41 Young, S. R., 542n intellectual property and, 339–40 Yov its, M. C., 535n meaningful, 396 YRUU (Young Religious Unitarian mental vs. physical, 302 Universalists), 382 personal services as, 340 Yu, V., 570n play vs., 300, 341–42 Yudkowsky, Eliezer S., 35, 498n, 597n role of, 300 friendly AI and, 409, 420, 598n–99n World Bank, 2004 report by, 99, 338, 396, Yurtsever, Uri, 355–56, 592n 470 Yuste, R., 541n World Health Organization, 423 World War I, 330, 331, 374 Zakon, Robert, 516n World War II, 330, 374, 396, 442 Zaks, A., 562n deaths in, 331, 331 Zeck, Günther, 586n World Wide Web, 17, 78, 100, 102, 261, 436, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance 441 (Pirsig), 392 access to, 338, 469 Zen parable, 312 dangerous information on, 392–93, 395, zeolites, 252 594n Zeus (Earth-sized computational object), eBay on, 104 350, 351 education and, 336, 337 Zhang, L., 552n experience beamers and, 316 Zhang, Shoucheng, 118–19, 530n human longevity and, 325 Zhang, Wei-xian, 567n mass use of, 20, 42, 50, 512n zinc oxide, 252 virtual environments of, 314, 337, 472 Zita, Karen, 542n as worldwide mesh, 312 zonulin, 163–64 wormholes, 140, 354–56 zot, 163–64 Wright, John, 548n Zuse, Konrad, 86, 518n