Wound Healing Borate Glass Nanofibers Can Cotton Candy-Like Pads Stimulate Tissue Mending?

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bulletinemerging ceramics & glass technology MAY 2011

Wound healing borate glass nanofibers Can cotton candy-like pads stimulate tissue mending?

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Topological Constraint Theory of Glass • Indo–U.S. Joint Center on Biomaterials for Healthcare report • Glass & Optical Materials Division annual meeting program • Ceramics Leadership Summit speakers and schedule • Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling and Sensing meeting preview •

contents May 2011 • Vol. 90 No. 4 feature articles ‘Cotton candy’ that heals? Borate glass nanofibers look promising...... 25 Peter Wray It may look like the sugary treat, but a new soft, pliable and antibiotic pad made from special glass filaments has been shown in an initial human trial to speed wound healing (with little scarring) in diabetic patients. A wide field of applications — from burns to battlefield injuries — may be in store for this biocompatible material. Topological constraint theory of glass ...... 31 John C. Mauro Perhaps the most powerful tool available to predict the relationship between the composition and structure of a glass and its measurable properties, this theory focuses on the key physics that govern the glassy state and bypasses the limitations associated with traditional atomistic modeling. cover story A report on the Indo-U.S. Joint Center for Biomaterials for Health Care ... 38 Glass ‘cotton candy’ Bikramjit Basu and Thomas Webster wound healing Collaborations between Indian and United States researchers are starting to pay off in breakthroughs for tissue engineering, hard tissue replacement materials and novel manufacturing of Borate glass nanofibers look complex-shaped implant materials. promising – page 25 2011 Glass & Optical Materials Division annual meeting preview ...... 41 Invitation from the program chair ...... 41 Award winner and sponsors...... 41 Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Short Course...... 42 GOMD schedule-at-a-glance ...... 42 Symposia schedule ...... 42 Poster session and student poster competition ...... 44 Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011...... 45 Speakers...... 45 General sessions...... 45 Hotel information ...... 46 Schedule of events ...... 47 2nd Advances in Cement-Based Materials: News & Trends Characterization, Processing, Modeling and Sensing ...... 48 Alfred U. to target leadership General information ...... 48 development with new E-LEAD Schedule of events ...... 48 Hotel information ...... 48 scholarships for engineering students – page 4 departments News & Trends ...... 3 • Chinese Academy tilts strategy to applied research, science leadership • Alfred U. to target leadership development with new E-LEAD scholarships for engineering students ACerS Spotlight ...... 9 • ICC4 call for papers announced • CLS 2011 general session speakers announced Ceramics in the Environment...... 13 • Novacem’s ‘carbon negative cement’ Ceramics in the • Cabot launches new aerogel additives for coatings • Leaking water infrastructure is $20B annual market, according to Lux, and Environment growing Cabot launches new aerogel additives for coatings – page 13

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY contents bulletin May 2011 • Vol. 90 No. 4

Executive Staff Charles G. Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher, [email protected] departments, continued Editorial and Production Advances in Nanomaterials ...... 15 Peter Wray, Editor • Perovskite-based tunable superlens developed ph: 614-794-5853 fx: 614-794-4505 [email protected] • Bioactive cement plaster: Bioengineering in action Tess M. Speakman, Graphic Designer • Spintronics may get boost from enhanced magnetism in BFO films Editorial Advisory Board James C. Marra, Chair, Savannah River National Lab Ceramics in Energy ...... 17 Kristen Brosnan, General Electric • Tres Amigas likely to be early high-profile superconductor grid project Alexis Clare, Alfred University Olivia Graeve, Alfred University • Disordered TiO2 nanocrystal surface yields durable, more efficient photo-catalyst Linda E. Jones, Alfred University Venkat Venkataramani, GE Research Research Briefs ...... 20 Customer Service/Circulation • New class of optical fiber developed at Penn State; ZnSe waveguide cores ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 open infrared spectrum [email protected] • Analysis of scale of animal trabeculae suggests new materials, structures Address • Evidence mounts that ‘pseudogap’ is distinct phase in superconducting 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 materials columns Journal of the American Ceramic Society preview ...... 49 Int’l Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology preview ...... 50 Advertising Sales Deciphering the discipline ...... 52 [email protected] Erica Marden National Sales Biomaterials innovation: Student exposure to ‘bio’ and health fields needed Patricia A. Janeway, Associate Publisher [email protected] ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 resources Europe Richard Rozelaar Calendar ...... 52 [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Classified Advertising ...... 53 Display Advertising Index ...... 56

Corrections: In the article “Developments in electrohydrodynamic forming” (Bulletin, March 2011, Vol. 90, No. 2), the correct affiliations of the authors are Michael Laudenslager, University of Florida, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; and Wolfgang Sigmund, University of Florida, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and WCU Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University. Also, their work was supported by the World Class University Program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Officers (R31-2008-000-10092). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Alumni Fellowship Marina Pascucci, President Program of University of Florida. George Wicks, President-elect Edwin Fuller, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics Charles Spahr, Executive Director community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2011. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published Board of Directors monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Rajendra K. Bordia, Director 2008-2011 Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with William G. Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2012 American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year David J. Green, Director 2010-2013 $75; international, 1 year $131.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Michael J. Hoffmann, Director 2008-2011 Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Linda E. Jones, Director 2009-2012 Single issues, January–November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, William Kelly, Director 2008-2011 nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. William Lee, Director 2010-2013 James C. Marra, Director 2009-2012 POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Kathleen Richardson, Director 2008-2011 Robert W. Schwartz, Director 2010-2013 Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. David W. Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian ACSBA7, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp 1–56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

2 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 news & trends

Chinese Academy tilts strategy CAS’s 1998 Knowledge Innovation CAS touts that as a result of KIP, to applied research, science Program. Chinese research spending “compared to the world’s 86 national surged under KIP and produced an academic research institutions, CAS leadership explosion of published research. cer scored in the top 10 in 14 subjects. Of Jane Qiu, writing in Nature News, provides a profound story about the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ new Innovation 2020 program, which signals a recalibra- tion of the nation’s science goals toward more applied research and commercialization. According to Qiu, the CAS will still provide strong support for basic research, but it is signaling a shift in strategic priorities in favor of applications and innovations that ultimately address- es national needs. Multidisciplinary work also will be emphasized. In particular, Qiu notes that Innovation 2020 charts out several break-through areas and three new research centers: “Innovation 2020 will kick off with new projects this year in seven key areas, including nuclear fusion and nuclear-waste management; stem cells and regenerative medicine; and calculation of the flux of carbon between land, oceans and atmosphere. Other priority areas include materials science, information technology, public health and the environment.” To coordinate resources better and to foster multidisciplinary research, the academy will set up three research centers for space science, clean coal technologies and geoscience-monitoring devices. It also plans to build three science parks – in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong province – to accelerate the conversion of basic research to marketable products, especially in renewable energy, information technology and biomedicine. Innovation 2020 builds on the

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 3 news & trends

those, in eight subjects, including chem- and Application Conference May group of 16 students at the university, istry, materials science, mathematics, 10–12, 2011, in Guangzhou. The con- plus help attract high-school-aged engineering, computer science, environ- ference is being held in association females to the field of engineering. ment and ecology, earth science and with China’s Iron & Steel Association, Doreen Edwards, dean of AU’s engi- physics, CAS was ranked in the top five.” Nonferrous Industry Association, neering school, explains E-LEAD by However, Qiu says CAS leaders Association of Refractories Industry noting that leadership and teamwork are raising the bar. “But the report and the Metallurgical Council of the skills are needed for a successful engi- acknowledges that there is substantial China Council for the Promotion of neering career. She says, “We hope to room for improvement. For example, International Trade. Aside from appli- teach students that leadership occurs CAS researchers should aim to become cations, such as blast furnaces, continu- at all levels within an organization and leaders of the international scientific ous casters and high-power electric-arc that they can apply their leadership community, and shift their focus away furnaces, organizers of the conference skills during their very first job as new from generating as many papers as pos- say they intend also to cover refrac- engineers. We are particularly inter- sible and toward genuine originality tories for nonferrous metals, cement, ested in developing leadership around and innovation,” she reports. glass and ceramic industries, plus green, issues related to gender in the science CAS currently has 50,000 employ- monolithic, low-carbon and noncarbon and engineering fields.” ees, 12 branch officers and 103 affiliated refractories. The leadership program Edwards and institutes, labs and engineering research Visit: Chinese Academy of Sciences others are crafting at AU will be based centers. http://english.cas.cn. n on what is known as the Social Change In regard to revenues generated by Model. Julia Overton-Healy, director of the Women’s Leadership Center, CAS-related companies, president Alfred U. to target leadership Yongxiang Lu reports that income was explains that SCM “assumes that there more than 170 billion RMB (about $26 development with new are core values held within ethical lead- billion) in 2010. This represents approx- E-LEAD scholarships for ership, and taken together, create change for the common good. Leadership, then, imately a 20-fold increase since 2000. engineering students According to the Xinhua news ser- is not positional: It becomes a shared Using $570,000 in NSF seed money, vice, “The CAS deputy president, Bai endeavor of committed persons working Alfred University’s Inamori School of Chunli, said 2011 would serve as a pilot toward a common goal.” Engineering and the school’s Division and start-up period for the program, Overton-Healy says scholars selected of Student Affairs are launching an while breakthroughs in strategically for E-LEAD will learn specific leader- innovative leadership program for engi- important scientific fields, such as ener- ship skills. Moreover, she notes, the neering students. The program, called gy, health, environment and advanced scholars will be helped in three strategic Engineering Leadership Education and materials, were expected in the follow- areas: identifying their core strengths, Development, will begin as a five-year ing years.” aptitudes and values; understanding program to identify and work with a how their experiences, privileges and Qualitatively improving the national research–development–demonstration– deployment conveyor belt is a goal shared by many countries, including the United States. However, making these improvements requires significant and politically difficult strategic deci- sions about shaking up the status quo in regard to funding, infrastructure, status and accountability. There is no guar- antee that China will succeed, for the same reasons. But China is riding on a lot of momentum from the 1998–2010 period. CAS has laid out its goals clearly, so it will be interesting to watch. Along these lines, it is worth noting that China will hold its first (Credit: Rick McLay; Alfred Univ.) International Refractory Production Alfred University High-Temp Lab.

4 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 disadvantages shape how they lead; students, résumé and interviewing Freedonia: Demand for refrac- and locating opportunities to improve workshops, optional co-op educational tories to increase more than 5 gender inequity in science, technology, experiences and summer internships. engineering and mathematics. Skills Edwards and Overton-Healy will percent annually through 2014 training will include public speaking, serve as coprincipal investigators. The Freedonia Group, a market meeting management, time manage- They plan on using the first year of research firm, says that the market ment, listening and conflict resolution. the project on program development for refractory products generally will Overton-Healy says she expects the and recruitment of the first group of enjoy strong, steady growth over the mix of theory, self assessments, skill E-LEAD scholars. The grant is expect- next three years, especially in the Asia building and real-world application ed to provide scholarships to 16 male region and particularly in regard to will give E-LEAD scholars higher self and female students throughout their China. A new study available from confidence and efficacy in assuming academic career, plus support outreach Freedonia says demand will grow on leadership roles. She says one compo- activities aimed at increasing the num- average 5.3 percent each year through nent will be “community building” that ber of female students in engineering. 2014 and eventually will amount to will include peer mentoring, colocated While the NSF funding provides nearly 41 million metric tons per year student housing and networking events. support for the first five years, Edwards in sales. As far as products go, the 371- E-LEAD also will be able to leverage and Overton-Healy view E-LEAD as a page study says monolithics will outper- programming already offered by AU’s long-term effort, and say they will be form brick and shapes. Women’s Leadership Center. seeking corporate support to make it According to Freedonia, consump- In regard to career development, a sustainable program for engineering tion of refractory products by China E-LEAD will provide on-campus students. and India will be above average, but research opportunities for first-year Visit: www.engineering.alfred.edu/ n even United States and European mar-

HiTemp 2011 is intended to foster discussion and debate regarding the most recent understanding of high temperature materials and the state of the art in their experimental studies, processes, and diagnostics for scientific www.hitemp2011.com and technological applications.

Tuesday, September 20 to Thursday, September 22, 2011 Experimental studies of Millennium Hotel high temperature materials Boston, MA n 10 keynote lectures n 28 contributed lectures n 3 poster sessions

Leading Thermal Analysis

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 5 news & trends

Change in world refractory demand: kets are projected to do sig- rebound from dismal levels in 2009.” nificantly better than during But, Freedonia also warns that U.S. Thousand Thousand Thousand Percent Percent Refractory metric tons metric tons metric tons change change the 2004–2009 period when and European refractory manufacturers demand 2004 2009 2014 2004–2009 2009–2014 consumption fell at annual could get squeezed by the raw-material Worldwide rates of approximately 5 prices, suggesting that, “Raw material demand 25,665 31,500 40,700 + 4.2 + 5.3 percent. supply will continue to be a challenge North America 3,305 2,445 3,150 –5.9 + 5.8 In a news release, the to refractory producers.” Western Europe 3,550 2,725 3,240 –5.2 + 3.5 company notes, “Suppliers Despite a miniboom in U.S. steel Asia/Pacific 13,350 21,340 21,340 + 9.8 + 5.5 will benefit from an production in the mid- and late-2000s, Other regions 5,460 4,990 6,460 –1.8 + 5.3 improvement in the key refractory producers complained U.S. market, which will because they often had to pay premium prices for bauxite and other key materi- MS&T’11 symposium to highlight career of Jay Narayan als, plus they faced tough sales negotia- Formally titled the International tions with metal-making companies. Symposium on Advances in Demand in all markets will still Nanostructured Materials and be driven by steel and iron produc- Applications/Acta Materialia Gold tion, according to the study. “Despite Medal Symposia, these sessions will declines in the amount of units needed delve into a wide range of topics: per ton of steel produced, iron and steel will have the strongest gains of any Electronic materials market through 2014 due to rising steel • Defects, interfaces and thin-film production,” says the company. Freedonia also expects increased epitaxy across the misfit scale in

(Credit: Matt Shipman, NC State News Services.) demand for refractory products from dissimilar materials; Narayan aluminum producers as wells as from • Synthesis and non-equilibrium This fall’s MS&T program will have nonmetallic mineral products markets, processing of functional electro- a special symposium dedicated to the such as ceramics, cement and other nic materials; research contributions of Jagdish (Jay) mineral products, as well as demand • Self-assembly of nanostructured Narayan, a professor at North Carolina from petroleum, chemicals, paper and functional materials; State University. Narayan, a member aerospace applications. • Nanoscale and atomic-scale of ACerS and many other scientific Freedonia’s optimism about mono- and technical organizations, has cov- characterization; lithics is because of the growing use of ered a lot of territory in his research, • Nanostructure-property these products to extend the interval from vacancies and interstitials in ionic correlations and modeling. between brick relinings of ovens, ladles solids to laser thin-film deposition, and other high-temperature uses. novel LEDs, high-temperature super- Structural materials Freedonia’s full report is available conductors and diamond-like films. • Control of nanostructures and for $5,900 from The Freedonia Group, Besides his research, Narayan also processing of bulk nanostructured www.freedoniagroup.com, or call 440- has been a leader in his field, serving in materials; 684-9600. n oversight capacities at the Oak Ridge • Stability of nanostructured mate- National Lab, the Microelectronics rials and grain-size effects; Center of North Carolina and the • Role of twinning and properties Art museums gets technical National Science Foundation. He is of nanomaterials; with advanced ceramic, currently director of the NSF Center • Control of ductility and fracture CoorsTek porcelain exhibits toughness; for Advanced Materials and Smart The science behind ceramic materi- • Mechanical properties and related Structures at NCSU. als has become a point of interest at applications. To mark this materials all-star’s two museums in the United States. The The MS&T’11 website includes a contributions, the ACerS, Army Denver Art Museum announced that list of the impressive speakers have Research Lab, ASM International, it will have a special exhibit begin- TMS and the Kopin Corp are sponsor- who already confirmed their participa- ning June 11 called “Potters of preci- ing this special symposium to pay trib- tion. Visit www.matscitech.org n sion: The Coors Porcelain Company,” ute to Narayan. which will display special porcelain

6 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 technology. [. . .] With the current dia- heat-treat furnace equipment, helped logue regarding the necessity for a green museum staff with the exhibit and to environment and global responsibility pull together several related events, – have you ever considered that the such as the February 5 ceramic industry answer might be clay? Or that clay tech- mixer, a grand-opening reception and a nology is an energy-efficient practice? “Family Science Day” that featured lots Ceramic products are used to create of hand-on activities. clean energy with lower costs, establish- On April 9, 2011, AMOCA hosted a

(Credit: Denver Art Museum) ing jobs which build a sustainable econ- special presentation by Vilupanur Ravi, Beakers, such as this, and other porcelain omy. Organic clay particles can replace professor and chair of the Chemical & lab equipment will be be part of an art the volatile chemicals used in plastics. Materials Engineering Department at exhibit opening in early June, which high- Ceramic seeds can be used to deliver Cal Poly, Pomona. Ravi lectured on the lights the beauty of functional clay products localized radiation that kills cancer topic, “How Advanced Ceramics Play manufactured by Coors Porcelain Co./ cells, yet leaves healthy cells alone. You an Important Role in Industry Today.” CoorsTek. may be familiar with the mundanities Ravi also helped during the special labware and tools manufactured by the of porcelain dental implants, kitchen Family Science Day activities held ear- entity now known as CoorsTek. At the sinks, light bulb sockets, and ceramic- lier in the year. same time, the American Museum of lined crock pots, but you may not recog- AMOCA praises the support they Ceramic Art is installing a permanent nize the hundreds of other ceramic engi- have received from Bryan Vansell of exhibit of examples of where ceramic neering applications such as ceramic Mission Clay Products; Joel Moskowitz, materials are found in many common hip or joint replacements, ceramic space CEO of Ceradyne Inc.; CoorsTek; and advance technical applications. ship tiles and ceramic body armor plates Kyocera; and SPT Small Precision The Denver museum says in a news used for defense.” Tools. release, referring to the variety of cru- Wendell Keith, CEO of Keith Visit: www.denverartmuseum.org cibles, beakers, evaporating dishes, etc., Company, a maker of industrial and www.ceramicmuseum.org n made by CoorsTek, a Golden, Colo. company, “Beauty and function exist simultaneously in vessels that serve scientists’ precisely stated needs.” CoorsTek makes lab equipment, but it also has branched out into a huge range of advanced ceramic technologies, including products for the defense, automotive, aerospace, telecom, semiconductor, medical and general industrial markets. Farther west, in Pomona, Calif., the America Museum of Ceramic Art also is bringing the arts and science communities together and creating programming and permanent displays about advanced ceramic engineering and science. AMOCA opened in January a new great exhibition on the theme of advanced ceramic and science technology, “Ceramics for the New Millennium.” The museum says the exhibit is an unfamiliar departure from the museum’s usual art fare. A brochure tells attendees they will, “See how your every-day life is improved by the multitude of innova- Cal Poly Pomona’s Vilupanur Ravi demonstrates a superconducting magnet as part of tions and inventions that use ceramic AMOCA’s Family Science Day.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 7 news & trends

Sandia, TEES and Khalifa U. launch GNEII nuclear energy safety institute for Middle East region The world now is quite a bit in departmental more tuned in to the need for multi- and TEES activi- national cooperation on nuclear energy ties. issues than it was a few months ago. The Sandia Hopefully, that awareness will translate team, led by into some appreciation for the work Adam Williams, being done by two United States groups conceived and and a university in Abu Dhabi to help led the develop- “seed” a culture of nuclear energy safety ment of the new (Credit: Khalifa University.) and security around the world. institute that GNEII nuclear energy safety, security institute was officially launched Sandia National Labs recently seeds and culti- with the signing of an agreement among TEES, Sandia National announced that representatives of a vates a regional Laboratories and Khalifa University. special group within the lab, along culture of respon- with experts from Texas Engineering sible nuclear energy management. require, have a responsibility to help Experiment Station and leaders from Others have used the story of the local professionals adequately prepare the Khalifa University of Science, “genie in the bottle” as a metaphor for for what they’re building.” Technology & Research (Abu Dhabi), nuclear materials, so it is appropriate to The target audience is policymakers, have signed a memorandum of under- note that GNEII is symbolically about government officials and energy pro- standing that establishes the Gulf keeping the lid on that bottle. Sandia gram executives. The three institutions Nuclear Energy Infrastructure Institute says there is international interest in are developing a curriculum around (GNEII, pronounced “genie”). this topic matter, and it hopes the new general nuclear energy safety, safeguards The Texas Engineering Experiment program will become a model for others and security issues. Specific subjects Station is an engineering research agen- built on a regional basis. that will be covered are cy of the State of Texas and part of the In a Sandia news release, Adams • Systems thinking; Texas A&M University system. TAMU says, “Those of us with knowledge, who • Basic nuclear physics; has a significant Department of Nuclear understand the safety, safeguards and • Nuclear fuel cycles; Engineering and many staff participate security that nuclear energy programs • Nonproliferation; • General power plant operations; and Business news • Radiological materials management. Participants also will be required to Corning releases a ‘Day Made of Glass’ vacuum foreline traps for green product conduct an independent research proj- video (www.corning.com/news_center/ manufacturing processes (www.massvac. ect. Initially, participation is limited to features/A_Day_Made_of_Glass.aspx) … com) … CoorsTek invests $3 million in professionals from three Emirati organi- CM Furnaces celebrates 65th birthday EmiSense Technologies (www.coorstek. zations (not named). There are plans to (www.cmfurnaces.com) … Upgraded com) … Michelman strengthens new ultimately include professionals from all universal borescope from Schoelly global fibers and composites business six Gulf Cooperation Council members Imaging offers modular advantage unit with appointment of business devel- (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi (www.schoellyimaging.com) … Thermal opment manager, Asia Pacific (www. Arabia and United Arab Emirates). Technology provides K1 sapphire grow- michelman.com) … Paumanok Group “Nuclear energy programs are com- ers to Silian (www.thermaltechnology. report: Resistors, Discrete Inductors and plex and there are many steps to estab- com) … Harper awarded contract for Capacitors - World Markets, Technologies lishing a responsible nuclear program,” complete state-of-the-art carbon-fiber and Opportunities 2011-2015 (www. Williams continues in the Sandia processing line at Oak Ridge National paumanokgroup.com) … Trek introduces release. “Among the local ranks in the Lab (www.harperintl.com) … Crumm new high-frequency amplifier for MEMS Middle East, few understood all facets. assumes leadership as Ultra Electronics (www.trekinc.com) … Engis Corp. Our goal is to provide a solid start for a Adaptive Materials expands staff 20 plans 54,000-square-foot expansion at comprehensive, complete and coherent percent (www.adaptivematerials.com … world headquarters (www.engis.com) … introduction to a responsible nuclear Diamon-Fusion International announces Shimadzu offers new universal testers energy program so the idea of a ‘Middle Eastern nuclear energy program’ won’t new officers, directors (www.diamon- that streamline analysis (www.shimadzu. keep people up at night.” fusion.com) … MV Products offers com). n Visit www.sandia.gov n

8 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 acers spotlight

Welcome to our newest Corporate Members ACerS recognizes organizations that joined the Society as Corporate Members in the past few months. For more information on benefits of becoming a Corporate Member, contact Nick Schafer at [email protected] or visit ACerS special Corporate Member web page, www.ceramics.org/ corporate.

Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasive Co. Ltd. www.boroncarbide.cn

McDanel Advanced Ceramic Technologies LLC www.mcdanelceramics.com

Resodyn Acoustic Mixers Inc. www.resodynmixers.com

ICC4 call for papers announced It’s time to submit abstracts for the 4th International Congress on Ceramics to be held July 15–19, 2012, in Chicago. ICC4 is a global event designed to foster discussion and planning concerning issues facing the global ceramic and glass communities and a must-attend event for science, technology and business leaders in this field. Organizers say ICC4 attendees can shape the future of the ceramics and glass industry and technology by joining more than 600 business, research and government leaders from around the world to • Listen and learn from leaders in the ceramic and glass materials community; • Exchange ideas with invited speakers; • Share ideas in interactive sessions; • Present your work and vision in the Interactive Technology Forum; and • Exhibit the latest commercially available materials, equipment, products and services. ICC4 will incorporate the Ceramic Leadership Summit 2012, an annual meeting where business and technical leaders discuss business opportunities, emerging technologies and critical areas for scientific advancement and process innovations that challenge the ceramic and glass materials community. Visit: www.ceramics.org/icc4 n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 9 acers spotlight

nologies for innovative surface coatings. CLS 2011 general session speakers announced For more information on the confer- The 2011 Ceramic Leadership Summit, hosted Aug. 1–3 in Baltimore, will ence and submitting abstracts, visit: feature impressive general session speakers who represent a top-rung cross section www.ceramics.org/daytona2012 n of the materials business and technology field. Wolfgang Rossner, a leading R&D manager, will lead off the first general ses- Suresh to be MS&T’11 plenary sion by speaking on “Advanced Ceramics for Sustainability – View from Siemens Corporate Technology.” Rossner will be followed by respected technology session speaker leader Krishan L. Luthra, who will be speaking on “Emerging Applications and As the date for this year’s MS&T Challenges in Using Ceramic Materials at General Electric.” meeting approaches, organizers are In the next general session, A123 Systems cofounder and CTO Bart Riley, confirming more of the details of the Mo-Sci Corp.’s president Ted Day and CeraNova Corp.’s president Marina conference program. Most recently, they Pascucci will jointly present case studies on building businesses based on materi- had the pleasure of announcing that als technology. Subra Suresh, director of the National The third general session will feature Thomas A. Cole, vice president of busi- Science Foundation, will be the fea- ness development at Ceradyne Inc. Cole will explore “Business Opportunities tured speaker at the plenary session on and Strategies in Emerging Markets.” Monday, Oct. 17. The session is set to start at 8:30 a.m. and run until noon. Alexander Michaelis’ presentation on “Connecting Research, Technology Suresh’s lecture will lead off the and Manufacturing” will be the focus of the final general session. Michaelis is the session, and his presentation – on the director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems. importance of the United State’s sci- Registration for CLS 2011 is open now. There is a “super-early-bird” discount- ence and technology workforce – will ed registration of $225 now available, but that savings opportunity ends May 16. be followed by several prominent speak- Visit: www.ceramics.org/cls2011 n ers on related topics. Look for more information coming soon or visit www. matscitech.org n ICACC’12 (Daytona Beach) call nanocomposites; for papers issued • Advanced processing and manufacturing technologies for struc- GOMD announces award win- ACerS announces a call for papers tural and multifunctional materials ners and lecturers for the 36th International Conference and systems; ACerS’ Glass & Optical Materials and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and • Porous ceramics: novel develop- Composites. The meeting will be host- Division has announced the winners of ments and applications; ed at the Hilton Daytona Beach Resort its 2011 awards. The awards will be pre- • Thermal management materials and Ocean Center Jan. 22–27, 2012. sented the Division’s upcoming annual and technologies; This conference showcases cutting- meeting, scheduled for May 15–19, • Nanomaterials for sensing appli- edge research and product develop- 2011, in Savannah, Ga. cations: from fundamentals to ments in advanced ceramics, armor This year, GOMD has tapped device generation; ceramics, solid oxide fuel cells, ceramic Delbert Day to give its “Stookey • Materials for extreme environ- coatings, bioceramics and more. Lecture of Discovery” award lecture. The meeting will feature symposia on ments: ultra-high-temperature Day is Curators’ Professor of Ceramic • Mechanical behavior and perfor- ceramics and nanolaminated Engineering and Senior Research mance of ceramics and nano- ternary carbides and nitrides Investigator at the Graduate Center for composites; (MAX phases); Materials Research, Missouri University • Advanced ceramic coatings for • Advanced ceramics and compos- of Science and Technology. The award structural, environmental and ites for nuclear applications; and was created in honor of materials pio- functional applications; • Advanced materials and technolo- neer S. Donald Stookey to recognize • Solid oxide fuel cells: materials, gies for rechargeable batteries. an individual’s lifetime of innovative science and technology; The meeting also has three focus research. Day has titled his lecture • Armor ceramics; sessions: Geopolymers, inorganic poly- “Repairing the Body with Glass,” which • Next-generation bioceramics; mers, hybrid organic–inorganic polymer will be given the morning of May 16. • Electric energy generations, storage materials; Computational design, mod- The Division’s “George W. Morey and distribution; eling and simulation of ceramics and Award” is going to Neville Greaves, • Nanostructured materials and composites; and Next-generation tech- Distinguished Research Professor in

10 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 Call for Papers Abstracts Due July 20, 2011 the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge (U.K.). As part of the award, Greaves will present a lecture, “Glass Structure, Ion Transport and the Pareto Principle,” on the morning of May 17. The award, sponsored by PPG Industries, honors the memory of George W. Morey, who was a pioneer in the study of glass properties. The award recognizes new and original work in the field of glass science and technology. The 2011 “Norbert J. Kreidl Award” for young scholars is going to Randilynn Christensen, an MSE studying at Iowa State University, based on her extended abstract “The Mixed Glassformer Effect in Sodium Borophosphate Glass.” Christensen will be given her award at a lunch ceremony at noon on May 17. For more information, visit: www. ceramics.org/gomd2011n

Call for papers announced for ‘Energy 2012’ TH Abstracts can now be submitted for the 36 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy 2012 meeting. The deadline for abstracts is Sept. 19, 2011. ADVANCED CERAMICS “Energy 2012” will feature symposia on • Batteries and energy storage; • Biomass; AND COMPOSITES • Electric grid; • Geothermal; • Hydrogen; • Hydropower; • Nuclear; • Solar power; and • Wind energy. Scheduled for Feb. 26–29, 2012, Energy 2012 will facilitate information sharing on the latest developments involving materials for alternative January 22-27, 2012 and renewable energy systems. Make Hosted at Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center your reservations for sunny Clearwater Daytona Beach Florida, USA Beach, Fla., today! Visit www.ceramics. org/energy2012 n www.ceramics.org/daytona2012 In Memoriam John Randall Wheeler, 1934–2011 Organized by The American Ceramic Society and Some detailed obituaries also can be The American Ceramic Society’s Engineering Ceramics Division found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 11 ADDITIvES, AwARDS HIGHLIGHT REFRACTORIES MEETING Over 150 attendees at the 47th Sym- posium on Refractories (March 23-24, 2011) traveled from as far away as Brazil, France, Germany, Norway, Peru, Turkey and the United Kingdom, and as close as from Rolla, Pevely and, of course, St. Louis. Mo. The symposium, sponsored by the St. Louis Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society, had a theme this year of “Additives for Monolithics.” The organizers, who include people such as Mary Reidmeyer (Missouri S&T), James Hemrick (Oak Ridge National Lab), Dave Tucker (CE Minerals) and Ben Markel (Resco Products), put together a The meeting was honored to have at least 14 T.J. Plange Award winners stellar schedule that included present, including, from left, Lou Trostel Jr., Jim Hill, Howard Johnson, Dilip presentations from Dale Zacherl from Almatis, Rajan Srinivasacharya Jain, Kent weisenstein, Charles Semler, Rob Crolius, Roy Bottjer, Len Krietz, Mark Stett, Orville Hunter and George Taylor. from Momentive Specialty Chemicals and Xiaoyong Xiong from Damrec–Imerys. At the symposium luncheon, victor Carlos the St. Louis Section honored Pandolfelli gave The Refractories Institute’s an invited lecture on Refractory Rob Crolius with the T.J. Planje Microstructure Award, named in recognition of Engineering. the contribution to the former Pandolfelli, who dean of what years ago was is from Brazil’s called Missouri School of Mines Universidad Federal de and Metallurgy, the precursor Sao Carlos, also called to Missouri S&T. n for efforts to enhance public awareness about refractory technologies and careers.

Missouri University of Science & Technology’s Patty Smith was recognized during the meeting for her organizing efforts on behalf of the Annual Symposium.

RCD chair James Hemrick, left, presented the 2010 Alfred w. Allen Award to Devdutt Shukla and Jeffrey D. Smith for their paper, “Effect of Celsian on Corrosion of Aluminosilicate Castable Refractories,” (Refractories Applications Transactions, vol. 4, No. 3, November/December Rob Crolius, of The Refractories Institute, receives the 2009). The biennial award is presented in recognition of the refractories-oriented paper that St. Louis Section’s 2011 T.J. Planje from Orville Hunter. the award committee believes reflected the highest level of technical quality. 12 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 ceramics in the environment

Novacem’s ‘carbon negative cement’ A “green” material that has received press attention in recent months is a product from Novacem that the company is billing as a “carbon negative cement.” The most recent stimulus for these stories is that in February, a New York- based consultancy group, Material ConneXion announced that it had given Novacem’s cement an award as Material of the Year for 2010. Novacem also has received recognition from Technology Review and the Wall Street Journal. According to Novacem (London, U.K.), its MgO-based cement not only doesn’t emit carbon dioxide, but (Credit: Novacem.) absorbs it. The company’s website Blocks made with Novacem cement. provides the following explanation: “Novacem has developed a new class it emits, making it a carbon negative cements, the production of which of cement which will offer performance product.” requires major CO2 emissions and is and cost parity with ordinary Portland To avoid confusion, it is worth not- very energy intensive. The mainstream cement, but with a carbon negative ing that although it has some similari- cement industry, itself, has been taking footprint. It is uniquely positioned to ties, Novacem’s product is not to be steps to address some of these problems, meet the challenge of reducing cement mixed up with geopolymers, which is but change has been slow. industry carbon emissions.” another family of cement alternatives. One reason why engineers and con- The website continues, “Our cement Members of the ACerS Cement tractors haven’t embraced alternatives, is based on magnesium oxide and Division explained to the Bulletin that such as geopolymers and Novacem, is hydrated magnesium carbonates. Our magnesium-based cements are far from that most building and construction production process uses accelerated new and have been around since at codes are formula based rather than carbonation of magnesium silicates least 1867. They are sometimes known performance based. In other words, the under elevated levels of temperature as “Sorel cements.” codes tend to spell out in detail what and pressure (i.e., 180°C/150 bar). The Although magnesium-based cements mix of concrete can be used where, carbonates produced are heated at low have a chemistry different from the instead of establishing a set of charac- temperatures (700°C) to produce MgO, magnesium silicate cements proposed teristics (e.g., compressive strength). with the CO2 generated being recycled by Novacem, some members of the Unless these codes are modified – and back in the process. Division believe that they would there doesn’t appear to be any motion The use of magnesium silicates likely be much more expensive than in that direction – general demand eliminates the CO2 emissions from raw Portland-based cements. will be curtailed, and the small scale of materials processing. In addition, the One perplexing thing about this specialty-type demand (e.g., emergency low temperatures required allow use product is that there appears to be no repairs of military airfields) will keep of fuels with low energy content or independent research on the proper- production costs high. carbon intensity (i.e., biomass), thus ties of the Novacem cement. It would Nevertheless, Novacem appears to be further reducing carbon emissions. be important to examine, for example, optimistic about its cement. According Additionally, production of the carbon- the durability and water resistance of to IBTimes website, “the cement will ates absorbs CO2; they are produced by Novacem’s product compared with be released commercially starting 2014, carbonating part of the manufactured Portland-based cement. Therefore, but not by Novacem. Instead, they MgO using atmospheric/industrial some caution must be exercised in will sell the patent rights to producing

CO2. Overall, the production process regard to accepting their claims. companies, who will (hopefully) com- to make one ton of Novacem cement Certainly, there is an interest in mercialize it at competitive prices.” absorbs up to 100 kg more CO2 than “green” alternatives to Portland-type Visit: www.novacem.com n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 13 ceramics in the environment

Cabot launches new aerogel Leaking water infrastructure is additives for coatings $20B annual market, according The holy grail for thermal insula- to Lux, and growing tion is a practical (i.e, inexpensive Lux Research has just published a and easy to use) product that incor- new research report, “Patching Water porates silica-based aerogel, and, at Infrastructure Where it Leaks Money.” first glance, Cabot’s new Enova line of Lux divides the opportunities into aerogel particles appears to be a step in two categories: pipe repair solutions and the right direction. monitoring solutions. Bulk silica aerogel is a hydrophobic (Credit: Cabot.) Pipe repair, at first glance, seems superinsulator, but it is extremely brittle Cabot’s Enova 3110 aerogel particles. straight forward, but Lux senior and, therefore, not so easy to manufac- tial applications as wide ranging as home researcher Brent Giles is unexcited ture in quantity, transport, use in large and commercial appliances, process pip- about this sector, saying there is little sizes, etc. Some niche applications have ing, building and tank storage.” technical innovation. He argues that the been found where the size of the prod- Cabot says the thermal conductiv- big money in this market is in monitor- ucts are small and buyers are willing to ing solutions for water and waste sys- pay a premium for the extra performance. ity of the particles is 12 milliwatts per meterper degree kelvin. Although this tems. The analogy he draws is to Smart Other companies, such as Cabot, Grid technology that is enabling utilities ThermoBlok and Aspen, also have is theoretically better than polyurethane foam (30 mW/m·K), the company to monitor their systems in real time, been trying to find a useful middle and to target resources and repairs. ground, where some thickness and admits that the thermal conductivity of Enova can exceed polyurathane (30 According to Giles, water/waste performance characteristics are being managers likewise need to benefit from traded off for ease-of-use considerations. mW/m·K to 50 mW/m·K) when the particles are used as an additive in a water- advances in information technolo- And, so far, even these are being aimed gies. They need real-time and detailed at high-payoff types of applications, borne formulation. Cabot points out that this is still seven to 10 times more monitoring of the water infrastructure, such as pipelines and storage tanks, which also can alert them to a range of where added temperature control can insulative than standard paint – and I suspect that the company will be look- problems, including storm surges and yield major energy savings and to create contaminant dumping. thermal barriers in isolated construc- ing to develop some partnerships with paint manufacturers and construction Giles, who authored the report, says tion elements, such as steel stud facings. software and sensor technologies can Cabot’s innovation in aerogel seems material suppliers. The Enova brand actually encom- provide a dynamic picture of a water to be developing a product aimed specif- utility’s entire infrastructure. “Without ically at the coatings market. Although passes three types of aerogel products, which are mainly differentiated by this holistic view, utilities cannot prior- the reliance on particles rather than itize the most critical repairs – and may sheets of aerogel decreases the potential particle size: 0.1–0.7 millimeter, 0.1–1.2 millimeter and 2–40 micrometer. end up throwing money down the drain for insulation, this disadvantage could to address the leaks that are visible be offset by the advantage of being eas- James Pidhurney, Cabot’s manager today rather than the ones that could ily sprayed on using standard manufac- for the Enova products, predicts in prove catastrophic tomorrow,” he says. turing and constructon equipment. the company’s announcement that Giles says, however, to think beyond An announcement from the company, big changes may be in store. He says “Smart Water Meters.” There are new timed to coincide with the opening of the, “Enova aerogel [additive] creates opportunities in leak and chemical the European Coatings Show, says that, a paradigm shift in how the industry detectors, underground mapping systems “applying a [1-millimeter] coating con- thinks about insulation and coatings, (such as LIDAR), algorithmic event taining Enova aerogel to a 200°C metal two products which were once mutually predictors and systems for processing and surface meets U.S. and European testing exclusive. In the past, if you wanted responding to Smart Meter data. protocols for safe touch temperature, pre- flexibility in a coating, you had to He says some managers need to own venting the first-degree burns one would compromise on insulation performance. three-dimensional maps that show normally expect within five seconds of Enova additives enable a new class of exactly where the pipe is. The next skin contact. A thicker application, such coatings that deliver[s] the performance step will be to start placing detectors as a [2-millimeter] coating results in a of traditional insulation and the flex- and dynamic meters and simultaneously reduction in energy use of 30 percent for ibility of a coating in a single product.” uninsulated metal vessels maintained at Visit: www.cabot-corp.com/aerogel/ begin to create event models. n 70°C. This can easily translate to poten- coatings n Visit www.luxresearchinc.com

14 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 advances in nanomaterials

Perovskite-based tunable superlens developed The DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley National Lab says its staffers have developed a novel mode of fabricating a superlens for the infrared spectrum using, for the first time, perovskite- based oxides. The lab says a group led by Ramamoorthy Ramesh has reported on its “Near-field examination of perovskite-based superlenses and superlens-enhanced probe-object coupling” in Nature Communications (doi:10.1038/ ncomms1249). The innovation is an alternative to super resolution imaging approaches (Credit: Kehr, et. al.) ▲ that are based on metamaterials. In Experimental setup shows an IR free- electron laser light source and perovskite brief, metamaterials are difficult to superlens consisting of BiFeO3 and SrTiO3 make and absorb a lot of precious light layers. Imaged objects are SrRuO patterns energy. 3 (orange) on a SrTiO3 substrate. The near-field According to the lab’s release, “The probe is shown in blue and the evanescent perovskite-based oxides on the other waves in red. hand are simpler and easier to fabricate and are ideal for capturing light in the mid-infrared range. This opens the door to highly sensitive biomedical detection (Credit: Kehr, et. al.) and imaging. It is also possible that the ▲ AFM image of subwavelength strontium ruthenate rectangles imaged with perovskite- superlensing effect can be selectively based superlens using incident IR light of 14.6 micrometer wavelengths. turned on/off, which would open the door to highly dense data writing and low rate of photon absorption and can Kehr says. “This is the concept of data- storage.” be grown as epitaxial multilayers whose storage, with writing by electric fields The group says it is able to achieve highly crystalline quality reduces inter- and optical read-outs.” an imaging resolution of λ/14 at the face roughness so there are few photons Liu says that the mid-infrared spec- superlensing wavelength. lost to scattering,” they say. “This com- tral region at which their superlens One of the biggest challenges for bination of low absorption and scat- functions is prized for biomedical appli- the researchers according to the report tering losses significantly improves the cations. “Compared with optical wave- was finding the right combination of imaging resolution of the superlens.” lengths, there are significant limitations perovskites that would make an effec- This research was conducted by an in the basic components available today tive superlens. What they landed on international collaboration of scientists, for biophotonic delivery in the mid- was a layer of bismuth ferrite and a including ACerS member Lane Martin infrared. Our superlens has the poten- layer of strontium titanate with thick- at the University of Illinois, Cham- tials to eliminate these limitations.” nesses of 200 and 400 nanometers, paign-Urbana. Liu suggests the world is full of respectively. These thin films were Because of thickness and related opportunities for these materials, say- grown by pulsed-laser deposition. wavelength issues, these investigators ing, “Perovskites display a wide range of In the lab’s release, Susanne sought and found a way to gain detailed fascinating properties, such as ferroelec- Kehr, now with the University of St. control over the superlens, selective tricity and piezoelectricity, superconduc- Andrews (Scotland) and Yongmin Liu, tuning sections or toggling the effect tivity and enormous magnetoresistance, a metamaterials expert at Berkeley’s via an external electric field. that might inspire new functionalities NSF Nanoscale Science and Engi- “The ability to switch superlensing of perovskite-based superlenses, such as neering Center, provide additional on and off for a certain wavelength nonvolatile memory, microsensors and information about the advantages of with an external electric field would microactuators, as well as applications perovskites. “The bismuth ferrite and make it possible to activate and deac- in nanoelectronics.” strontium titanate material feature a tivate certain local areas of the lens,” Visit: www.lbl.gov n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 15 advances in nanomaterials

