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Hiatella Arctica Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Veneroida the Nestling Or Arctic Saxicave, Little Gaper, Red Nose Family: Hiatellidae

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Hiatella Arctica Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Veneroida the Nestling Or Arctic Saxicave, Little Gaper, Red Nose Family: Hiatellidae Hiatella arctica Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Veneroida The nestling or Arctic saxicave, little gaper, red nose Family: Hiatellidae Taxonomy: There are many synonyms for H. moving to the middle of the shell arctica due to the potentially cosmopolitan (Flyachinskaya and Lezin 2008). distribution of this species. Research by Exterior: Strauch (1968) and Beu (1969) synonymized Byssus: These attachment threads all Hiatella species worldwide (except H. are present in nestling specimens, but not in australis from southern Australia) as H. boring ones (e.g., H. pholadis). Adult attach arctica (Beu 1969). Commonly seen with byssal threads and can also bore into synonyms include Saxicava arctica, H. rock (Coan and Valentich-Scott 2007). A pholaids, and H. solida. Due to the extensive single, long byssal thread produced by post- synonymizations, it is possible that there are larval clams allows them to be moved by actually two species currently under the name weak water currents (see Juvenile) (Haderlie H. arctica, locally (Coan and Valentich-Scott 1980), in a process called thread drifting (see 2007). Macoma balthica, Nutricola tantilla, descriptions in this guide). Description Gills: Size: Individuals to 50–76 mm in length Shell: (For amino acid shell composition see (Kozloff 1993). The illustrated specimen Brigham 1983.) Right valve slightly larger (from Coos Bay) is 38 mm in length (Quayle than the left (Khalaman 2005) (Fig. 2). 1970). Interior: Pallial line is faint and Color: Exterior is white, chalky, granular, and broken into discontinuous scars (Fig. 3) with tan, thin, and ragged periostracum (Hiatellidae, Coan and Valentich-Scott 2007), (Hiateila, Keen and Coan 1974). The interior unlike Entodesma navicula (see description in is porcelain-like and white (Hiatellidae, Hunter this guide). Adductor muscle scars are 1949). Periostracum is light brown or tan. approximately equal in size, but not shape. General Morphology: Bivalve mollusks are There is no pallial sinus (Kozloff 1974). bilaterally symmetrical with two lateral valves Exterior: The shape is highly variable or shells that are hinged dorsally and due to their nestling habit. Right and left surround a mantle, head, foot and viscera valves are equal, oblong, and gaping. The (see Plate 393B, Coan and Valentich-Scott posterior is broader and more square than the 2007). The Veneroida is a large and diverse anterior end, which is broadly truncated (Fig. bivalve heterodont order that is characterized 1). Elongate, boring specimens have been by well-developed hinge teeth. There are 22 reported as H. pholadis (Coan and Carlton local families, and members of the Hiatellidae 1975) (Fig. 1a). Shell sculpture is concentric are characterized by a pallial line that is only and the periostracum is light tan and thin divided into patches (see Plate 395D, Coan (Figs. 1, 2) (Hiatella, Keen and Coan 1974). and Valentich-Scott 2007) (Fig. 3). Hinge: Adult specimens are without Body: A nestling species with a thin shell (or very worn) hinge teeth (Fig. 3). However, (see Fig. 257, Kozloff 1993). young clams have 1–2 weak, peg-like Color: cardinal teeth. Umbones are depressed, Interior: Ligament is external (Figs. nearer anterior end than middle and do not 2–3) in members of the family Hiatellidae touch one other (Fig. 2). (Coan and Carlton 1975). This primary Eyes: ligament initially forms at the shell posterior in Foot: newly metamorphosed juveniles before Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Hiatella arctica. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12900 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected] Siphons: Siphons are fused and with is very pink and pearly. Entodesma navicula crimson siphon tips (Fig. 1) (Kozloff 1993). has no hinge teeth, but does have a large Burrow: internal ligament and its pallial line is continuous. Possible Misidentifications Other bivalves that can be easily Three bivalve families including the confused with H. arctica include Protothaca Lyonisiidae, Hiatellidae, and Thraciidae are staminea, Petricola carditoides, Platyodon characterized by their lack of dorsal margin cancellatus, and Cryptomya californica. The ears or projecting teeth or chondrophores, venerid clam Protothaca staminea, like H. and two adductor muscles. In thraciids, the arctica, is white with an external ligament, and ligament can be both internal and external can be found nestling in old pholad burrows. and the pallial line is continuous; in hiatellids It has radial as well as concentric striations, the ligament is always external and the however, and interiorly has three cardinal pallial line is broken into patches (see hinge