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Aiding Africans: West German Perceptions of Race and Modernity in the 1960S

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Aiding Africans: West German Perceptions of Race and Modernity in the 1960S Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Summer 8-2013 Aiding Africans: West German Perceptions of Race and Modernity in the 1960s Lauren W. Nass Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Nass, Lauren W., "Aiding Africans: West German Perceptions of Race and Modernity in the 1960s." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/72 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AIDING AFRICANS: WEST GERMAN PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND MODERNITY IN THE 1960s by LAUREN NASS Under the Direction of Joe Perry ABSTRACT During the 1960s, decolonization and the Cold War pushed many West Germans to concern themselves with aiding Africans. This aid came in the form of federally funded development aid or Entwicklungshilfe, student activism, and the continuation of missionary work. Utilizing print media, scholarly sources, as well as reports from missionaries and other aid workers, my thesis explores the discourses that surrounded aid work. These discourses reveal a number of ways West Germans conceived of race, modernity, and their role in the world. While acknowledging the multiplicity of views and contest over attitudes, I argue that in general aid to Africa supported West German conceptions of themselves as racially superior, modern, agents of goodwill, and benefactors to the world. INDEX WORDS: West Germany, Africa, Development Aid, Race, Modernity, Students, Missionaries AIDING AFRICANS: WEST GERMAN PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND MODERNITY IN THE 1960s by LAUREN NASS A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2013 Copyright by Lauren Wylly Nass 2013 AIDING AFRICANS: WEST GERMAN PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND MODERNITY IN THE 1960s by LAUREN NASS Committee Chair: Joe Perry Committee: Harcourt Fuller Jared Poley Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2013 iv To my husband v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am incredibly grateful for the many individuals who have made this thesis possible. Numerous professors in the history department at Georgia State have contributed to this project, even if unknowingly, through their teaching and helpful critiques of my writing along the way. Carolyn Biltoft, Denise Davidson, and Michele Reid-Vazquez each in different ways piqued my interest in issues of race, identity, and global interactions. In regard to this specific project, I am especially thankful for Harcourt Fuller and Jared Poley’s insights and careful reviews. I am most indebted, though, to Joe Perry, who first encouraged my pursuit of this project. His belief in my own abilities, along with his advice, humor, and thoughtful critiques has been invaluable. I would not have completed this thesis without his guidance. Alongside more formal guidance, this project is indebted to my friends and family who offered me continuous support. I am particularly grateful for Whitney Abernathy, who offered informal feedback on numerous drafts and enough coffee and laughter to keep me sane. I am also thankful for my family, who always believed I could accomplishment my goals. Most importantly, I am thankful to my husband, Dylan Nass. His commitment to see me pursue my passions, interests, and goals made it possible for me to start and finish this thesis. Along the way he has listened to ideas, asked questions, and read portions of the project. More valuable though, have been his constant friendship and love. For that, I will always be grateful. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: REVISITING THE “DARK CONTINENT” WITH AID........................17 The Disappearance of Race? ................................................................................................... 21 Modern West Germans and Traditional Africans .................................................................. 27 The Good Colonizers ................................................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER TWO: THE RESTLESS CAMPUS .......................................................................43 Encountering Africa in West Germany ................................................................................... 45 Going to Africa ......................................................................................................................... 52 “Mut zur Politik” (Courage for Politics) ................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER THREE: CHRISTIAN MODERNITY..................................................................70 Church Bells Still Ringing ....................................................................................................... 74 Modern Christians Think Globally ......................................................................................... 76 Talking about Race .................................................................................................................. 77 More than Converting Souls .................................................................................................... 82 Language of Superiority .......................................................................................................... 85 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................91 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................96 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Africans Arriving in Bonn......................................................................................... 25 Figure 2: The Sarotti Moor........................................................................................................ 26 Figure 3: Heia Safari! ................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 4: Africa Calls ................................................................................................................. 31 Figure 5: Cultural Approach ..................................................................................................... 32 Figure 6: The Medicine Man ..................................................................................................... 32 1 INTRODUCTION In 1962, the newly formed Deutsche Afrika-Gesellschaft (German Africa Society) hosted a meeting in Bonn, West Germany, comprised of international scholars to discuss current problems in Africa. 1 The following year, a group of West Germans traveled over 14,000 kilometers from home in order to set up display stands instructing local African visitors on topics ranging from hygiene to the “problem in Berlin” (meaning the East/West division by the Berlin Wall). This travelling exhibition, funded by the Federal Republic of Germany, was just one development aid ( Entwicklungshilfe ) project among many that the government undertook in sub- Saharan Africa in the 1960s. 2 Also in 1963, a number of West German university students participated in work-study programs in “developing” countries. 3 Then in 1964, hundreds of students gathered in West Berlin to protest the visit of new Prime Minister of Congo, Moise Tshombe. Trying to aid the people of Congo, the students sought to draw negative attention to the perceived “murderous” leader. 4 In addition, West German Christian missionaries in the 1960s wrote often about the newly independent African states and their need for education and help with civil service. 5 These examples illustrate West Germany’s serious interest in aiding sub-Saharan African countries in the 1960s, which is the focus of this thesis. By aid, I mean to include a number of different forms of assistance including government funded development aid ( Entwicklungshilfe ), student protests and solidarity campaigns, and Christian missionary efforts. Some of these ways 1 W. Fröhlich, “Vorwort,” in Afrika im Wandel Seiner Gesellschaftsformen: Vorträge einer Tagung der Deutschen Afrika-Gesellschaft (Bonn) im November 1962 in Köln, ed. W. Fröhlich (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964), viii. 2 “Entwicklungshilfe: Afrika: Preu βens Gloria,” Der Spiegel, September 9, 1964, 52. 3 Bernd Huffschmid, “Werkstudium: Entwicklungshilfe: Praktische Atbeit in Übersee ergänzt die Vorlesungen,” Die Zeit, August 16, 1963. 4 “Berliner Studenten demonstrieren,” Frankfurter Rundschau, December 19, 1964. 5 Heinrich Meyer, So sah ich Afrika (Bad Salzuflen: MBK-Verlag, 1961), 7. 2 of engaging with Africa were new in the 1960s, while others, like Christian missions, existed long before the 1960s. All of the forms of West German aid to Africa, though, experienced
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