Bioactive cement plaster: Bioengineering in action For some time, it has been common For many applications, the living vents. Besides commonly used natural to use enzymes as biocatalysts. When cells are immobilized within a stable polymers, some porous inorganic matri- the enzymes required are difficult or matrix system. This prevents the ces have become increasingly important expensive to extract, the utilization of embedded cells against culture wash- for immobilizing living cells. microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, out and protects them from external Results of former studies have shown or fungi is an alternative. impact, such as shear forces, pH or sol- that bacteria can be successfully embedded within a very hard concrete matrix Spintronics may get boost from enhanced magnetism in BFO films and can remain viable for a period of four months. This encouraged the R&D Also from Berkeley Lab (see previ- organization GMBU and the company ous story), we received word about InnoTERE (both Dresden, Germany) to work there regarding spontaneous mag- investigate the immobilization of micro- netization in bismuth ferrite, another organisms in cements. The researchers multiferroic material. examined the viability and biocatalytic What seems to have researchers applicability of the bacteria Rhodococ- really excited is that they can turn this cus ruber and the yeast Saccharomyces magnetization on and off via an exter- cerevisiae, in particular their depen- nal electric field at room temperature, dence on preparation conditions. making the BFO a possible material For their investigations, they used for spintronic applications. magnesium phosphate cement, which In a news release from the lab, can be prepared easily by mixing hard-

Ramamoorthy Ramesh, the materials (Credit: Ramesh Group; Berkeley Lab.) burned tribasic magnesium phosphate scientist with the lab’s Materials Sci- AFM image of a mixed-phase bismuth powder and ammonium phosphate ences Division who led this research, ferrite sample. The red and green areas solution. Because of the stiffness of the explains the novel approach taken. He indicate phase regions oriented at 90 cement matrix, bioactive MPC could says, “[W]e’ve created a new magnetic degrees to each other. be very interesting for applications in state in bismuth ferrite along with composed of the rhombohedral and bioremediation, in biotechnology as the ability to electrically control this tetragonal phases. Ramesh says the bulk material in large columns or reac- magnetism at room temperature. An mixture can be stable, with the rhom- tive walls, or as bioactive cement plas- enhanced magnetization arises in the bohedral phases mechanically confined ter within sewers. rhombohedral phases of our bismuth by regions of the tetragonal phases. The results of the study, “Cements ferrite self-assembled nanostructures. As a result of the interaction, a with embedded living microorganisms: This magnetization is strain-confined different magnetic moment (30 to 40 A new class of biocatalytic composite between the tetragonal phases of the electromagnetic units per cubic cen- materials for application in bioreme- material and can be erased by the timeter) spontaneously arises within diation, biotechnology” (doi:10.1002/ application of an electric field. The the distorted rhombohedral phase, one adem.201080040) revealed that the magnetization is restored when the that is qualitatively stronger than the bioactive composite material exhibits polarity of the electric field is reversed.” magnetic moment of fully rhombohe- good mechanical and chemical stabil- In 2009, Ramesh and his research dral BFO (6 to 8 electromagnetic units ity. The embedded cells survived the group looked at thin films of the BFO per cubic centimeter). embedding within the cement matrix and found that although bismuth fer- Ramesh says these differences are even though the cements showed much rite is an insulator, two of three domain large enough to be put to use, and can slower glucose and phenol consumption wall orientations in the material con- be manipulated using an external elec- in comparison with nonimmobilized duct electricity. They subsequently trical field rather than applying the cells. found that application of a large epi- magnetic field used in conventional Combining a cement matrix with taxial strain changes the BFO crystal memory devices. living microorganisms is a promising structure from a predominant rhombo- The results of the group’s work method to fabricate biocomposite mate- hedral phase to a tetragonal phase. is published Nature Communications rials for application in biotechnology. Conversely, a partial strain reduc- (doi:10.1038/ncomms1221). Visit: InnoTere, www.innotere.de; tion produces a nanoscale mixed phase Visit: www.lbl.gov n and GMBU, www.gmbu.de n

16 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 ceramics in energy

Tres Amigas likely to be early high-profile superconductor grid project Although it is sometimes mistakenly thought of as a monolith, the United State’s current “electric grid” is more or less an aggregate of two large and several smaller but distinct and, heretofore, separate grids. That may change soon with the planned billion-dollar Tres Amigas LLC project that aims to physically connect at least the two big networks and one of the smaller ones using a system of special alternating current to direct current voltage converters and superconducting connectors. The U.S. grid’s diffused structure is a remnant of how the nation’s electrical infrastructure was cobbled together during most of the late 19th and the

20th Centuries. Physical and technical (Credit: Tres Amigas LLC) constraints shaped most of the existing The Tres Amigas SuperStation is planned to interface the large Eastern and Western structure of the national grid and, for Interconnection, with the smaller Texas Interconnection. The SuperStation is to be located in Clovis, N.M. the past few decades, it has impeded energy producers and consumers from The plans of Tres Amigas aren’t to take place, resulting in an extremely assisting or buying from a truly national totally altruistic. The investors real- low internal resistance.” marketplace. These limitations have ize that without connecting the three The third enabling technology is been exacerbated as it has dawned on parts, it will be extremely difficult to the superconducting wire and cable our political and science leaders that create a market hub for renewable system that compose much of the hub. many renewable energy generation power. The cables are at least partially manu- opportunities (e.g., wind and solar) are Tres Amigas intends to leverage factured by American Superconductor. going to be centered (or at least opti- three special technologies. The first is AMSC announced in November 2010 mized) in specific geographical regions voltage source converters that process that it had selected Korea’s LS Cable that are remote in comparison with the ac power flowing grid feed to DC Ltd. and France’s Nexans as subcontrac- where demand is the greatest. power that can be routed through the tors for the Tres Amigas SuperStation. Thus, forging one national grid from SuperStation. Likewise, the VSCs tran- LS Cable and Nexans will manufacture the current parts is a priority. That’s sition the dc power back to ac power to superconductor power cables utilizing where the Tres Amigas company and flow out elsewhere in the grid. AMSC’s Amperium second-generation its “SuperStation” comes in. The The second key technology is superconducting high-temperature wire. company describes itself as “a mer- Xtreme Power’s Dynamic Power The cables and many other Tres chant transmission entity composed Resources energy storage systems. Amigas components will be located of electric utility industry operational, Xtreme Power describes the building underground. Tres Amigas says it technology and thought leaders.” The blocks of the DPRs as “a dry-cell bat- procured 22 square miles for the goal is to build a SuperStation hub near tery technology with a very innovative SuperStation, and the general design is Clovis, N.M., one of the closest inter- design. Metal-alloy-coated, ballistic- to have three voltage conversion facili- faces among the Eastern, Western and grade fibers are woven together to ties located about 2 kilometers apart Texas “interconnects.” This will be one offer structural integrity and multiple from each other. of the largest projects in the U.S. that pathways for ultra-low-impedance cur- The timeline for the Tres Amigas includes high-temperature supercon- rent to flow in and out of the battery. project seems a little unclear at this ducting cables. The architects of the Proprietary formulas of fundamental point. Company officials are not pro- project say the Superstation will be able alloys, such as copper, lead and tel- viding a completion date, but there to transfer thousands of megawatts of lurium, are used to form bipolar plates seems to be general agreement that the power (scalable to 30 gigawatts) among that provide a massive surface area at construction will take about five years. the three asynchronous U.S. grids. the nanoscale for the chemical reaction Visit: www.tresamigasllc.com/ n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 17 ceramics in energy

Disordered TiO2 nanocrystal surface yields durable, more efficient photocatalyst By tinkering with the outer layer of titanium oxide nanocrystals, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have figured out a way to turn the material into a tough and more effective photocatalyst for environmental and energy applications. They claim this is the first time durability and efficiency have been combined in a photocatalyst. Samuel Mao, an investigator with the Advanced Energy Technologies Department of the Lab’s Environmental Energy Technologies Division, says they were trying to improve hydrogen production from organic materials in water when they had the idea to intro- (Credit S. Mao, et al; Science Express.) duce disorder in nanophase TiO and Mao shows how the disorder-engineered titanium dioxide nanocrystals turned the 2 material from white to black. hopefully expand its light-absorption ability. technologies. In a first-of-its-kind from the infrared part of the spectrum. The group’s work, “Increasing solar development, the team jumbled the The group also demonstrated similar absorption for photocatalysis with surface layer of TiO2 nanocrystals, effects when they substituted phenol black, hydrogenated titanium dioxide a feat that turned the material from and methylene blue for the methanol. nanocrystals,” is published in Science white to black. According to an LBL news release, Express (doi:10.1126/science.1200448), Mao’s group used hydrogenation the group says this is the first time a and may offer a path for generating to engineer disorder in the TiO2. The TiO2-based photocatalyst is able to hydrogen from organic compounds researchers had a hint the nanocrys- convert infrared, visible and ultraviolet found in natural and polluted water tals might be effective over a wider light. “The more energy from the sun sources. spectrum of light when they saw that that can be absorbed by a photocata- Mao leads a research team that is the material had turned from white to lyst, the more electrons can be supplied searching for sustainable ways to gener- black after hydrogenation. to a chemical reaction, which makes ate hydrogen for use in clean-energy After 22 days of lab test using a black titanium dioxide a very attractive full-spectrum solar light simulator material,” says Mao in the release. with methanol serving as a sacrificial Theoretical physicist Peter Yu reagent, they report that, “We found explains in the release that, “by intro- that one hour of solar irradiation gen- ducing a specific kind of disorder, mid-

erated 0.2 Formula 0.02 mmol of H2 gap electronic states are created accom- using 0.02 g of disorder-engineered panied by a reduced band gap.” Yu,

black TiO2 nanocrystals (10 mmol·hour who also is a professor in the University –1 –1 ·g of photocatalysts). This H2 proof California at Berkeley’s Physics duction rate is about two orders of Department, furher states, “This makes magnitude greater than the yields of it possible for the infrared part of the most semiconductor photocatalysts. solar spectrum to be absorbed and con- The energy conversion efficiency for tribute to the photocatalysis.” solar hydrogen production, defined as Mao and his group say they are now the ratio between the energy of solar- tackling how to reach similar energy (Credit S. Mao, et al; Science Express.) produced hydrogen and the energy of conversion levels in water contain- TEM image of a Ti0 nanocrystal after 2 the incident sunlight, reached 24% for ing more commonplace organic com- hydrogenation reveals engineered dis- disorder-engineered black TiO nano- pounds. order on the crystal’s surface, a change 2 that enables the photocatalyst to absorb crystals,” which they attribute to the Visit: http://eetd.lbl.gov/aet n infrared light. nanocrystals new ability to absorb light

18 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 Two new MgH2-based approaches for hydrogen storage proposed Two separate groups have announced what sounds like somewhat similar magnesium hydride-based nanotechnology approaches to hydrogen storage. One group, at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, has designed a new composite material for hydrogen storage consisting of nanoparticles of magnesium metal sprinkled through a matrix of poly(methyl methacrylate) (think Plexiglas). The group says the nano- composite has several features, includ- (Credit: Jeff Urban; DOE.) ing selective gas permeability, blocking Berkeley lab’s schematic of how high-capacity magnesium nanocrystals encapsulated in a gas-barrier polymer matrix provide a new and revolutionary hydrogen storage oxygen and water. composite material. Researchers in the group say that with this design, the composite can more conceptual than the Berkeley longevity and release the hydrogen at a quickly absorb hydrogen (up to 6 Lab group, but the Glasgow research- rate that could feed a fuel cell at energy weight percent of magnesium, 4 weight ers say they plan on using a magnesium densities that could power an airplane. percent for the composite, in less than hydride, which has been modified at Unfortunately, he doesn’t offer any 30 minutes at 200°C) to form magne- the nanoscale, to allow it to receive hints about how his group is planning sium hydride. The group says it also and release the hydrogen at fast rate. to combat the oxidation of the metal. can quickly reverse the process and Group leader Duncan Gregory, So, although the details are slim, the release hydrogen, and the polymer bar- professor of inorganic materials at the plans are bold: With a new tank struc- rier prevents oxidation of the metal. School of Chemistry at the University ture, EADS hopes to fly an unmanned In addition, these investigators say the of Glasgow, has been working on find- hydrogen-powered test plane in 2014 material is pliable. ing a new material for a special storage with a longer term view of introduc- The group, whose work is being con- tank for fuel cell applications under ing commercial airplanes powered by ducted as part of the DOE’s Hydrogen development by Hydrogen Horizons, hydrogen. Storage Program, hopes that with this a company about which there is little Duncan and EADS IW have some combination of properties, the storage public information, but is described funding from the Materials Knowledge material could be a major breakthrough in these announcements as a start-up Transfer Network – part of the U.K. in materials design for hydrogen stor- company. Reportedly, prototypes of the Technology Strategy Board – and the age, batteries and fuel cells. HH tank have used a lanthanum/nickel Engineering and Physical Sciences

Details of this work can be found (LaNi5) alloy for storage. Research Council. This will allow a stu- in the paper (doi:10.1038/nmat2978), Gregory says in a news release, “Using dent to conduct a four-year Ph.D. project. published in Nature Materials. new active nanomaterials in combina- The University of Glascow’s website The other group is composed of tion with novel storage tank design reports, “Once the technology has been chemists at the University of Glasgow principles presents a hugely exciting proven in a small-scale demonstration, working with the European Aeronautic opportunity to address the considerable Prof. Gregory, Hydrogen Horizons and Defense and Space Innovation Works challenges of introducing hydrogen as the EADS IW team intend to build a group. The group is using nanotechnol- a fuel for aviation. This collaboration larger collaborative team with academic ogy to develop plans to improve the between engineers and chemists and and industrial partners to seek large- design and material composition of a between industry and academia provides scale funding from the U.K. and the special storage tank with the aim of the pathway to achieve this.” European Union.” making it so efficient that it will be Previously, Gregory has done EADS is comprised of Airbus, feasible to use solid-state hydrogen in research on nitridic hydrogen storage Astrium, Eurocopter and Cassidian. airplanes and cars. materials. Currently, however, he seems Visit the DOE Hydrogen Program, Not many details are available, and to be focusing on a magnesium hydride www.hydrogen.energy.gov; and EADS, it appears that this approach is still material that he says will extend its www.eads.com n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 19 research briefs

New class of optical fiber developed at Penn State; ZnSe waveguide cores open infrared spectrum Scientists at Pennsylvania State Uni- lan, professor versity report that they developed the at Penn State’s first optical fiber made with a core of Department of zinc selenide. The team is led by John Materials Sci- Badding, professor of chemistry at PSU, ence and Engi- with help from fellow researchers at the neering and the school’s Materials Research Institute associate director and Department of Materials Science for the Cen- and Engineering, as well as from scien- ter for Optical tists at the Optoelectronics Research Technologies, is Centre at the University of Southamp- a member of the ton (U.K.). research team. Badding says in a PSU news release, An email from “It has become almost a cliche to say Gopalan to the that optical fibers are the cornerstone Bulletin provides of the modern information age. These some important long, thin fibers, which are three times context of their as thick as a human hair, can transmit optical fiber over a terabyte – the equivalent of 250 discovery. He DVDs of information per second. Still, notes, “Infrared there always are ways to improve on wavelength range (Credit: J. Badding, PSU; Advanced Materials.) existing technology. Glass has a hap- is extremely hazard arrangement of atoms. In con- important, and (a) Schematic of the HPCVD process, where a high-pressure pre- trast, a crystalline substance like zinc yet even the cursor mixture is configured to flow into a capillary (left). When the capillary is heated, well-developed annular films are depos- selenide is highly ordered. That order basic infrared ited. Unreacted precursors, carrier gas, and reaction byproducts allows light to be transported over lon- technologies, are carried out of the fiber (right). (b) Diascopically illuminated ger wavelengths, specifically those in such as optics, optical micrograph from the side showing the transparent, uni- the mid-infrared.” coatings, wave- form ZnSe fiber core. The deposited structures can have a uniform The group’s methods include a spe- guides, lasers, and cross section for as long as 4 centimeter when made in a 10 centimeter long furnace. Note that cylindrical lensing effects magnify cially developed high-pressure chemical detectors, are in the interior tube diameter considerably in this view, making its vapor deposition technique. “The high- their infancy, as 400-nanometer diameter appear much larger than it is. (c) Cross- pressure deposition is unique in allow- compared with sectional SEM image showing an overview of the silica cladding ing formation of such long, thin, zinc technologies in and ZnSe core. (d) A higher magnification SEM image of the selenide fiber cores in a very confined the visible or nearly completely filled core. Scale bars: (b) 50 micrometer, c) 50 micrometer, d) 5 micrometer. space,” Badding says in the release. telecon wave- According to the PSU release, “this lengths. This development breathes many flavors and functions well beyond new class of optical fiber allows for a new life into glass fibers that are usually what glass can do,” writes Gopalan. more effective and liberal manipulation infrared opaque beyond approximately Researcher team member Anna Pea- of light and promises to open the door 2.5 microns wavelength.” cock remarks on her website that, “ultra- to more versatile laser-radar technol- Gopalan also predicts that these fast all-fibrer optical switches will reduce ogy.” Other applications include the fibers could revolutionize many impor- costs and improve efficiency of commu- development of improved surgical and tant areas of optics research, such as nications systems, whilst laser sources, medical lasers, better countermeasure fiber-based guiding, imaging, spectros- which operate in the mid-infrared, can lasers used by the military, and superior copy and tunable lasers. “The deposi- be used for environmental sensing and environment-sensing lasers for measur- tion technique is versatile enough to medical applications. The incorporation ing pollutants and to detect the dissem- imagine a whole family of important of the active semiconductor component ination of bioterrorist chemical agents. compound semiconductors making their into the fiber geometry provides an New lighting uses also may be possible. way into fiber cores in the near future. important step toward seamlessly linking ACerS member Venkatraman Gopa- Optical fibers may soon come with semiconductor photonics with existing

20 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 fiber infrastruc- investigation of trabeculae structures in (The classic example is how the bones tures.” femurs in a wide range of animals that of astronauts can quickly change in the The team’s is yielding some new insights for mate- absence of gravitational loading.) research was rials development. Shefelbine is seeking answers to published in Trabeculae are the beams, struts and some fundamental questions about Advanced Materi- plates of bone found in spongy bone bone biomechanics. “Bone modeling als (doi:10.1002/ tissue that create the irregular cavities [e.g., response to changing mechani- adma.201003214). that hold red bone marrow. To the cal environment] and remodeling [e.g., Gopalan This recent uninformed, trabeculae can look like repairing microdamage] can alter work seems to follow a logical progres- an irregular but tough network, but bone shape, density and structure,” she sion of research efforts by many of the the osteocytes that form the trabeculae notes. “Despite the critical role of such team members. Baddin, P.J.A. Sazio build them along the lines of stress to mechanical adaptation, the underly- and Gopalan demonstrated that they provide maximum strength for a partic- ing mechanisms remain undefined and could build semiconductor devices (ger- ular type of animal (and can be reorga- many questions remain. For instance: manium) in optical fibers in 2006 and nized if the direction of stress changes). What mechanical stimuli are bones predicted then that this would lead to The corollary in the mechanical world responding to? Why are some bones fibers with flexible waveguides. That is the system of struts and braces that more sensitive to loading than others? year, they also demonstrated similar might be used to strengthen a building Can we use the adaptive response to techniques using optical fibers with spe- or the wing of an aircraft. prevent deformities from occurring and cial microstructure features. The researchers, led by Sandra She- to strengthen weak bones?” In 2007, the group also published a felbine, a professor in bioengineering Her group used a combination of paper on filling microstructured optical at IC, looked at the fibers with amorphous silicon and built femurs of 90 mam- on this in 2008 by showing how they mals and birds. One could use a high-pressure microfluidic purpose was to look at process to adapt traditional chemical how trabeculae varied vapor deposition techniques to deposit from tiny animals, silicon carbide in MOFs. Their thinking such as a shrew, to then was that “the introduction of SiC the largest of ter- into the capillaries presents tremendous restrial mammals, potential for the development of in-fiber such as an elephant. optoelectronic devices with potential In terms of mass, the applications, including light generation, specimens ranged modulation and amplification.” from 3 grams to 3400 frequency Relative By 2010, they were able to produce kilograms. Accord- silica nanofibers with circular cross ing to Shefelbine’s

sections that can simultaneously wave- website, she has been (Credit: M. Doube et al; Proc. R. Soc. B.) guide transverse electric and transverse interested in how magnetic polarizations without cutoffs. bone structure can Element strain Visit Penn State Materials Research change – fairly quick- Institute, www.mri.psu.edu; and USH ly – when exposed Trabeculae in larger animals have higher elastic moduli than Optoelectronics Research Centre, www. to a variety of loads. those in small animals. orc.soton.ac.uk n

Analysis of scale of animal trabeculae suggests new materials, structures A new paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B from a group of (Credit: M. Doube et al; Proc. R. Soc. B.) researchers at Imperial College Lon- X-ray microtomograms of trabecular bone geometry across six orders of magnitude of don and the Royal Veterinary College animals’ body mass: (a) lesser dwarf shrew; (b) Arctic fox; (c) Przewlaski’s horse; and in Hertfordshire (U.K.) reports on an (d) Asian elephant.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 21 research briefs