teeth and a strong pallial line and sinus. below). On the other hand, in the lyonisiids Petricola carditoides is a nestling clam which (e.g., see Entodesma navicula in this guide) has an external ligament and a chalky white the pallial line is continuous, as in thraciids, shell, as in H. arctica. It has 2–3 hinge teeth but the ligament is always internal, unlike in the adult, not just in the juveniles. Petricola thraciid species (Coan and Valentich-Scott carditoides also has purple-tipped siphons, 2007). not crimson, and its shell has some radial Burrowing and nestling clams, of sculpture. The myid clam Platyodon which there are many genera, can be difficult cancellatus is a white borer with a heavy shell to separate by shell shape as their nestling with fine, almost lamellar concentric exterior habits tend to produce a varied shell shape. sculpture. Inside it has a chondrophore and Useful characteristics for differentiating tooth in its hinges, and a well-developed, species include the hinge teeth, pallial line, deep pallial sinus. Cryptomya californica, also and siphons. Most Pholadidae can be a myid clam, can nestle among rocks, distinguished by their two distinct shell although its usual habitat is sand or mud. It is sections (see Penitella penita, Zirfaea small (to 30 mm), thin-shelled and has a pilsbryi in this guide). All pholads have file- chondrophore. Interiorly it has an entire like denticulations and (except for pallial line, and an inconspicuous pallial sinus Netastoma) an internal myophore. (Coan and Carlton 1975). There are only two local species reported in the family Hiatellidae: Panopea Ecological Information abrupta and Hiatella arctica. Panopea Range: Type region is the Arcitc coast of abrupta tends to be larger (up to 200 mm in Norway (Keen 1971) A circumpolar species length) than H. arctica and have a continuous with known range from Arctic Ocean to pallial line, not broken into patches like in H. Panama (Oldroyd 1924). Range is certainly arctica. Panopea abrupta, also known as the influenced by many human introductions (Beu geoduck, is a very deep burrower with long 1971; Narchi 1973; Russell-Hunter 1949; siphons (up to several feet) in soft sediments. Yonge 197), and potentially includes two It has one cardinal tooth in either hinge and is species as a result (Coan and Valentich-Scott rarely found in Oregon. Also, Saxicavella 2007) (see Taxonomy). In Cow Head, pacifica, a small offshore species in soft Newfoundland, radiocarbon age of H. arctica sediments is reported (Coan and Valentich- fossils embedded in rock were approximately Scott 2007). 8,250 years BP (Brookes and Stevens 1984). Entodesma navicula is probably most The genus Hiatella is widespread in polar likely to be confused with H. arctica, as it is of latitudes dating to 150 million years ago a comparable size, shape, and habitat. (Laakkonen et al. 2015). A recent molecular Entodesma navicula has a dark, rough analysis of over 350 specimens using three periostracum, not a pale, thin one, an external gene regions suggests cryptic speciation ligament (like H. arctica), and short, fused rather than widespread distribution, including siphons, but without red tips. Inside the shell at least 13 different putative species, several Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Hiatella arctica. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. of them living sympatrically (Laakkonen et al. Abundance: Not common locally, however, 2015). These authors found several distinct H. arctica is the dominant byssal bivalve in lineages within the northeast Pacific (see the arctic and boreal regions (Coan and Laakkonen et al. 2015). Valentich-Scott 2007). Along with Mytilus Local Distribution: Local distribution in edulis, H. arctica was the most abundant Coos Bay including Pigeon Point. bivalves in Eyjafordur, North Iceland, with Habitat: Individuals nestle in old pholad newly metamorphosed spat observed on burrows or bore into smooth, soft, settlement plates throughout the year (Garcia homogenous rocks. They are also found in et al. 2008). Density reached approximately mussel (e.g., Mytilus) clumps, on pilings, and 815 individuals per meter in the White Sea on open coasts within algal holdfasts. On (Khalaman 2005). hard surfaces and within crevices, individuals attach byssally (Hunter 1949). Prefers Life-History Information sheltered locations or being covered by other Reproduction: Spawning occurs from mid organisms (Khalaman 2005). June through September and veliger larvae Salinity: Occurs in Coos Bay as well as are present through November (White Sea, more saline parts of estuary, and individuals Russia, Flyachinskaya and Lesin 2006). The have been collected at salinities of 30. Heart early development is apparently very similar rates 10 to 16 beats per minute at normal to Mytilus edulis (see description in this salinities but drops dramatically in response guide), which was described by Malakhov and to a change in salinity, returning to normal Medvedeva (1985). after 2–7 days (Bakhmet et al.
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