X-ray microtomography and finite ele- inform how people develop structural ity and normal “metallicity” with a ment analysis to examine in each of the foams.” In particular, the research- quantum critical point. 90 specimens how trabecular scaling ers say, “This may represent a new “Promising as the ‘quantum critical’ changes in relation to size, and how approach to designing cellular solids paradigm is for explaining a wide range bone mechanics change in relation to for engineered structures of different of exotic materials, high-Tc supercon- the scaling. For materials scientists, scales.” ductivity in cuprates has stubbornly here are the key findings (some of The IC research team also has cre- refused to fit the mold. For 20 years, the which may be a little counterintuitive): ated an open-source computer program cuprates managed to conceal any evi- • From animal to animal, the bone (“BoneJ”) for examining the number, dence of a phase-transition line where volume fraction does not substantially thickness and spacing of trabeculae as the quantum critical point is supposed scale with creature size; well as analyses of whole bones. to be found,” says Joseph Orenstein in • Although the bone volume frac- Visit Imperial College, www3.imperi- a news release from the Berkeley Lab. tion does not increase greatly, the tra- al.ac.uk; and BoneJ, www.bonej.org/ n Orenstein works in the lab’s Materials beculae in the femur of larger animals Sciences Division and is a professor of are thicker, farther apart; Evidence mounts that physics at UC Berkeley, whose group • Also in larger animals, the tra- conducted one of the research team’s beculae are less densely connected (the ‘pseudogap’ is distinct phase in three experiments. number per unit volume is considerably superconducting materials According to the release, the hope fewer than in small animals; and Investigators in the field of high- is that once researchers can wrap their • Finite element modeling explains temperature superconductors have thinking around the concept of a quan- that scaling does not alter the bulk been stumped for some time about tum critical point (Xc), new routes stiffness of trabecular bone, but prob- what is occurring between when the to superconductivity can be found. ably mitigates strain on the scale of the temperature of a material drops to the “This is a paradigm shift in the way we osteocyctes. point (T*) where electrons begin to understand high-temperature supercon- The authors suggest that the differ- ductivity,” says Ruihua He, lead author form Cooper pairs (Tc) and the critical ences in how trabeculae grow in vari- temperature for full superconductivity. with Makoto Hashimoto. “The involve- ous animals might be “an interspecific Heretofore, this odd transitional region ment of an additional phase, once manifestation of bone tissue’s drive to has been dubbed a “pseudogap,” but fully understood, might open up new maintain mechanical homeostasis. It now a collaborative research project has possibilities for achieving supercon- appears that changes in geometry are revealed that three different tests sug- ductivity at even higher temperatures preferred over increased bone mass.” gest the pseudogap is actually a distinct in these materials.” These two worked They and other researchers note that phase. with Shen at SIMES and also worked this preference “may be an adaption The collaboration included scientists at Stanford’s Department of Applied that limits the physiological cost of pro- from the Lawrence Berkeley National Physics and at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced ducing, maintaining and moving more Laboratory, the University of California Light Source. tissue.” at Berkeley, Stanford University and One of the tests they conducted So, what are broader implications? If the SLAC National Accelerator Lab. involved angle-resolved photoemis- one is thinking about how to develop a Their results were recently published in sion spectroscopy to track the kinetic “smart material” that could adapt to a Science (doi:10.1126/science.1198415). energy and momentum of the emitted changing environment, there is a lesson Led by Zhi-Xun Shen, director of electrons over a temperature range. In in bones: The modeling and remod- the Stanford Institute for Materials and another test, investigators measured eling of trabeculae and surrounding Energy Science at SLAC and a professor changes in rotations of the plane of internal structures seem to be a mass- of physics at Stanford University, the polarization light reflected from the efficient strategy for dealing with strain. group focused only on Pb-Bi2201 (a lead same Pb-Bi2201 sample under a zero Elephants do not require thick, dense bismuth strontium lanthanum copper magnetic field (magneto optical Kerr bones to support their loads. They just oxide) because of the materials relatively effects). The rotations are proportional use their internal capacity to alter their to the net magnetization of the sample wide range between T* and Tc. bone structure. Previous research supported two sep- at various temperatures. Orenstein’s “We can learn a lot from nature, arate theories about the odd pseudogap: group performed the third test, a study such as how nature develops these One theory is that it is just a range of of time-resolved reflectivity of the strong, lightweight structures,” advises gradual transition to superconductiv- Pb-Bi2201 sample. Shefelbine in a story in The Engineer. ity, and the other is that it is a state of None of these tests were particularly “We could adopt this in design. It could material distinct from superconductiv- novel – except that this time they

22 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 were conducted on the same material But we know the direction to take to and all yielded results consistent with move forward.” what they expected if there indeed is a On the SLAC website, He outlines phase transition at the pseudogap phase a plan, saying, “First to-do: uncover the boundary at T*. nature of the pseudogap order. Second Looking ahead, members of the to-do: determine whether the pseu- group hope to exploit their discovery dogap order is friend or foe to super- that the electronic states dominating conductivity. Third to-do: find a way the pseudogap phase do not include to promote the pseudogap order if it’s a electron Cooper pairs found in a super- friend and suppress it if it’s a foe.” conducting phase, yet seem to influence In the SLAC story, Shen also con- the motion of Cooper pairs in a way fidently notes, “Our findings point to previously overlooked. management and control of this other “Instead of pairing up, the electrons phase as the correct path toward opti- in the pseudogap phase organize them- mizing these novel superconductors for selves in some very different way,” says energy applications, as well as searching

(Credit: Ruihua He; Berkeley Lab.) He. for new superconductors.” New evidence from studies of Bi2201 “We currently don’t know what Visit: Stanford Institute for Materials (crystal structure inset) along the tempera- exactly it is, and we don’t know wheth- and Energy Science, http://simes.slac. ture range shown in green strongly sup- ports the idea that the pseudogap is in fact er it helps superconductivity or hurts it. stanford.edu n a distinct phase of matter that persists into the superconducting phase. If so, the T* phase transition must terminate in a quantum critical point (Xc) at zero temperature. New release! Phase equilibria Diagrams for CeramiC systems

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24 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 bulletin cover story ‘Cotton candy’ that heals? Borate glass nanofibers look promising.

by Peter Wray

n late Isummer of 2010, registered nurse Peggy Taylor suddenly saw some (Credit: The American Ceramic Society) longed-for signs of healing in a nasty shin wound in one of her patients with diabetes. Just a few days before, Taylor had done to the patient something that she and no one else in the world had ever done in wound care before: She had filled the wound with a material that could have been mistaken for cotton, but was in fact specially processed borate glass fibers. Taylor, a wound-care specialist for more than four years, had been used to dealing with wounds that healed at slow and nearly imperceptible rates. But when she and the patient – who also happened to be a nurse – noticed the edges of the large, deep, stubborn wound had finally started to slope inwards, they were the happiest they had been in a long time. “That was the first sign of healing,” she said in an there, if I didn’t know the wound was there, I’d have interview in late March. “It began as a 50 millime- no idea,” she claims. ter by 30 millimeter wound that was 3 millimeters This doesn’t appear to be a fluke. Taylor, a certi- deep. That was the day she really began going down fied Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurse on the the road to healing. Now, after using the glass fiber staff of the Phelps County Regional Medical Center treatments for week after week on the wound, it is (Rolla, Mo.), says that seven other patients partici- essentially gone.” pating in trials being conducted by PCRMC have And when Taylor says “gone,” she means some- had similar results with the glass fiber treatment. She thing close to “vanished.” Not normal scarring, says, in total, 12 patients are in the trials and the certainly. “It’s amazing. There is so little scar tissue four who still have wounds are making progress, too.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 25 ‘Cotton candy’ that heals?

Venous stasis creates and diabetics don’t have good hard-to-heal wounds circulation the chances of get- The history of Taylor’s patient’s ting an infection in their lower wound is typical for a diabetic. “It extremities are enhanced. “You started out as a bruise on her shin,” she have bone that is close to the says. “It was the kind of thing where surface of the skin. The mar- the patient said, ‘Ow. It really hurt a row in the bone produces your lot, but I am glad I didn’t break my leg.’ red blood cells, so suddenly you It took awhile before she or anyone have a situation where an infec- else realized there was a more extensive tion could become systemic” and and deep-tissue injury there. In fact, it potentially fatal, says Taylor. was a deep hematoma that eventually Thus, nonhealing wounds opened. It looked like a big number ‘6’ and the infections that often and if it weren’t for the debris in the accompany them are a big con- wound, I would have seen bone.” cern. And, to counter stagnant Taylor explains that diabetics and wounds and infections, limb often the elderly develop troublesome amputation is often the only and dangerous extremity wounds, called recourse. So, it’s no wonder venous stasis ulcers. Aging diseases that patients with hard-to-heal and diabetes wreak havoc on lower leg wounds often seek out special- blood vessels. Blood and other fluids ized wound-care treatments. pool, and the vessels and their valves (Credit: Jung et al) get damaged to the point where they Borate-based The initial stage of wound healing requires the don’t function effectively. bioactive glasses formation of a fibrin clot. The top SEM image shows a fibrin clot composed of nanosized And, unfortunately, that’s only the In 2010, Steve Jung, along cross-linked fibrin fibers that initiate the healing with the father and son team beginning. If the fluid stays in the process. The fibers shown below are made of the vessels, big differences in the pressure of Delbert and Ted Day already bioactive borate glass. The fiber diameter and gradient between inside and outside the knew a lot about bioactive glasses. overall microstructure is similar to the fibrin clot, vessels form, and they start leaking fluid Del Day founded Mo-Sci and provides the wound with an artificial starting into other tissues. The fluid looks for a Corp., a company that already point. way outside the body and stretches skin made glass products for biological tissue to form thin spots that can spon- uses. Ted recently has taken over he learned about borate glasses. taneously crack and start weeping. A as CEO and president of the enterprise. “An in-vitro study of lithium borate bump, even a small one, can accelerate Jung, who looks to be in his late 20s, glasses showed it to have beneficial the weeping process. A big bruise, such got to know the older Day, a renowned antibacterial effects against harmful as the one her patient suffered, can trig- professor, at the Missouri University of bacteria, such as e.coli, salmonella and ger a large amount of weeping. Science and Technology. Jung earned staph,” says Jung. “Apparently the bac- In these situations, the worst is yet his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in teria are killed as the lithium alkali is to come, because the weeping fluids ceramic engineering at Missouri S&T released into the immediate surround- initiate the wound-forming stage. “This and eventually a Ph.D. in materials sci- ing area of the glass, which creates a wound fluid is something of a cleaner,” ence from the school. local spike in the pH.” says Taylor. “It contains lots of enzymes. Jung began working for Del Day in Jung says he, Del Day and other col- But, the fluid’s enzymatic cleaning 2001, and in his Ph.D. work and collab- laborators compared the rates of how action eats away at the tissue at the orations with Day he became interested silicate-based and borate-based bioactive surface of the wound. If the patient in bioactive glasses, especially borate glasses reacted to body fluids. “In certain has a bandage or something over it, or glasses. “For decades, bioactive glasses in-vitro experiments,” he reports, “we even clothing, the fluid is held next have been known to bond well with determined that bioactive glasses con- to the skin and it starts to erode away hard and soft tissues,” says Jung. “Much taining boron as the glass former react the tissue. With the fluids from venous of this knowledge has been directed to simulated body fluids up to five times stasis, you get a wound that goes on and toward the regeneration of bone. But a faster than silicate glasses do.” on because it won’t quit weeping long lot of us also have been thinking about Jung also says they were curious enough for it to heal.” soft-tissue regeneration.” about a particular bioactive borate glass – 13-93B3 glass (53B O , 20CaO, The wounds are annoying and pain- Jung acknowledges that most of the 2 3 12K O, 6Na O, 5MgO, 4P O (in ful, but a big danger arises because a gains in bioactive glasses have been 2 2 2 5 hole in the skin is an invitation to bac- founded on silicate-based materials, but weight percent)) – because of its cal- teria and infection. When the elderly he says he was intrigued by some things cium content. He notes, “Investigators

26 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 have reported that calcium is an important factor in the wound healing of skin and suspect that it is required for the Initial migration of epidermal cells. It also may play an important role in the late stages of healing. Moreover, it appears that the presence of calcium in the immediate vicinity of an open wound helps Day 103 the body to regulate wound-healing processes more effectively, particularly in open wounds.” Jung and Day thought about the general process of wound healing and how a beneficial scaffold might help. Medical studies have shown that the most effective treatment has been to cover the wound and allow the body to naturally support the delivery of growth factors or other required nutrients. “Connective tissue has several pro- gressive steps that must occur in order to properly heal a wound,” explains (Credit: The American Ceramic Society; inset Jung and Taylor) Jung. “In the best-case scenario, ini- Peggy Taylor, an RN who specializes in wound care, examines photographs of healing wounds that she has treated with pads made of special borate-based glass nanofibers. tially, the wound will bleed, and in order to stop the bleeding, platelets in rattles off, “It’s dynamic and ‘gives’ or and subcutaneous tissues. … The dif- the blood are triggered to the wound bounces back if compressed. It’s flexible ferentiated tissue was a good indicator site and stick to one another. Once and could be easily placed on a wound. that the bioactive glass fibers were pro- the platelets have stopped the blood Its structure maximizes surface area and viding a positive environment for tissue flow and a fibrin blood clot has formed, can control moisture levels. It’s anti- regeneration. In fact, we found soft tis- the blood clot releases growth factors bacterial and antifungal. It’s biocompat- sue and blood vessels present adjacent and biological signals to recruit mac- ible. And with DermaFuse’s high level to many of the reacted fibers.” rophages needed for inflammation. of calcium and its clot-promoting struc- Armed with these results, they won- Typically, inflammation is confused ture … it might speed healing.” dered how the glass fibers might work with infection and inflamed tissue “It was worth a try,” he says. on human wounds. is considered to be bad. However, For comparative in-vivo testing, Jung Ted Day knew something about the some inflammation is good, and even and Day took the obvious next step situation diabetics faced with stagnant, required to release growth factors that and tried the material out on rats. They nonhealing wounds. The younger Day stimulate cell proliferation. These cells placed pads of the DermaFuse material, had previously worked as a director of can then differentiate into tissues and with fibers up to 5 micrometers in diam- Pharmacy and Ancilliary Services divi- eventually over the course of weeks to eter, onto 15-millimeter-diameter full- sions of PCRMC. months will be remodeled and appear thickness skin wounds next to identical Day obtained a license from Missouri as if there was never a wound.” untreated wounds created on the rats. S&T, which retains patent rights Jung and Day had an idea for a pos- They measured the wounds periodically (based on his father’s and Jung’s work sible borate glass scaffold that might until the wounds were healed (three to at the university), for Mo-Sci to use the mimic the microstructure of a fibrin four weeks) and found no significant material, and then he began to discuss clot. They already knew how to create difference in the wound-closure rate DermaFuse with some of the doctors in tiny glass fibers and they devised a way between the treated and untreated Rolla and the center’s staff, including to make nanofibers (300 nanometers to wounds. Peggy Taylor. 5 micrometers) from the 13-93B3 glass Jung says they weren’t deterred by “Ted Day called me and said they that produced a product that looked the lack of difference in closure rates. might have a new material for wound and felt like cotton. In fact, he says they expected those care available and asked if I’d be inter- results because “wound closure in rats ested in it,” Taylor recalls. “He said DermaFuse: The first in-vivo tests is mostly caused by wound contraction they used the material in hard tissues, Jung says the cottony nanofiber glass, and not epithelialazation. The impor- and were interested in how it would recently given the name DermaFuse, tant thing was that the wounds showed work with soft tissue regeneration. seemed promising from the start. He highly differentiated dermal, epidermal Well, I am a nurse and I do nothing

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 27 ‘Cotton candy’ that heals?

we had a lot of hubbub about this in the community and more people inquir- ing about the study. It also helped that a lot of people know the Days in this area,” says Taylor.

The nitty gritty of using ‘DermaFuse’ Wound care is not for the squeamish. Taylor eventually began treating 12 patients as part of the study, and the wounds she saw ranged from around 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter with a depth of 0.1 centimeter (about the size of a small fingernail) to much larger ones. “We have three or four in our study where I could see bone, tendon, (Credit: The American Ceramic Society) Steve Jung, left, and Mo-Sci CEO and president Ted Day. Jung’s research contributed to vessels and nerve strands covered by the development of the DermaFuse material, and he now works for Mo-Sci. a thin layer of debris. That’s because these wounds have gone on and on for without being directed, so I asked him to do most of the supervisory work for so long,” she says. to talk to some of the doctors and talk the IRB. And, Ted Day suggested to The DermaFuse glass material arrives to the hospital board and see if they Stoecker that Taylor might be inter- for use sterilized and in a flat foil pack- were interested. I suggested to him that ested in helping. et. Taylor starts by physically removing if one of the doctors was interested, “So, Dr. Stoecker did ask for my unwanted debris (debriding) and flush- they should ask for me to assist them assistance,” says Taylor. “Both of us had ing the area. She needs to begin with a with it. Then I could be involved.” our doubts, but we have a pretty open- clean, moist wound bed. Often an anti- Ted Day did formally contact minded culture and we use a lot of cut- microbial solution is applied. PCRMC officials and the institution’s ting-edge technology for a hospital of Then its time for the glass. Taylor Internal Review Board. He showed our size. But we also got really curious describes her method saying, “Because them samples of the DermaFuse and about how the bioactive glass material it comes to me in a flat pack, it gets presented the data on the biocompat- might work.” kind of squished, but it looks just like ibility and excellent quality of regener- The IRB granted approval for the cotton candy. You can form it, you can ated tissue in the rat model. Day says treatments in July 2010, and Stoecker pick it, you can make any kind of shape the IRB ultimately approved a small- and Taylor got their first patient – the you need out of it. Sometimes I apply scale human trial to treat nonhealing one mentioned at the top of this story – the material with tweezers. Sometimes I venous stasis ulcers in diabetic patients. a month later. put it on my gloved hand.” “The IRB agreed to selected possible “We started with one patient,” If the wound has a cavity or tunnel- participants based on protocol they recounts Taylor. She was our only ing, it gets a little trickier. “I will use established,” Day says. “Their criteria patient for several weeks. Number two tweezers to pack the material up into all essentially narrowed in on patients was a patient who soon dropped out of of the recesses before filling the rest of whose wound status made them likely the study. Then came number three, the wound. I don’t pack it hard, but just candidates for amputation down the four, five and six.” a little to get it into all of the crevices,” road. Each participant had to have Taylor confesses that her first patient she says. at least one nonhealing venous stasis helped a lot with recruiting other Once the wound is covered in the ulcer, and that wound had to have been volunteers for the trial. The small- material, she applies a secondary cover- treated with conventional dressings town atmosphere in Rolla also helped. ing to hold the DermaFuse in place. with no improvement for a minimum “With her nursing background, our first This is often followed by some type of of two weeks prior to enrolling. The patient had been exposed to medical compression wrap. The patients then treatments – applying a pad of the research before. She and her husband can go for two or three days before they DermaFuse one or two times per week – were very eager to see things like this need to be seen by Taylor again. were to be done only by PCRMC staff new study happen. Her husband is a Daily dressing changes can be more supervised by doctors until the wounds golfer and country-clubber and she is detrimental than helpful. She says, resolved. a bridge-club lady, and they talked it “You risk disturbing that fragile tissue Dr. William Stoecker, a dermatolo- up among their friends and at their in the wound bed too often and not gist who practices at PCRMC, agreed church. Because of them, pretty soon giving a chance to mature into healing

28 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 tissue. I like to use products that can equipment may cost $1,000 a week, Chicago, for expanded testing. Taylor stretch the changes out to every two or plus the patient has to drag around the was preparing to make a presentation three days, or even five to seven days. I machine with a battery pack that can about the trials at a wound care special- have found that with this glass material rundown or even die out at inconve- ists’ conference in Dallas, Texas, and changing the dressing daily would be nient times. Jung will be presenting information at way too often.” Taylor thinks the DermaFuse might ACerS’s upcoming Glass & Optical After the first treatments with be a cheaper, easier way to accomplish Materials Division annual meeting in DermaFuse, Taylor says it appears the the same results. “Don’t get me wrong,” mid-May in Savannah, Ga. glass “reignites” a beneficial inflam- she says. “I am a major fan of the wound Ted Day is obviously excited about matory process and she sees a lot of VAC. But, as a nurse, if I can see that the business prospects for DermaFuse. initial drainage. But her response with tissue healing at a similar rate, I am He says Mo-Sci hopes to supply the the DermaFuse patients takes a differ- really happy to see some magic happen materials to one of the larger medical ent path than normal wound care. “In in that wound bed that would otherwise supply companies that are in a better the past, I have always wanted to first require very expensive treatments.” position to guide DermaFuse through debride any yellow sloughy stuff that Jung says that among the eight full-scale federal human-testing require- didn’t look good. But, I have found healed wounds, they have been able to ments and, if approved, market it to with [DermaFuse] that I can leave document wound closure rates of 0.3 to medical professionals. that debris. And, removing it can be a 0.8 millimeters per day, depending on Day remarks that DermaFuse doesn’t trick. It feels like it makes its own little wound orientation. fit the typical pattern of Mo-Sci prod- environment. It is almost like a tightly ucts. “It is the first time a material has woven web of tissue and product, and Where are the scars? presented itself to us as having all these it feels like some of the product is well- The apparent lack of scarring from unexplored possibilities, rather than us adhered. I try not to disturb it. DermaFuse-treated wounds pleases the looking for a material to fill a buyer’s She says some of the remains from patients but stuns Taylor. She says she particular requirements,” he says. the DermaFuse look like wet sand that normally expects to see a ropey, hard He says he would be extremely she can flush out of the wound bed. “But scar form. “Our patients are elderly and happy if DermaFuse turns out to be an anything that is gripping and hanging have a lot of skin discoloration and you inexpensive alternative to treatments, on, I try to leave there because it looks would think you’d see a dramatic scar- such as wound VAC systems. But, he like the beginning of the healing matrix. ring. But, we have healed wounds that and Jung say they would be even hap- We don’t know for sure what is going show nothing or negligible scarring,” pier if some of the other applications on, but I often will see good granulation she says. they are contemplating pan out. tissue already forming in the area the “Seriously,” Taylor exclaims. “Can you imagine what it would next time I change the dressing.” Taylor does have a theory. She mean if we can use these borate glass What surprises Taylor is that the says that after a wound heals, there is fibers on burn patients,” Jung asks. “I’d glass fibers disappear. “Eventually I another transformation in the skin: the love to think the fibers could speed don’t see any remains of the product “remodeling phase.” This remodeling those wounds to heal and minimize the anymore. Does it dissolve? Does it phase can last up to two years during scarring.” become part of the tissue? We don’t which the scars can be reduced, in part Day thinks of disasters and traumas. quite know what the whole story is because the continuing healing process “I’d love to see the day when soldiers there. But it is just such a neat thing to breaks down bonds that are replaced can carry packets of this stuff, and just watch that process,” she says beaming with better, stronger tissue. That is slap it on a battlefield injury. It might with a smile. why people sometimes feel that a scar begin to protect and sterilize the wound, Wouldn’t the wounds have healed has faded several years after an injury. and it might never have to be removed.” anyway with her experienced TLC? “But with the glass fibers,” Taylor says, But Taylor loves what she is seeing She admits that they might have. But “when the wound heals, I immediately already. “Sometimes when I am deal- she says that the only way the wounds am seeing a skin appearance that I ing with wounds,” she says, “I have to would have healed so fast is if the would expect to see way out in the study photographs of the wound from patients had used what is called a vacu- future. So, it appears that there is some- previous visits and put them next to um-assisted closure system. thing more efficient about the healing each other to see if anything is improv- A wound VAC system requires a with the fiber.” ing. But when my eyes alone can tell nifty but expensive negative-pressure What’s next for DermaFuse? Ted me, ‘Wow – that’s a nice big change in device that can be aggravating to use. Day and Steve Jung say that beyond the wound since the last time I saw it,’ In brief, it is like a little machine, working with other PCRMC patients, and you don’t have to refer back to the which the patient has to carry around- they will be working with the Center last six weeks of photographs to see if the-clock, that vacuum packs the for Wound Healing and Tissue we’ve really been building tissue there – wound. The problem is that the VAC Regeneration, University of Illinois at there’s nothing better!” n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 29 Save the Date!

® The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing and performance across the materials Materials Science & Technology community. 2011 Conference & Exhibition

OCTOBER 16–20 COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA

www.matscitech.org Organized by: ACerS | AIST | ASM | TMS Co-sponsor: NACE

Plenary Session Announced! Dr. Subra Suresh, Director of the U.S. National Science Foundation, will discuss the importance of the U.S.’s science & technology work force, followed by several prominent speakers on related topics.

More information coming soon! Topological constraint theory of glass Topological constraint theory describes how microscopic physics governs the thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of glass and has proved to be a powerful tool for predicting the composition and temperature dependence of glass properties.

John C. Mauro

microscopic physical description of the glassy state long has eluded even the Atop scientists in condensed matter physics because of the complicated non- crystalline nature of glass structure. Currently, many theorists turn to molecular dynamics or other atomistic simulations to determine the structure of various glass compositions. However, although available computing power has increased exponentially during the past several decades, it will be at least another 20 to 30 years before enough computing power is available for direct molecular dynamics simulations of glass on a realistic laboratory time scale. Fortunately, topological constraint theory provides another path forward. It focuses on the important microscopic physics governing the thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of glass, while filtering out unnecessary details that ultimately do not affect its macroscopic properties. Topological constraint theory has been successful in predicting the composition dependence of glass properties and can be used as a tool to enable the quantitative design of new glass compositions.

Introduction Although perhaps better known, in general, for his later work on X-ray diffrac- tion in crystals, Zachariasen’s only paper on the structure of glass1 established him, at 26 years of age, as the father of theoretical glass science for the century to come. Zachariasen began his famous 1932 paper on the structure of glass with the humble remark, “It must be frankly admitted that we know practically nothing about the atomic arrangement in glasses.” What followed was a brilliantly insightful analysis of glass structure as a disordered network of polyhedral units. The polyhedra themselves define the short-range order of the atomic arrangement in glass, whereas the random connectivity of the polyhedra gives rise to long-range disorder. Based on this picture, Zachariasen postulated four rules

of glass formation for an arbitrary oxide compound AmOn: • An oxygen atom is linked to no more than two A atoms; • The oxygen coordination around A is small; • The cation polyhedra share corners, not edges or faces; and • At least three corners are shared (for a three-dimensional network). Zachariasen’s theory essentially amounts to a list of topological conditions for formation of a macroscopic disordered network. These conditions were analyzed in detail by Cooper,2,3 who determined that Zachariasen’s first two rules are sufficient to enable formation of a glassy network. The third and fourth rules are unneces-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 31 Topological constraint theory of glass sary from a topological standpoint and Topological constraint theory may be regarded as just guidelines. According to Phillips–Thorpe the- A later paper by Gupta and Cooper4 ory, glass-forming ability is determined put Zachariasen’s theory on a rigorous by comparing the number of atomic mathematical foundation by deriving degrees of freedom with the number of a general condition for the existence interatomic force field constraints. For a of an infinitely large topologically dis- system in three-dimensional space, each ordered network. The Gupta–Cooper atom has three translational degrees approach is not restricted to three of freedom. These degrees of freedom dimensions, but rather derived for an are removed through the presence of arbitrary d-dimensional space where the rigid bond constraints. If the number concept of polyhedral structural units in of constraints is less than the available three dimensions is generalized to rigid degrees of freedom, then the network is polytopes of arbitrary dimensionality.5 considered “flexible.” Conversely, if the At the same time as Cooper’s origi- number of constraints is greater than nal work on glass network topology, the available degrees of freedom, the Phillips6 published a different but network becomes overconstrained or equally insightful approach to the same stressed rigid. problem, which was later extended and According to Phillips and Thorpe, put on a rigorous mathematical basis the optimum glass compositions are by Phillips and Thorpe.7 Although the those in which the number of con- Phillips–Thorpe and Gupta–Cooper straints exactly equals the degrees of Fig. 1. Basic structural building blocks models are equivalent in a math- freedom, in which case the glass net- in covalent germanium-selenium glasses ematical sense, they offer different and work is isostatic. In the floppy regime, and their associated constraints. (a) complementary insights into the struc- the atoms may easily arrange themselves Each pairwise bond constitutes a single ture of glass. By explicitly considering into the minimum energy configuration two-body constraint. (b) There are five glass as a network of rigid polytopes, of the crystalline state, whereas, in the independent bond angle constraints (i.e., three-body constraints) for a rigid tetra- the Gupta–Cooper approach follows overconstrained regime, rigid structures hedron. (c) A two-coordinated atom, such more directly from the original work easily percolate throughout the system, as selenium, has one rigid bond angle. of Zachariasen, who expressed his rules also resulting in crystallization. for glass formation in oxide systems Because the original Phillips–Thorpe through the connectivity of elementary constraint theory was formulated for polyhedral units. covalent systems, it considers a combi- (2) The Phillips–Thorpe model, origi- nation of rigid two-body (bonding) and where x and r are the mole fraction nally considered for non-oxide covalent i i three-body (angular) constraints. Figure and coordination number, respectively, systems (viz., chalcogenides), takes a 1 shows that the two-body constraints of each species i in the glass. Setting more microscopic approach by consid- correspond to the rigid bond lengths Eq. (1) equal to 3 and solving for ‹r›, ering the connectivity of individual between pairs of atoms, and the three- Phillips and Thorpe obtained the con- atoms in the glass network. Phillips and body constraints correspond to rigid dition for an optimum glass network in Thorpe predicted that a glass network bond angles. With this assumption, the three-dimensional space, corresponding is optimal (i.e., glass-forming ability is average number of atomic constraints with the Maxwell stability criterion for maximized) if the number of rigid two- n in a system can be expressed as mechanical trusses: and three-body constraints equals the number of atomic degrees of freedom, a prediction that has been confirmed (1) by many experimental studies, such as those of Varshneya8–11 and Boolchand.12 where ‹r› is the average coordination (3) In this paper, I provide a brief review number of atoms in the system. of topological constraint theory follow- Although a two-fold coordinated This critical value of ‹r› = 2.4 is called ing the Phillips–Thorpe formulation. atom corresponds to one angular the rigidity percolation threshold, Several recent advances are discussed constraint, each new bond requires because, at this composition, rigid struc- which enable the quantitative design of the definition of two new angles, so tures percolate throughout the glass, new glassy materials through consider- that the total number of angular con- leading to an isostatic network.13 The ation of the hierarchy of constraints in straints is 2‹r›–3. The average coor- network is flexible with ‹r› < 2.4, and a glass-forming network. dination number itself is defined as the network is stressed rigid with ‹r› >

32 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 2.4. It is exactly isostatic at ‹r› = 2.4. Arrhenius scaling of Phillips–Thorpe constraint theory dynamics, as defined by has met with much success in predict- Angell26). The advantage ing critical behavior of chalcogenide of constraint theory is systems about the rigidity percolation that it is a straightfor- threshold.8–13 It also has been extended ward pen-and-paper to oxide glasses,14,15 glassy metals16 and calculation based on a proteins,17,18 among other systems. counting of constraints. This technique already Constraint rigidity Temperature-dependent constraints has been applied to The original Phillips–Thorpe theory derive analytical expres- for covalent glasses considers all two- sions for the composi- and three-body constraints to be rigid, tion dependence of glass Temperature (K) leading to a universal rigidity percola- transition temperature tion threshold of ‹r› = 2.4. The theory in oxide and non-oxide Fig. 2. Each type of bond constraint α in temperature- is designed for a fully connected net- systems. dependent constraint theory is assigned a constraint onset temperature, T . At high temperatures (T > T ), there work at absolute zero temperature, T For example, Figure 4 α α is enough thermal energy to overcome the bond con- = 0. However, the rigidity of a given shows ternary diagrams straint. Therefore, it is considered floppy, i.e., q (T) → 0. constraint depends on the temperature for glass transition tem- α Conversely, at low temperatures (T < Tα), the constraint is of the system, specifically in terms of perature and fragility in 19 rigid, i.e., qα(T) → 1. Following Gupta and Mauro, the the amount of available thermal energy the ternary Na2O-CaO- temperature dependence of constraints can be written in 27 either continuous or discrete forms. The discrete form, a compared with the amount of energy B2O3 system. Such cal- required to break a constraint. The culation would be impos- simple unit step function, is useful for deriving analytical temperature dependence of constraints sible using traditional formulas for the composition dependence of properties, is illustrated in Figure 2. In the limit atomistic modeling tech- such as glass transition temperature and hardness. The continuous form is useful for obtaining numerical solutions of low temperature, all constraints are niques, such as molecular for liquid fragility.20 Here, ΔF* is the free energy to break rigid, because there is insufficient ther- dynamics, because these α constraint α, k is Boltzmann’s constant and νtobs is the prod- mal energy to break any type of bond. techniques are currently uct of vibrational frequency and observation time. In the high-temperature limit, all con- unable to capture essen- straints are effectively broken, because tial structural features, bonds can break easily and reform with such as the boron coordina- all the available thermal energy. tion change with composition. Recently, Gupta and Mauro19,20 have Also, molecular dynamics extended Phillips–Thorpe theory to simulations are much too time account quantitatively for the effect of consuming to be applied for temperature. Their work agrees with compositional studies. the analysis of Naumis,21 who deter- Recently, the tempera- mined that the major contribution to ture-dependent constraint configurational entropy in glass-forming approach has been extended systems is due to the presence of floppy by Smedskjaer et al.28,29 to modes. The configurational entropy provide a predictive model for Atomic degrees of freedom decreases as temperature decreases and the composition dependence floppy modes vanish (i.e., they become of glass hardness. Figure 5 rigid). Finally, the low-temperature shows that constraint theory glassy state has no available degrees provides a quantitatively of freedom and, hence, a vanishing of accurate solution to this pre- X 22,23 configurational entropy. Figure 3 viously unsolved problem in Fig. 3. Plot of average atomic degrees of freedom shows example calculations demon- condensed-matter physics. as a function of alkali concentration in a binary strating this effect. Molecular dynamics Another notable success of alkali borate system. At high temperatures (T > Tα), simulations support the theory.24 temperature-dependent con- all constraints are floppy. Therefore, the number of The Gupta–Mauro temperature- straint theory is its application atomic degrees of freedom is three for all composi- dependent constraint theory is especial- to modeling the temperature tions. As the system is cooled, the first constraint to become rigid is the linear B—O bond constraint (T < ly useful for predicting the composition dependence of liquid viscosity β T < T ). Continued cooling leads to a freezing of the dependence of macroscopic properties, via the Mauro–Yue–Ellison– α O—B—O bond angles (T < T < T ) followed by the such as glass transition temperature19,20 Gupta–Allan (MYEGA) equa- γ β B—O—B bond angles (T < T ) in the solid glassy state. 25 30 γ and fragility (a measure of the non- tion for liquid viscosity: Reproduced from Mauro et al.20

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 33 Topological constraint theory of glass

(a) (b)

Fig. 4. Calculation of the composition dependence of (a) glass transition temperature Tg(x,y) and (b) fragility m(x,y) for the xNa2O⋅yCaO⋅(1 – x – y)B2O3 system. Tg(x,y) is calculated analytically based on the discrete form of temperature-dependent constraint theory, whereas m(x,y) is calculated numerically based on the continuous form of the theory. Constraint theory is an effective method for the quantitative design of new glass compositions. Reproduced from Smedskjaer et al.27 In the absence of direct experimental measurements, it is often useful to turn to molecular dynamics simula- (4) tions. Although the simula- The MYEGA equation provides a tions themselves may not significantly improved description of provide the direct results the temperature dependence of viscos- regarding macroscopic proper- ity compared with the standard Vogel– ties, such as hardness, they can Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation, provide important structural while maintaining the same number information and the energies of fitting parameters. Here, is the η∞ associated with various types extrapolated viscosity in the infinite of constraints. Two methods temperature limit, and K(x) and C(x) proposed to link molecular are composition-dependent parameters dynamics with constraint indicative of the activation barrier theory – one by Mauro and for viscous flow and the temperature Varshneya32,33 and another by dependence of the constraints, respec- Micoulat34,35 – provide that tively. Complete details of the MYEGA accurate interatomic potentials equation are provided in Ref. 30. are known if one deals with classical molecular dynamics. Linking molecular dynamics and In their molecular dynamics constraint theory simulations of the germanium– The implicit assumption of constraint selenium system, Mauro and theory is that we know enough about Varshneya32 provided the first the structure of a given glass to identify direct evidence for a rigidity the important structural units and asso- percolation threshold from ciated constraints. Often the best source atomistic simulations. Their of this information comes from struc- approach is based on calculat- tural characterization, such as nuclear ing the normal modes of vibra- Fig. 5. Predicted versus measured Vickers hardness (H ) for xNa O 10CaO (89 – x)B O 1Fe O (mole magnetic resonance experiments. For tion associated with a given V 2 ⋅ ⋅ 2 3⋅ 2 3 example, recent NMR experiments31 of configuration of atoms. The percent) glasses at loads (P) of 98 millinewtons and 0.25 newtons. Hardness is plotted as a function of the germanium-selenium system at vari- high-frequency modes cor- ous temperatures reveal the important (a) the average number of atomic constraints in the respond to deeper energy wells glass at room temperature and (b) the concentration structural units of this system as well and rigid constraints, whereas of Na2O (x). The solid lines represent model predic- as the composition and temperature the low-frequency modes are tions using temperature-dependent constraint theory. dependence of the constraints. indicative of shallow wells cor- Reproduced from Smedskjaer et al.28

34 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 motions involved with a par- ture is isostatic (i.e., having the same ticular constraint, because number of bond constraints as atomic each element of the eigenvec- degrees of freedom). However, more tor is associated with the x, recent experiments by Boolchand36–40 y or z motion of a particular reveal a second transition providing a atom. Because the eigenvec- finite width to these isostatic composi- tors are orthonormal, all of tions and offering not only a single the constraints considered are optimized glass composition, but a mutually independent, i.e., whole range of such compositions, as there is no risk of overcount- depicted in Figure 7. The exploration ing dependent constraints. of this so-called intermediate phase has Micoulaut24,34,35 has pro- been a large focus of recent experimen- posed an alternative approach tal and modeling work in understanding designed specifically for constraint theory. angular constraints. Here, The original experimental work of bond-stretching constraints Boolchand is based on the technique of are routinely computed from modulated differential scanning calorim- the number of neighbors, etry, in which a small sample of glass is whereas a more subtle analysis subjected to a linear heating or cooling is needed to quantify angular path modulated with a sinusoidal varia- constraints based on calculat- tion of amplitude. The resulting signal ing the standard deviation of of the MDSC can be divided in two partial bond angle distributions contributions: reversing heat flow that for a glassy system. In his simu- tracks the sinusoidal modulation and Fig. 6. In heavier chalcogenides, such as germanium- lations, Micoulaut found that nonreversing heat flow that is indicative antimony-telluride glasses, where the 8-N (octet) the standard deviations show a of aging behavior in the glass transition rule does not apply in a straightforward fashion, bimodal distribution indicating range and captures most of the kinetics. constraint counting can be achieved using molecu- either floppy or rigid behavior. occurring in this temperature interval. lar dynamics. From an accumulated trajectory of This technique clearly The Boolchand experiments have GeSb Te , one selects a central atom 0, and, for a 2 4 identifies which bond angles shown that many oxide and non-oxide given number of neighbors (here equal to six), all are floppy (having a high possible partial bond angle distributions between glassy systems exhibit a minimum in sets of neighbors (e.g., marked as 203) are comput- standard deviation) versus nonreversing heat flow over a range of ed for germanium-, antimony- and telluride-centered rigid (having a low standard compositions within the intermediate atoms (102, 103, 104, etc., see panel for germa- deviation), such as depicted in phase. However, the signature of the nium). Results show that germanium and antimony Figure 6. A key advantage of intermediate phase is not restricted have three intact constraints (sharp colored distribu- the Micoulaut technique is its to calorimetric data, because optical tions) although their coordination number is four (one computational efficiency for measurements have shown that two would expect seven constraints according to the stan- large systems. These features vibrational thresholds have been found dard counting procedure). Although the coordination can be followed with com- at the boundary of the intermediate of tellurium is found to be larger than two, consistent position and temperature. A 41 with experimental data, this leads only to one intact phase. Subsequent experiments also angular constraint, as for sulfur and selenium. Special particularly interesting finding have shown signatures of the intermedi- 40 thanks to M. Micoulaut for providing this figure. of this work is that, to eluci- ate phase in ionic conductivity data. date the nature of constraints, For selected systems, the centroid of responding to floppy constraints. one must consider the nearest the intermediate phase coincides with In the Mauro–Varshneya approach, neighbors around network formers and a minimum in molar volume, under- each mode is classified as either rigid or modifiers, such as alkali ions in oxide scoring space-filling tendency.42 The floppy depending whether it falls above glasses. When applying this technique, intermediate phase for several different or below a certain threshold for rigidity. one must be careful to count only inde- glassy systems is shown in Figure 8. This threshold depends on the tem- pendent constraints, because not all The intermediate phase is attributed perature of the system, with a higher bond angles are mutually independent. to a self-organization of the glassy net- threshold required for higher tempera- work, where the network attempts to tures. Therefore, this approach captures Self-organization and the achieve an isostatic condition even if the composition and temperature intermediate phase that means introduction of defects in dependence of the constraints. Also, The original Phillips–Thorpe theory either the short-range or intermediate- the eigenvectors associated with each predicts a single optimized glass com- range structures. To account for these normal mode reveal the exact atomic position, where the microscopic struc- effects, the Phillips–Thorpe model

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 35 Topological constraint theory of glass

Fig. 7. (a) Traditional Phillips–Thorpe constraint theory with a single rigidity percolation threshold sepa- rating floppy and rigid compositions. (b) According to Boolchand’s results, the rigidity percolation threshold is really two thresholds yielding an intermediate phase of finite width between the floppy and stressed rigid phases. The intermediate phase corresponds to a range of compositions that can self-assemble in optimally constrained (i.e., isostatic) configurations. Beyond a certain limit, additional constraints cannot be accommodated by changes in clustering or intermediate-range order, and then the Fig. 8. Observed reversibility windows from modulated DSC experi- system enters a stressed rigid phase. ments for various glass systems. The reversibility window corresponds to the intermediate-phase compositions, here shown as a has been extended by Micoulaut and tion52 data to function of average coordinate number. Window centroids in group Phillips43–47 to consider various configu- discern the IV selenides are at ‹r› > 2.40, whereas group V selenides are at ‹r› rations of clusters within a glass. In the structural < 2.40. Ternary alloys encompass both regions of ‹r› space. Special Micoulaut–Phillips approach, clusters signatures thanks to P. Boolchand for providing this figure. are constructed of increasing size, the of the inter- probability of each cluster depend- mediate phase. For example, recent glassy state, viz., the network of bond ing on the energy associated with the NMR measurements of Lucas53 have constraints, it effectively bypasses the elementary units. led to a proposed model of germanium- limitations associated with traditional The more favorable configurations selenium glass structure composed of atomistic modeling techniques, such as molecular dynamics. However, there are those leading to an isostatic condi- selenium-rich (flexible) and GeSe2-rich tion, which gives an overall lower free (stressed rigid) nanophases in which no remains much work to be done regard- energy of the system. This self-organi- intermediate phase would be possible. ing the theoretical and applied aspects zation of various cluster configurations Nevertheless, Micoulaut and Malki54 of constraint theory, such as the exten- enables the intermediate-range ordering have shown direct evidence for a char- sion to new compositions and proper- necessary to produce the intermediate acteristic dynamical length scale associ- ties of interest. One cannot help but phase. The optimized configurations of ated with the intermediate phase in be excited by the future prospects of the glass within the intermediate phase fast-ion-conducting glasses. this approach, which is poised to make also mean there is less driving force In the current author’s opinion, the the computational design of new glassy for relaxation and, hence, a minimum existence of such controversy serves as materials a reality. in nonreversing heat flow. The stress- great evidence for the amount of excit- Readers interested in learning more free nature also has been shown from ing research that is yet to be done in this about constraint theory are encouraged Raman pressure experiments.48 area. No matter what the final outcome, to check out the new book, Rigidity The discovery of the intermediate we are sure to learn much along the way and Boolchand Intermediate Phases in phase has not been without contro- to further our understanding of the glassy Nanomaterials, edited by Micoulaut and 55 versy. In particular, Simon49,50 has state in terms of structure and properties. Popescu. It provides an excellent over- shown that the integration of the non- view of recent advances in constraint reversing heat flow from MDSC does Conclusions and further reading theory, including generous doses of not correspond exactly to the enthalpy Topological constraint theory is experimental and modeling work. This of aging through the glass transition. arguably the most powerful tool avail- book is a celebration of the constraint Subsequent work by Carpentier et al.51 able today to predict the relationship theory approach to glass science, fol- has provided a thorough analysis of between the composition and structure lowing the original work of Phillips and relaxation using MDSC. of a glass and its measurable proper- Thorpe, and of the exciting theoretical Also, currently, there is no clear evi- ties. Because constraint theory focuses and experimental work that has been dence from NMR31 or neutron diffrac- on the key physics that governs the published in the ensuing decades. The

36 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 book is written in a very readable and I: Short-Range Order in Chalcogenide Alloys,” J. Non-Cryst. Liquids,” Phys. Rev. B, 82, 014203 (2010). Solids, 34, 153–81 (1979). accessible fashion, making it an ideal 32J.C. Mauro and A.K. Varshneya, “Modeling of Rigidity 7J.C. Phillips and M. F. Thorpe, “Constraint Theory, Vector Percolation and Incipient Plasticity in Germanium-Selenium introduction to the field for newcomers. Percolation and Glass Formation,” Solid State Commun., 53, Glasses,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90, 192–98 (2007). It also makes an excellent reference for 699–702 (1985). 33J.C. Mauro and A.K. Varshneya, “Multiscale Modeling of 8D.R. Swiler, A.K. Varshneya and R.M. Callahan, Arsenic Selenide Glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 353, 1226–31 those who are already well versed in the “Microhardness, Surface Toughness and Average Coordination (2007). field. Perhaps the most exciting feature Number in Chalcogenide Glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 125 [3] 34M. Micoulaut, J.-Y. Raty, C. Otjacques and C. Bichara, 250–57 (1990). “Understanding Amorphous Phase-Change Materials from the of this book is that the diverse range of 9A.N. Sreeram, D.R. Swiler and A.K. Varshneya, “Gibbs– Viewpoint of Maxwell Rigidity,” Phys. Rev. B, 81, 174206 (2010). chapters offers essentially a blueprint DiMarzio Equation to Describe the Glass Transition 35M. Bauchy, M. Micoulaut, M. Celino and C. Massobrio, for future discoveries yet to be made. Temperature Trends in Multicomponent Chalcogenide “Angular Rigidity in Tetrahedral Network Glasses,” in review Glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 127, 287–97 (1991). (2010). In many ways, this book is Micoulaut 10 U. Senapati and A.K. Varshneya, “Configurational Arrangements 36P. Boolchand, D.G. Georgiev and B. Goodman, “Discovery and Popescu’s invitation for all of us to in Chalcogenide Glasses: A New Perspective on Phillips’ of the Intermediate Phase in Chalocogenide Glasses,” J. Constraint Theory,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, , 289–96 (1995). 185 Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 3, 703–20 (2001). come and join the fun! 11 U. Senapati, K. Firstenberg and A.K. Varshneya, “Structure– 37P. Boolchand, X. Feng and W.J. Bresser, “Rigidity Transitions Property Inter-Relations in Chalcogenide Glasses and Their in Binary Ge-Se Glasses and the Intermediate Phase,” J. Non- Practical Implications,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, , 153–59 (1997). Acknowledgments 222 Cryst. Solids, 293-295, 348–56 (2001). 12P. Boolchand, R.N. Enzweiler, R.L. Cappelletti, W. A. The author thanks D.C. Allan, P. 38P. Boolchand, G. Lucovsky, J.C. Phillips and M.F. Thorpe, Kamitakahara, Y. Cai and M.F. Thorpe, “Vibrational Thresholds “Self-Organization and the Physics of Glassy Networks,” Philos. in Covalent Networks,” Solid State Ionics, , 81–89 (1990). Boolchand, P.K. Gupta, R.J. Loucks, 39 Mag., 85, 3823–38 (2005). 13 P. Lucas, M. Micoulaut, G.G. Naumis, M.F. Thorpe, “Continuous Deformations in Random 39Y. Vaills, T. Qu, M. Micoulaut, F. Chaimbault and P. Networks,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 57, 355–70 (1983). Boolchand, “Direct Evidence of Rigidity Loss and Self- J.C. Phillips, M. Potuzak, S. Sen, M.M. 14R. Kerner and J.C. Phillips, “Quantitative Principles of Organization in Silicate Glasses,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 17, Smedskjaer, A.K. Varshneya and Y.Z. Silicate Glass Chemistry,” Solid State Commun., 117, 47 (2000). 4889 (2005). Yue for many inspiring discussions over 15J.C. Phillips and R. Kerner, “Structure and Function of 40D.I. Novita, P. Boolchand, M. Malki and M. Micoulaut, “Fast- Window Glass and Pyrex,” J. Chem. Phys., 128, 174506 (2008). Ion Conduction and Flexibility of Glassy Networks,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, 195501 (2007). the years in the area of topological con- 16P.K. Gupta and D.B. Miracle, “A Topological Basis for Bulk straint theory. Glass Formation,” Acta Mater., 55, 4507–15 (2007). 41P. Boolchand, X. Feng and W.J. Bresser, “Rigidity Transitions in Binary Ge-Se Glasses and the Intermediate Phase,” J. Non- 17J.C. Phillips, “Constraint Theory and Hierarchical Protein Cryst. Solids, 293-295, 348–56 (2001). Dynamics,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, S5065–S5072 (2004). About the author 42C. Bourgel, M. Micoulaut, M. Malki and P. Simon, 18J.C. Phillips, “Scaling and Self-Organized Criticality in “Molar Volume Minimum and Adaptive Rigid Networks in Proteins: Lysozyme c,” Phys. Rev. E, 80, 051916 (2009). John C. Mauro is Research Associate Relationship with the Intermediate Phase in Glasses,” Phys. in the Science and Technology Division, 19P.K. Gupta and J.C. Mauro, “Composition Dependence of Rev. B, 79, 024201 (2009). Glass Transition Temperature and Fragility. I. A Topological 43M. Micoulaut, “Rigidity Transitions and Constraint Counting Corning Incorporated, Corning, N.Y., Model Incorporating Temperature-Dependent Constraints,” J. in Amorphous Networks: Beyond the Mean-Field Approach,” Chem. Phys., 130, 094503 (2009). where he has conducted fundamental Europhys. Lett., 58, 830 (2002). 20J.C. Mauro, P.K. Gupta and R.J. Loucks, “Composition research in glass science, statistical and 44M. Micoulaut and J.C. Phillips, “Ring Statistics and Rigidity Dependence of Glass Transition Temperature and Fragility. II. Transitions in Network Glasses,” Phys. Rev. B, 67, 104204 A Topological Model of Alkali Borate Liquids,” J. Chem. Phys., computational physics, photonics and (2003). 130, 234503 (2009). optical communication systems. 45M. Micoulaut, “Rigidity and Intermediate Phases in Glasses 21G.G. Naumis, “Energy Landscape and Rigidity,” Phys. Rev. E, Driven by Speciation,” Phys. Rev. B, 74, 184208 (2006). Mauro earned a B.S. in Glass 71, 026114 (2005). 46M. Micoulaut and J.C. Phillips, “Onset of Rigidity in Glasses: Engineering Science (2001), B.A. in 22J.C. Mauro, P.K. Gupta and R.J. Loucks, “Continuously From Random to Self-Organized Networks,” J. Non-Cryst. Broken Ergodicity,” J. Chem. Phys., 126, 184511 (2007). Computer Science (2001) and Ph.D. Solids, 353, 1732–40 (2007). 23J.C. Mauro, R.J. Loucks and S. Sen, “Heat Capacity, Enthalpy 47M. Micoulaut, “Constrained Interactions, Rigidity, Adaptive in Glass Science (2006) from Alfred Fluctuations, and Configurational Entropy in Broken Ergodic Networks and their Role for the Description of Silicates,” Am. Systems,” J. Chem. Phys., 133, 164503 (2010). University. The Pennsylvania State Mineral., 93, 1732–48 (2008). 24M. Bauchy and M. Micoulaut, “Atomic Scale Foundation of University and the International 48F. Wang, S. Mamedov, P. Boolchand, B. Goodman and M. Temperature-Dependent Constraints in Glasses and Liquids”, Chandrasekhar, “Pressure Raman Effects and Internal Stress in Commission on Glass awarded unpublished work. Network Glasses,” Phys. Rev. B, 71, 174201 (2005). 25M.M. Smedskjaer, J. C. Mauro and Y. Yue, “Ionic Diffusion Mauro the 2010 Woldemar A. Weyl 49S.L. Simon and G.B. McKenna, “Quantitative Analysis of and the Topological Origin of Fragility in Silicate Glasses,” J. Errors in TMDSC in the Glass Transition Region,” Thermochim. International Glass Science Award. Chem. Phys., 131, 244514 (2009). Acta, 348, 77–89 (2000). Mauro also is the recipient of the 26C.A. Angell, K.L. Ngai, G.B. McKenna, P.F. McMillan 50S.L. Simon, “Temperature-Modulated Differential Scanning and S.W. Martin, “Relaxation in Glassforming Liquids and 2011 V. Gottardi Prize from the Calorimetry: Theory and Application,” Thermochim. Acta, 374, Amorphous Solids,” J. Appl. Phys., 88, 3113–57 (2000). International Commission on Glass. 55–71 (2001). 27M.M. Smedskjaer, J.C. Mauro S. Sen and Y. Yue, 51L. Carpentier, O. Bustin and M. Descamps, “Temperature- “Quantitative Design of Glassy Materials Using Temperature- Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry as a Specific Heat Dependent Constraint Theory,” Chem. Mater., 22, 5358–65 Spectroscopy,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35, 402–408 (2002). References (2010). 1 52M.T.M. Shatnawi, C.L. Farrow, P. Chen, P. Boolchand, A. W.H. Zachariasen, “The Atomic Arrangement in Glass,” J. 28M.M. Smedskjaer, J.C. Mauro and Y. Yue, “Prediction of Glass Sartbaeva, M.F. Thorpe and S.J.L. Billinge, “Search for a Chem. Soc., 54, 3841–51 (1932). Hardness Using Temperature-Dependent Constraint Theory,” Structural Response to the Intermediate Phase in GexSe1−x 2 Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 115503 (2010). A.R. Cooper, “Zachariasen’s Rules, Modelung Constant and Glasses,” Phys. Rev. B, 77, 094134 (2008) Network Topology,” Phys. Chem. Glasses, 19, 60–68 (1978). 29M.M. Smedskjaer, J.C. Mauro S. Sen, J. Deubener and Y. 53P. Lucas, E.A. King, O. Gulbiten, J.L. Yarger, E. Soignard and Yue, “Impact of Network Topology on Cationic Diffusion 3A.R. Cooper, “W.H. Zachariasen – The Melody Lingers On,” B. Bureau, “Bimodal Phase Percolation Model for the Structure and Hardness of Borate Glass Surfaces,” J. Chem. Phys., 133, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 49, 1–17 (1982). of Ge-Se Glasses and the Existence of the Intermediate Phase,” 154509 (2010). Phys. Rev. B, 80, 214114 (2009). 4 P.K. Gupta and A.R. Cooper, “Topologically Disordered 30J.C. Mauro, Y. Yue, A.J. Ellison, P.K. Gupta and D.C. Allan, 54M. Micoulaut and M. Malki, “Direct Evidence of a Characteristic Networks of Rigid Polytopes,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 123, 14–21 “Viscosity of Glass-Forming Liquids,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Length Scale of a Dynamical Nature in the Boolchand Phase of (1990). U.S.A., 106, 19780–84 (2009). Glasses,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 235504 (2010). 5P.K. Gupta, “Rigidity, Connectivity, and Glass-Forming 31E.L. Gjersing, S. Sen and R.E. Youngman, “Mechanistic 55M. Micoulaut and M. Popescu, Eds., Rigidity Transitions and Ability,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 76, 1088–95 (1993). Understanding of the Effect of Rigidity Percolation on Boolchand Intermediate Phases in Nanomaterials. INOE, n 6J.C. Phillips, “Topology of Covalent Non-Crystalline Solids Structural Relaxation in Supercooled Germanium Selenide

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 37 A report on the Indo-U.S. Joint Center for Biomaterials for Health Care

by Bikramjit Basu and Thomas Webster uring the past few decades, materials for Dbiomedical applications have received much attention in the scientific community, pri- marily because biomaterials are capable of replac- ing, reconstructing and regenerating human/ animal body tissues for long-term use, with little toxic or inflammatory effects. Biomaterials, as well as their applications as artificial organs, are, therefore, recognized as an emerging area for material scientists, biotechnologists, chemists, engineers and medical professionals. Traditionally, biomaterials have been created by largely trial-and-error processes. For example, titanium was initially considered for orthopedic applications because it is lightweight and strong (clearly important for artificial joint applications). This approach has sufficed to date to help restore organ function and at least partially return a quality of life to persons suffering from various diseases. However, all of the implants currently used today to treat body ailments – from orthopedics to the vasculature – have limited lifetimes, which are often less than that of the patient. Moreover, there is room to improve the functionality and the quality of life of the patient. Clearly, approaches other than trial-and-error-engineering are needed to design even better implants for the coming generations.

Center created For these reasons, Indo–U.S. Science and Technology Forum established the Public–Private Networked R&D Center on Biomaterials for Health Care with these writers – Bikramjit Basu as director and Thomas Webster as codirec- tor – in November 2008. S.P. Mehrotra, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur, is the nodal coordinator of the center. The R&D Center includes the participation of • Two academic institutes from India (IIT Kanpur and IIT Mumbai); • Three academic institutes from United States (Brown University, University of Texas, San Antonio, and University of Washington, Seattle); • Two national research labs from India (National Metallurgical Laboratory and the Non-Ferrous Technology Development Center); and • One private U.S. company (Shaping Concepts LLC located in Texas). The Center for Biomaterials for Health Care is the largest of all the Indo– U.S. research centers currently funded by IUSSTF. The Center’s projects range from mimicking the natural chemical and nanostructure of natural tissues to creating improved biomaterials to developing sensors that can determine in real time in-situ events surrounding implants (to ensure their success). In particular, the general aim of the Center for Biomaterials for Health Care has been to combine innovative material science concepts (including nanotechnology) with biological science approaches to develop implants that can last the lifetimes of the patients and to return those patients to the lifestyles

38 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 IIT Kanpur ❏ Spark plasma sintering ❏ Electrospinning/3D printing ❏ Cell/bacteria culture

Brown IIT Bombay ❏ Nanotechnology approaches ❏ Cartilage tissue engineering Bioactive gellan xanthan ❏ Transparent, mechanically Bone tissue engineering hydrogels for regenerating stable PVA for tissue – Novel cartilage NFTDC engineering applications bone and cartilage USTA biomaterials ❏ Nanofiber scaffolds ❏ CAD/CAM designing of porous scaffolds ❏ Functional materials ❏ Cell/bacteria culture NML UoW, Seattle ❏ Biomimetic approaches ❏ Mechanics of ❏ Transparent PVA hydrogels orthopedic materials (Credit: Basu) Shaping Concepts Understanding Nanostructured matals ❏ Commercialization nanoparticle toxicity ❏ Injection molding

(Credit: Basu) Illustration showing the research highlights of Center activities Complementary expertise available with center partners. in the area of bone-tissue engineering applications. they were accustomed to before they Some of the suffered from a medical ailment. notable achievements While deciding the key objectives of include the center, the complementary expertis- • Understanding es of various partners were considered. genotoxicity and gene profiling of osteoblast Center focus cells treated with Magnetic nanoparticles t=0 t=60 After careful thought, participants hydroxyapatite-based Novel Anti-infection materials decided to focus the activities for of the nanobioceramic com- using nanotechnology Center in the following areas: posites; • Creating metal-, ceramic- and • Developing polymer-based hard tissue replacement polymer-based scaffold Magnetic nanoparticles (orthopedic implant) materials, with par- materials for cartilage penetrating bacteria biofilms ticular emphasis on nanobiomaterials; tissue engineering Magnetic nanoparticles/PVA • Creating polymer-based scaffold application; antibacterial films (Credit: Basu) materials for tissue engineering applica- • Injection mold- Illustration showing the research highlights of Center activities tions; and ing of polymer–ceram- in the area of materials with anti-infection properties. • Formulating strategies based on ic hybrid biocomposites; and novel manufacturing routes to produce • Fabricating materials with uni- IIT Kanpur researchers used elec- complex-shaped implant materials. form and gradient porosity using CAD/ trospinning techniques to develop They have been more than 20 CAM-based manufacturing routes as poly(vinyl alcohol)–carbon nanofibers exchange visits of senior researchers well as 3D printing. and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)–CNF and young Ph.D. students between hybrid biocomposites, while cardio- India and the U.S. The Center has Details of work myocyte cell-fate processes are studied worked toward achieving the overall In particular, the Center oversaw the at Brown University in the context of objective: combine the cutting edge joint development of HA-based electro- their potential applications as synthetic technologies of fabrication and testing conductive composites for bone replace- patches to treat heart diseases. NML of materials science with the knowledge ment applications. IIT Kanpur created (Jamshedpur) has developed PVA- of biological sciences in order to come the composites using the spark plasma based transparent hydrogels for corneal up with strategies to develop shaped sintering route, and the research group of tissue engineering applications followed implant materials in some of the emerg- Amar Bhalla and Ruyan Guo at UTSA by Brown University’s in-vitro study of ing material systems for the purpose of evaluated their functional properties. such materials. the enhancement of public health. Using fluorescent-activated cell sorting Also, IIT Bombay synthesized hydrogel Since its inception almost two years and reverse-transcription polymerase scaffolds for minimally invasive cartilage ago, the Center has demonstrated a chain reaction techniques, researchers tissue engineering applications. Brown synergistic flow and utilization of scien- at Brown University investigated the researchers then investigated the cell tific concepts, technological ideas and cellular apoptosis at genome level of adhesion and differentiation of chondro- expertise in an international team of HA-based nanoceramic composites fabri- cyte cells in an external electric field. recognized scientists. cated using the SPS route at IIT Kanpur. In collaboration with the research

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 39 A report on the Indo-U.S. Joint Center for Biomaterials for Health Care

the commercial scale production of complex-shaped materials. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds have been synthesized at IIT Kanpur and tested for fine-scale compositional analysis using Mauli Agrawal ‘s UTSA research group’s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and micromechanical- property evaluation facilities. More information about the Center for Biomaterials for Health Care

(Credit: Basu) research activities is available on the ▲ National Metallurgical center’s website www.iitk.ac.in/indo_us_ Laboratory’s Suparbha biomaterials. More information about Nayar (extreme left), and the Indo–U.S. Science and Technology authors Webster and Basu Forum is available at www.indousstf.org. (in center wearing ties, left and right, respectively) About the authors with the researchers of Bikramjit Basu is a professor in ▲ Basu with Joo L. Ong (extreme right) and other faculty Brown University’s School the Department of Materials Science and researchers of Department of Biomedical Engineering of Engineering. at University of Texas at San Antonio. and Engineering, Indian Institute of extended to various mate- Technology Kanpur, India group of Rajendra K. Borida, IIT Kanpur rial systems). Based on the Thomas Webster is a professor in the successfully adapted a 3D-printing composition formulated at IIT Kanpur, School of Engineering and Department approach to obtain porous high-density Shaping Concepts created hybrid poly- of Orthopedics, Brown University, polyethylene (a method that can be mer–ceramic biocomposites to explore Providence, R.I. n Call For Papers! www.ceramics.org/mcare2012 Abstract Deadline: September 19, 2011 Materials Challenges In Alternative & Renewable Energy February 26-29, 2012 | Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort | Clearwater Beach, FL, USA

Organized by: The American Ceramic Society Co-organized by: ASM International | The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Endorsed by: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering

40 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 2011 GlASS & OpticAl MAteriAlS DiviSiOn AnnUAl MeetinG May 15 -19, 2011 Hilton Savannah DeSoto Hotel Savannah, Ga., USA

www.ceramics.org/gomd2011

Invitation to attend GOMD 2011 Thank you sponsors: We invite you to join more than 300 of your colleagues in Sa- Poster Session Sponsor vannah, Ga., to discuss your research and share knowledge about the physical properties and technological processes important to glasses, amorphous solids and all optical materials. GOMD 2011 includes sessions headed by technical leaders from industry, govern- Welcome Reception Cosponsor ment laboratories and academia that cover the latest advances in glass science and technology as well as a focused examination of the amorphous state. GOMD 2011 is designed for those involved or interested in the scientific research and development, application and manufacturing of all glass types. Lanyard Sponsor Award winners: 2011 Norbert J. Kreidl Award Recipient: Randilynn Christensen, MSE, Iowa State Award sponsors: University The Mixed Glassformer Effect in Sodium Christensen Borophosphate Glass 2011 George W. Morey Award Recipient: Neville Greaves, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Glass Structure, Ion Transport and the Pareto Principle Greaves 2011 Stookey Lecture of Discovery Recipient: Delbert E. Day, Curators’ Professor of Ceramic Engineering and Senior Research Investiga- tor, Graduate Center for Materials Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology Repairing the Body with Glass Day

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 41 2011 GOMD Annual Meeting www.ceramics.org/gomd2011 May 15–19, 2011 | Hilton Savannah DeSoto Hotel | Savannah, Ga. USA

GOMD 2011 program chairs Symposium I: Glass Science Lead Contact: John Mauro Joseph V. Ryan Amanda Brennecka [email protected] [email protected] Session A: Atomistic Modeling of Glass Pacific Northwest Sandia National Labs Structures and Interfaces National Lab Organizer: Jincheng Du Session 1 May 18, 2011 1:00 –6:00 p.m.

GOMD schedule-at-a-glance Session B: Glass Structure and Properties Organizer: Randall E. Youngman Sunday, May 15, 2011 Session 1 May 17, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Registration 3:00 – 7:00 p.m. Welcome Reception 6:00 – 8:00 p.m. Session 2 May 17, 2011 1:20 – 5:20 p.m.

Monday, May 16, 2011 Session C: Glass Corrosion Registration 7:00 a.m. – 7:00 p.m. Stookey Lecture of Discovery 8:00 – 9:00 a.m. Organizers: Stéphane Gin Pierre Frugier Concurrent Technical Sessions 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 17, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Lunch on Own Noon – 1:00 p.m. Session 2 May 17, 2011 1:00 – 5:20 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Poster Session 6:30 – 9:30 p.m. Session D: Ancient Glasses Tuesday, May 17, 2011 Organizer: Denis Strachan Registration 7:30 a.m. – 7:00 p.m. Session 1 May 18, 2011 10:20 a.m. – Noon George W. Morey Award 8:00 – 9:00 a.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 9:20 a.m. – Noon Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Session E: Non-silicate Glasses Young Scholars* Noon – 1:00 p.m. Organizers: Andriy Kovalskyy Juejun (J.J.) Hu Lunch on Own Noon – 1:00 p.m. Session 1 May 16, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Concurrent Technical Sessions 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Session 2 May 16, 2011 1:00 – 3:20 p.m. Conference Dinner 7:00 – 10:00 p.m.

Wednesday, May 18, 2011 Session F: Glass-Ceramics Registration 7:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. Organizer: Amanda Brennecka Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:00 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 16, 2011 3:20 – 5:20 p.m. Lunch on Own Noon – 1:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Session G: Surface and Interfacial Phenomena Thursday, May 19, 2011 Organizer: Carlo G. Pantano GMIC Symposium** 7:00 a.m. – 2:30 p.m. Registration 7:30 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 18, 2011 8:00 – 10:20 a.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:00 a.m. – Noon Short Course** 1:30 – 5:30 p.m. Fundamentals of Glass Science Friday, May 21, 2011 Short Course** 8:00 am – 5:00 p.m. and Technology Short Course Professional engineers, scientists, administrators and students who wish to rapidly acquire a general idea of glass or append *Free boxed lunches will be available to attendees on a first come, first served basis. their education in materials engineering should attend. Taught by **Separate registration is required for these events. Arun K. Varshneya, course topics include commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure, glass technology, batch calculations, glassmelting and glass forming, glass properties and engineering principles, and elementary fracture analysis.

42 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 www.ceramics.org/gomd2011 May 15–19, 2011 | Hilton Savannah DeSoto Hotel | Savannah, Ga. USA

Symposium II: The Amorphous State Session B: Photosensitivity and Photomodification Lead Contact: Joseph V. Ryan Organizers: Pierre Lucas Kathleen Richardson Session 1 May 16, 2011 3:20 – 5:40 p.m. Session A: The Glass Transition and Relaxation in Glasses and Glass-Forming Liquids Session C: Optical Ceramics Organizer: Prabhat K. Gupta Organizers: Adam J. Stevenson Robert J. Pavlacka Session 1 May 16, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 16, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session 2 May 16, 2011 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Session 2 May 16, 2011 1:00 – 3:20 p.m. Session 3 May 17, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session D: Active Optics Session B: Model/Experiment: Links and Limits Organizer: David Scrymgeour Organizer: David Drabold Session 1 May 17, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 17, 2011 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Session E: Optical Coatings Session C: Topology and Rigidity Organizer: S. K. Sundaram Organizers: Pierre Lucas John Mauro Session 1 May 18, 2011 1:00 – 5:20 p.m. Session 1 May 18, 2011 8:00 a.m. – Noon Session F: Sensors and Scintillators Session D: Medium-Range Order Organizer: Mary Bliss Organizer: Paul Voyles Session 1 May 18, 2011 10:20 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 18, 2011 1:00 – 5:40 p.m. Session G: Solar Energy and Photocatalysis Session E: Amorphous Metals Organizers: Matthew T. Lloyd Dana C. Olson Organizer: Joseph V. Ryan Session 1 May 18, 2011 8:00 – 11:40 a.m. Session 1 May 18, 2011 3:20 – 5:40 p.m. Session 2 May 19, 2011 8:00 – 10:00 a.m. Session H: Ion Conductors and Energy Storage Materials Session F: Spin Glasses Organizer: Steve W. Martin Organizers: John McCloy Kostya Trachenko Session 1 May 16, 2011 9:20 a.m. – Noon Session 1 May 19, 2011 8:00 a.m. – Noon Session 2 May 16, 2011 1:00 – 3:20 p.m.

Session G: Water and Glass Organizer: Minoru Tomozawa Session 1 May 16, 2011 3:20 – 5:40 p.m. Glass Manufacturing Industry Council Symposium Symposium III: Optical Materials Glass Recycling in America has achieved only a fraction of its potential. Glass is the only common product material with an endless and Devices life cycle, yet most glass in the United States is not reused. Bar- riers to a more robust recycling utilization include technical and Lead Contact: Adam J. Stevenson economic issues. Many constituents have an interest in the state of glass recycling, including city and state governments, waste Session A: Optical Absorption processors, glass industry suppliers and glass manufacturers. This Organizer: Mark Davis symposium brings all stakeholders together to understand how to achieve more robust and successful recycling of glass in America. Session 1 May 17, 2011 1:00 – 4:40 p.m.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 43 2011 GOMD Annual Meeting www.ceramics.org/gomd2011 May 15–19, 2011 | Hilton Savannah DeSoto Hotel | Savannah, Ga. USA

Symposium IV: Glass Technology International Journal of Applied Lead Contact: Jim Marra Glass Science Session A: Glasses for Energy and Edited by David Pye Coedited by Mario Affatigato Environmental Applications Copies of the newest IJAGS will be available Organizer: Amanda Billings at GOMD 2011. Session 1 May 19, 2011 8:00 – 11:20 a.m. Launched March 2010, the International Journal of Applied Glass Science endeavors Session B: Glass Strength to be an indispensable source of information dealing with the application of glass Organizers: Elam Leed Richard K. Brow science and engineering across the entire materials spectrum. Session 1 May 18, 2011 8:00 – 10:20 a.m. Order your print subscription www.ceramics.org/ijags Session C: Glasses for Medicine and Biotechnology Organizer: Brad Tischendorf Session 1 May 19, 2011 10:20 a.m. – Noon Poster Session & Student Poster Competition Session D: Glassmelting and Glass Processing Organizer: Rajiv Tiwary Organizer: Robert A. Schaut Session 1 May 18, 2011 1:00 – 3:20 p.m. Poster abstracts will be accepted for all sessions and symposia. Students are encouraged to enter their presentations in the annual poster competition for professional recognition and cash awards! Session E: Liquid Synthesis and Session 1 May 16, 2011 6:30 – 9:30 p.m. Sol–Gel-Derived Materials Organizer: Gang Chen Session 1 May 18, 2011 3:20 – 5:40 p.m.

44 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 $225 Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011 savings end May 16! August 1–3, 2011 • Hyatt Regency Baltimore • Baltimore, Md.

Super Early Bird pricing ends May 16 emerging applications and Challenges in Sign up now to save $225. Access the complete technical program using Ceramics at general electric at www.ceramics.org/cls2011 Speaker: Krishan L. Luthra, Technology Leader, Ceramics & Metallurgy, Ge Global Research The Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011 will discuss business oppor- Ceramics play a critical role in performance of many tunities, emerging technologies and critical areas for scientific advance- Krishan L. Luthra energy systems, including gas turbines, batteries ment and process innovations that challenge the ceramic materials and SoFCs. Ceramic matrix composites can lead to community. The meeting consists of four general sessions and three improved performance of gas turbines for land-based and aircraft en- concurrent tracks. CLS 2011 provides the unique opportunity to partici- gines, because of their lighter-weight and higher-temperature capabili- pate in facilitated discussions, to address nontechnical issues that help ties. Key components of SoFCs also are ceramics: the yttria stabilized shape the future of ceramics and to interact with other leaders from the zirconia electrolyte and the perovskites cathode. High-energy-density sodium-metal halide battery is another emerging application relying on ceramics and glass materials community. a b-alumina electrolyte and other ceramics. Key challenges in commer- cializing these applications are component life and cost. This talk will Tuesday, aug. 2, 2011 discuss applications and challenges in use of ceramics in these three GeneRAL SeSSion 1 applications, focusing on CMCs. 10:00 a.m. to noon GeneRAL SeSSion 2 advancing Materials Technology in a Complex World 1:30 to 3:15 p.m. Corporate leaders provide their perspectives on the global economic, technological and environmental challenges and opportunities facing entrepreneurial Case studies the ceramic materials and technologies community. each talk will be Start-up businesses are an integral part of the ceramic materials com- followed by a facilitated dialogue with Summit participants. munity. Many entrepreneurs have started with research focus and suc- advanced Ceramics for sustainability – View cessfully transitioned into launching and/or managing a business. Three from siemens Corporate Technology tech-savvy leaders of ceramics-related companies provide case studies on building businesses based on materials technology. The case studies Speaker: Wolfgang Rossner, Technology Leader will be followed by a facilitated panel discussion. Ceramics, Siemens AG Corporate Technology The predicted mega trends, such as climate change, Wolfgang Rossner population growth, demographic change and scarcity of resources, require more sustainable global development. Thus, sustainability is a highly demanded property and a powerful innovation driver for technologies. Within this context advanced materials are expected to provide new solutions for the environment, economy and society. Advanced ceramics can contribute to achieving higher sus- Bart Riley Ted Day Marina Pascucci tainability by improving the efficiency, functionality and lifetime of technical systems. Stimulated by their multidisciplinary character, ceramic Speaker: Bart Riley, Cofounder, CTo, A123 Systems materials can open options for new solutions, e.g., for power generation, energy saving and energy storage or for self-adapting components using Speaker: Ted Day, President, Mo-Sci Corporation more “intelligent” materials. Speaker: Marina Pascucci, President, Ceranova Corporation

Know someone at your company, institution or university who is a rising star? Nominate that person to be a part of the Future Leaders Program at the Ceramic Leadership summit. Participants will build leadership development plans that they can take away and continue working on throughout the year. To nominate young professionals or for more information, contact Megan Bricker at [email protected].

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 45 Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011

CLS 2011 features three concurrent tracks: energy innovations, Business of Ceramics and innovative Applications for Ceramic Materials. Leaders from a variety of organizations will present opportunities and challenges in the ceramics and glass materials community. Register at www.ceramics.org/cls2011 before May 16 to save $225.

Tuesday, aug. 2, 2011 2:00 to 2:55 p.m. GeneRAL SeSSion 3 Material Needs in alternative & Renewable energy for the automotive Industry 3:45 to 5:15 p.m. Speaker: Mark Verbrugge, General Motors Re- Business Opportunities and strategies in emerging Markets search & Development Center Speaker: Thomas A. Cole, VP of Business Development, Ceradyne, inc. Primary concerns associated with lithium-ion batter- Mark Verbrugge ies and high-volume traction applications are associated with cost, life (cycle and calendar) and performance over a wide WedNesday, aug. 3, 2011 temperature range. Despite these concerns, it is well recognized that 3:15 to 5:00 p.m. soon lithium-ion batteries will be used in a variety of electrified vehicles, spanning from engine start/stop applications to hybrid electric vehicles to CLoSinG GeneRAL SeSSion pure electric vehicles. Hence, it is critically important to understand phenomena governing the durability of lithium ion-cells within the context Connecting Research, Technology and of traction applications and to indentify improved electrode materials. Manufacturing We focus the technical part of this talk on (1) the combined mechanical Research and innovation are critical to development and chemical degradation of lithium-ion electrode materials, including of technology that can transform the world. What are recent theoretical and experimental methods to clarify the governing some of the programs in the United States and in europe phenomena and (2) new materials offering promise for high-energy and Thomas Peterson that make a connection among research, technology high-power applications. and manufacturing? How do these programs or similar programs help the ceramic materials community? Speaker: Thomas W. Peterson, Assistant Director for BUSineSS oF CeRAMiCS engineering, national Science Foundation 8:30 to 9:25 a.m. Speaker: Alexander Michaelis, Director, Fraunhofer emerging Nanomaterials and Nanotechno- institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems Alexander Michaelis logy applications, Industry Trends and eneRGy innoVATionS Current and Future Markets Speaker: Thomas Abraham, innovative Research 8:30 to 9:25 a.m. and Products inc. Thomas Abraham advances in solid-state Batteries With large-scale current and potential use of nano- Speaker: Kevin S. Jones, University of Florida structured materials (and nanotubes) in applications, such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), magnetic recording and ferrofluids, 9:30 to 10:25 a.m. sunscreens, catalysts, biodetection/labeling, packaging, drug delivery, Ceramic Components for Fuel Cells and cancer treatment, imaging, conductive coatings, optical fibers, FeDs, chips and nanocomposites, the nanotechnology industry is taking off with com- Other energy applications mercial markets. This presentation provides an overview of the markets Speaker: John olenick, enrG inc. for nanomaterials (including ceramic nanomaterials) and nanotechnol- Since 1960, the planet has changed due to increasing lev- ogy segments, such as nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, nanomagnet- els of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Similar increases ics, nanopatterning and lithography, nanomedicine, and nanoenabled John olenick over the next 50 years will reach a level beyond that which packaging, energy generation and storage devices. is comfortable for all species. At the same time, the global demand for energy, water and food will soar. Today’s commercialization efforts of fuel cell technology and other advanced energy methods can be an important piece of the overall solution to provide more clean energy. Ceram- HyaTT REgEnCy BaLTiMoRE ic components are becoming increasingly important in the Cleantech market space providing means for ion transport, thermal management, catalysis of 300 Light street, Baltimore, Md 21202 gases and liquids, power generation, energy storage, hydrogen purification 402-592-6464 | 888-421-1442 and storage generation of light, and energy from waste processes. Room Rates single/double/Triple/Quad– $199.00 plus tax 1:00 to 1:55 p.m. government– $161.00 (access code: aCsgOV0711) small Modular Reactors Cut-off Date: July 8, 2011 Speaker: Terry Michalske, Laboratory Director, Savannah River national Laboratory Make reservations at www.ceramics.org/cls2011.

Terry Michalske

46 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 10:45 to 11:40 a.m. innoVATiVe APPLiCATionS FoR CeRAMiC MATeRiALS The Market Outlook for energy-Related 9:30 to 10:25 a.m. Technologies glass & Ceramics for advanced Biomedical applications Speaker: Kevin See, Lux Research Speaker: Steve Jung, Mo-Sci Corporation emerging markets provide great opportunity for materials suppliers and researchers, because they spur the 10:45 to 11:40 a.m. Kevin See growth of new supply chains for novel applications. Here advance in glass strength and Its Impact on we review the drivers creating opportunities for ceramic materials in several areas, including electric vehicles, advanced coatings and composites, society and water treatment. in order to sort through the hype surrounding these Speaker: Louis Mattos Jr., The Coca-Cola Company markets, we will examine trends in each and discuss the economic, regu- Glass is prized for its ability to transmit light, be formed latory and technical factors that affect adoption now and in the future. into miraculous shapes and resist chemical corrosion. 1:00 to 2:55 p.m. Louis Mattos Jr. But today’s commercial glass fails to tap 99.5 percent of its theoretical strength and has one major flaw – it Business Valuation breaks. The vision of the Usable Glass Strength Coalition is to bridge Speaker: Allen oppenheimer, A.M. oppenheimer inc. the gap between the laboratory strength of glass and the usable commercial strength of glass, enabling dramatic innovations in design and Business owners will get practical tools and learn how sustainability. We will discuss the challenge and promise of forming a to package their business to make it attractive to a precompetitive research coalition of industry, university and government buyer; how to maximize the future potential of the busi- agencies to support a fundamental research agenda to significantly Allen oppenheimer ness; how to increase sales through marketing/market improve the usable strength of glass. research; how to organize and plan; how to substantiate goodwill; and much, much more! in addition, the step-by-step process 1:00 to 1:55 p.m. will cover practical aspects of the sale-of-business process; how to transfer a business to family and employees using an eSoP; how to target and Ceramic applications in the automotive attract suitable buyers; how to negotiate an increase in price on the basis Industry of favorable deal structuring; practical examples on the sale-of-business Speaker: Michael J. Hoffmann, Karlsruhe institute of process and much more. Technology (KiT)

Michael Hoffman

Schedule of eventS Concurrent sessions: energy Innovations (eI), Business of Ceramics (BC) and Innovative applications for Ceramic Materials (Ia) MonDay, auguST 1, 2011 9:30 to 10:25 a.m. 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. – Welcome Reception and Networking event – Ceramic Components for Fuel Cells and Other energy applications (eI) – Raw Materials Trends Impacting the Ceramics and glass Community (BC) TuESDay, auguST 2, 2011 – glass & Ceramics for advanced Biomedical applications (Ia) 8:45 to 9:30 a.m. – Coffee 10:25 to 10:45 a.m. – Coffee 9:45 to 10:00 a.m. – Opening Remarks 10:45 to 11:40 a.m. 10:00 a.m. to noon – advancing Materials Technology in a Complex World – Will solar energy Be Widely adopted? (eI) Noon to 1:30 p.m. – Networking lunch – The Market Outlook for energy-Related Technologies (BC) 1:30 to 3:15 p.m. – entrepreneurial Case studies – advance in glass strength and Its Impact on society (Ia) 3:15 to 3:45 p.m. – Coffee 11:40 a.m. to 12:45 p.m. – Networking lunch 3:45 to 5:15 p.m. – Business Opportunities and strategies in emerging Markets 1:00 to 1:55 p.m. 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. – Conference dinner – small Modular Reactors (Ie) – Business Valuation, Part 1 (BC) WEDnESDay, auguST 3, 2011 – Ceramic applications in the automotive Industry (Ia) 7:30 to 8:30 a.m. – Coffee 2:00 to 2:55 p.m. 8:30 to 9:25 a.m. – Material Needs in alternative & Renewable energy for the automotive Industry (eI) – advances in solid-state Batteries (eI) – Business Valuation, Part 2 (BC) – emerging Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology applications, Industry Trends and Current and Future Markets (BC) 2:55 to 3:15 p.m. – Coffee – ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics for extreme environmental applications (Ia) 3:15 to 5 p.m. – Connecting Research, Technology, and Manufacturing

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 47 Register by June 24, 2011, to save $125.

2nd Advances in Cement-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling and Sensing July 24–26, 2011 Nashville, Tennessee, USA www.ceramics.org/cements2011

Register now to attend Cements 2011, hosted July Elsevier, will be given by Karen Scrivener, professor 24–26, 2011, by Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. and head of the Laboratory of Construction Materials at The meeting is co-organized by the Cements Division Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzer- of ACerS and the Center for Advanced Cement-Based land) and founder of the Nanocem Consortium. Materials. Authors will present oral and poster presentations on cement chemistry and nano/microstructure, advances in multiscale material characterization, alter- Hotel Information native cementitious materials and material modification, Marriott Nashville at Vanderbilt University multiscale concrete durability, advances in computation- 2555 West End Avenue al material science and chemo/mechanical modeling of Nashville, TN 37203 cement-based materials as well as smart materials and Phone: 615-321-1300/1-800-285-0190 sensors. Fax: 615-340-5142

When making a reservation by phone, please mention The Tutorial American Ceramic Society room block to secure the special conference rate. This year’s tutorial is “Geochemical speciation modeling and transport processes applied to cement-based ma- Rate: terials” and will feature Barbara Lothenbach from EMPA, $139.00 Single/Double Occupancy the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science Cut-Off Date: and Technology. The Della Roy Lecture, sponsored by June 24, 2011

Tentative Schedule FGH = Vanderbilt University’s Featheringill Hall Sunday, July 24, 2011 Tuesday, July 26, 2011 Registration Noon to 6:00 p.m. FGH Atrium Registration 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. FGH Atrium Tutorial 1:00 to 4:30 p.m. FGH Auditorium Technical Session 8:30 to 10:00 a.m. FGH Auditorium Poster Session Break 10:00 to 10:30 a.m. FGH Atrium & Reception 4:30 to 6:00 p.m. FGH Atrium Technical Session 10:30 a.m. to Noon FGH Auditorium Technical Session 2:00 to 3:30 p.m. FGH Auditorium Monday, July 25, 2011 Break 3:30 to 4:00 p.m. FGH Atrium Registration 7:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. FGH Atrium Technical Session 4:00 to 4:45 p.m. FGH Auditorium Technical Session 8:30 to 10:00 a.m. FGH Auditorium Break 10:00 to 10:30 a.m. FGH Atrium Technical Session 2:00 to 3:30 p.m. FGH Auditorium Cements Division General Business Sponsorship Meeting 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. FGH Auditorium For Corporate Sponsorship opportunities, contact Della Roy Lecture Patricia Janeway at [email protected] or & Reception 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. FGH Auditorium 614-794-5826. & Atrium

48 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 resources

Journal of the American Ceramic Society preview All ACerS members are provided free online access Quantitative Analysis of Crack Closure Driven by to the Journal of the American Ceramics Society (searchable to 1918). Go to www.ceramics.org, enter Laplace Pressure in Silica Glass your username and password and then go to the Gaël Pallares, Antoine Grimaldi, Matthieu George, Laurent “Publications and Resources” menu. Print subscrip- Ponson and Matteo Ciccotti tions to this journal (not free to members) are also sold online by Wiley–Blackwell Publishing, www.wiley. This French and American research team reports that it com. has developed an original technique – using atomic force microscopy – for measuring the physical properties of liquid New papers are posted to the “Online Early” page as condensation in silica glass crack tips in moist atmosphere. soon as they are ready for publication, even before the issue is printed. Below are samples of what’s coming. Low-Loss Microwave Dielectrics in the (Mg1−x Oxidation Resistance of Hafnium Diboride Cox)1.8Ti1.1O4 (x = 0.03–1.00) Solid Solutions Ceramics with Additions of Silicon Carbide and Cheng-Liang Huang, Yu-Wei Tseng and Yuan-Cheng Kuo Tungsten Boride or Tungsten Carbide These National Cheng Kung University researchers used a conventional solid-state method to prepare (Mg1− Carmen M. Carney, Triplicane A. Parthasarathy and Co ) Ti O (x = 0.03–1.00). They report that the lattice Michael K. Cinibulk x x 1.8 1.1 4 parameters, cell volume and Q×f varied linearly with x. These researchers from Air Force Research Laboratory The researchers propose the material as a promising dielec- and UES Inc. used field-assisted sintering to prepare dense tric material for ultra-high-frequency applications.

samples of HfB2–SiC, HfB2–SiC–WC and HfB2–SiC–WB, where the WB and WC additives were incorporated by Fatigue Threshold R-Curve Behavior of Grain solid solution. They report that the additives did not alter Bridging Ceramics: Role of Grain Size and the oxidation kinetics of the HfB2–SiC until 2000°C, when a 30 percent thinner scale formed. Grain-Boundary Adhesion Sarah Gallops, Theo Fett and Jamie J. Kruzic Enhanced Electromechanical Properties and These researchers from Germany and the United States Temperature Stability of Textured studied the fatigue threshold behavior of polycrystalline alu- (K Na )NbO -Based Piezoelectric Ceramics mina having fine and coarse microstructures and under moist 0.5 0.5 3 air and dry nitrogen-gas environments. They report that the Yunfei Chang, Stephen Poterala, Zupei Yang and Gary L. fine-grained microstructure showed higher fatigue thresholds Messing at short crack sizes and that the coarse-grained microstructure This team of Chinese and American research- demonstrated higher fatigue thresholds at long crack sizes. ers used templated grain growth to produce textured (K Na ) Li NbO and (K Na )(Nb Ta )O 0.5 0.5 0.98 0.02 3 0.5 0.5 0.85 0.15 3 Damage Development in an Armor Ceramic ceramics that exhibited high texture quality and enhanced piezoelectric response compared with randomly oriented Under Quasi-Static Indentation ceramics. The team reports that the KNLN showed higher Eleanor A. Gamble, Brett G. Compton, Vikram S. Deshpande, piezoelectric properties and higher phase transition tem- Anthony G. Evans and Frank W. Zok peratures, making it an attractive material in device appli- This research team from University of California at Santa cations. Barbara and Cambridge University assessed the capabilities of a mechanism-based model for inelastic deformation and damage in structural ceramics that accounts for lattice plas- Crystallization Process for Superionic Li7P3S11 Glass-Ceramic Electrolytes ticity, microcrack growth and coalescence and granular flow following comminution. The team reports that the most dis- Keiichi Minami, Akitoshi Hayashi and Masahiro Tatsumisago criminating metric in the assessment is the spatial extent of These Japanese researchers used a two-step heat-treat- subsurface damage following indentation. In contrast, surface

ment process to enhance the crystallinity of Li7P3S11 crys- profiles of indents are dictated largely by lattice plasticity and, tals in a glass-ceramic. They report that the glass-ceramic thus, provide minimal additional insight into the inelastic exhibits high conductivity at room temperature. deformation resulting from microcracking or granular flow.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 49 resources

Int’l Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology preview All ACerS members are provided free online access Development of a Test Technique to Determine to the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. Go to www.ceramics.org, enter the Thermal Diffusivity of Large Refractory your username and pasword and then go to the Ceramic Test Specimens “Publications & Resources” menu. Print subscriptions to this journal (not free to members) are sold online by James G. Hemrick, Ralph B. Dinwiddie, Erick R. Loveland and Wiley–Blackwell Publishing, www.wiley.com. Andre Prigmore This Oak Ridge National Laboratory team has devel- New papers are posted to the “Online Early” page as oped and validated a technique to use a high-intensity soon as they are ready for publication, even before the plasma arc lamp to measure thermal diffusivity of bulk issue is printed. Below are samples of what’s coming. refractory materials at elevated temperatures. They report that the new technique resolves sample size and inherent SiAlON–SiC Sandwich Structures with Tailored problems of current standardized test methods. Surface Compression Kyle Hoff, David J. Green, Youngho Jin, Earle Ryba and Hexagonal-Boron Nitride as a New Ultraviolet John R. Hellmann Luminescent Material and Its Application This Pennsylvania State University research team evalu- Kenji Watanabe and Takashi Taniguchi ated the feasibility of producing high-hardness ceramic Watanabe and Taniguchi report that high-purity h-BN sandwich structures – SiAlON faces and SiC cores – with crystals grown by the solvent growth method exhibit elec- compressive residual stresses in the faces. The team reports tronic excitation states near the band gap that are gov- that it was necessary to hybridize the SiAlON faces by erned by optically allowed exciton effects. The excitonic adding SiC particles to reduce the thermal expansion mis- luminescence bands can be used for far-ultraviolet plane match between the face and the core and to avoid cracking during processing. light-emitting devices excited by field emitters. Depression Effects of Al on Oxidation of Nanostructured, Infrared-Transparent Diamond During Sintering of Diamond/ Magnesium-Aluminate Spinel with Superior Borosilicate Glass Composites Mechanical Properties Xianghong Zhang, Yanhui Wang, Jianbing Zang, Thomas Mroz, Lee M. Goldman, Andrew D. Gledhill, Xiaozhe Cheng, Xipeng Xu and Jing Lu Dongsheng Li and Nitin P. Padture This research team from People’s Republic of China These researchers from Surmet Corp. and Ohio State used aluminum powder as an oxygen getter to inhibit the University fabricated nanostructured magnesium aluminate oxidization and improve the wettability of diamond grits spinel with a highly uniform grain-size distribution for infra- by the matrix during sintering of diamond/glass composites. red window/dome applications using Y O sintering additive. 2 3 The team reports the aluminum powder decreases volume They report that this spinel has high room-temperature expansion rate and increases bending strength. strength, reliability, improved erosion and thermal-shock resistance, and near-theoretical in-line infrared transmission. Fabrication and Characterization of Anode- Physicochemical Properties and Supported BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 Thin Electrolyte for Biocompatibility of Tricalcium and Dicalcium Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Silicate Composite Cements after Hydration Mathilde Rieu, Pankaj Kumar Patro, Thibaud Delahaye and Maryam Mazrooei Sebdani and Mohammad Hossein Fathi Etienne Bouyer This research team from People’s Republic of China This international research team fabricated SOFC anode-supported half cells using a NiO–8YSZ anode sup- explored various proportions of Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 composite cements and evaluated their physicochemical prop- port and a BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 electrolyte thin film. The team erties and in-vitro biocompatibility after hydration. The reports that the cermet electrode had a homogeneous team reports that the composites exhibited better strength microstructure with a well-defined anode/electrolyte interface, was stable at high temperature and retained dimen- and shorter setting time than pure Ca3SiO5 or Ca2SiO4 and that composite hydration products could induce formation sional control with no surface defects. of apatite layers on surfaces in simulated body fluid.

50 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 resources

Calendar of events

May 2011 8–10 ACerS Southwest Section 21–25 7th Int’l Conference on 2–4 INTERTECH 2011 – Hyatt Annual Meeting – Omni Mandalay Hotel, Borate Glasses, Crystals and Melts Regency O’Hare, Chicago, Ill.; www. Las Colinas (Dallas-Irving), Texas; www. – Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova intertechconference.com ceramics.org/sections/southwest-section Scotia, Canada; www.regonline.com/ borate7 th 2–5 Int’l Symposium on Olfaction 19–23 12 Conference of the and Electronic Nose 2011 – Rockefeller European Ceramic Society – City 28–Sept. 1 Korean Ceramic University, New York City, N.Y.; www. Conference Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Society and Korean Powder Metal engconf.org/11as.html www.ecers2011.se Institute Sintering 2011 – Jeju Island, Korea; www.sintering2011.org th 3–4 Structural Clay Products Division 26–July 1 7 Int’l Dendrimer Meeting – Gettysburg, Pa.; www. Symposium 2011 – Gaithersburg, Md.; September 2011 ceramics.org/clay11 www.mrs.org/meetings ACerS Pittsburgh Section Annual Semiconductor 12 8–12 Engineering Ceramics 2011 27–July 1 Golf Outing – Lenape Heights Golf Technology for Ultra Large Scale – Smolenice Castle, Slovakia; www. Course, Ford City, Pa., Las Colinas Integrated Circuits and Thin Film engcer11.sav.sk (Dallas-Irving), Texas; www.ceramics.org/ Transistors – Hong Kong, China; www. sections/pittsburgh-section 10–12 Green Refractory for a Low- engconf.org/11ax.html Carbon World: 1st China International imX Interactive Manufacturing ECCM15, the 15th European 12–14 Refractory Production and Application 24–28 Experience – Las Vegas Convention Conference – White Swan Hotel, Conference on Composite Materials – Center, Las Vegas, Nev.; www. Guangzhou, China; www.mc-ccpit.com/ Lido, Venice, Italy; www.eccm15.org imxevent.com ref2011/en/index.asp July 2011 13–14 Nanopolymers 2011 – Radisson 12–15 Advances in Applied Physics Blu Scandinavia Hotel, Düsseldorf, and Materials Science 2011 Congress – 10–14 PACRIM9: The 9th Int’l Germany; www.ismithers.net/confer- Mirada Del Mar Hotel, Antalya, Turkey; Meeting of Pacific Rim Ceramic Societies ences/XNAN11/nanopolymers-2011 www.apmas2011.org – Cairns, Australia; www. austceram.com/pacrim9.asp 20–22 Hi Temp Conference (Netzsch 15–19 GOMD 2011: Glass & Optical North America Instruments) – Materials Division Spring Meeting – 10–14 9th Int’l Conference on Millennium Hotel, Boston, Mass.; www. Hilton Savannah DeSoto Hotel, Savanna, Advances in the Fusion and Processing hitemp2011.com Ga.; www.ceramics.org/gomd2011 of Glass (held in conjuction with PACRIM9) – Cairns, Australia; www. October 2011 16–20 Mineral Processing: An austceram.com/pacrim9.asp Introduction to the Principles – Colorado th th 2–7 EPD 2011: 4 Int’l Conference School of Mines, Golden, Colo.; www. 21–24 27 Convention of Mexican on Electrophoretic Deposition – csmspace.com/events/minproc Ceramics Industry – Cancun Palace CasaMagna Marriott Hotel, Puerto Hotel, Cancun, Mexico; www.soceram- Vallarta, Mexico; www.engconfintl. 17–19 Plant Maintenance & Design norte.com.mx/ Engineering Show 2011 – Place org/11ab.html Cements Division/Center for Bonaventure, Montreal, Canada; www. 24–26 MS&T’11: Materials Science Advanced Cement-Based Materials 16–20 pmds.ca & Technology 2011 Conference Annual Meeting – Vanderbilt University, and Exhibition – Greater Columbus 24–26 RAPID 2011 & 3D Imaging Nashville, Tenn., www.ceramics.org/ Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; Conference & Exposition – Hyatt divisions/cements-division Regency, Minneapolis, Minn.; www.sme. www.matscitech.org org/rapid 28–29 NSF Ceramic Materials PI 16–20 ACerS Annual Meeting and Workshop 2011 – Arlington, Va.; www. Awards Banquet – Renaissance 26–29 Ceramics China 2011 – Import ceramics.org/nsfworkshop and Export Fair Complex, Guangzhou, Downtown Hotel, Columbus, Ohio; China; www.ceramicschina.com.cn August 2011 www.ceramics.org 1–3 Ceramic Leadership Summit 2011 June 2011 – Hyatt Regency, Baltimore, Md.; www. Dates in RED denote new entry in 5–7 Society of Manufacturing Engineers ceramics.org/cls2011 this issue. Annual Conference – Hyatt Regency, 7–11 Int’l Workshop on Entries in BLUE denote ACerS Bellevue, Wash.; www.sme.org/ Piezoelectric Materials and events. Fractography of Glasses and Applications 2011 for Clean Energy 5–8 denotes meetings that ACerS Ceramics VI – Jacksonville, Fla.; Systems – Hotel Roanoke, Roanoke, cosponsors, endorses or other- www.fractographyvi.com/index.html Va.; www.cpe.vt.edu/ehw wise cooperates in organizing.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 51 Erica Marden deciphering the discipline Guest columnist

Biomaterials dilemmas. We are pushing the bound- and that some organic materials exceed aries to find more effective treatments the mechanical properties we can innovation: Student for cancer and HIV. Other serious design. Studying these biological sys- health concerns include the overuse tems may highlight new opportunities exposure to ‘bio’ and of antibiotics, leading to drug-resistant for material advancements. health fields needed strains of bacteria, which pose a chal- I am hopeful that the construction lenge to pharmacologists. The expertise of a new Millennium Science Complex of materials scientists and engineers at Penn State will encourage more col- In the next year I hope to make the may offer new insights to treat these laboration and coursework with the transition from materials to medicine. rapidly evolving bacterial strains. . For biological sciences. The building will As an undergraduate student studying example, creating more effective ways house faculty from the MatSE, chem- materials science and engineering at of manufacturing drugs and providing istry and biology departments under Pennsylvania State University I am targeted in-vivo delivery may rely on one roof. Characterization institutes planning on applying to medical school viewing medicine from a nanomaterials from each department will be housed next year. perspective. in a central location, and hopefully this My interest in biomaterials led me to Materials scientists and engineers proximity will encourage research and the MatSE department where I began are finding solutions to offer medicine coursework collaborations. Many other research my freshmen year. By work- worldwide. One of the biggest problems schools have begun to establish inter- ing with a postdoctoral researcher, I with diseases such as malaria and tuber- disciplinary graduate school programs learned about the different character- culosis is distributing unstable pharma- that focus on combining expertise in ization techniques for testing polymeric ceuticals or vaccines. Innovations in materials with computer science, math, artificial heart membranes. A Research materials science and engineering may physics, chemistry or biology. Ideally, Experience for Undergraduates opportu- soon find ways to store vaccines in hot these programs will soon carry to the nity in soft materials at Penn State gave climates or increase the stability time of undergraduate level so that students me the opportunity to develop my own sensitive medicine while driving down may have more flexibility in choosing investigation. I worked collaboratively costs. Glass or piezoelectric materials ceramics courses that provide a broader with the MatSE and the food science may provide imaging techniques that perspective on biological applications. departments to create complexes using decrease radiation exposure while pro- amylose isolated from potatoes. My viding higher image quality. And, there I am pursuing medicine to incorpo- senior thesis project, developed from are endless possibilities for tissue engi- rate my interest in science and technol- this research, has possible implications neering in the future. ogy with my love of interacting with as a drug delivery system. I wish that materials science and and helping people. I am confident that I have enjoyed my exposure to bioengineering curriculums reflected these my strong education in materials sci- materials in my coursework. My junior exciting opportunities and focused more ence and engineering will provide me design class project focused on develop- heavily on collaboration with biological with a unique perspective on modern ing a technique to prevent degrada- fields. Surprisingly, I have been required medicine. I am optimistic that my work tion of colloidal nanoparticles used as to take classes in all of the basic sci- and plans will lead me into medicine deliver agents for chemotherapeutics. ences except biology. And, I know from and, eventually, collaborations on An elective course also gave me expo- speaking with students in materials future medical materials. Hopefully, I sure to materials selection criteria for programs across the country, that this can add to the amazing biomaterial and implant devices and practical medical practice is common. But, incorporating biomedical work by ceramists world- applications. an introductory course in biotechnol- wide that needs to be reflected in future But, I wish that a stronger emphasis ogy, biochemistry, molecular biology or undergraduate ceramic curriculums. on healthcare applications of materials agriculture sciences could help expose could be incorporated into traditional students to an entirely different side of materials science and engineering materials that is often underemphasized Marden is a senior at Penn State. ceramics courses. Materials science and in traditional ceramics curriculums. We She is the vice president of her engineering may soon be responsible for know that organisms can design and college’s student council and the helping to solve some modern medical build materials with extreme precision secretary of her Keramos chapter.

52 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 PROOF of your advertisement for insertion in the FEBRUARY issue

If any changes or corrections are needed, please call or fax within 48 hours Debbie Plummer—Advertising Assistant Phone (614) 794-5866 • Fax (614) 891-8960

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Visit membranes for zero-emission power plants, and electrochemical storage. our website www.liqtechna.com. The successful candidate will have relevant broad expertise in the area of the manufacture of ceramic materials and composite materials, as well as of their further processing Send resumes to HR, to components and demonstrators. For the manufacture of composite materials and [email protected]. functional layers, physical, chemical and thermal coating techniques and powder-based processes will be used. These processes shall be supported by relevant modelling activities. Sales Engineer We are seeking an experienced An internationally respected institute division with excellent facilities awaits the suc- sales professional with a background in industrial applications. The successful candidate will have five cessful candidate, who as director, will be responsible for personnel and the scientific years experience in industrial sales (material sales a focus of a highly motivated research team of almost 100 individuals. The majority of plus), a bachelor’s degree in a technical discipline, these positions are financed by third-party funded projects. and proven facilitation and leadership skills. Please The director will be expected to consolidate the process- and materials-related spectrum send resume, cover letter and salary requirements to [email protected]. of the institute and expand it on a high scientific level. The ability and willingness to introduce the subject field into teaching and research are also assumed. Particular emphasis is laid on collaboration with scientific cooperation partners both at home and abroad and with industry. Senior Editor Prerequisites for the position are a PhD and postdoc qualification or comparable scientific achievements. Further requirements include the ability to head an institute and teach at Are you an experienced science writer or reporter (with a credentialed background in one of the a university,PROOF as well as a proven readiness to acquire third-party funds. physical sciences or engineering) with a strong Applications from women are particularly welcome. The implementation of equal understanding of digital and prepress publishing Americanopportunities Ceramic is a cornerstone Society of staff policy at Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH processes? The American Ceramic Society is Aachen University for which both institutions have received the „TOTAL E-QUALITY“ hiring a Senior Editor to report, write and developApproved By: ______award. Applications from women will be given preference in the case of equal suitability, print, video and online content, and assume qualificationsSignature Required and experience, unless special reasons concerning the person of a male some production management responsibilities. candidate outweigh these considerations. Attention is drawn to Art. 8, para. 1, of the This full-time position is located in the ACerSJ Corrections NeededEqual Opportunities Act of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia (LGG). headquarters office in Columbus (Westerville), Applications from suitable candidates with disabilities are explicitly encouraged. This OH and offers competitive compensation plus Ja Approved as is, no corrections also holds for those with similar incapacities in the sense of Art. 2 SGB IX. RWTH Aachen strong growth potential for the right candidate. Information on the position requirements andPlease FAX back approvalsUniversity with has a signature. been named as a „disability-friendly“ employer for its commitment to application process can be found on the ACerSFax # 614-891-8960training and employing disabled people. Career Center at: www.ceramics.org/careers/ Applications comprising a curriculum vitae, list of publications and a short summary of past and planned scientific projects should be sent,preferably by email, by 30 May 2011 to Board of Directors Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Further information at 52425 Jülich www.fz-juelich.de www.ceramictechtoday.org Germany www.fb5.rwth-aachen.de Senior Editor [email protected] www.jara.org Are you an experienced science writer or reporter (with a credentialed background in Americanone ofCeramic the physical Society Bulletin,sciences Vol. or 90,engineering) No. 4 53 with a strong understanding of digital and prepress publishing processes? The American Ceramic Society is hiring a Senior Editor to report, write and develop print, video and online content, and assume some production management responsibilities. This full-time position is located in the ACerS headquarters office in Columbus (Westerville), OH and offers competitive compensation plus a strong growth potential for the right candidate. Information on the position requirements and application process can be found on the ACerS Career Center at: www.ceramics.org/careers/ classified advertising

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56 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 90, No. 4 At Corning, possibilities become real, including yours.

If exploring the power of ideas is a lifelong passion, Corning, the world leader in specialty glass and ceramics, is a company where you’ll find the culture, resources, and experiences to turn your ideas into realities.

We are currently seeking candidates for the following positions.

Research Associate: Reliability & Measurements Job ID# 166632 Theoretical mechanic/ fracture mechanics expert, with Required Education: Ph.D. Materials Science, Fracture substantial expertise/ experience with software for Mechanics, Glass, and Ceramics Science modeling of complex mechanics problems. Initiate Experience: 5 to 10 years research and extend capabilities and fundamental understanding of mechanical testing capabilities.

Research Scientist: Fractography Job ID# 166205: Fracture and Failure Analysis Engineer Advanced skills in root cause analysis utilizing Required Education: B.S. or equivalent in Materials, fractographic interpretation of brittle materials to Mechanics or Reliability determine failure mode(s). Knowledge of materials, Experience: 3 years experience required mechanics, test methods, and manufacturing processes is necessary. Senior Research Scientist: Mechanical Job ID# 166534 Support glass development projects as the mechanical Required Education: Ph.D. in Material Science, lead, conducting research on the mechanics of glass for the Ceramic/ Glass, Mechanical Engineering or equivalent various glass manufacturing processes. Expertise in Experience: 10 years of project leadership experience or mechanics of brittle materials, reliability and failure equivalent required analysis.

Senior Research Scientist: Reliability & Measurements Job ID# 166441 Ensure products meet early-design performance require- Required Education: M.S. Materials, Mechanics or ments related to reliability and functionality by developing similar basic understanding of product and material performance Experience: 5 years experience required under application conditions.

To learn more and apply, visit our careers website at: www.corning.com/careers Reference job identification number(s) listed above.